Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Punctuated equilibria'
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Turner, Justin L. "Genetic algorithms with punctuated equilibria parallelization and analysis /." Full text, Acrobat Reader required, 1998. http://viva.lib.virginia.edu/etd/theses/turner98.pdf.
Full textIgnat, Daniel B. "Genetic algorithm with punctuated equilibria analysis of the travelling salesperson problem instance /." Full text, Acrobat Reader required, 1998. http://viva.lib.virginia.edu/etd/theses/ignat98.pdf.
Full textGrimshaw, Andrew James, and mikewood@deakin edu au. "The adventures of punctuated equilibria. A struggle for authority in the evolutionary sciences." Deakin University. School of Social Inquiry, 2001. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20051110.141422.
Full textSanders, Michael. "The USA PATRIOT Act and Punctuated Equilibrium." ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/2759.
Full textRomitti, Martin. "Political storms : punctuated equilibrium and the Missouri River policy arena, 1990-2000 /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3013017.
Full textSilverwood, James. "Punctuated equilibrium or the orthodox cycle? : change and continuity in UK macroeconomic policymaking." Thesis, University of Hull, 2016. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:15396.
Full textHutto, William Thomas Permaloff Anne. "An analysis of the punctuated equilibrium model applied to congressional approval of passenger facility charges." Auburn, Ala, 2006. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2006%20Spring/doctoral/HUTTO_WILLIAM_35.pdf.
Full textMoerschell, Linda. "The intersection of punctuated equilibrium and leadership emergence within the framework of naturalistic decision making." ScholarWorks, 2009. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/641.
Full textEgeland, Kjølv. "The road to prohibition : nuclear hierarchy and disarmament, 1968-2017." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b03d68ab-4748-4de7-a2e9-15616de6a05c.
Full textBush, Andrew Milton. "Time-Averaging and Morphology: Variability in Modern Populations and Fossil Assemblages of Mercenaria (Bivalvia)." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34912.
Full textIn this study, morphologic variability was compared between 6 standing crop, living populations of Mercenaria campechiensis (Bivalvia) and two fossil assemblages of M. campechiensis and M. permagna. One fossil sample was collected as a series of superposed units that could be analyzed individually or in aggregate. The x,y coordinates of 13 landmarks and pseudolandmarks were recorded on over 600 valves, and variability was calculated using Least Squares Procrustes Analysis. Once corrections were made for allometry, the variabilities of the samples drawn from single time-averaged fossil beds were indistinguishable from the variabilities of the recent samples. For this data set, the variabilities of the fossil samples could be used without reservation to estimate the variability of the standing crop populations from which they formed. Morphology was quite stable over the 100's to 1000's of years that likely passed as the assemblages accumulated.
A small amount of analytical time-averaging of the samples increases variability slightly, but additional analytical time-averaging causes no further increase. Very slight morphologic fluctuations are evident at time spans exceeding 100's to 1000's of years. Lumping geographically separated samples and samples of different species also increases variability.
Morphologic stasis is evident in Mercenaria over 100's to 1000's of years, but previous studies have indicated that evolutionary rates over this time frame are typically high. These studies are based on colonization events, however, and are biased towards high rates. Data gathered here and in previous studies suggest that local populations may evolve rapidly at their founding, but that stasis follows this initial burst of change. This model describes a pattern similar to Punctuated Equilibrium at a lower level of the genealogical hierarchy, and is here termed "Punctuated Equilibrium, Jr." This model can be further tested in empirical studies and should aid in determining the causes of species-level evolutionary patterns.
Master of Science
Lubawinski, Markus. "Paradigmen in der Politik: zwischen Kontinuität und Wandel : zum Verhältnis von parlamentarischem Diskurs und staatlicher Steuerung in der Ausländerpolitik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (1981-2005)." Bachelor's thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2012. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2013/6736/.
Full textThe paper deals with parliamentary discourse and public policy in the realm of immigration and integration in the Federal Republic of Germany between 1981 and 2005. All federal governments until the late 1990s had publically denied that Germany was a “country of immigration”. After the coalition under Chancellor Gerhard Schröder took office in 1998 this traditional “anti-immigrant” rhetoric seemed to change and reforms of long held policy strongholds in the areas of citizenship, work, immigration and integration were initiated. Some experts interpreted these changes as a fundamental policy “paradigm shift”. The paper sets out to examine this diagnosis as it has never been systematically tested. At the theoretical level, the author links the Punctuated Equilibrium Approach with related concepts of paradigms, frames and policy change. Methodologically, he combines a keyword-based content analysis for analyzing parliamentary debates on “foreigners” with an index approach that helps tracing liberalization tendencies in federal policies on immigration and integration over time.
Monroe, Melanie. "The tempo and mode of evolution : a neontological reappraisal." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-49761.
Full textTeorin om "punkterad jämvikt" säger att arter utvecklas snabbt under och omedelbart efter artbildning, vilket "punkterar" långa perioder med lite eller ingen morfologisk föränding. I den här avhandlingen visar jag att skillnader i kroppsstorlek inom klader (grupp med gemensam förfader) hos fåglar och däggdjur förklaras bäst när man använder en modell med punkterad evolution. Detta gör i sin tur att jag kan föreslå att hastigheten var med artbildning och utdöende sker, förklarar varför det finns fler små däggdjur än stora, eftersom stora däggdjur sannolikt bildar nya arter och dör ut med en högre hastighet än små däggdjur. Likaså förefaller däggdjur i sin helhet att evolvera med en högre hastighet än fåglar, detta eftersom däggdjur bildar nya arter och dör ut med en högre hastighet än fåglar. Dessutom visar jag att massutdöenden och konkurrens (naturlig selektion) inte verkar förklara skillnader mellan arter över makroevolutionära skalor (över geologisk tid). Sammantaget motsäger dessa resultat inte bara idén om att skenbart olika hastighet på evolution främst beror på skillnader i selektionstryck utan understryker också vikten av artbildningsprocessen som en viktig faktor som styr evolutionens hastighet. Dessutom leder dessa resultat till frågan om vad som begränsar evolutionen hos redan etablerade arter. Här föreslår jag att fenotypiska karaktärsdrag som är beroende av varandra för sin funktion och utveckling kan begränsa evolutionen genom att utöva stabiliserande selektion inifrån organismen, i motsats till selektion från den omgivande miljön vilket har varit fokus för de flesta evolutionära studier hittills.
Perez, Batres Luis Antonio. "Do desperate times call for desperate measures? Strategic responses to regulatory punctuations in the Mexican banking industry, 1991-2004." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1828.
Full textBezerra, Paul Anthony, and Paul Anthony Bezerra. "Blunder or Plunder? Donor, Recipient, and Aid Attributes for the Successful Use of Bilateral Aid as a Foreign Policy Tool." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625462.
Full textAlgharabali, Barrak Ghanim. "THE EFFECTS OF NATURAL RESOURCE DEPENDENCE AND DEMOCRACY ON THE INCREMENTAL BUDGETING THEORY AND PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM WITHIN A BUDGETARY CONTEXT." UKnowledge, 2019. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/msppa_etds/30.
Full textBorelius, Gustaf. "Policy change & the punctuated equilibrium theory : A longitudinal study of clean air policy-change in Sweden during 2011-2019." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-431708.
Full textHayes, E. Jane. "An examination of the advocacy coalition framework, and the punctuated equilibrium theory a case study of MI Public Act 61 of 2004 /." Diss., Connect to online resource - MSU authorized users, 2008.
Find full text"Cynthia Jackson-Elmoore, [dissertation committee chair]"--Acknowledgments. Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Aug. 20, 2009) Includes bibliographical references (p. 180-190). Also issued in print.
Monear, Daryl A. "Explaining stability and upheaval in state-level higher education governance : a multiple-case study analysis using advocacy coalition theory and punctuated equilibrium theory /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7709.
Full textDanielsson, Marianne. "Fängslande idéer i politik och teori : En teoretisk granskning." Licentiate thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Government, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-85625.
Full textI den snabbt växande litteraturen om idéer i policyprocessen, som ibland kallats ”the ideational turn” tänker man sig ofta att idéer och språk styr politikens aktörer, snarare än styrs av dem. Hur politiska problem formuleras styr vilka lösningar som ter sig rimliga. Intresset riktas mot politik som intellektuell verksamhet. Dessutom tänker man sig att de resulterande tänkesätten kring problem och lösningar – tolkningsramarna eller problembilderna – tenderar att börja leva sitt eget liv, och utanför aktörernas direkta kontroll påverka det politiska beslutsfattandet. Påståenden om verkligheten och värderingspåståenden blir alltså med ett sådant perspektiv väsentliga, eftersom de antas utgöra utgångspunkt och ram för den fortsatta formuleringen av den offentliga politiken. De stänger in och riktar blicken. I den här avhandlingen ska ett antal teorier, med stor tilltro till slagkraftiga idéers förmåga att styra och organisera tanke och handling vid utformning och upprätthållande av offentlig politik, skärskådas och prövas teoretiskt. Målet är att urskilja huruvida dessa innehåller empiriskt prövvärda teoretiska påståenden om idéers funktion i policyprocesser.
Med utgångspunkt i en teorigenomgång argumenterar jag för att det verkar rimligt att förvänta sig att stabila eller instängande idéstrukturer hänger samman med stabil interaktion i policyprocesser. I så fall är det likaledes rimligt att undersöka hur reproduktion av idéer, och tröghet i förändring av policy, förhåller sig till det sätt på vilket politiken och policyproduktionen är organiserad. Ett sådant perspektiv innebär alltså att policyproduktion bör undersökas utifrån de organisatoriska och institutionella villkor som präglar den konkreta intellektuella verksamhet som krävs för att policybeslut ska materialiseras.
Teorier som tycks svara mot detta krav är Maarten Hajers Discourse Coalition Framework, Paul Sabatier och Hank Jenkins-Smiths Advocacy Coalition Framework och Frank Baumgartners och Bryan Jones Punctuated Equilibrium Theory. De valda teoretikerna beskriver idéer som mer eller mindre trögrörliga sociala konstruktioner, som både är förankrade i och organiserar policyprocessen – även om de inte själva uttrycker det så. De kan alltså ses som olika teoribildningar inom samma teoriperspektiv.
I avhandlingen identifieras flera problem i detta teorperspektiv. De handlar alla om de kognitiva låsningar som teorierna förutsätter som förklaringar till stabil policyproduktion. Jag menar att teorierna, för det första, inte på ett tillfredställande sätt lyckas lösa struktur-aktörproblemet utan glider mellan en föreställning om individen som ömsom strukturernas slav och ömsom dess herre, mer beroende på vad som behövs för att lösa förklaringsekvationen än på vad som verkar rimligt och troligt. För det andra ifrågasätter jag, mot bakgrund av det begränsade sociala sammanhang som en policysektor oftast är, rimligheten i att anta att det normala är att den diskurs som präglar ett politikområde förmår definiera världen för policyprocessens aktörer. För det tredje argumenterar jag för att sättet att beskriva de politiska aktörerna som i tanken ”infärgade” av en organisatoriskt, institutionellt eller socialt förankrad diskurs begränsar möjligheten att göra policyanalys till politisk maktanalys.
Ett särskilt kapitel ägnas därför åt olika möjligheter att konceptualisera idéstrukturernas relation till aktörerna i policyprocesser. Detta hänger också ihop med förståelsen av makt. Jag menar nämligen att frågan om vad idéstrukturerna gör med aktörerna i policyprocessen är nära sammankopplad med hur vi ska förstå maktrelationerna i denna process. I centrum för avsnittet står den idéernas sociala praktik som är språk, kommunikation och samtal: den språkliga praktik där idéer kommer till uttryck. Frågan som ställs i detta kapitel är om det finns andra sätt än teoriernas antagande om ”kognitiv inlåsning” att tala om politiska idéer som en faktor för makt och inflytande. Detta i sin tur beror på huruvida det finns alternativa sätt att förstå idéstrukturers effekter på policyprocessens aktörer. Och om det går att på ett rimligare och mer konsistent sätt beskriva hur idéer kan skapa maktrelationer, kan vi därmed omvärdera Baumgartner och Jones, Sabatier och Jenkins Smiths, och Hajers teorier i ljuset av dessa insikter? I föreliggande text argumenterar jag för att svaret är ja på båda dessa frågor.
Det nästföljande kapitlet ägnas därför åter dessa teorier, nu med fokus på hur de ska prövas empiriskt. Jag diskuterar dels olikheter mellan teorierna beträffande vilka konkreta arenor och aktörer de menar spelar roll för stabilitet i och förändring av policy, dels hur dessa påståenden kan ”översättas” till en prövning i svensk kontext. Diskussionen summeras i ett antal ur teorierna härledda prövbara, delvis konkurrerande, påståenden om hur idéer strukturerar policyprocessen. Det femte avslutande kapitlet summerar hela avhandlingen.
Wu, Jingwei. "Open Source Software Evolution and Its Dynamics." Thesis, University of Waterloo, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/1095.
Full textWe propose a multipurpose systematic approach to extracting program facts (e. g. , function calls). This approach is supported by a suite of C and C++ program extractors, which cover different steps in the program build process and handle both source and binary code. We present several heuristics to link facts extracted from individual files into a combined system model of reasonable accuracy. We extract historical sequences of system models to aid software evolution analysis.
We propose that software evolution can be viewed as Punctuated Equilibrium (i. e. , long periods of small changes interrupted occasionally by large avalanche changes). We develop two approaches to study such dynamical behavior. One approach uses the evolution spectrograph to visualize file level changes to the implemented system structure. The other approach relies on automated software clustering techniques to recover system design changes. We discuss lessons learned from using these approaches.
We present a new perspective on software evolution dynamics. From this perspective, an evolving software system responds to external events (e. g. , new functional requirements) according to Self-Organized Criticality (SOC). The SOC dynamics is characterized by the following: (1) the probability distribution of change sizes is a power law; and (2) the time series of change exhibits long range correlations with power law behavior. We present empirical evidence that SOC occurs in open source software systems.
Bokma, F. (Folmer). "Why most birds are small – a macro-ecological approach to the evolution of avian body size." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2004. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9514273451.
Full textTiivistelmä Maailman noin 10 000 lintulajin joukossa pienikokoisia lajeja on enemmän kuin suurikokoisia. Yleensä pienkokoiset lajit ovat myös yksilömääriltään suurempia kuin samalla paikalla esiintyvät suurikokoiset lajit. Koska sama ilmiö on havaittu monissa muissa suurissa eliöryhmissä (esim. nisäkkäät, käärmeet ja kukkakasvit), on ilmeistä, että on olemassa yhteinen syy, joka pätee niin linnuissa kuin muissakin eliöryhmissä. Tämän väitöskirjan tavoite on selvittää, mikä tämä yhteinen syy voisi olla. Ensinnäkin on mahdollista, että suurin osa lajeista on kehittynyt pienikokoisiksi aivan sattumalta. Ruumiin koon evoluution simulaatiot kuitenkin osoittavat, että on hyvin epätodennäköistä, että neutraali evoluutio olisi johtanut pienikokoisten lajien suuriin määrään havaitussa määrin. Toinen mahdollinen selitys ilmiölle on, että pienikokoiset lajit lajiutuvat nopeammin. Tilastolliset analyysit, jotka ottavat huomioon nykyisin elävien lajien sukulaisuussuhteet, osoittavat ettei ruumin koon ja lajiutumisen vauhdin välillä ole yhteyttä. Kolmas mahdollinen selitys pienikokoisten lajien suurelle määrällä on historiallinen. On mahdollista, että pienikokoisten lajien suhteellisen suuri määrä syntyi nopeasti noin 65 miljoonaa vuotta sitten tapahtuneen massasukupuuton seurauksena, joka fossiiliaineiston perusteella kohdistui erityisesti suurikokoisiin maaeläimiin (esimerkiksi dinosauruksiin). Vertaileva analyysi nykyään elävien lintulajien ruumiin koosta ja geneettisistä eroista osoittaa, että vaikka suuri osa lintulajeista hävisi massasukupuutossa, tämä katastrofi karsi lajeja riippumatta niiden ruumiin koosta. Näyttää siis siltä, etteivät erot lajiutumisen tai sukupuuttojen esiintymisessä selitä sitä, että suurin osa lajeista on pienikokoisia. Tämän tutkimuksen tulosten perusteella syy näyttäisi sen sijaan olevan ruumiin koon kehityksen vauhdissa ja siinä tavassa, jolla kehitys yleensä etenee. Analyysi nykyisten lajien ruumiin koosta paljasti, että suurin osa eroista lajien välillä syntyy (evolutiiviessa aikataulussa) suhteellisen nopeasti lajiutumistapahtuman yhteydessä (punktualismi) eikä vähitellen pitkien aikojen kuluessa (gradualismi), kuten yleensä oletetaan. Kehityslinjojen sisällä pienikokoisten lajien väliset erot ruumiin koossa olivat pienempiä kuin isokokoisten lajien väliset erot - ja todennäköisesti myöskin tämä ero syntyy lajiutumisen yhteydessä. Tämä johtaa evoluution kuluessa tilanteeseen, että alunperin pienikokoisista lajeista kehittyneet lajit ovat myös pienikokoisia, kun taas isokokoisten lajien kehityslinjoissa on nähtävissä huomattavasti paljon enemmän vaihtelua ruumiin koossa. Näiden seurauksena eliöstöissä suurin osa lajeista lopulta on pienikokoisia
Kennedy, Robert B. "Medical Marijuana Policy Conflicts within the District of Columbia Private Workplace." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/7681.
Full textÅman, Per. "Revolution by Evolution : transforming international management in the established MNC." Doctoral thesis, Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, Institute of International Business (IIB), 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hhs:diva-1894.
Full textGlamsjö, Henrik, and Marcus Holmberg. "SJUKFÖRSÄKRINGEN OCH POLITIKEN -En kvalitativ studie över styrning och politik kring sjukförsäkringen." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för humaniora, utbildnings- och samhällsvetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-69739.
Full textde, Wolff Mads. "Playing for the same team? : the trio Presidency and agenda-management in European Union sport policy." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2016. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/21470.
Full textBeck, Brian Robert. "Evolutionary patterns in the reef coral Siderastrea during the Mio-Pliocene of the Dominican Republic." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2005. http://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/94.
Full textCarvalho, Flávia Sanches de. "A questão agrária na agenda governamental de FHC e Lula : uma análise à luz dos estudos de formação de agenda." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2017. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/8859.
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This research has as general objective to analyze the trajectory and the movement of the agrarian question in the governmental agenda, from 1995 to 2006, based on the application of instruments that show the change in the priorities of this policy, specifically observing the Presidential Discourses, Decrees, Provisional Measures and Messages forwarded by the President of the Republic to the National Congress, based on a multidisciplinary view of public policies, notably the formation studies in the agenda-setting. The analysis used here, therefore, focuses on the process of changes in public policies focused on the governments FHC I and II and Lula I. So, that the objectives are achieved, this dissertation is based on the model of punctuated equilibrium (Punctuated Equilibrium Framework) Baumgartner and Jones (1993) which seeks, through temporal mapping of care indicators, analyze the rise and the changes of an issue on the government agenda over time. From the above model, will seek to clarify, explain and discuss the movement of land reform policies over twelve years of administrations. Thus, is expected to contribute to the studies in the field of public policies on the agenda of training in Brazil.
Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo geral analisar a trajetória e a movimentação da questão agrária na agenda governamental, no período compreendido entre 1995 e 2006, apoiando-se na aplicação de instrumentos que demostrem a mudança nas prioridades dessa política, observando especificamente, os Discursos Presidenciais, os Decretos, as Medidas Provisórias e as Mensagens encaminhadas pelo Presidente da República ao Congresso Nacional, a partir de um olhar multidisciplinar das políticas públicas, notadamente dos estudos de formação na agenda governamental (agenda-setting). A análise aqui empregada se debruça, portanto, sobre o processo de mudanças em políticas públicas com foco nos governos FHC I e II e Lula I. Para que os objetivos sejam alcançados, essa dissertação tem como base o modelo de Equilíbrio Pontuado (Punctuated Equilibrium Framework) de Baumgartner e Jones (1993) que busca, por meio do mapeamento temporal de indicadores de atenção, analisar a ascensão e as mudanças de uma questão na agenda governamental ao longo do tempo. A partir do modelo exposto buscaremos explicitar, explicar e problematizar a movimentação das políticas de reforma agrária ao longo de doze anos de administrações. Como resultado espera-se contribuir para os estudos no campo de políticas públicas em especial sobre a formação de agenda no Brasil.
Smith, James D. "Comparative Analysis of the USAF F-16 and RAAF F-18 Training Programs." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/4563.
Full textPonzi, Adamo. "A study of criticality, punctuated equilibrium and self-organization in an evolutionary model of a financial market = Tōkei butsurigakuteki na kinyū shijō moderu ni okeru rinkai genshō danzoku heikō jiko soshikika no kenkyū /." Electronic version of summary, 1999. http://www.wul.waseda.ac.jp/gakui/gaiyo/2871.pdf.
Full textCarvalho, César Machado. "Esporte como política pública: um estudo sobre o processo de formulação da política de esporte no Brasil." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/1024.
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When sport was implemented in Brazil conceding everyone s right, governmental actions started incurring in sports field aiming the provision of the democratization, autonomy and liberty. Such fact favors the overcoming of the traditional corporatist sport policy present in previous policy contexts. The Brazil s democratic context enables the sport policy to conform a new standard of sport public policymaking. Thereby, our study assumes that the alternation of the public regime enabled significant changes in the standard of sport public policymaking. Thus, our objective of study focuses on analysis key elements: ideas, actors and institutions which influence on the process of sport public policymaking in the time range that involves the sport constitutionalization in 1988 until the creation of the Ministry of Sport in 2003.The objective is to analyze the incidence of ideas, policy actors and governmental institutions surrounding the sport policy brought by the changes in the policy system, and the indications in the sport policymaking until the creation of the Ministry of Sport. To carry out this study, we based ourselves on the conceptual and methodological approach to the public policy, the Punctuated-Equilibrium Theory, which uses the structure of policy ideas and subsystems (actors and institutions) in order to investigate long periods of public policy stability and policy abrupt changes.
A partir do momento em que o esporte fora instituído no Brasil como direito de todos, ações governamentais incidiram no setor esportivo com o objetivo de prover a democratização, a autonomia e a liberdade. Fato que favoreceu para a superação da tradicional política de esporte corporativista existente nos contextos políticos passados. O contexto democrático do Brasil possibilitou à política de esporte a conformação de um novo padrão de formulação de políticas públicas de esporte. Desse modo, nosso estudo parte do pressuposto que a alternância de regime político possibilitou significativas mudanças do padrão de formulação de políticas públicas de esporte. Assim, o nosso objeto de estudo se concentra em elementos chaves de análise: ideias, atores e instituições, que influênciam no processo de formulação de políticas públicas de esporte no recorte temporal que envolve a constitucionalização do esporte, em 1988, até a criação do Ministério do Esporte, em 2003. Com o objetivo de analisar a incidência de ideias, atores políticos e instituições governamentais em torno da política de esporte trazidas com a mudança de regime político e as pontuações na formulação de política de esporte até a criação do Ministério do Esporte. Para isso, utilizaremos a abordagem conceitual e metodológica de análise de política pública o Modelo do Equilíbrio Pontuado que se utiliza de estrutura de ideias políticas e subsistemas políticos (atores e instituições) para analisar períodos longos de estabilidades política pública e mudanças abruptas na mesma.
Sá, Ubiratan Gomes de Carvalho. "Trajetória da empresa e evolução das práticas de inovação de produto e processo: o caso das empresas do Complexo Petroquímico de Triunfo." Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2012. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/4027.
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Os estudos das trajetórias de empresas buscam identificar as razões da longevidade através dos fatores relevantes de manutenção da competitividade em longos períodos de tempo. Nas empresas intensivas em capital e tecnologia, as práticas de inovação tecnológica estão subordinadas à estratégia. Isso ocorre pela importância que elas têm no desempenho da firma. As empresas do setor petroquímico se encaixam nessa descrição. Elas também são importantes na atividade econômica do país e do Rio Grande do Sul pela presença à montante em várias cadeias de suprimento, uma vez que fornece matéria-prima a outras indústrias de transformação; pelo caráter estratégico à jusante do refino do petróleo e utilização de gás natural; e pela participação ativa na balança comercial exportando produtos e importando insumos e equipamentos. As empresas do Complexo Petroquímico de Triunfo passaram por vários episódios de turbulência que transformaram suas estruturas. Estes coincidem, grosso modo, com mudanças no ambiente econômico e regulatório, eventos como crises econômicas, consolidação da indústria química e petroquímica, surgimento e barateamento de novas tecnologias complementares. Para compreender essas transformações e os impactos nas práticas de inovação tecnológica, foram avaliadas as principais teorias que tentam explicar os fatores que influenciam na competitividade das empresas. A abordagem escolhida foi a Teoria do Equilíbrio Pontuado por considerar a evolução das empresas como resultado da dinâmica entre fatores externos e internos nas modificações estruturais geradoras de breves turbulências seguidas de um período de relativa estabilidade no qual essas transformações se consolidam. Uma pesquisa qualitativa foi realizada nas quatro empresas atualmente em operação no Complexo Industrial de Triunfo na modalidade estudo de casos múltiplos. A coleta e a análise de dados, abrangendo o intervalo de tempo desde o início das operações até 2011, indicam a ocorrência de três momentos de turbulência e dois de estabilidade. A contribuição desta pesquisa está na confirmação do uso da Teoria do Equilíbrio Pontuado em estudos longitudinais de trajetória de empresas e não apenas em curtos períodos de tempo. A comparação com outros estudos semelhantes pode contribuir para o desenvolvimento da teoria.
Trajectories of firms studies’ seek to identify the reasons for their longevity through the relevant factors of being competitive in long periods of time. The ones intensive in capital and technology have technological innovation practices subordinated to strategy due to its importance for the firm performance. The petrochemical companies fit this description. They are also important for both national and regional economic activity by the upstream presence in several supply chains, since they provide raw material for other manufacturing industries, their strategic place at downstream petroleum refining and natural gas use, and through active participation in national trade accounts by exporting products and importing materials and equipment. Companies located at Triunfo Petrochemical Complex in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil went through several episodes of turbulence which transformed their structures. These coincide roughly with changes in the economic environment and regulatory events such as economic downturns, worldwide consolidation of chemical and petrochemical industry, and emergence of new and cheaper complementary technologies. To understand these changes and impacts on the technological innovation practices were evaluated a set of theories that attempt to explain the factors influencing firm’s competitiveness. The chosen approach was the Theory of Punctuated Equilibrium by considering companies’ evolution as a result of the dynamics among external and internal factors that trigger structural changes generating turbulence followed by a brief period of relative stability in which these transformations are consolidated. A qualitative study was conducted in four companies currently operating in the Triunfo Petrochemical Complex using the multiple case study methodology. The data collection and analysis covering the time interval from the start of operations until 2011 indicate the existence of turbulence for three times and two periods of stability. This research can contribute on confirming the Theory of Punctuated Equilibrium use for longitudinal studies of companies’ trajectory, not only for short periods of time. Comparison with other similar studies may contribute to the development of this theory.
Danielsson, Marianne. "Fängslande idéer : Svensk miljöpolitik och teorier om policyproduktion." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-122391.
Full textSchiele, Alexandre. "Continuité et rupture de la prégnance médiatique : la couverture de la Chine par Le Monde diplomatique (1975-1992)." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC257/document.
Full textThis research answers the following question: how does long-term media coverage change when its object is itself in flux? This research is based upon the works of E. Veron, S. de Cheveigné, I. Babou and J. Le Marec which showed that the media coverage of any news story is overdetermined by the media posture. However, these one-off studies focused on short periods, thus leaving open the possibility to study the variations of the media posture over a long period. The study of the media coverage of Post-Maoist China between 1975 and 1992 by Le Monde diplomatique allowed us to analyze the variations of its media posture in relation to the changes occurring in China. We have shown that long-term media coverage by Le Monde diplomatique followed a succession of phases of stable interpretation punctuated by rapid evolutions, if not breaks, which we called Punctuated media equilibriums. It is during these stable phases that the reproduction of the media posture from one article to the next in regard to a given class of events, real or potential, manifests itself, which we referred to as the Media pregance effect. This research also showed that the media posture is maintained even in the face of events contradicting it. This finding led us to consider whether the media posture evolved when changes in China happened in parallel to a transformation in the readership’s expectations, and we uncovered that it was the combined effects of these two groups of variables that prompted the newspaper to adjust its media posture. Thus, this research showed that Le Monde diplomatique adopted three distinct media postures between 1975 and 1992: 1) a pro-Maoist standpoint between 1975 and 1978 when the ideals of May 68 were still those of the French intelligentsia, ideals to which the newspaper openly subscribed to after its 1973 restructuring; 2) a pro-economic standpoint favorable to the shift to a market economy in China between 1981 and 1987, when the neoliberal consensus was displacing the ideals of May 68; and, 3) an anti-authoritarian standpoint that opposed Chinese society to the Communist Party between 1987 and 1992, when the neoliberal consensus asserted itself through a discourse centered on the empowerment of the individual. These three phases are punctuated by two transitional moments: the first between 1978 and 1980 characterized by the uncertain expectations of a readership in flux, and a second, shorter, in 1987, when expectations crystallized around the empowerment of the individual. This research also revealed that the media posture of the newspaper was expressed in the interpretation framework adopted by its main collaborator (on a given topic, such as Chinese politics), whom, because he was its agent, actualized the Media pregnance effect. Thus, the adjustment of the newspaper’s media posture is acted through the replacement of its main collaborator. This adjustment is made easier by the mode of organization of Le Monde diplomatique since its restructuring, which relies on networks of external collaborators with no formal ties to the newspaper rather than on staff journalists
Alves, Eder Eustáquio. "A Tributação da Economia Digital no Brasil e na União Europeia: Uma Análise do Processo de Agendamento e Formulação de Políticas Públicas." Doctoral thesis, Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/21275.
Full textA economia digital, fruto da fusão das tecnologias de informação e de comunicação, tem sido responsável por grandes ganhos de produtividade na nossa sociedade, ao mesmo tempo que impõe desafios aos governos nacionais, em particular na esfera tributária. Partindo do pressuposto de que a tributação é, em si mesma, uma importante política pública, este trabalho tem como objetivo central compreender o processo de agendamento e formulação das políticas públicas para a tributação da economia digital, através da aplicação de modelos de análise às iniciativas em curso no Brasil e na União Europeia (UE). Para que fosse possível o cumprimento do objetivo supramencionado, o esforço de pesquisa desdobrou-se em três frentes principais: (i) a caraterização da economia digital e dos seus impactos nas políticas fiscais; (ii) a análise das principais políticas públicas para a tributação digital em discussão e em implementação no Brasil e na União Europeia, bem como em alguns outros Estados selecionados, e (iii) a realização de dois estudos de caso, do Brasil e da União Europeia, procurando compreender os condicionantes do processo de formação de agenda para o tema, com o auxílio dos modelos teóricos dos Múltiplos Fluxos e do Equilíbrio Pontuado. O estudo dos novos modelos de negócio da economia digital mostrou que as suas características específicas, tais como a geração de valor a partir dos dados dos utilizadores e a capacidade de operar em mercados com consumidores à distância, exigem uma verdadeira reformulação do arcabouço tributário internacional. Entretanto, as políticas públicas para o tema no âmbito internacional têm sido marcadas pela polarização entre os Estados que sediam as grandes empresas digitais e aqueles que possuem os mercados consumidores nos quais estas atuam. Neste sentido, a União Europeia tem tido uma posição paradigmática em defesa de uma maior tributação dos negócios digitais nos Estados onde se encontram os consumidores. Já no Brasil, dono de um sistema tributário complexo e descentralizado, as principais medidas para a tributação digital têm sido marcadas pelo incrementalismo e pela sedimentação institucional, na forma da interpretação da legislação tributária vigente e da sua aplicação aos negócios digitais, o que gera instabilidade jurídica e disputas federativas. Por fim, o estudo do processo político de agendamento da tributação digital mostrou condicionantes diferentes para cada caso. Na Europa, a crise de 2008, que gerou políticas de austeridade e a necessidade de procura de novas bases tributárias, associada à frequente divulgação de escândalos fiscais por parte das grandes empresas digitais, criou o “humor nacional” de injustiça fiscal e permitiu o agendamento do tema na forma da proposta de imposto digital lançada pela Comissão Europeia em 2018. Neste caso, também contribuíram o processo de procura por arenas políticas dentro das instituições da UE, por parte dos Estados europeus com maiores mercados consumidores, e a falha na procura de consenso internacional, a cargo da OCDE, que criou uma “janela de políticas públicas” para a colocação da proposta europeia. Por outro lado, no Brasil, foi observado uma falta de diagnóstico para a problema que decorre, de entre outros fatores, do desfasamento dos efeitos da crise de 2008 no Estado e das crises político-económicas recentes, que impediram maiores debates sobre o tema, aliada a uma grande fragmentação institucional decorrente da própria estrutura federativa e da matriz tributária nacional. Além disso, o debate sobre uma reforma tributária geral no Estado, retomado em 2019 a partir de um novo mandato presidencial de cunho reformista, tem sido marcado pela “imagem política” da simplificação e diminuição da carga tributária, o que impede uma maior discussão sobre propostas de tributação específicas para o setor digital.
The digital economy, the result of the fusion of information and communication technologies, has been responsible for important productivity gains in our society, while imposing challenges on national governments, particularly in the taxation field. Based on the assumption that taxation is, in itself, an important public policy, this work has the central objective of understanding the agenda setting process and policy formulation for public policies for the taxation of the digital economy, through the application of analysis models to initiatives ongoing in Brazil and in the European Union (EU). In order to make it possible to achieve the aforementioned objective, the research effort unfolded on three main fronts: (i) the characterization of the digital economy and its impacts on fiscal policies; (ii) the analysis of the main public policies for digital taxation under discussion and being implemented in Brazil and in the European Union, as well as in some other selected States, and (iii) the realization of two case studies, with respect to Brazil and the European Union, seeking to understand the constraints of the agenda setting process for the theme, with the application of the theoretical models of Multiple Flows and Punctuated Equilibrium. The study of new business models in the digital economy has shown that their specific characteristics, such as the generation of value from user data and the ability to operate in markets with remote consumers, require a real reformulation of the international taxation framework. However, public policies for the topic at the international level have been marked by the polarization between States that host large digital companies and those that have the consumer markets in which they operate. In this sense, the European Union has taken a paradigmatic position in defense of greater taxation of digital businesses in States where consumers are located. In Brazil, which owns a complex and decentralized tax system, the main measures for digital taxation have been marked by incrementalism and institutional sedimentation, in the form of the interpretation of current tax legislation and its application to digital businesses, which creates legal instability and federative disputes. Finally, the study of the agenda setting process for digital taxation showed different determinants for each case. In Europe, the 2008 crisis, which generated austerity policies and the need to search for new tax bases, associated with the frequent disclosure of tax scandals by large digital companies, created the “national mood” of tax injustice and allowed the agenda setting for the theme in the form of the digital tax proposal launched by the European Commission in 2018. In this case, other factors that contributed to the agenda setting were the process of venue shopping within the EU institutions, by European countries with larger consumer markets, and the failure in the pursuit of international consensus, in charge of the OECD, which created a “policy window” for the placement of the European proposal. On the other hand, in Brazil, there is a lack of diagnosis for the problem that relates, among other factors, from the lag of the effects of the 2008 crisis in the State and from the recent political-economic crises, which prevented further debates on the topic, combined with a great institutional fragmentation resulting from the federative structure and from the national tax matrix. In addition, the debate on general tax reform in the State, resumed in 2019 as result of a new reformist presidential mandate, has been marked by the “policy image” of simplifying and reducing the tax burden, which prevents further discussion on specific tax proposals for the digital sector.
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Marshall, Amanda Christine. "Examining the representativeness of Georgia's state water plan." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/37306.
Full textHertzberg, Marie. "Avbrott i policy inom gruvnäring : Policyutveckling i fallen Rönnbäcken och Kallak." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-109478.
Full textSimioni, Christiane. "21 anos de educação pública em São Paulo : um estudo sobre a Secretaria da Educação do Estado sob a perspectiva da Teoria do Equilíbrio Pontuado (1996 - 2016)." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFABC, 2018.
Find full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Políticas Públicas, São Bernardo do Campo, 2018.
A presente dissertação visa analisar sob uma perspectiva longitudinal, as políticas públicas educacionais produzidas pela Secretaria da Educação do Estado de São Paulo (SEESP), no período compreendido entre 1996 a 2016. Foi escolhida por ter a maior rede pública de ensino do Brasil e por permanecer sob o comando de um mesmo partido político por mais de duas décadas. O recorte analítico foi definido porque a literatura a respeito demonstra que são escassas as pesquisas de análise simultânea dos ciclos orçamentários e das políticas públicas. Não obstante, as análises das variações na aplicação de recursos orçamentários representam importante fonte de dados para identificar a alteração ou manutenção da execução de distintas políticas públicas. Considerando esse contexto, a pesquisa parte do estudo do orçamento público e das políticas públicas, para evidenciar os momentos que resultaram em modificações atípicas da trajetória das políticas educacionais observadas por meio da execução dos programas governamentais, para compreender o comportamento e os fenômenos que orientam as decisões político-administrativas quanto à definição, priorização e distribuição dos recursos orçamentários para execução das políticas. A principal lente analítica que ancora o trabalho é a metodologia do Equilíbrio Pontuado (Punctuated Equilibrium), de Frank R. Baumgartner e Bryan D. Jones, que permite identificar e entender o processo decisório sobre quais políticas públicas são adotadas e executadas, evidenciando os momentos de mudanças significativas ou incrementais, assim como os fenômenos que influenciam tais processos, uma vez que oferece subsídios para analisar conjuntamente as decisões orçamentais e sobre as políticas públicas, dentro de parâmetros definidos pelos autores, pela utilização de métodos quantitativos e qualitativos que facilitam a compreensão dos dados empíricos inseridos dentro da história e do contexto de execução. Assim, o estudo permitiu verificar a aplicabilidade da Teoria escolhida e concluir que as decisões adotadas no âmbito da SEESP não são constantemente incrementais, a Interrupção do Equilíbrio Pontuado ocorreu em 44% da amostra, preponderantemente em razão de alteração na dotação inicial do orçamento durante o exercício, motivada por decisões do Poder Executivo. E ainda, que não há prevalência do Poder Legislativo nas decisões para construção das políticas públicas educacionais no âmbito estadual.
This dissertation aims to analyze in a longitudinal perspective public educational policies produced by the Education Department of the State of São Paulo, from 1996 to 2016. This area was chosen for having the largest public school system of Brazil and remaining under the command of the same political party for more than two decades. The analytical clipping was defined because the literature about it shows that the simultaneous examination of the research budget cycles and of public policies are scarce. Thus, the analysis of the variations in the application of budgetary resources represent an important source of data to identify changes or maintainance in the execution of distinct public policies. Considering this context, the research comes from the study of the public budget and public policies, to highlight the moments that resulted in atypical changes in the trajectory of educational policies observed through the implementation of Government¿s programs, to understand the behaviors and phenomena that drive the political-administrative decisions regarding the definition, prioritization and allocation of budgetary resources for the implementation of policies. The main analytical lens that anchors the work is the methodology of Punctuated Equilibrium, Frank R. Baumgartner and Bryan D. Jones, that allows to identify and understand the decision-making process under which public policies are adopted and performed, showing the moments of significant or incremental changes, such as the phenomena that influence those processes, since it offers subsidies to jointly analyze budget decisions and public policy, within parameters defined by the authors, using quantitative and qualitative methods that facilitate the understanding of the empirical data inserted into the story and execution context. Thus, the study allowed verify the application of the chosen theory is feasible and conclude that the decisions adopted within the framework of the Education Department of the State of São Paulo are not constantly incremental, the interruption of punctuated equilibrium occurred in 44% of the sample, mainly because of changes in the initial allocation of the budget during the financial year, based on decisions of the Executive Power. And yet, the Legislature has no role in making decisions regarding construction of public educational policies at the State level.
"The intersection of punctuated equilibrium and leadership emergence within the framework of naturalistic decision making." WALDEN UNIVERSITY, 2009. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3342456.
Full textBrenner, Björn. "Egypt’s Policy on Islamism and Islamic Extremism : The punctuated equilibrium theory perspective on Egyptian policy change." Thesis, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-7311.
Full textLIU, JUI-CHIH, and 劉睿智. "Opens the Mainland Public Figure by Punctuated Equilibrium Model Analysis to Come Policy of Making Research the Taiwan Sightseeing." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/26251799474294652211.
Full text開南大學
公共事務管理學系碩士班
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This research is opens the mainland public figure by punctuated equilibrium model analysis to come policy of making research the Taiwan sightseeing. First chapter discusses its research motive、the goal、the scope、the construction、and divides into the theory discussion and the practice analyzes two parts, finally limits the important term explanation. Second chapter opens the mainland public figure for the summary understanding to come the Taiwan sightseeing policy, therefore background of、the reason、with the policy vicissitude the analysis policy opening, and proposed the policy carries out present situation evaluation, understood the present stage opens the mainland public figure to come in the Taiwan sightseeing the actual operation flow, in the policy bitter experience what kind of difficulty as well as the solution, finally proposes the subtotal in this chapter. The third chapter using punctuated equilibrium model, by the macro-politics and the micro-politics angle, the analysis opens the mainland public figure to come the relatedness which in the Taiwan sightseeing policy macro-politics and micro-politics affect mutually, and auxiliary makes it by the author in the interview 「the convenient questionnaire」,makes from 1980 the intermediate stage until now both banks relations and both banks exchange sightseeing trend chart, finally proposed the subtotal in this chapter. In front of fourth chapter the demi-section continues to utilize punctuated equilibrium model, pointed out the policy off and on selects with the balanced condition, but in the latter half section proposed comes the Taiwan sightseeing to the comprehensive opening mainland public figure to our country overall benefit and the malpractice policy of pre-appraisal, finally proposes the subtotal in this chapter. Fifth chapter integrated the first four chapter of research and the analysis, the conclusion thought opens the mainland public figure to come the Taiwan sightseeing policy most to need to worry is the mainland tourist comes the security, social question which Taiwan jumps machine grows, the common people thought the country peaceful question instead is the secondary problem; But in opens the mainland public figure to come in the Taiwan sightseeing policy, macro-politics influence as if serious offense micro-politics influence. Finally in suggestion aspect, since the government already determined must face the comprehensive opening mainland public figure to come the Taiwan sightseeing, its policy center of gravity should suspend is establishing the consummation the safety control system, but was not by has not consummated constantly by the safety control system delays the comprehensive opening mainland public figure to come the Taiwan sightseeing.
Hartnett, Sherry D. "Organizational Learning Through Marketing Analytics In Health Care." 2015. http://scholarworks.gsu.edu/bus_admin_diss/53.
Full textValadares, Desirée. "Ontario Place: A Place to Stand? A Place to Grow? A Biographical Approach to Landscape Research." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10214/6598.
Full textVinha, Luís da. "Re-Mapping the Carter Doctrine: Geographic Mental Maps and Foreign Policy Change." Doctoral thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/25381.
Full textThe US has always had an interest and been involved in the Middle East. However, it was the Carter Administration that ultimately gave the Middle East its pivotal role in US foreign policy. It was the Carter Doctrine, enunciated in 1980 which effectively coupled the security of the Persian Gulf region with American global security. The assertion of the Carter Doctrine has traditionally been viewed as a watershed transformation of the Carter Administration’s foreign policy. It allegedly signalled the end of détente and turn towards a more assertive military posture towards the Soviets and a more decisive US commitment to Middle Eastern security. It overturned many of the Administration’s prior foreign policy initiatives, such as nuclear non-proliferation, demilitarisation of strategic regions, curtailment of conventional arms transfers to Third World countries, and the promotion of human rights. In their place emerged a policy which emphasised a massive military build-up, increased military supply to Third World nations, and increased US global military presence. In particular, the Carter Doctrine represented a momentous shift in US geopolitical and geostrategic considerations by transforming the Middle East into a new critical defence zone. The Carter Doctrine has received widespread scholarly attention over the last three decades. Nevertheless, research has focused almost exclusively on explaining why the Carter Administration radically altered its foreign policy, particularly regarding the Middle East. Numerous accounts have emphasised the systemic and domestic forces underlying such change. Most conventional accounts tend to point out a series of crises arising midway throughout the Carter Presidency as responsible for the change in foreign policy. While there are many different theses regarding why the Carter Administration’s foreign policy changed, few endeavours have been made to explain how it changed. In fact, most accounts of the emergence of the Carter Doctrine do not provide a precise theoretical framework for understanding its origins and development. Accordingly, the current study argues in favour of three broad and provocative propositions. The first proposition claims that, while not explicitly acknowledging it as such, the majority of the accounts explaining the change in the Carter Administration’s foreign policy and the development of the Carter Doctrine use theoretical assumptions intrinsic to punctuated equilibrium and planned change models. The second proposition argues that the development of the Carter Administration’s Middle East policy and the emergence of the Carter Doctrine is best understood using an emergent change approach which highlights the continuous and cumulative policy adaptations and adjustments that decision-makers enacted to try to deal with their perceived international environment since the beginning of the Carter Presidency. Therefore, the change in the Administration’s foreign policy resulted from the incessant dynamics involved in foreign policy decision-making. It was the product of intentionally planned endeavours, as well as of the unexpected opportunities and consequences ensuing from the continued interactions between decision-makers. Finally, it asserts that considering the well defined spatial nature of the Carter Doctrine, geographic mental maps provide the most appropriate conceptual framework for identifying and assessing the emergent dynamics of the Carter Administration’s foreign policy decision-making process. In light of this, it is posited that the Carter Doctrine resulted from the continuous reconstruction of the Carter Administration’s geographic mental maps. As international and domestic events compelled decision-makers to evaluate the political environment, the Administration’s problem representation of the Middle East was in constant flux. Accordingly, while the Middle East was initially viewed optimistically as a place of cooperation and reconciliation, the continuously changing nature of the Administration’s mental maps ultimately mapped a region fraught with danger and conflict.
Os EUA sempre estiveram envolvidos no Médio Oriente, contudo foi a Administração Carter que atribuiu um papel crucial ao Médio Oriente na política externa Americana. A Doutrina Carter, anunciada em 1980, efetivamente agregou a segurança do Golfo Pérsico à segurança dos EUA. A afirmação da respetiva Doutrina tem tradicionalmente sido encarada como uma transformação histórica da política externa da Administração Carter. Alegadamente marcou o fim do desanuviamento e um compromisso Americano definitivo com a segurança do Médio Oriente. Alterou muitas das iniciativas iniciais da Administração tal como a não-proliferação nuclear, a desmilitarização de regiões estratégicas, a redução da transferência de armas convencionais para o Terceiro Mundo e a promoção dos direitos humanos. No seu lugar a Administração Carter instituiu uma política que favorecia o rearmamento massivo, o acréscimo de apoio militar ao Terceiro Mundo e o aumento da presença global das forças armadas Americanas. Acima de tudo, a Doutrina Carter representou uma alteração monumental das considerações geopolíticas e geoestratégicas dos EUA ao transformar a região do Medio Oriente numa nova zona de defesa crítica. A Doutrina Carter tem sido alvo de um amplo debate académico ao longo das últimas décadas. Todavia, os estudos têm-se centrado essencialmente em explicar porque é que a Administração Carter alterou radicalmente a sua política externa, particularmente em relação ao Médio Oriente. Vários estudos realçaram os fatores sistémicos e domésticos catalisando a mudança. A maioria das explicações tradicionais aponta um conjunto de crises que surgiram a meio da presidência como sendo responsáveis pela mudança. Embora haja muitas versões que explicam o porquê da mudança na política externa da Administração Carter, poucos esforços têm sido dedicados a explicar como é que a política se alterou. De facto, a maior parte dos estudos sobre o surgimento da Doutrina Carter não oferece um enquadramento teórico adequado para compreender o seu começo e desenvolvimento. Por conseguinte, o presente estudo apresenta três proposições amplas e provocadoras. A primeira afirma que, embora nem sempre explicitamente assumido, a maioria das explicações da transformação da política externa da Administração Carter e do surgimento da Doutrina Carter utilizam pressupostos teóricos inerentes aos modelos de equilíbrio pontuado e mudança planeada. A segunda preposição argumenta que o desenvolvimento da política para o Médio Oriente durante a Administração Carter e o desenvolvimento da Doutrina Carter deve ser compreendido através de uma abordagem de mudança emergente na qual se foca nas adaptações e nos ajustamentos políticos contínuos que os decisores políticos promoveram para tentar lidar com a sua perceção do ambiente internacional desde o início da presidência Carter. Desta forma, a transformação da política externa da Administração Carter resultou da dinâmica constante inerente ao processo de decisão política. Resultou tanto de iniciativas planeadas, bem como das oportunidades inesperadas e consequências resultantes das interações contínuas entre os decisores políticos. Finalmente, o estudo argumenta que devido à natureza nitidamente espacial da Doutrina Carter, os mapas mentais geográficos fornecem o enquadramento conceptual mais apropriado para identificar e aferir as dinâmicas emergentes no processo de decisão de política externa na Administração Carter. Neste sentido, alega-se que a Doutrina Carter foi o resultado de reconstruções contínuas dos mapas mentais geográficos da Administração Carter. Conforme os eventos internacionais e domésticos obrigavam os decisores a avaliar o ambiente político, a definição da situação no Médio Oriente percecionada pela Administração estava em constante transformação. Desta forma, embora o Médio Oriente fosse inicialmente encarado com otimismo e como sendo um lugar de cooperação e reconciliação, a natureza dinâmica dos mapas mentais da Administração acabou por revelar uma região repleta de riscos e conflitos.
Vinařická, Anna Marie. "Vývoj azylové politiky ČR perspektivou veřejněpolitických teorií." Master's thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-350732.
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