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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Punctuated equilibria'
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Turner, Justin L. "Genetic algorithms with punctuated equilibria parallelization and analysis /." Full text, Acrobat Reader required, 1998. http://viva.lib.virginia.edu/etd/theses/turner98.pdf.
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Ignat, Daniel B. "Genetic algorithm with punctuated equilibria analysis of the travelling salesperson problem instance /." Full text, Acrobat Reader required, 1998. http://viva.lib.virginia.edu/etd/theses/ignat98.pdf.
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Grimshaw, Andrew James, and mikewood@deakin edu au. "The adventures of punctuated equilibria. A struggle for authority in the evolutionary sciences." Deakin University. School of Social Inquiry, 2001. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20051110.141422.
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The theory of punctuated equilibria was formulated by two paleontologists, Niles Eldredge and Stephen Gould, in 1972 and has been the focus of considerable controversy within the evolutionary sciences ever since. The primary intentions of this thesis are to relate the history of punctuated equilibria and to examine how it has affected evolutionary science. Several modes of analysis have been used to illuminate the history: The sociological perspectives of Pierre Bourdieu and Bruno Latour (who see scientific debate as a struggle for authority); Rhetorical analysis of some of the key documents; Communication with practising scientists via questionnaires and correspondence; Citation Analysis. Chapter 1 gives a short summary of the history and introduces the methods and socio-philosophical perspectives used to illuminate the history. Chapters 3 and 4 examine the rhetorical process by which Eldredge and Gould constructed the punctuationist revolution. Chapters 2, 3, 5 and 6 relate the history of punctuated equilibria.
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Sanders, Michael. "The USA PATRIOT Act and Punctuated Equilibrium." ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/2759.
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Currently, Title II of the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA PATRIOT Act) Act of 2001 appears to be stalled as a result of controversy over the intent and meaning of the law. Proponents of the title advocate the necessity of the act to combat modern terrorism, whereas opponents warn of circumventions of the Fourth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. Using punctuated equilibrium as the theoretical foundation, the purpose of this case study was to explore the dialogue and legal exchanges between the American Civil Liberties Union and the Department of Justice related to the National Security Agency's metadata collection program. In specific, the study sought to explore the nature of resistance to changes needed to mollify the controversies associated with Title II. Data for this study were acquired through publicly available documents and artifacts including transcripts of Congressional hearings, legal documents, and briefing statements from the US Department of Justice and the American Civil Liberties Union. These data were deductively coded according to the elements of PET and then subjected to thematic analysis. Findings indicate that supporters and opponents of the law are locked in a consistent ideological polarization, with supporters of the law touting the necessity of the authorizations in combatting terrorism and opponents arguing the law violates civil liberties. Neither side of the debate displayed a willingness to compromise or acknowledge the legitimacy of the other viewpoint. Legislators who accept the legitimacy of both researched viewpoints could create positive social change by refining the law to meet national security needs while preserving constitutional protections.
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Romitti, Martin. "Political storms : punctuated equilibrium and the Missouri River policy arena, 1990-2000 /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3013017.
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Silverwood, James. "Punctuated equilibrium or the orthodox cycle? : change and continuity in UK macroeconomic policymaking." Thesis, University of Hull, 2016. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:15396.
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This thesis provides a study of United Kingdom (UK) macroeconomic policy and economic ideas. Specifically, the thesis seeks to explore the reasons when and why UK macroeconomic policy and economic ideas exhibits change or continuity. The central contention of this thesis is that the model of punctuated equilibrium provides a flawed understanding and explanation of when and why policies and idea exhibit continuity and change in UK macroeconomic policymaking. In particular, the thesis seeks to fill two gaps in our existing knowledge of UK economic policymaking, which emerge from critical literature reviews. The first gap pertains to the need for greater specificity in our understanding and definition of orthodox UK macroeconomic policy. The second gap relates to the need for a superior understanding of when and why UK macroeconomic policy and economic ideas exhibits change and continuity. The original contribution of this thesis to the literature on UK economic policymaking arises from the two research findings generated in Chapters Three and Four, which are then tested in a series of case-study chapters in the second half of the thesis. The first research finding is the provision of greater precision in our understanding and definition of orthodox macroeconomic policy. The second research finding is the identification of a historical pattern in UK macroeconomic policymaking, which is named the orthodox cycle. The orthodox cycle utilises the new understanding and definition of orthodox macroeconomic policy to show the continuity of orthodox policy and ideas in UK macroeconomic policymaking, through a series of distinct phases, in the aftermath of crises and changes in government.
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Hutto, William Thomas Permaloff Anne. "An analysis of the punctuated equilibrium model applied to congressional approval of passenger facility charges." Auburn, Ala, 2006. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2006%20Spring/doctoral/HUTTO_WILLIAM_35.pdf.
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Moerschell, Linda. "The intersection of punctuated equilibrium and leadership emergence within the framework of naturalistic decision making." ScholarWorks, 2009. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/641.
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Punctuated equilibrium, a theory of unexpected and sudden change arising out of evolutionary biology and paleontology, has been applied to decision sciences, physics, organizational theory, and group behavior but never to leadership emergence theories. The purpose of the study was to discover how leadership emerges during a period of punctuated equilibrium, a sudden and unexpected change event, using a naturalistic decision making framework. Thus, the research question probed how leadership emergence could be theoretically modeled in a critical event. This grounded theory study was particularly unique because it drew from, and helped unify the four scientific foundations of complexity science, leadership emergence, punctuated equilibrium theory, and naturalistic decision making. Data from 40 retrospective accounts, described in 15 interviews with critical incident intervention specialists, first responders, and wilderness leadership trainers residing in the northeastern region of the U.S. were supplemented by survey and observational data. Initial analyses employed a reflective coding matrix and a concept identification chart. Analysis of synthesized themes identified an event continuum model in which instinct, compassion, and responsibility served as motivating factors for leadership emergence that appeared in close proximity to the change event. Subsequent observable indicators of leadership emergence often included a sense of calm, quick situational assessment, and the tendency of individuals to ignore physical risk. This study found that punctuated equilibrium stimulated leadership emergence in individuals. The most profound implication for social change was that leadership arose in a time of need guided by compassion and a profound sense of responsibility toward one another regardless of formal position in the group.
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Egeland, Kjølv. "The road to prohibition : nuclear hierarchy and disarmament, 1968-2017." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b03d68ab-4748-4de7-a2e9-15616de6a05c.
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Year in year out, hundreds of diplomats and civil society representatives partake in a seemingly endless stream of meetings on nuclear disarmament. These meetings seldom produce materially significant agreements. In fact, no nuclear warhead has ever been dismantled as a direct result of multilateral negotiations. And yet the web of institutions that make up the 'multilateral nuclear disarmament framework' continues to expand. Why? In this thesis, I identify three waves of institutional expansion in the multilateral nuclear disarmament framework (1975-1978; 1991-1999; 2013-2017), linking them to crises of legitimacy in the nuclear order. Institutional expansion, I argue, has been driven by 'struggles for recognition' by non-nuclear powers loath to accept permanent legal subordination. Institutional contestation has allowed non-nuclear powers to exercise symbolic resistance to the frozen nuclear hierarchy enshrined by the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) and its distinction between nuclear 'haves' and 'have-nots'. But the relegitimising function of institutional contestation reveals an irony: By solving recurrent crises of legitimacy in the nuclear order, the expansion of the disarmament framework has served to stabilise nuclear inequality in the long term. However, the 2017 adoption of the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW) may signal an end to this cyclical pattern of de- and relegitimisation. After half a century of contestation within the hierarchical NPT framework, the TPNW represents a legal negation of nuclear hierarchy as such.
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Bush, Andrew Milton. "Time-Averaging and Morphology: Variability in Modern Populations and Fossil Assemblages of Mercenaria (Bivalvia)." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34912.
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The morphologic variability of a fossil assemblage is of interest in many paleontological studies. However, many fossil assemblages are time-averaged; that is, many generations of non-contemporaneous organisms are mixed into the same fossil bed. Assemblages of robust mollusk shells deposited in nearshore marine environments are often time-averaged over 100's to 1000's of years. Mixing many generations of a taxon can increase measured morphologic variability over that of a single generation if morphology is changing during the interval of time-averaging. If morphology is changing, time-averaging can also alter observed correlations between morphologic variables, as well as allometric growth patterns. If morphology is static, then time-averaging will not increase variability or otherwise obscure patterns of morphologic variability. Testing the effects of time-averaging on morphology will help determine the reliability of information derived from the fossil record.In this study, morphologic variability was compared between 6 standing crop, living populations of Mercenaria campechiensis (Bivalvia) and two fossil assemblages of M. campechiensis and M. permagna. One fossil sample was collected as a series of superposed units that could be analyzed individually or in aggregate. The x,y coordinates of 13 landmarks and pseudolandmarks were recorded on over 600 valves, and variability was calculated using Least Squares Procrustes Analysis. Once corrections were made for allometry, the variabilities of the samples drawn from single time-averaged fossil beds were indistinguishable from the variabilities of the recent samples. For this data set, the variabilities of the fossil samples could be used without reservation to estimate the variability of the standing crop populations from which they formed. Morphology was quite stable over the 100's to 1000's of years that likely passed as the assemblages accumulated.
A small amount of analytical time-averaging of the samples increases variability slightly, but additional analytical time-averaging causes no further increase. Very slight morphologic fluctuations are evident at time spans exceeding 100's to 1000's of years. Lumping geographically separated samples and samples of different species also increases variability.
Morphologic stasis is evident in Mercenaria over 100's to 1000's of years, but previous studies have indicated that evolutionary rates over this time frame are typically high. These studies are based on colonization events, however, and are biased towards high rates. Data gathered here and in previous studies suggest that local populations may evolve rapidly at their founding, but that stasis follows this initial burst of change. This model describes a pattern similar to Punctuated Equilibrium at a lower level of the genealogical hierarchy, and is here termed "Punctuated Equilibrium, Jr." This model can be further tested in empirical studies and should aid in determining the causes of species-level evolutionary patterns.
Master of Science
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Lubawinski, Markus. "Paradigmen in der Politik: zwischen Kontinuität und Wandel : zum Verhältnis von parlamentarischem Diskurs und staatlicher Steuerung in der Ausländerpolitik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (1981-2005)." Bachelor's thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2012. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2013/6736/.
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Seit Mitte 1950er Jahre hatten Bundesregierungen immer wieder betont, dass die Bundesrepublik „kein „Einwanderungsland“ sei. Das Bekenntnis der Rot-Grünen Koalition zum „Einwanderungsland“ und die Reformen im Bereich des Staatsbürgerschaftsrechts (1999), des Arbeitsrechts (2000) und der Zuwanderung (2004) markierte daher für viele Experten einen Paradigmawandel in der deutschen Immigrations- und Integrationspolitik. Dieser Wandel ist nie systematisch untersucht worden. Für den Zeitraum von 1981 bis 2005 geht die Arbeit auf der Basis einer stichwortbasierten Inhaltsanalyse und eines Gesetzgebungsindexes deshalb den Fragen nach, (1) inwieweit sich Veränderungen in der politischen Zuwanderungsdiskussion in Deutschland am Beispiel des Deutschen Bundestags nachweisen lassen (Diskursebene), (2) inwiefern die gesetzliche Steuerung und Regulierung von Immigration und Integration in dieser Periode von Liberalisierungstendenzen gekennzeichnet war (Policyebene), und (3) in welchem Verhältnis Diskurs und Policy zueinander stehen. Politische, ökonomische und gesellschaftliche Rahmenbedingungen werden dabei berücksichtigt. Theoretisch basiert die Arbeit auf den Annahmen der Punctuated Equilibrium Theory, die etwas ausführlicher dargestellt und mit den Konzepten Paradigma, Frame und Policywandel verbunden wird.The paper deals with parliamentary discourse and public policy in the realm of immigration and integration in the Federal Republic of Germany between 1981 and 2005. All federal governments until the late 1990s had publically denied that Germany was a “country of immigration”. After the coalition under Chancellor Gerhard Schröder took office in 1998 this traditional “anti-immigrant” rhetoric seemed to change and reforms of long held policy strongholds in the areas of citizenship, work, immigration and integration were initiated. Some experts interpreted these changes as a fundamental policy “paradigm shift”. The paper sets out to examine this diagnosis as it has never been systematically tested. At the theoretical level, the author links the Punctuated Equilibrium Approach with related concepts of paradigms, frames and policy change. Methodologically, he combines a keyword-based content analysis for analyzing parliamentary debates on “foreigners” with an index approach that helps tracing liberalization tendencies in federal policies on immigration and integration over time.
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Monroe, Melanie. "The tempo and mode of evolution : a neontological reappraisal." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-49761.
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The theory of “punctuated equilibrium” suggests that species evolve rapidly during or immediately upon speciation, “punctuating” long periods of little or no morphological evolution. Here I confirm that body size differences within clades of birds and mammals are best explained using a model of punctuated evolution. This allows me to suggest that rates of speciation and extinction are responsible for why there are more small mammals than large, as large mammals likely speciate and go extinct at a higher rate than small mammals, and hence undergo cladogenetic change more often. Likewise, mammals appear to evolve at a higher rate than birds, because mammals, as a whole, speciate and go extinct at a higher rate than birds. Furthermore I show that mass extinctions and competition, i.e. forms of natural selection, do not seem to explain differences in body size between species on a macroevolutionary scale. Taken together, these findings not only contradict the idea that apparently different rates of evolution are due to differential selection intensities, and emphasize the importance of the speciation process in evolution, but raise the intriguing question as to what limits evolution in established species. Here I suggest that phenotypic traits, dependent on one another for development and/or function may constrain evolution by exerting stabilizing selection from within the organism, as opposed to external environmental selection, which has been the main focus of evolutionary studies thus far.Teorin om "punkterad jämvikt" säger att arter utvecklas snabbt under och omedelbart efter artbildning, vilket "punkterar" långa perioder med lite eller ingen morfologisk föränding. I den här avhandlingen visar jag att skillnader i kroppsstorlek inom klader (grupp med gemensam förfader) hos fåglar och däggdjur förklaras bäst när man använder en modell med punkterad evolution. Detta gör i sin tur att jag kan föreslå att hastigheten var med artbildning och utdöende sker, förklarar varför det finns fler små däggdjur än stora, eftersom stora däggdjur sannolikt bildar nya arter och dör ut med en högre hastighet än små däggdjur. Likaså förefaller däggdjur i sin helhet att evolvera med en högre hastighet än fåglar, detta eftersom däggdjur bildar nya arter och dör ut med en högre hastighet än fåglar. Dessutom visar jag att massutdöenden och konkurrens (naturlig selektion) inte verkar förklara skillnader mellan arter över makroevolutionära skalor (över geologisk tid). Sammantaget motsäger dessa resultat inte bara idén om att skenbart olika hastighet på evolution främst beror på skillnader i selektionstryck utan understryker också vikten av artbildningsprocessen som en viktig faktor som styr evolutionens hastighet. Dessutom leder dessa resultat till frågan om vad som begränsar evolutionen hos redan etablerade arter. Här föreslår jag att fenotypiska karaktärsdrag som är beroende av varandra för sin funktion och utveckling kan begränsa evolutionen genom att utöva stabiliserande selektion inifrån organismen, i motsats till selektion från den omgivande miljön vilket har varit fokus för de flesta evolutionära studier hittills.
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Perez, Batres Luis Antonio. "Do desperate times call for desperate measures? Strategic responses to regulatory punctuations in the Mexican banking industry, 1991-2004." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1828.
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Bezerra, Paul Anthony, and Paul Anthony Bezerra. "Blunder or Plunder? Donor, Recipient, and Aid Attributes for the Successful Use of Bilateral Aid as a Foreign Policy Tool." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625462.
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Since the 1970s, the number and variety of states providing bilateral aid has grown. In 1973, 16 states provided aid; in 2013, 31 provided aid. This growth may not appear substantial, but it greatly outstrips growth in the number of states in the international system over the same time period (~46% versus 94%). Given states commit aid for a variety of reasons – prominently, including their own geopolitical self-interests – this growth in the bilateral aid donor community suggests donors are likely to encounter increased competition for any given recipient’s foreign policy cooperation. In the face of this increased competition, this dissertation asks: under what conditions will some bilateral aid donors experience greater foreign policy cooperation as a result of their aid efforts than other donors? To answer this question, this dissertation develops and contributes a framework for better understanding when bilateral donors – in the context of a competitive aid-for-policy "marketplace" – will experience greater geopolitical gain.
The donor-recipient aid and cooperation framework suggests each component of the aid-for-policy exchange – the donor, the recipient, and the aid itself – is likely to influence the success any given donor experiences utilizing aid to promote foreign policy cooperation. At its core, the framework argues any given donor’s ability to use aid to promote foreign policy cooperation is a function of their own decision-making and policy process; in particular, their abilities to interpret information and adjust policies. This function, however, is likely to be conditioned by the recipient’s set of donor relationships, the donor's ability to overcome friction and resistance in their policy process, and the on-the-ground experience of the aid’s consumers. In developing this argument, the donor-recipient aid and cooperation framework draws upon a variety of theories from international relations, foreign policy decision-making, public policy, and organization theory.
Overall, I find elements related to the donor and the recipient condition the success any given donor experiences utilizing aid to promote foreign policy cooperation. The results indicate that donors who possess dependence-based power advantages, or higher levels of mutual dependence, with their recipients are likely to experience improved foreign policy cooperation, but this experience substantively varies across different levels of aid giving. Additionally, some donors – due to their power status, regime type, or organizational memberships and normative adherences – are likely to experience more cooperation than others as a result of lower decision costs and institutional costs in their policy processes. The third element of the donor-recipient aid and cooperation framework, the aid itself, remains untested and is left for analysis in future work.
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Algharabali, Barrak Ghanim. "THE EFFECTS OF NATURAL RESOURCE DEPENDENCE AND DEMOCRACY ON THE INCREMENTAL BUDGETING THEORY AND PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM WITHIN A BUDGETARY CONTEXT." UKnowledge, 2019. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/msppa_etds/30.
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I contribute to the literature by providing additional factors that could affect the incremental budgeting theory and punctuated equilibrium theory (PET) within a budgetary context. Because of the fluctuation in the price of natural resources, I argue that dependence on natural resources could lead to less stable budgets than ones not dependent on natural resources. I also argue that democracy is another source that leads to stability in the budget, relative to countries that are not democratic. I theorize that countries with no democracy and heavy dependence on natural resources will have budgets with more volatility than the rest of the countries. Most of the extant literature focuses on countries that are democratic and not dependent on natural resources. My theory expects these to have the most stable budgets. I extend the literature by comparing the Kuwaiti National Budget (dependent on natural resources and not democratic) to the U.S. Federal Budget (democratic and not dependent on natural resources). The results of all tests are consistent with the expectations of the theory that countries with no democracy and heavy dependence on natural resources have less incremental budgets than nations that are democratic and not dependent on natural resources.
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Borelius, Gustaf. "Policy change & the punctuated equilibrium theory : A longitudinal study of clean air policy-change in Sweden during 2011-2019." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-431708.
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Hayes, E. Jane. "An examination of the advocacy coalition framework, and the punctuated equilibrium theory a case study of MI Public Act 61 of 2004 /." Diss., Connect to online resource - MSU authorized users, 2008.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Michigan State University. School of Social Work, 2008."Cynthia Jackson-Elmoore, [dissertation committee chair]"--Acknowledgments. Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Aug. 20, 2009) Includes bibliographical references (p. 180-190). Also issued in print.
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Monear, Daryl A. "Explaining stability and upheaval in state-level higher education governance : a multiple-case study analysis using advocacy coalition theory and punctuated equilibrium theory /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7709.
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Danielsson, Marianne. "Fängslande idéer i politik och teori : En teoretisk granskning." Licentiate thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Government, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-85625.
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I den snabbt växande litteraturen om idéer i policyprocessen, som ibland kallats ”the ideational turn” tänker man sig ofta att idéer och språk styr politikens aktörer, snarare än styrs av dem. Hur politiska problem formuleras styr vilka lösningar som ter sig rimliga. Intresset riktas mot politik som intellektuell verksamhet. Dessutom tänker man sig att de resulterande tänkesätten kring problem och lösningar – tolkningsramarna eller problembilderna – tenderar att börja leva sitt eget liv, och utanför aktörernas direkta kontroll påverka det politiska beslutsfattandet. Påståenden om verkligheten och värderingspåståenden blir alltså med ett sådant perspektiv väsentliga, eftersom de antas utgöra utgångspunkt och ram för den fortsatta formuleringen av den offentliga politiken. De stänger in och riktar blicken. I den här avhandlingen ska ett antal teorier, med stor tilltro till slagkraftiga idéers förmåga att styra och organisera tanke och handling vid utformning och upprätthållande av offentlig politik, skärskådas och prövas teoretiskt. Målet är att urskilja huruvida dessa innehåller empiriskt prövvärda teoretiska påståenden om idéers funktion i policyprocesser.
Med utgångspunkt i en teorigenomgång argumenterar jag för att det verkar rimligt att förvänta sig att stabila eller instängande idéstrukturer hänger samman med stabil interaktion i policyprocesser. I så fall är det likaledes rimligt att undersöka hur reproduktion av idéer, och tröghet i förändring av policy, förhåller sig till det sätt på vilket politiken och policyproduktionen är organiserad. Ett sådant perspektiv innebär alltså att policyproduktion bör undersökas utifrån de organisatoriska och institutionella villkor som präglar den konkreta intellektuella verksamhet som krävs för att policybeslut ska materialiseras.
Teorier som tycks svara mot detta krav är Maarten Hajers Discourse Coalition Framework, Paul Sabatier och Hank Jenkins-Smiths Advocacy Coalition Framework och Frank Baumgartners och Bryan Jones Punctuated Equilibrium Theory. De valda teoretikerna beskriver idéer som mer eller mindre trögrörliga sociala konstruktioner, som både är förankrade i och organiserar policyprocessen – även om de inte själva uttrycker det så. De kan alltså ses som olika teoribildningar inom samma teoriperspektiv.
I avhandlingen identifieras flera problem i detta teorperspektiv. De handlar alla om de kognitiva låsningar som teorierna förutsätter som förklaringar till stabil policyproduktion. Jag menar att teorierna, för det första, inte på ett tillfredställande sätt lyckas lösa struktur-aktörproblemet utan glider mellan en föreställning om individen som ömsom strukturernas slav och ömsom dess herre, mer beroende på vad som behövs för att lösa förklaringsekvationen än på vad som verkar rimligt och troligt. För det andra ifrågasätter jag, mot bakgrund av det begränsade sociala sammanhang som en policysektor oftast är, rimligheten i att anta att det normala är att den diskurs som präglar ett politikområde förmår definiera världen för policyprocessens aktörer. För det tredje argumenterar jag för att sättet att beskriva de politiska aktörerna som i tanken ”infärgade” av en organisatoriskt, institutionellt eller socialt förankrad diskurs begränsar möjligheten att göra policyanalys till politisk maktanalys.
Ett särskilt kapitel ägnas därför åt olika möjligheter att konceptualisera idéstrukturernas relation till aktörerna i policyprocesser. Detta hänger också ihop med förståelsen av makt. Jag menar nämligen att frågan om vad idéstrukturerna gör med aktörerna i policyprocessen är nära sammankopplad med hur vi ska förstå maktrelationerna i denna process. I centrum för avsnittet står den idéernas sociala praktik som är språk, kommunikation och samtal: den språkliga praktik där idéer kommer till uttryck. Frågan som ställs i detta kapitel är om det finns andra sätt än teoriernas antagande om ”kognitiv inlåsning” att tala om politiska idéer som en faktor för makt och inflytande. Detta i sin tur beror på huruvida det finns alternativa sätt att förstå idéstrukturers effekter på policyprocessens aktörer. Och om det går att på ett rimligare och mer konsistent sätt beskriva hur idéer kan skapa maktrelationer, kan vi därmed omvärdera Baumgartner och Jones, Sabatier och Jenkins Smiths, och Hajers teorier i ljuset av dessa insikter? I föreliggande text argumenterar jag för att svaret är ja på båda dessa frågor.
Det nästföljande kapitlet ägnas därför åter dessa teorier, nu med fokus på hur de ska prövas empiriskt. Jag diskuterar dels olikheter mellan teorierna beträffande vilka konkreta arenor och aktörer de menar spelar roll för stabilitet i och förändring av policy, dels hur dessa påståenden kan ”översättas” till en prövning i svensk kontext. Diskussionen summeras i ett antal ur teorierna härledda prövbara, delvis konkurrerande, påståenden om hur idéer strukturerar policyprocessen. Det femte avslutande kapitlet summerar hela avhandlingen.
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Wu, Jingwei. "Open Source Software Evolution and Its Dynamics." Thesis, University of Waterloo, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/1095.
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This thesis undertakes an empirical study of software evolution by analyzing open source software (OSS) systems. The main purpose is to aid in understanding OSS evolution. The work centers on collecting large quantities of structural data cost-effectively and analyzing such data to understand software evolution dynamics (the mechanisms and causes of change or growth). We propose a multipurpose systematic approach to extracting program facts (e. g. , function calls). This approach is supported by a suite of C and C++ program extractors, which cover different steps in the program build process and handle both source and binary code. We present several heuristics to link facts extracted from individual files into a combined system model of reasonable accuracy. We extract historical sequences of system models to aid software evolution analysis.
We propose that software evolution can be viewed as Punctuated Equilibrium (i. e. , long periods of small changes interrupted occasionally by large avalanche changes). We develop two approaches to study such dynamical behavior. One approach uses the evolution spectrograph to visualize file level changes to the implemented system structure. The other approach relies on automated software clustering techniques to recover system design changes. We discuss lessons learned from using these approaches.
We present a new perspective on software evolution dynamics. From this perspective, an evolving software system responds to external events (e. g. , new functional requirements) according to Self-Organized Criticality (SOC). The SOC dynamics is characterized by the following: (1) the probability distribution of change sizes is a power law; and (2) the time series of change exhibits long range correlations with power law behavior. We present empirical evidence that SOC occurs in open source software systems.
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Bokma, F. (Folmer). "Why most birds are small – a macro-ecological approach to the evolution of avian body size." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2004. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9514273451.
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Abstract There are more small-bodied species of birds than those having large bodies. Generally, and relative to occurrance in any one place, small-bodied species also contain more individuals than large-bodied species. The same patterns have been documented for several groups of higher organisms for example, snakes, flowering plants and mammals, which suggests that there exists a general reason "why", which applies to other groups of species as well as to birds. This thesis attempts to identify this reason. In the first place, it is possible that most species happened to become small-bodied by chance. Simulations of neutral body-size evolution indicate however that the observed bias towards small size is stronger than that accounted for by neutral evolution. Then, the most plausible explanation for why most species are small is that small-bodied species speciate faster. However, statistical analyses accounting for historical relatedness of present-day species indicate no relation between body size and the rate of speciation. Finally, instead of little by little, the dominance of small species may have arisen suddenly, when approximately 65 million years ago (presumably) a large meteorite hit the earth, causing mass extinctions. However, analysis of body sizes and genetic differences of extant species reveals that while avian species numbers were approximately halved, the catastrophe affected small and large species equally. Thus, the reason why most species are small does not seem to be due to differential rates of speciation or extinction. Instead, the cause appears to be in the tempo and mode of evolution. It was found by analysis of extant species' body size that probably most differences in body size between species arise at the moment of speciation. Differences between small-bodied species are smaller than between large-bodied species and probably this difference also has its origin at the moment of speciation. Consequently, groups of small species stay small whereas groups of large species are more variable in body size, so that in the end most species are smallTiivistelmä Maailman noin 10 000 lintulajin joukossa pienikokoisia lajeja on enemmän kuin suurikokoisia. Yleensä pienkokoiset lajit ovat myös yksilömääriltään suurempia kuin samalla paikalla esiintyvät suurikokoiset lajit. Koska sama ilmiö on havaittu monissa muissa suurissa eliöryhmissä (esim. nisäkkäät, käärmeet ja kukkakasvit), on ilmeistä, että on olemassa yhteinen syy, joka pätee niin linnuissa kuin muissakin eliöryhmissä. Tämän väitöskirjan tavoite on selvittää, mikä tämä yhteinen syy voisi olla. Ensinnäkin on mahdollista, että suurin osa lajeista on kehittynyt pienikokoisiksi aivan sattumalta. Ruumiin koon evoluution simulaatiot kuitenkin osoittavat, että on hyvin epätodennäköistä, että neutraali evoluutio olisi johtanut pienikokoisten lajien suuriin määrään havaitussa määrin. Toinen mahdollinen selitys ilmiölle on, että pienikokoiset lajit lajiutuvat nopeammin. Tilastolliset analyysit, jotka ottavat huomioon nykyisin elävien lajien sukulaisuussuhteet, osoittavat ettei ruumin koon ja lajiutumisen vauhdin välillä ole yhteyttä. Kolmas mahdollinen selitys pienikokoisten lajien suurelle määrällä on historiallinen. On mahdollista, että pienikokoisten lajien suhteellisen suuri määrä syntyi nopeasti noin 65 miljoonaa vuotta sitten tapahtuneen massasukupuuton seurauksena, joka fossiiliaineiston perusteella kohdistui erityisesti suurikokoisiin maaeläimiin (esimerkiksi dinosauruksiin). Vertaileva analyysi nykyään elävien lintulajien ruumiin koosta ja geneettisistä eroista osoittaa, että vaikka suuri osa lintulajeista hävisi massasukupuutossa, tämä katastrofi karsi lajeja riippumatta niiden ruumiin koosta. Näyttää siis siltä, etteivät erot lajiutumisen tai sukupuuttojen esiintymisessä selitä sitä, että suurin osa lajeista on pienikokoisia. Tämän tutkimuksen tulosten perusteella syy näyttäisi sen sijaan olevan ruumiin koon kehityksen vauhdissa ja siinä tavassa, jolla kehitys yleensä etenee. Analyysi nykyisten lajien ruumiin koosta paljasti, että suurin osa eroista lajien välillä syntyy (evolutiiviessa aikataulussa) suhteellisen nopeasti lajiutumistapahtuman yhteydessä (punktualismi) eikä vähitellen pitkien aikojen kuluessa (gradualismi), kuten yleensä oletetaan. Kehityslinjojen sisällä pienikokoisten lajien väliset erot ruumiin koossa olivat pienempiä kuin isokokoisten lajien väliset erot - ja todennäköisesti myöskin tämä ero syntyy lajiutumisen yhteydessä. Tämä johtaa evoluution kuluessa tilanteeseen, että alunperin pienikokoisista lajeista kehittyneet lajit ovat myös pienikokoisia, kun taas isokokoisten lajien kehityslinjoissa on nähtävissä huomattavasti paljon enemmän vaihtelua ruumiin koossa. Näiden seurauksena eliöstöissä suurin osa lajeista lopulta on pienikokoisia
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Kennedy, Robert B. "Medical Marijuana Policy Conflicts within the District of Columbia Private Workplace." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/7681.
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The District of Colombia poses a unique challenge to private employers because the passage of a local medical marijuana policy was instituted in a federalized district that is obligated to abide by federal Schedule 1 narcotic laws. Using punctuated equilibrium as the theoretical foundation, the purpose of this case study was to understand how managers maintain compliance and address the conflict between different levels of government. Data were collected from interviews with 8 private industry hiring personnel who operate within the District of Columbia. These interviews were transcribed, inductively coded using a 2 cycle coding procedure, and then subjected to a thematic analysis procedure. Two primary themes emerged; cognizance of the policy, and fear and safety concerns related to enforcement. In the case of the theme of cognizance, punctuated equilibrium was confirmed in that unbalanced policy development had negative or positive interpretations that created a significant subsystem effect. The second theme of “fear” is also explained through punctuated equilibrium as marijuana legalization is perceived as an emotional policy issue in the establishment of new policy. Implications for positive social change stems from recommendations to policy makers to clarify remaining ambiguity about the requirements associated with the juxtaposition of federal and local policy and law. Reconciling the differences between policies may improve the capacity for hiring authorities to better understand and practice effective talent recruitment while at the same time be attentive to the social needs in the District of Columbia related to workplace medical marijuana policies.
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Åman, Per. "Revolution by Evolution : transforming international management in the established MNC." Doctoral thesis, Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, Institute of International Business (IIB), 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hhs:diva-1894.
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Glamsjö, Henrik, and Marcus Holmberg. "SJUKFÖRSÄKRINGEN OCH POLITIKEN -En kvalitativ studie över styrning och politik kring sjukförsäkringen." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för humaniora, utbildnings- och samhällsvetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-69739.
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This essay is about how the government formulates its policy regarding the health insurance and how these ambitions are then translated in the steering of the Swedish Swedish Social Insurance Fund. We have formulated the following questions: ● How is government policy and governance formulated in terms of health insurance? ● How does government policy and governance differ in terms of health insurance policy during the period studied? ● How does government's policy orientation affect the overall governance they provide to the Social Insurance Fund? We also analyze whether there are differences in policy and governance and between governments that took place in 2006, 2010 and 2014. We have read political material such as election manifesto and the Prime ministers´statement of government policy and compared this with the governments appropriation directions to the Swedish Social Insurance Fund and directions in the state budget. For the analysis, we use text analysis and we have, under the results and conclusions, identified two themes that all three governments commute between: the labor theme and the security theme. Our theoretical approach is the theory formulated by Frank Baumgartner och Bryan Jones Punctuated Equilibrium. We find that although there are differences in policy depending on the government's political color, governance is relatively stable. The overall objectives of the Swedish Social Insurance Fund have only been changed once during the period we have studied. In our analysis we have a reasoning for our outcome based on our theoretical perspective.
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de, Wolff Mads. "Playing for the same team? : the trio Presidency and agenda-management in European Union sport policy." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2016. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/21470.
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In 2007 the rotating Presidency of the Council of the European Union (EU) was reformed by the introduction of the so-called trio Presidency . The trio mechanism encourages policy continuity by grouping incumbent Presidencies in teams of three and inviting them to coordinate. This thesis seeks to contribute original knowledge on EU policy-making by mapping how trio practices are established, exploring which factors explain how Member States coordinate, and by assessing how the trio arrangement affects the EU agenda. Empirically, the trio function is examined through its implementation in the policy area of sport, focusing on the three trios to assume office after the coming into force of the Lisbon Treaty in 2009. The analysis is structured around a number of carefully selected dossiers adopted between 2010 and 2013. Guided by a conceptual framework based on agenda-setting and new institutionalism, these decisions are submitted to in depth process-tracing. The analysis draws on qualitative research, primarily official documents and 37 semi-structured interviews. The findings reveal that actors approach the trio with differing preferences and expectations, leading to much variation in how the arrangement is performed. The thesis identifies a number of factors that explain variation. Thus, a fixed agenda supports trios in coordinating priorities and activities ex ante. Moreover, coordination is conditioned by trio composition, as federal and new Member States are more inclined to cooperate. Further, trio practices are shaped by factors such as multiannual planning and focusing events, with the intenseness of trio coordination reflecting whether the agenda includes issues that demand sustained attention. The thesis concludes that the introduction of the trio mechanism has preserved the ability of Member States to use the Council Presidency to prioritise national priorities whilst also encouraging and facilitating EU policy continuity. By extending agenda-management beyond a six month spell, the trio can strengthen the agenda-setting powers of incumbent Member States, particularly on issues that concern establishing urgent responses or developing Council procedures. Moreover, evidence suggests that the arrangement can produce a specific spirit of collegiality, trio solidarity, which sees trio Member States support each other during negotiations, thus affecting EU policy-making beyond agenda-management.
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Beck, Brian Robert. "Evolutionary patterns in the reef coral Siderastrea during the Mio-Pliocene of the Dominican Republic." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2005. http://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/94.
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Carvalho, Flávia Sanches de. "A questão agrária na agenda governamental de FHC e Lula : uma análise à luz dos estudos de formação de agenda." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2017. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/8859.
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This research has as general objective to analyze the trajectory and the movement of the agrarian question in the governmental agenda, from 1995 to 2006, based on the application of instruments that show the change in the priorities of this policy, specifically observing the Presidential Discourses, Decrees, Provisional Measures and Messages forwarded by the President of the Republic to the National Congress, based on a multidisciplinary view of public policies, notably the formation studies in the agenda-setting. The analysis used here, therefore, focuses on the process of changes in public policies focused on the governments FHC I and II and Lula I. So, that the objectives are achieved, this dissertation is based on the model of punctuated equilibrium (Punctuated Equilibrium Framework) Baumgartner and Jones (1993) which seeks, through temporal mapping of care indicators, analyze the rise and the changes of an issue on the government agenda over time. From the above model, will seek to clarify, explain and discuss the movement of land reform policies over twelve years of administrations. Thus, is expected to contribute to the studies in the field of public policies on the agenda of training in Brazil.
Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo geral analisar a trajetória e a movimentação da questão agrária na agenda governamental, no período compreendido entre 1995 e 2006, apoiando-se na aplicação de instrumentos que demostrem a mudança nas prioridades dessa política, observando especificamente, os Discursos Presidenciais, os Decretos, as Medidas Provisórias e as Mensagens encaminhadas pelo Presidente da República ao Congresso Nacional, a partir de um olhar multidisciplinar das políticas públicas, notadamente dos estudos de formação na agenda governamental (agenda-setting). A análise aqui empregada se debruça, portanto, sobre o processo de mudanças em políticas públicas com foco nos governos FHC I e II e Lula I. Para que os objetivos sejam alcançados, essa dissertação tem como base o modelo de Equilíbrio Pontuado (Punctuated Equilibrium Framework) de Baumgartner e Jones (1993) que busca, por meio do mapeamento temporal de indicadores de atenção, analisar a ascensão e as mudanças de uma questão na agenda governamental ao longo do tempo. A partir do modelo exposto buscaremos explicitar, explicar e problematizar a movimentação das políticas de reforma agrária ao longo de doze anos de administrações. Como resultado espera-se contribuir para os estudos no campo de políticas públicas em especial sobre a formação de agenda no Brasil.
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Smith, James D. "Comparative Analysis of the USAF F-16 and RAAF F-18 Training Programs." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/4563.
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As experienced fighter pilots leave the United States Air Force (USAF) and Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF), there is a need to develop new competent pilots to meet national defense requirements. Fighter training programs are expensive for taxpayers, and the USAF and RAAF face significant resource problems developing and implementing these programs. Using policy feedback theory and punctuated equilibrium theory as the theoretical foundation, the purpose of this comparative, multi-case study of current USAF F-16 and RAAF F-18 fighter pilot training policies was to inform training policy development and efficacy of future USAF and RAAF fighter pilot training programs. Data were gathered from training policy documents and 12 interviews with F-16 and F-18 pilots. Data were deductively coded and analyzed using policy feedback and punctuated event themes. Findings indicate that policy feedbacks and punctuated events influence fighter pilot training policy. Best practices for training include optimum stress management, appropriate academic course timing, and phase-based training techniques. Optimal instructional approaches included a servant leadership philosophy and a need for improved kinesthetic flight preparation tools and procedures. The USAF and RAAF approach fighter pilot training differently. The positive social change implications stemming from this study include recommendations to the USAF and RAAF that may improve fighter pilot training policy at the lowest possible cost to the taxpayers.
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Ponzi, Adamo. "A study of criticality, punctuated equilibrium and self-organization in an evolutionary model of a financial market = Tōkei butsurigakuteki na kinyū shijō moderu ni okeru rinkai genshō danzoku heikō jiko soshikika no kenkyū /." Electronic version of summary, 1999. http://www.wul.waseda.ac.jp/gakui/gaiyo/2871.pdf.
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Carvalho, César Machado. "Esporte como política pública: um estudo sobre o processo de formulação da política de esporte no Brasil." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/1024.
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When sport was implemented in Brazil conceding everyone s right, governmental actions started incurring in sports field aiming the provision of the democratization, autonomy and liberty. Such fact favors the overcoming of the traditional corporatist sport policy present in previous policy contexts. The Brazil s democratic context enables the sport policy to conform a new standard of sport public policymaking. Thereby, our study assumes that the alternation of the public regime enabled significant changes in the standard of sport public policymaking. Thus, our objective of study focuses on analysis key elements: ideas, actors and institutions which influence on the process of sport public policymaking in the time range that involves the sport constitutionalization in 1988 until the creation of the Ministry of Sport in 2003.The objective is to analyze the incidence of ideas, policy actors and governmental institutions surrounding the sport policy brought by the changes in the policy system, and the indications in the sport policymaking until the creation of the Ministry of Sport. To carry out this study, we based ourselves on the conceptual and methodological approach to the public policy, the Punctuated-Equilibrium Theory, which uses the structure of policy ideas and subsystems (actors and institutions) in order to investigate long periods of public policy stability and policy abrupt changes.
A partir do momento em que o esporte fora instituído no Brasil como direito de todos, ações governamentais incidiram no setor esportivo com o objetivo de prover a democratização, a autonomia e a liberdade. Fato que favoreceu para a superação da tradicional política de esporte corporativista existente nos contextos políticos passados. O contexto democrático do Brasil possibilitou à política de esporte a conformação de um novo padrão de formulação de políticas públicas de esporte. Desse modo, nosso estudo parte do pressuposto que a alternância de regime político possibilitou significativas mudanças do padrão de formulação de políticas públicas de esporte. Assim, o nosso objeto de estudo se concentra em elementos chaves de análise: ideias, atores e instituições, que influênciam no processo de formulação de políticas públicas de esporte no recorte temporal que envolve a constitucionalização do esporte, em 1988, até a criação do Ministério do Esporte, em 2003. Com o objetivo de analisar a incidência de ideias, atores políticos e instituições governamentais em torno da política de esporte trazidas com a mudança de regime político e as pontuações na formulação de política de esporte até a criação do Ministério do Esporte. Para isso, utilizaremos a abordagem conceitual e metodológica de análise de política pública o Modelo do Equilíbrio Pontuado que se utiliza de estrutura de ideias políticas e subsistemas políticos (atores e instituições) para analisar períodos longos de estabilidades política pública e mudanças abruptas na mesma.
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Sá, Ubiratan Gomes de Carvalho. "Trajetória da empresa e evolução das práticas de inovação de produto e processo: o caso das empresas do Complexo Petroquímico de Triunfo." Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2012. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/4027.
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Os estudos das trajetórias de empresas buscam identificar as razões da longevidade através dos fatores relevantes de manutenção da competitividade em longos períodos de tempo. Nas empresas intensivas em capital e tecnologia, as práticas de inovação tecnológica estão subordinadas à estratégia. Isso ocorre pela importância que elas têm no desempenho da firma. As empresas do setor petroquímico se encaixam nessa descrição. Elas também são importantes na atividade econômica do país e do Rio Grande do Sul pela presença à montante em várias cadeias de suprimento, uma vez que fornece matéria-prima a outras indústrias de transformação; pelo caráter estratégico à jusante do refino do petróleo e utilização de gás natural; e pela participação ativa na balança comercial exportando produtos e importando insumos e equipamentos. As empresas do Complexo Petroquímico de Triunfo passaram por vários episódios de turbulência que transformaram suas estruturas. Estes coincidem, grosso modo, com mudanças no ambiente econômico e regulatório, eventos como crises econômicas, consolidação da indústria química e petroquímica, surgimento e barateamento de novas tecnologias complementares. Para compreender essas transformações e os impactos nas práticas de inovação tecnológica, foram avaliadas as principais teorias que tentam explicar os fatores que influenciam na competitividade das empresas. A abordagem escolhida foi a Teoria do Equilíbrio Pontuado por considerar a evolução das empresas como resultado da dinâmica entre fatores externos e internos nas modificações estruturais geradoras de breves turbulências seguidas de um período de relativa estabilidade no qual essas transformações se consolidam. Uma pesquisa qualitativa foi realizada nas quatro empresas atualmente em operação no Complexo Industrial de Triunfo na modalidade estudo de casos múltiplos. A coleta e a análise de dados, abrangendo o intervalo de tempo desde o início das operações até 2011, indicam a ocorrência de três momentos de turbulência e dois de estabilidade. A contribuição desta pesquisa está na confirmação do uso da Teoria do Equilíbrio Pontuado em estudos longitudinais de trajetória de empresas e não apenas em curtos períodos de tempo. A comparação com outros estudos semelhantes pode contribuir para o desenvolvimento da teoria.
Trajectories of firms studies’ seek to identify the reasons for their longevity through the relevant factors of being competitive in long periods of time. The ones intensive in capital and technology have technological innovation practices subordinated to strategy due to its importance for the firm performance. The petrochemical companies fit this description. They are also important for both national and regional economic activity by the upstream presence in several supply chains, since they provide raw material for other manufacturing industries, their strategic place at downstream petroleum refining and natural gas use, and through active participation in national trade accounts by exporting products and importing materials and equipment. Companies located at Triunfo Petrochemical Complex in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil went through several episodes of turbulence which transformed their structures. These coincide roughly with changes in the economic environment and regulatory events such as economic downturns, worldwide consolidation of chemical and petrochemical industry, and emergence of new and cheaper complementary technologies. To understand these changes and impacts on the technological innovation practices were evaluated a set of theories that attempt to explain the factors influencing firm’s competitiveness. The chosen approach was the Theory of Punctuated Equilibrium by considering companies’ evolution as a result of the dynamics among external and internal factors that trigger structural changes generating turbulence followed by a brief period of relative stability in which these transformations are consolidated. A qualitative study was conducted in four companies currently operating in the Triunfo Petrochemical Complex using the multiple case study methodology. The data collection and analysis covering the time interval from the start of operations until 2011 indicate the existence of turbulence for three times and two periods of stability. This research can contribute on confirming the Theory of Punctuated Equilibrium use for longitudinal studies of companies’ trajectory, not only for short periods of time. Comparison with other similar studies may contribute to the development of this theory.
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Danielsson, Marianne. "Fängslande idéer : Svensk miljöpolitik och teorier om policyproduktion." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-122391.
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This thesis investigates the role of ideas in policy processes. It does so using three theories as a starting point, selected for being alike yet unique in their description of how ideas may “get stuck” in the organization’s production and reproduction of policy. The theories are Discourse Coalition Framework, Advocacy Coalition Framework, and Punctuated Equilibrium Theory. These theories have very different emphases but share constructivist traits and an interest in how social processes of meaning making take form in a rather “traditional” organizational setting, thus paying attention to, if not reducing the study to, the institutions of representative democracy. Two theoretical problems are identified within these theories. They concern 1) the mechanism and 2) the object of analysis. The theoretical question addressed in part I is: How are we to understand the proposition that ideas may cause stability in policy processes? What is the underlying mechanism? It is argued that the cognitive mechanism which the theories use should be substituted with a social psychological one. The assumption that stability is created when political actors conform to the ideas of others when they are confronted with apparent unanimity among policy makers, rather than that they internalize these ideas, makes both greater stability and instability in policy processes more plausible. Part II poses the question; if we are to investigate policy stability and instability using the discussed theoretical perspective, what unit of analysis should we use? In other words, what is a policy? It is argued that if ideological stability is seen as an effect of how policy formulation is organized (as is argued in part I), then close attention must be paid to processual factors when it is decided what unit of policy, on what level, might be explained. It is furthermore argued that although we may theoretically form an idea about substantially coherent patterns of policy recognizable as a policy, which should result from stable organizational patterns of communication in the policy process, it remains an empirical question if and where these patterns can actually be found. An analysis of Swedish environmental policy is performed to allow for observations of the degree to which empirical evidence is consistent with the policy patterns predicted by the theoretical assumptions outlined in part one.
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Schiele, Alexandre. "Continuité et rupture de la prégnance médiatique : la couverture de la Chine par Le Monde diplomatique (1975-1992)." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC257/document.
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Cette recherche répond à la question suivante : comment évolue dans le temps la couverture médiatique d’un objet lorsque cet objet est lui-même en évolution ? Elle est fondée sur les travaux de E. Veron, S. de Cheveigné, I. Babou et J. Le Marec qui ont montré que la posture des médias surdétermine le traitement des nouvelles. Or, ces travaux ponctuels avaient porté sur des périodes courtes ouvrant ainsi la possibilité d’une interrogation sur les variations de la posture dans le temps long. L’étude de la couverture journalistique de la Chine postmaoïste entre 1975 et 1992 par Le Monde diplomatique a permis d’analyser les variations de la posture du journal en fonction de l’évolution de la conjoncture en Chine. Nous avons montré que la couverture médiatique à long terme du Monde diplomatique se caractérise par des phases d’interprétation stables entrecoupées d’évolutions rapides, voire de ruptures, que nous avons qualifiées d’équilibres médiatiques ponctués. C’est au cours de ces phases stables que se manifeste ce que nous avons appelé l’effet de prégnance médiatique, c’est-à-dire la reproduction de la posture d’un article à l’autre quant à une classe d’évènements donnés, réels ou potentiels. Cette recherche a aussi montré que cette posture est maintenue même face à des circonstances qui la démentent ou la contredisent carrément. Ce qui nous a conduit à envisager que la posture évoluait lorsque la transformation de la conjoncture en Chine coïncidait avec une modification des attentes du lectorat, et que c’était l’effet combiné de ces deux classes de facteurs qui incitait le journal à ajuster sa posture. Ainsi, cette recherche a montré que Le Monde diplomatique a adopté trois postures entre 1975 et 1992 : 1) une lecture promaoïste entre 1975 et 1978 lorsque les idéaux de Mai 68 sont toujours portés par l’intelligentsia française, idéaux auxquels adhère ouvertement le journal depuis sa refondation en 1973 ; 2) une lecture proéconomique, favorable au virage à l’économie de marché en Chine entre 1981 et 1987, lorsque le consensus néolibéral se substitue à celui de Mai 68 ; et 3) une lecture antiautoritaire qui oppose la société chinoise au Parti communiste entre 1987 et 1992, au moment où le consensus néolibéral s’affirme par un discours centré sur l’individu. Ces trois périodes sont ponctuées par deux moments de transition : le premier entre 1978 et 1980, qui se caractérise par un flottement des attentes en recomposition du lectorat, et un second, plus court, en 1987, qui cristallise l’affirmation de l’individu. Cette recherche a aussi montré que la posture du journal se condensait dans le cadre interprétatif mobilisé par un collaborateur principal (pour un objet donné, comme, par exemple, la situation chinoise), lequel, parce qu’il en était l’agent, actualisait l’effet de prégnance médiatique. C’est pourquoi l’ajustement de la posture du journal s’effectue par le remplacement du collaborateur principal. Cet ajustement est facilité pour Le Monde diplomatique par son mode d’organisation adopté dès sa refondation, lequel repose sur des réseaux de collaborateurs externes sans liens formels avec le journal plutôt que sur des journalistes salariésThis research answers the following question: how does long-term media coverage change when its object is itself in flux? This research is based upon the works of E. Veron, S. de Cheveigné, I. Babou and J. Le Marec which showed that the media coverage of any news story is overdetermined by the media posture. However, these one-off studies focused on short periods, thus leaving open the possibility to study the variations of the media posture over a long period. The study of the media coverage of Post-Maoist China between 1975 and 1992 by Le Monde diplomatique allowed us to analyze the variations of its media posture in relation to the changes occurring in China. We have shown that long-term media coverage by Le Monde diplomatique followed a succession of phases of stable interpretation punctuated by rapid evolutions, if not breaks, which we called Punctuated media equilibriums. It is during these stable phases that the reproduction of the media posture from one article to the next in regard to a given class of events, real or potential, manifests itself, which we referred to as the Media pregance effect. This research also showed that the media posture is maintained even in the face of events contradicting it. This finding led us to consider whether the media posture evolved when changes in China happened in parallel to a transformation in the readership’s expectations, and we uncovered that it was the combined effects of these two groups of variables that prompted the newspaper to adjust its media posture. Thus, this research showed that Le Monde diplomatique adopted three distinct media postures between 1975 and 1992: 1) a pro-Maoist standpoint between 1975 and 1978 when the ideals of May 68 were still those of the French intelligentsia, ideals to which the newspaper openly subscribed to after its 1973 restructuring; 2) a pro-economic standpoint favorable to the shift to a market economy in China between 1981 and 1987, when the neoliberal consensus was displacing the ideals of May 68; and, 3) an anti-authoritarian standpoint that opposed Chinese society to the Communist Party between 1987 and 1992, when the neoliberal consensus asserted itself through a discourse centered on the empowerment of the individual. These three phases are punctuated by two transitional moments: the first between 1978 and 1980 characterized by the uncertain expectations of a readership in flux, and a second, shorter, in 1987, when expectations crystallized around the empowerment of the individual. This research also revealed that the media posture of the newspaper was expressed in the interpretation framework adopted by its main collaborator (on a given topic, such as Chinese politics), whom, because he was its agent, actualized the Media pregnance effect. Thus, the adjustment of the newspaper’s media posture is acted through the replacement of its main collaborator. This adjustment is made easier by the mode of organization of Le Monde diplomatique since its restructuring, which relies on networks of external collaborators with no formal ties to the newspaper rather than on staff journalists
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Alves, Eder Eustáquio. "A Tributação da Economia Digital no Brasil e na União Europeia: Uma Análise do Processo de Agendamento e Formulação de Políticas Públicas." Doctoral thesis, Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/21275.
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Tese de Doutoramento em Administração Pública, Especialidade em Administração e Políticas PúblicasA economia digital, fruto da fusão das tecnologias de informação e de comunicação, tem sido responsável por grandes ganhos de produtividade na nossa sociedade, ao mesmo tempo que impõe desafios aos governos nacionais, em particular na esfera tributária. Partindo do pressuposto de que a tributação é, em si mesma, uma importante política pública, este trabalho tem como objetivo central compreender o processo de agendamento e formulação das políticas públicas para a tributação da economia digital, através da aplicação de modelos de análise às iniciativas em curso no Brasil e na União Europeia (UE). Para que fosse possível o cumprimento do objetivo supramencionado, o esforço de pesquisa desdobrou-se em três frentes principais: (i) a caraterização da economia digital e dos seus impactos nas políticas fiscais; (ii) a análise das principais políticas públicas para a tributação digital em discussão e em implementação no Brasil e na União Europeia, bem como em alguns outros Estados selecionados, e (iii) a realização de dois estudos de caso, do Brasil e da União Europeia, procurando compreender os condicionantes do processo de formação de agenda para o tema, com o auxílio dos modelos teóricos dos Múltiplos Fluxos e do Equilíbrio Pontuado. O estudo dos novos modelos de negócio da economia digital mostrou que as suas características específicas, tais como a geração de valor a partir dos dados dos utilizadores e a capacidade de operar em mercados com consumidores à distância, exigem uma verdadeira reformulação do arcabouço tributário internacional. Entretanto, as políticas públicas para o tema no âmbito internacional têm sido marcadas pela polarização entre os Estados que sediam as grandes empresas digitais e aqueles que possuem os mercados consumidores nos quais estas atuam. Neste sentido, a União Europeia tem tido uma posição paradigmática em defesa de uma maior tributação dos negócios digitais nos Estados onde se encontram os consumidores. Já no Brasil, dono de um sistema tributário complexo e descentralizado, as principais medidas para a tributação digital têm sido marcadas pelo incrementalismo e pela sedimentação institucional, na forma da interpretação da legislação tributária vigente e da sua aplicação aos negócios digitais, o que gera instabilidade jurídica e disputas federativas. Por fim, o estudo do processo político de agendamento da tributação digital mostrou condicionantes diferentes para cada caso. Na Europa, a crise de 2008, que gerou políticas de austeridade e a necessidade de procura de novas bases tributárias, associada à frequente divulgação de escândalos fiscais por parte das grandes empresas digitais, criou o “humor nacional” de injustiça fiscal e permitiu o agendamento do tema na forma da proposta de imposto digital lançada pela Comissão Europeia em 2018. Neste caso, também contribuíram o processo de procura por arenas políticas dentro das instituições da UE, por parte dos Estados europeus com maiores mercados consumidores, e a falha na procura de consenso internacional, a cargo da OCDE, que criou uma “janela de políticas públicas” para a colocação da proposta europeia. Por outro lado, no Brasil, foi observado uma falta de diagnóstico para a problema que decorre, de entre outros fatores, do desfasamento dos efeitos da crise de 2008 no Estado e das crises político-económicas recentes, que impediram maiores debates sobre o tema, aliada a uma grande fragmentação institucional decorrente da própria estrutura federativa e da matriz tributária nacional. Além disso, o debate sobre uma reforma tributária geral no Estado, retomado em 2019 a partir de um novo mandato presidencial de cunho reformista, tem sido marcado pela “imagem política” da simplificação e diminuição da carga tributária, o que impede uma maior discussão sobre propostas de tributação específicas para o setor digital.
The digital economy, the result of the fusion of information and communication technologies, has been responsible for important productivity gains in our society, while imposing challenges on national governments, particularly in the taxation field. Based on the assumption that taxation is, in itself, an important public policy, this work has the central objective of understanding the agenda setting process and policy formulation for public policies for the taxation of the digital economy, through the application of analysis models to initiatives ongoing in Brazil and in the European Union (EU). In order to make it possible to achieve the aforementioned objective, the research effort unfolded on three main fronts: (i) the characterization of the digital economy and its impacts on fiscal policies; (ii) the analysis of the main public policies for digital taxation under discussion and being implemented in Brazil and in the European Union, as well as in some other selected States, and (iii) the realization of two case studies, with respect to Brazil and the European Union, seeking to understand the constraints of the agenda setting process for the theme, with the application of the theoretical models of Multiple Flows and Punctuated Equilibrium. The study of new business models in the digital economy has shown that their specific characteristics, such as the generation of value from user data and the ability to operate in markets with remote consumers, require a real reformulation of the international taxation framework. However, public policies for the topic at the international level have been marked by the polarization between States that host large digital companies and those that have the consumer markets in which they operate. In this sense, the European Union has taken a paradigmatic position in defense of greater taxation of digital businesses in States where consumers are located. In Brazil, which owns a complex and decentralized tax system, the main measures for digital taxation have been marked by incrementalism and institutional sedimentation, in the form of the interpretation of current tax legislation and its application to digital businesses, which creates legal instability and federative disputes. Finally, the study of the agenda setting process for digital taxation showed different determinants for each case. In Europe, the 2008 crisis, which generated austerity policies and the need to search for new tax bases, associated with the frequent disclosure of tax scandals by large digital companies, created the “national mood” of tax injustice and allowed the agenda setting for the theme in the form of the digital tax proposal launched by the European Commission in 2018. In this case, other factors that contributed to the agenda setting were the process of venue shopping within the EU institutions, by European countries with larger consumer markets, and the failure in the pursuit of international consensus, in charge of the OECD, which created a “policy window” for the placement of the European proposal. On the other hand, in Brazil, there is a lack of diagnosis for the problem that relates, among other factors, from the lag of the effects of the 2008 crisis in the State and from the recent political-economic crises, which prevented further debates on the topic, combined with a great institutional fragmentation resulting from the federative structure and from the national tax matrix. In addition, the debate on general tax reform in the State, resumed in 2019 as result of a new reformist presidential mandate, has been marked by the “policy image” of simplifying and reducing the tax burden, which prevents further discussion on specific tax proposals for the digital sector.
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Marshall, Amanda Christine. "Examining the representativeness of Georgia's state water plan." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/37306.
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This thesis provides an analysis of the Georgia statewide regional water planning process; a system deemed to be operating in the adaptive management framework. The principal focus of this analysis is to detail a novel paradigm capable of dynamic response to changing resource demands which stems from adaptive management principles and ensures representativeness. The paradigm extends directly from application of the theories of bounded rationality and adaptive management. Development of the framework is accomplished through application of theory and correlated empirical analysis.
Extreme drought conditions signal a punctuated-equilibrium effecting statewide water resource management which in turn drives the issuance of an executive-level directive to prioritize and effectively manage critical state water resources. This study evolves directly from analysis of the current effort to establish unified regional water plans which address rapid population growth, and escalating water resource conflicts with Alabama and Florida while satisfying priorities established within the executive directive.
Fundamental to this analysis is the survey of currently seated regional water planning council members. The essential function of the survey is to provide a qualitative assessment of the perceptions of appointed council members. These perceptions influence water management techniques prescribed by the final policy. While this is a fuzzy correlation, a primary function of this analysis is to quantify the strength of correlation between perceptions and developed policy. This survey details appointed council member attitudes and attributes and affords analysis of future decision making outcomes.
The method prescribed herein unifies multi-level decision making processes under a dynamic adaptive management paradigm, and is intended to link the regional water planning processes with continuous annual assessment in order to achieve the pluralistic benefits of adaptive management decision making.
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Hertzberg, Marie. "Avbrott i policy inom gruvnäring : Policyutveckling i fallen Rönnbäcken och Kallak." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-109478.
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Studien utgår från två fall av gruvetablering, Rönnbäcken och Kallak, vilka har liknande utgångspunkter men resulterat i olika utfall. Respektive länsstyrelse har i de två fallen yttrat sig jakande respektive nekande. Studien är ett fall av myndighetsutövning i två fall av bearbetningskoncession och syftar till att förklara varför olika beslut fattats i fallen Rönnbäcken och Kallak. Det teoretiska ramverket utgår från Punctuated Equilibrium theory vilket belyser fyra faktorer av vikt för beslut, yttranden och processen i sig i de två fallen. Utgångspunkten är teoriprövande där det teoretiska ramverket används förklarande i och med de olika utfallen. Studien använder sig av processpårning och analyserar därigenom kvantitet såväl som innehåll och tendenser i bland annat artiklar, protokoll, lagar och yttranden. Studien utgör ett bidrag till existerande forskningslitteratur inom området gruvnäring och stärker i och med slutsatser, förklaringspotentialen hos Punctuated equilibrium theory. Ytterligare slutsatser innefattar att det avstyrkande yttrandet och beslutet i fallet Kallak tyder på policyförändringar där fallet Kallak mycket väl kan påverka utkomsten i fallet Rönnbäcken. Attention och New participants ses som de viktigaste faktorerna i initiering av policyförändring.
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Simioni, Christiane. "21 anos de educação pública em São Paulo : um estudo sobre a Secretaria da Educação do Estado sob a perspectiva da Teoria do Equilíbrio Pontuado (1996 - 2016)." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFABC, 2018.
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Orientador: Prof. Dr. Salomão Barros XimenesDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Políticas Públicas, São Bernardo do Campo, 2018.
A presente dissertação visa analisar sob uma perspectiva longitudinal, as políticas públicas educacionais produzidas pela Secretaria da Educação do Estado de São Paulo (SEESP), no período compreendido entre 1996 a 2016. Foi escolhida por ter a maior rede pública de ensino do Brasil e por permanecer sob o comando de um mesmo partido político por mais de duas décadas. O recorte analítico foi definido porque a literatura a respeito demonstra que são escassas as pesquisas de análise simultânea dos ciclos orçamentários e das políticas públicas. Não obstante, as análises das variações na aplicação de recursos orçamentários representam importante fonte de dados para identificar a alteração ou manutenção da execução de distintas políticas públicas. Considerando esse contexto, a pesquisa parte do estudo do orçamento público e das políticas públicas, para evidenciar os momentos que resultaram em modificações atípicas da trajetória das políticas educacionais observadas por meio da execução dos programas governamentais, para compreender o comportamento e os fenômenos que orientam as decisões político-administrativas quanto à definição, priorização e distribuição dos recursos orçamentários para execução das políticas. A principal lente analítica que ancora o trabalho é a metodologia do Equilíbrio Pontuado (Punctuated Equilibrium), de Frank R. Baumgartner e Bryan D. Jones, que permite identificar e entender o processo decisório sobre quais políticas públicas são adotadas e executadas, evidenciando os momentos de mudanças significativas ou incrementais, assim como os fenômenos que influenciam tais processos, uma vez que oferece subsídios para analisar conjuntamente as decisões orçamentais e sobre as políticas públicas, dentro de parâmetros definidos pelos autores, pela utilização de métodos quantitativos e qualitativos que facilitam a compreensão dos dados empíricos inseridos dentro da história e do contexto de execução. Assim, o estudo permitiu verificar a aplicabilidade da Teoria escolhida e concluir que as decisões adotadas no âmbito da SEESP não são constantemente incrementais, a Interrupção do Equilíbrio Pontuado ocorreu em 44% da amostra, preponderantemente em razão de alteração na dotação inicial do orçamento durante o exercício, motivada por decisões do Poder Executivo. E ainda, que não há prevalência do Poder Legislativo nas decisões para construção das políticas públicas educacionais no âmbito estadual.
This dissertation aims to analyze in a longitudinal perspective public educational policies produced by the Education Department of the State of São Paulo, from 1996 to 2016. This area was chosen for having the largest public school system of Brazil and remaining under the command of the same political party for more than two decades. The analytical clipping was defined because the literature about it shows that the simultaneous examination of the research budget cycles and of public policies are scarce. Thus, the analysis of the variations in the application of budgetary resources represent an important source of data to identify changes or maintainance in the execution of distinct public policies. Considering this context, the research comes from the study of the public budget and public policies, to highlight the moments that resulted in atypical changes in the trajectory of educational policies observed through the implementation of Government¿s programs, to understand the behaviors and phenomena that drive the political-administrative decisions regarding the definition, prioritization and allocation of budgetary resources for the implementation of policies. The main analytical lens that anchors the work is the methodology of Punctuated Equilibrium, Frank R. Baumgartner and Bryan D. Jones, that allows to identify and understand the decision-making process under which public policies are adopted and performed, showing the moments of significant or incremental changes, such as the phenomena that influence those processes, since it offers subsidies to jointly analyze budget decisions and public policy, within parameters defined by the authors, using quantitative and qualitative methods that facilitate the understanding of the empirical data inserted into the story and execution context. Thus, the study allowed verify the application of the chosen theory is feasible and conclude that the decisions adopted within the framework of the Education Department of the State of São Paulo are not constantly incremental, the interruption of punctuated equilibrium occurred in 44% of the sample, mainly because of changes in the initial allocation of the budget during the financial year, based on decisions of the Executive Power. And yet, the Legislature has no role in making decisions regarding construction of public educational policies at the State level.
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"The intersection of punctuated equilibrium and leadership emergence within the framework of naturalistic decision making." WALDEN UNIVERSITY, 2009. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3342456.
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Brenner, Björn. "Egypt’s Policy on Islamism and Islamic Extremism : The punctuated equilibrium theory perspective on Egyptian policy change." Thesis, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-7311.
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There can be many different approaches to the study of governments and their policies. Each of them has its advantages and disadvantages. One of the approaches would be a comparative case study which would give a clear frame of reference in relation to other states. In such a study it is possible to identify similarities and differences and relate the findings of one case to the findings of another. Such a study is useful but, because of the quantity of material, it might limit the depth of each case study. Comparative case studies are important, especially when no clear frame of reference is in place. In the case of states’ contemporary policy on Islamism, this frame is however already in place. Many of the theories of policy analysis emphasise extraordinary events as playing important roles in causing policy alterations. It is evident that for instance Nine Eleven led to changes in both western and eastern states’ stance towards Islamism. Knowing that, this thesis analyses whether any such events can be identified in the Egyptian context. Was Nine Eleven e.g. followed by a policy change in Egypt as well? Apart from the effect of extraordinary events, other causal factors are also illuminated. International relations, policy inheritance and the domestic situation can be mentioned as potentially interesting in further explaining policy stasis or change. This thesis aims at critically analysing the driving factors of the Egyptian state response to Islamism and Islamic extremism. In order to structure and systematise the data, the Punctuated Equilibrium Theory (PE) is applied as a tool of analysis. The thesis attempts to understand and explain policy change in President Mubarak’s Egypt by adapting a state-centric perspective and mainly using PE as a tool of analysis.
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LIU, JUI-CHIH, and 劉睿智. "Opens the Mainland Public Figure by Punctuated Equilibrium Model Analysis to Come Policy of Making Research the Taiwan Sightseeing." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/26251799474294652211.
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碩士開南大學
公共事務管理學系碩士班
95
This research is opens the mainland public figure by punctuated equilibrium model analysis to come policy of making research the Taiwan sightseeing. First chapter discusses its research motive、the goal、the scope、the construction、and divides into the theory discussion and the practice analyzes two parts, finally limits the important term explanation. Second chapter opens the mainland public figure for the summary understanding to come the Taiwan sightseeing policy, therefore background of、the reason、with the policy vicissitude the analysis policy opening, and proposed the policy carries out present situation evaluation, understood the present stage opens the mainland public figure to come in the Taiwan sightseeing the actual operation flow, in the policy bitter experience what kind of difficulty as well as the solution, finally proposes the subtotal in this chapter. The third chapter using punctuated equilibrium model, by the macro-politics and the micro-politics angle, the analysis opens the mainland public figure to come the relatedness which in the Taiwan sightseeing policy macro-politics and micro-politics affect mutually, and auxiliary makes it by the author in the interview 「the convenient questionnaire」,makes from 1980 the intermediate stage until now both banks relations and both banks exchange sightseeing trend chart, finally proposed the subtotal in this chapter. In front of fourth chapter the demi-section continues to utilize punctuated equilibrium model, pointed out the policy off and on selects with the balanced condition, but in the latter half section proposed comes the Taiwan sightseeing to the comprehensive opening mainland public figure to our country overall benefit and the malpractice policy of pre-appraisal, finally proposes the subtotal in this chapter. Fifth chapter integrated the first four chapter of research and the analysis, the conclusion thought opens the mainland public figure to come the Taiwan sightseeing policy most to need to worry is the mainland tourist comes the security, social question which Taiwan jumps machine grows, the common people thought the country peaceful question instead is the secondary problem; But in opens the mainland public figure to come in the Taiwan sightseeing policy, macro-politics influence as if serious offense micro-politics influence. Finally in suggestion aspect, since the government already determined must face the comprehensive opening mainland public figure to come the Taiwan sightseeing, its policy center of gravity should suspend is establishing the consummation the safety control system, but was not by has not consummated constantly by the safety control system delays the comprehensive opening mainland public figure to come the Taiwan sightseeing.
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Hartnett, Sherry D. "Organizational Learning Through Marketing Analytics In Health Care." 2015. http://scholarworks.gsu.edu/bus_admin_diss/53.
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There is widespread recognition of the importance of organizational learning to organizational performance and innovation. Recent research suggests that the use of analytics can play a critical role in enhancing organizational learning. However, the relationship between marketing analytics and organizational learning has not yet been well studied. More specifically, research is needed to help understand how analytics, marketing analytics in particular, facilitate organizational learning to develop a systematic, theoretical explanation of the relationship between organizational learning and marketing analytics. This phenomenon is studied in the very rich context of the health care industry. This research uses a case study to examine how organizational learning involving intuiting, interpreting, integrating, and institutionalizing can be facilitated by marketing analytics. Health care organizations are using marketing analytics to adapt to the changes in their rapidly changing environment. A conceptual framework has been developed to illustrate how marketing analytics capabilities in the organization are used to facilitate organizational learning. This study also provides recommendations on how health care organizations can enhance organizational learning with marketing analytics to improve their business performance.
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Valadares, Desirée. "Ontario Place: A Place to Stand? A Place to Grow? A Biographical Approach to Landscape Research." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10214/6598.
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Ontario Place in Toronto has a long legacy of unfulfilled plans, conflicting interests and missed opportunities. Its evolution is punctuated by myriad socio-cultural, political and economic shifts.
Landscape biography, an empirical research strategy, is used to capture the diversity, complexity and the transformational character of this landmark site through archival research and oral histories over five
phases of development. With origins in cultural geography and social anthropology, landscape biography is a compelling analytic tool to study the evolutionary dynamics of landscape change. Ontario Place is closely examined within the broader context of Toronto’s post-industrial waterfront to highlight and explain contingent moments in this cultural landscape’s historical trajectory. Findings reveal that Ontario Place, like waterfront itself, is the aftermath of political indifference and short-term expediency multiplied over several years. A road-map is created to visualize long-term evolutionary cause-and-effect relationships and a framework is developed to provide guidance for future transformations of this public asset based on historically grounded research.
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Vinha, Luís da. "Re-Mapping the Carter Doctrine: Geographic Mental Maps and Foreign Policy Change." Doctoral thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/25381.
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Tese de doutoramento em Relações Internacionais, Política Internacional e Resolução de Conflitos, apresentada à Faculdade de Economia da Universidade de CoimbraThe US has always had an interest and been involved in the Middle East. However, it was the Carter Administration that ultimately gave the Middle East its pivotal role in US foreign policy. It was the Carter Doctrine, enunciated in 1980 which effectively coupled the security of the Persian Gulf region with American global security. The assertion of the Carter Doctrine has traditionally been viewed as a watershed transformation of the Carter Administration’s foreign policy. It allegedly signalled the end of détente and turn towards a more assertive military posture towards the Soviets and a more decisive US commitment to Middle Eastern security. It overturned many of the Administration’s prior foreign policy initiatives, such as nuclear non-proliferation, demilitarisation of strategic regions, curtailment of conventional arms transfers to Third World countries, and the promotion of human rights. In their place emerged a policy which emphasised a massive military build-up, increased military supply to Third World nations, and increased US global military presence. In particular, the Carter Doctrine represented a momentous shift in US geopolitical and geostrategic considerations by transforming the Middle East into a new critical defence zone. The Carter Doctrine has received widespread scholarly attention over the last three decades. Nevertheless, research has focused almost exclusively on explaining why the Carter Administration radically altered its foreign policy, particularly regarding the Middle East. Numerous accounts have emphasised the systemic and domestic forces underlying such change. Most conventional accounts tend to point out a series of crises arising midway throughout the Carter Presidency as responsible for the change in foreign policy. While there are many different theses regarding why the Carter Administration’s foreign policy changed, few endeavours have been made to explain how it changed. In fact, most accounts of the emergence of the Carter Doctrine do not provide a precise theoretical framework for understanding its origins and development. Accordingly, the current study argues in favour of three broad and provocative propositions. The first proposition claims that, while not explicitly acknowledging it as such, the majority of the accounts explaining the change in the Carter Administration’s foreign policy and the development of the Carter Doctrine use theoretical assumptions intrinsic to punctuated equilibrium and planned change models. The second proposition argues that the development of the Carter Administration’s Middle East policy and the emergence of the Carter Doctrine is best understood using an emergent change approach which highlights the continuous and cumulative policy adaptations and adjustments that decision-makers enacted to try to deal with their perceived international environment since the beginning of the Carter Presidency. Therefore, the change in the Administration’s foreign policy resulted from the incessant dynamics involved in foreign policy decision-making. It was the product of intentionally planned endeavours, as well as of the unexpected opportunities and consequences ensuing from the continued interactions between decision-makers. Finally, it asserts that considering the well defined spatial nature of the Carter Doctrine, geographic mental maps provide the most appropriate conceptual framework for identifying and assessing the emergent dynamics of the Carter Administration’s foreign policy decision-making process. In light of this, it is posited that the Carter Doctrine resulted from the continuous reconstruction of the Carter Administration’s geographic mental maps. As international and domestic events compelled decision-makers to evaluate the political environment, the Administration’s problem representation of the Middle East was in constant flux. Accordingly, while the Middle East was initially viewed optimistically as a place of cooperation and reconciliation, the continuously changing nature of the Administration’s mental maps ultimately mapped a region fraught with danger and conflict.
Os EUA sempre estiveram envolvidos no Médio Oriente, contudo foi a Administração Carter que atribuiu um papel crucial ao Médio Oriente na política externa Americana. A Doutrina Carter, anunciada em 1980, efetivamente agregou a segurança do Golfo Pérsico à segurança dos EUA. A afirmação da respetiva Doutrina tem tradicionalmente sido encarada como uma transformação histórica da política externa da Administração Carter. Alegadamente marcou o fim do desanuviamento e um compromisso Americano definitivo com a segurança do Médio Oriente. Alterou muitas das iniciativas iniciais da Administração tal como a não-proliferação nuclear, a desmilitarização de regiões estratégicas, a redução da transferência de armas convencionais para o Terceiro Mundo e a promoção dos direitos humanos. No seu lugar a Administração Carter instituiu uma política que favorecia o rearmamento massivo, o acréscimo de apoio militar ao Terceiro Mundo e o aumento da presença global das forças armadas Americanas. Acima de tudo, a Doutrina Carter representou uma alteração monumental das considerações geopolíticas e geoestratégicas dos EUA ao transformar a região do Medio Oriente numa nova zona de defesa crítica. A Doutrina Carter tem sido alvo de um amplo debate académico ao longo das últimas décadas. Todavia, os estudos têm-se centrado essencialmente em explicar porque é que a Administração Carter alterou radicalmente a sua política externa, particularmente em relação ao Médio Oriente. Vários estudos realçaram os fatores sistémicos e domésticos catalisando a mudança. A maioria das explicações tradicionais aponta um conjunto de crises que surgiram a meio da presidência como sendo responsáveis pela mudança. Embora haja muitas versões que explicam o porquê da mudança na política externa da Administração Carter, poucos esforços têm sido dedicados a explicar como é que a política se alterou. De facto, a maior parte dos estudos sobre o surgimento da Doutrina Carter não oferece um enquadramento teórico adequado para compreender o seu começo e desenvolvimento. Por conseguinte, o presente estudo apresenta três proposições amplas e provocadoras. A primeira afirma que, embora nem sempre explicitamente assumido, a maioria das explicações da transformação da política externa da Administração Carter e do surgimento da Doutrina Carter utilizam pressupostos teóricos inerentes aos modelos de equilíbrio pontuado e mudança planeada. A segunda preposição argumenta que o desenvolvimento da política para o Médio Oriente durante a Administração Carter e o desenvolvimento da Doutrina Carter deve ser compreendido através de uma abordagem de mudança emergente na qual se foca nas adaptações e nos ajustamentos políticos contínuos que os decisores políticos promoveram para tentar lidar com a sua perceção do ambiente internacional desde o início da presidência Carter. Desta forma, a transformação da política externa da Administração Carter resultou da dinâmica constante inerente ao processo de decisão política. Resultou tanto de iniciativas planeadas, bem como das oportunidades inesperadas e consequências resultantes das interações contínuas entre os decisores políticos. Finalmente, o estudo argumenta que devido à natureza nitidamente espacial da Doutrina Carter, os mapas mentais geográficos fornecem o enquadramento conceptual mais apropriado para identificar e aferir as dinâmicas emergentes no processo de decisão de política externa na Administração Carter. Neste sentido, alega-se que a Doutrina Carter foi o resultado de reconstruções contínuas dos mapas mentais geográficos da Administração Carter. Conforme os eventos internacionais e domésticos obrigavam os decisores a avaliar o ambiente político, a definição da situação no Médio Oriente percecionada pela Administração estava em constante transformação. Desta forma, embora o Médio Oriente fosse inicialmente encarado com otimismo e como sendo um lugar de cooperação e reconciliação, a natureza dinâmica dos mapas mentais da Administração acabou por revelar uma região repleta de riscos e conflitos.
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Vinařická, Anna Marie. "Vývoj azylové politiky ČR perspektivou veřejněpolitických teorií." Master's thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-350732.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis aims at the development of the Czech asylum policy from the year 2000 to the year 2016. Asylum policy is an area that isn't in the center of the public concern for most of the time and only few actors take part in this policy. However, we can say that currently, because of the events such as the refugee crisis, the asylum policy is becoming a very ongoing topic and plays a crucial role in the public discourse. For this and other reason, in this thesis I am researching the development of asylum policy, explanation and description of changes that have happened. The development of asylum policy in the period is analyzed first the terms of practical changes, that are caused by the legislative or important events. This consists of the identification of particular periods, as well as their characteristic features. The analysis is also made in the theoretical perspective: Punctuated Equilibrium Theory (PET) and frame theory are used. The PET is suitable for explaining changes in the policy process, that can possibly occur after long periods of stability. Framing is an important feature of the PET. For the purpose of this thesis, framing is also used as a method of analysis of the negotiations in the parliamentary debates that concern the legislative of the asylum policy. The frames that are used...