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1

Lieberman, Bruce, and Niles Eldredge. "Punctuated equilibria." Scholarpedia 3, no. 1 (2008): 3806. http://dx.doi.org/10.4249/scholarpedia.3806.

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2

Eldredge, N. "On Punctuated Equilibria." Science 276, no. 5311 (April 18, 1997): 337c—341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.276.5311.337c.

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3

Ghiselin, Michael T. "Scientific Revolutions and Punctuated Equilibria." Politics and the Life Sciences 5, no. 2 (February 1987): 228–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s073093840000215x.

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4

Polly, P. David. "The antecedents of punctuated equilibria." Evolution 69, no. 11 (October 15, 2015): 3021–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/evo.12783.

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5

MAYR, E. "Speciational evolution or punctuated equilibria." Journal of Social and Biological Systems 12, no. 2-3 (July 1989): 137–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-1750(89)90041-9.

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6

Daszak, Peter, and Sara E. Howard. "Punctuated Equilibria and Indonesian Art." EcoHealth 8, no. 1 (March 2011): 134–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10393-011-0709-7.

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7

Dahlberg, Tomi, Päivi Hokkanen, and Mike Newman. "Socio-Technical Punctuated Equilibrium Model Enhanced with Social Network Theory." International Journal of IT/Business Alignment and Governance 8, no. 1 (January 2017): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijitbag.2017010101.

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We investigate the equilibria of CIO work. We apply the punctuated equilibrium paradigm based socio-technical model as our theoretical basis. We use this model to visually describe the impacts of business interruptions (=punctuations) on IT executives' perceived equilibria of work. We enhance the punctuated model with constructs taken from Granovetter's social network theory to better understand social mechanisms influencing IT executives' perceptions. We examined empirically perceptions about the equilibria of work and the role of IT in business in a media company during the years 2010-16. We collected data with the interview data collection method by conducting several interview rounds. Interview findings revealed that the equilibria of work were seen differently at three organizational levels. Also, the role of IT in business and the responsibilities of IT functions were seen in varied ways. The punctuated socio-technical equilibrium model together with the constructs of Granovetter's social network theory offered insightful theoretical explanations for our findings.
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8

Scudo, Francesco Maria. "Darwin, Darwinian Theories and Punctuated Equilibria." Systematic Zoology 34, no. 2 (June 1985): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2413333.

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9

Scudo, F. M. "Darwin, Darwinian Theories and Punctuated Equilibria." Systematic Biology 34, no. 2 (June 1, 1985): 239–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/sysbio/34.2.239.

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10

Johnson, Gary R. "Punctuated Equilibria, Political Science, and Paleopolitics." Politics and the Life Sciences 5, no. 2 (February 1987): 229–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0730938400002161.

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11

Bak, Per, and Stefan Boettcher. "Self-organized criticality and punctuated equilibria." Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena 107, no. 2-4 (September 1997): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-2789(97)00078-x.

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12

Newman, C. M., J. E. Cohen, and C. Kipnis. "Neo-darwinian evolution implies punctuated equilibria." Nature 315, no. 6018 (May 1985): 400–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/315400a0.

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13

Eldredge, Niles. "The Early “Evolution” of “Punctuated Equilibria”." Evolution: Education and Outreach 1, no. 2 (January 30, 2008): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12052-008-0032-0.

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14

Gans, Carl. "Punctuated Equilibria and Political Science: A Neontological View." Politics and the Life Sciences 5, no. 2 (February 1987): 220–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0730938400002148.

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When I was invited to participate in a symposium designed to consider the possible implications of the theory of punctuated equilibria for the study of political science, I faced the need to reexamine some fundamental questions. These transcended such issues as whether and how frequently the phenomenon referred to as punctuated equilibrium occurred, and whether it might indeed be similar to some phenomena studied by political scientists. Rather, I felt it necessary to establish for myself whether, when, and how any biologically based theory or set of hypotheses could be applied to the realm of the social sciences and what cautions might be demanded by such application.
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15

NINAGAWA, Shigeru, and Akira SHINTANI. "Punctuated Equilibria in the Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma." Transactions of the Society of Instrument and Control Engineers 38, no. 7 (2002): 649–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.9746/sicetr1965.38.649.

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16

Miller, William. "A place for phyletic evolution within the theory of punctuated equilibria: Eldredge pathways." Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Monatshefte 2003, no. 8 (August 7, 2003): 463–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njgpm/2003/2003/463.

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17

Brice, William. "Henry Shaler Williams (1847-1918) and Punctuated Equilibria." Earth Sciences History 23, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.23.1.x65364304270hk08.

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From the first realization that organic life on this planet has evolved over geologic time, scientists have speculated about the time interval required for these changes to occur. For many years Darwin's idea of slow incremental changes, gradualism, was the accepted model. In the 1970s Stephen Gould (1941-2002) and Niles Eldridge (b. 1943) provided an alternative model of very rapid evolutionary change, followed by long periods of stability, which they called punctuated equilibria. It now appears that Henry Shaler Williams, a geology professor at Cornell University, arrived at the same interpretation almost one hundred years earlier, but only stated this belief in his class lecture notes. He, like Gould and Eldridge, noticed that the fossil record provides evidence that organisms evolved by very fast physical changes occurring in only a few generations and in a very short geological time interval. Then the organisms appear to undergo almost no change for long periods of time; i.e., long periods of stability through many generations. Exactly why Williams did not produce a formal publication of his concept remains a mystery, but his lecture notes from the early 1880s clearly demonstrate that he had developed the idea of punctuated equilibria.
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18

Lyne, John, and Henry F. Howe. "“Punctuated equilibria”: Rhetorical dynamics of a scientific controversy." Quarterly Journal of Speech 72, no. 2 (May 1986): 132–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00335638609383764.

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19

Breunig, Christian, and Chris Koski. "Punctuated Equilibria and Budgets in the American States." Policy Studies Journal 34, no. 3 (August 2006): 363–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0072.2006.00177.x.

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20

CACHEL, S. "The theory of punctuated equilibria and evolutionary anthropology." Journal of Social and Biological Systems 12, no. 2-3 (July 1989): 225–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-1750(89)90047-x.

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21

Sylvester, Bill. "John Matthias: Punctuated Equilibria, the Dis-Covery of Entropy." boundary 2 15, no. 3 (1988): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/303274.

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22

Zeh, David W., Jeanne A. Zeh, and Yoichi Ishida. "Transposable elements and an epigenetic basis for punctuated equilibria." BioEssays 31, no. 7 (July 2009): 715–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bies.200900026.

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23

RUSE, M. "Is the theory of punctuated equilibria a new paradigm?" Journal of Social and Biological Systems 12, no. 2-3 (July 1989): 195–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-1750(89)90045-6.

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24

Strate, John M. "Review of “Punctuated Equilibria and Political Science: A Neontological View”." Politics and the Life Sciences 5, no. 2 (February 1987): 237–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0730938400002185.

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25

Johnson, Andrew L. A. "Punctuated equilibria versus phyletic gradualism in European Jurassic Gryphaea evolution." Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 104, no. 3 (January 1993): 209–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-7878(08)80039-9.

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26

Cavaliere, A., N. Menci, and P. Tozzi. "Hot gas in clusters of galaxies: the punctuated equilibria model." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 308, no. 3 (September 23, 1999): 599–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02511.x.

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27

von Vaupel Klein, J. C. "Punctuated equilibria and phyletic gradualism: Even partners can be good friends." Acta Biotheoretica 42, no. 1 (March 1994): 15–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00706838.

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28

von Vaupel Klein, J. C. "Phyletic Gradualism versus Punctuated Equilibria: Why case histories do not suffice." Acta Biotheoretica 43, no. 3 (September 1995): 259–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00707274.

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29

ŠULC, PETR, ANDREAS WAGNER, and OLIVIER C. MARTIN. "QUANTIFYING SLOW EVOLUTIONARY DYNAMICS IN RNA FITNESS LANDSCAPES." Journal of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology 08, no. 06 (December 2010): 1027–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219720010005075.

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We re-examine the evolutionary dynamics of RNA secondary structures under directional selection towards an optimum RNA structure. We find that the punctuated equilibria lead to a very slow approach to the optimum, following on average an inverse power of the evolutionary time. In addition, our study of the trajectories shows that the out-of-equilibrium effects due to the evolutionary process are very weak. In particular, the distribution of genotypes is close to that arising during equilibrium stabilizing selection. As a consequence, the evolutionary dynamics leave almost no measurable out-of-equilibrium trace, only the transition genotypes (close to the border between different periods of stasis) have atypical mutational properties.
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30

Epp, Derek A. "Punctuated Equilibria in the Private Sector and the Stability of Market Systems." Policy Studies Journal 43, no. 4 (April 23, 2015): 417–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/psj.12107.

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31

Jewett, Don. "The History of the Auditory Brainstem Response with Punctuated Equilibria and Memes." Seminars in Hearing 19, no. 01 (February 1998): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0028-1082954.

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32

ELDREDGE, N. "Punctuated equilibria, rates of change and large-scale entities in evolutionary systems." Journal of Social and Biological Systems 12, no. 2-3 (July 1989): 173–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-1750(89)90043-2.

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33

Schwartz, Klaas. "The reform of public water utilities: successful utility reform efforts as punctuated equilibria." Water Policy 11, no. 4 (August 1, 2009): 401–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2009.062.

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The reform of public water utilities has received increasing attention over the past decade. In this paper, the reform paths of five public water utilities from five different developing countries are compared. This paper finds that for each case, an external event or crisis brought the issue of water services high on to the political agenda, leading to a window of opportunity in which relatively radical reforms could be implemented. However, as political support for continued reforms withered, performance improvements became difficult to sustain. Without continued political support, performance improvements can be followed by a relapse to poor performance.
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34

GAGEN, M. J. "Information Processing in Multigame Environments Modeling the Evolution of Sex via Punctuated Equilibria." Journal of Theoretical Biology 206, no. 1 (September 2000): 55–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jtbi.2000.2103.

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35

Burnham, Walter Dean. "Constitutional Moments and Punctuated Equilibria: A Political Scientist Confronts Bruce Ackerman's "We the People"." Yale Law Journal 108, no. 8 (June 1999): 2237. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/797387.

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36

Dresow, Max. "Macroevolution evolving: Punctuated equilibria and the roots of Stephen Jay Gould's second macroevolutionary synthesis." Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 75 (June 2019): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsc.2019.01.003.

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37

Møller, Anders Pape, and Andrew Pomiankowski. "Punctuated Equilibria or Gradual Evolution: Fluctuating Asymmetry and Variation in the Rate of Evolution." Journal of Theoretical Biology 161, no. 3 (April 1993): 359–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jtbi.1993.1061.

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38

BAK, PER, and MAYA PACZUSKI. "THE DYNAMICS OF FRACTALS." Fractals 03, no. 03 (September 1995): 415–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218348x95000345.

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Fractals are formed by avalanches, driving the system toward a critical state. This critical state is a fractal in d spatial plus one temporal dimension. Long range spatial and temporal properties are described by different cuts in this fractal attractor. We unify the origin of fractals, 1/f noise, Hurst exponents, Levy flights, and punctuated equilibria in terms of avalanche dynamics, and elucidate their relationships through analytical and numerical studies of simple models.
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39

Pierre, Jon. "Post hoc, ergo propter hoc? Path dependency and punctuated equilibria in European aviation safety regulation." Critical Policy Studies 3, no. 1 (November 9, 2009): 105–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19460170903158180.

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40

Chaline, J., B. Laurin, P. Brunet-Lecomte, and L. Viriot. "Morphological trends and rates of evolution in arvicolids (arvicolidae, rodentia): Towards a punctuated equilibria/disequilibria model." Quaternary International 19 (January 1993): 27–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1040-6182(93)90019-c.

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41

Howlett, Michael. "Process Sequencing Policy Dynamics: Beyond Homeostasis and Path Dependency." Journal of Public Policy 29, no. 3 (October 22, 2009): 241–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x09990158.

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AbstractStudies of policy change have advanced to the point where the basic contours and factors driving policy sequences are now reasonably well identified and understood with a great deal of empirical evidence pointing to the prevalence of punctuated equilibrium processes in many policy fields. However the reasons why such processes occur is less well understood. Most attention to date has focused upon homeostatic models in which exogenously-driven shocks undermine institutionally entrenched policy equilibria. This article addresses the difficulties this account faces and the conceptual challenges which must be overcome to provide a solid grounding for the understanding and analysis of long-term policy dynamics. It focuses on the merits and demerits of alternative explanations featuring either random junctures and ‘positive-return’ sequences – path dependency – or embedded junctures and ‘reactive’ sequences – process sequencing. Models of policy-making over time using the latter two concepts, it is argued, are more likely to account for the large majority of policy dynamic than the former.
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42

Tex, E. Den. "Punctuated equilibria between rival concepts of granite genesis in the late 18th, 19th, and early 20th centuries." Geological Journal 25, no. 3-4 (July 1990): 215–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gj.3350250304.

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43

Desai, Damini, and F. T. Banner. "The ontogeny of, and relationships between, Middle Miocene and Quaternary <i>Orbulina</i> (Foraminifera)." Journal of Micropalaeontology 4, no. 2 (August 1, 1985): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/jm.4.2.81.

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Abstract. The early, coiled stages of Orbulina suturalis and O.universa are described from both Middle Miocene (zones N9–N12) and Quaternary samples. The coiling mode of Orbulina is unique to that genus, and has remained unchanged (as have the spines characteristic of the coiled growth stage) since that genus and its species first evolved. Orbulina universa is monophyletic and its evolutionary history appears to provide an example of “punctuated equilibria” in the development of Cainozoic Globigerinacean development. “O. suturalis “, on the other hand, appears to be a name which has been applied both to the Middle Miocene species and to phylogenetically different forms of Quaternary age.
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44

Gladue, Brian A. "Evolutionary Controversy and Biopolitics Separating Issues from Rhetoric: A Commentary on Gans' Essay “Punctuated Equilibria and Political Science”." Politics and the Life Sciences 7, no. 1 (August 1988): 72–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0730938400003786.

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45

Howlett, Michael. "Issue-Attention and Punctuated Equilibria Models Reconsidered: An Empirical Examination of the Dynamics of Agenda-Setting in Canada." Canadian Journal of Political Science 30, no. 1 (March 1997): 3–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423900014918.

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AbstractMost of the work on policy dynamics focuses on the agenda-setting stage of the policy cycle and argues that policy issues wax and wane in public attention, generating either a cyclical or evolutionary pattern of governmental activity in particular policy sectors. Anthony Downs's notion of a periodic “issue-attention cycle” and Frank Baumgartner and Bryan Jones's notion of a stepped or “punctuated equilibrium” pattern of policy change are prominent in the literature, but have received little empirical and virtually no cross-national verification. Utilizing the analysis of time-series data gathered on nuclear energy and acid rain issues appearing on government and public agendas in Canada over the period 1977–1992, this article elaborates the elements of the two models and subjects both to empirical testing. The article finds little support for either model in the Canadian case and argues the assumptions behind the models must be altered to account for this anomalous case.
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46

Islam, Salim D., Stephen H. Pllder, Cindy L. Decker, Judith A. Cebra-Thomas, and Lee M.Silver. "The human homolog of a candidate mouse t complex responder gene: conserved motifs and evolution with punctuated equilibria." Human Molecular Genetics 2, no. 12 (1993): 2075–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hmg/2.12.2075.

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47

Olszewski, Thomas D. "Persistence of high diversity in non-equilibrium ecological communities: implications for modern and fossil ecosystems." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1727 (June 8, 2011): 230–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.0936.

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Explaining the origin and maintenance of biodiversity is critical for understanding the potential consequences of present-day environmental change on ecological communities, as well as the evolutionary history of ecosystems in the Earth's past. Much effort in theoretical ecology has focused on identifying mechanisms that promote stable coexistence of species at equilibrium. However, in a consumer–resource model of competition along an environmental gradient, high-diversity assemblages have the potential to persist in non-equilibrium states for millions of generations with very little species loss. Species' populations in such competitively accommodated communities show slow drift; if disrupted, they rapidly reorganize into alternative persistent states. Fossil examples of prolonged ecological stability lasting 1–5 Myr punctuated by rapid reorganization (e.g. brachiopods from the Permian Reef of west Texas) suggest that some palaeocommunities represent a record of periodically disrupted transient states rather than stable equilibria. The similarity between the theoretical results reported here and palaeontological data suggests that the maintenance of high-diversity communities, both in the past and present, may reflect long-duration, non-equilibrium transient dynamics. If so, this has implications for the response of such communities to present-day environmental change, as well as for the evolution of lineages in such systems.
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48

Gay, Hannah. "Ruse and the Darwinian Paradigm." Dialogue 30, no. 1-2 (1991): 143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0012217300013408.

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This collection of essays, written over the past fifteen years by one of the more intrepid defenders of current Darwinian theory, contains material that will be of interest both to historians and philosophers of science and, since Ruse writes well and in an accessible manner, to an even wider audience. A preliminary glance at the contents primes one to expect to be both engaged and provoked; one is not disappointed. The essays include historical speculation on some of the views of Charles Darwin, a defence of human sociobiology and discussion of its feminist critique, punctuated equilibria theory, teleology in biology, extraterrestrial biology and moral theory, the plate tectonic revolution in geology, and the relationship between evolutionary theory and Christian ethics.
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49

Marco, L. "Observational evidence for 'punctuated equilibria' in the evolution of Leonid dust trail widths and implications for meteor rate predictions." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 334, no. 2 (August 1, 2002): L16—L20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-8711.2002.05679.x.

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50

Tamborini, Marco. "Niels Eldredge, Eternal Ephemera: Adaptation and the Origin of Species from the Nineteenth Century Through Punctuated Equilibria and Beyond." History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences 37, no. 4 (September 18, 2015): 480–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40656-015-0086-6.

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