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Journal articles on the topic 'Pump-Probe imaging'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 25 May 2024

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1

Furukawa, Naoki, Chad E. Mair, Valeria D. Kleiman, and Jun Takeda. "Femtosecond real-time pump–probe imaging spectroscopy." Applied Physics Letters 85, no. 20 (2004): 4645–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1823039.

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2

Massaro, Eric S., Andrew H. Hill, Casey L. Kennedy, and Erik M. Grumstrup. "Imaging theory of structured pump-probe microscopy." Optics Express 24, no. 18 (2016): 20868. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.24.020868.

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3

Simpson, Mary Jane, Keely E. Glass, Jesse W. Wilson, Philip R. Wilby, John D. Simon, and Warren S. Warren. "Pump–Probe Microscopic Imaging of Jurassic-Aged Eumelanin." Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 4, no. 11 (2013): 1924–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jz4008036.

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4

Linne, M. A., J. R. Gord, D. C. Morse, J. L. Skilowitz, and G. J. Fiechtner. "Two-dimensional pump–probe imaging in reacting flows." Optics Letters 20, no. 23 (1995): 2414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.20.002414.

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5

Geiser, Joseph D., and Peter M. Weber. "Pump–probe diffraction imaging of vibrational wave functions." Journal of Chemical Physics 108, no. 19 (1998): 8004–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.476239.

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6

Märk, Julia, Franz-Josef Schmitt, Christoph Theiss, Hakan Dortay, Thomas Friedrich, and Jan Laufer. "Photoacoustic imaging of fluorophores using pump-probe excitation." Biomedical Optics Express 6, no. 7 (2015): 2522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/boe.6.002522.

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7

Matthews, T. E., I. R. Piletic, M. A. Selim, M. J. Simpson, and W. S. Warren. "Pump-Probe Imaging Differentiates Melanoma from Melanocytic Nevi." Science Translational Medicine 3, no. 71 (2011): 71ra15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.3001604.

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8

Dong, C. Y., P. T. So, T. French, and E. Gratton. "Fluorescence lifetime imaging by asynchronous pump-probe microscopy." Biophysical Journal 69, no. 6 (1995): 2234–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3495(95)80148-7.

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9

Wei, Lu, and Wei Min. "Pump-probe optical microscopy for imaging nonfluorescent chromophores." Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 403, no. 8 (2012): 2197–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-012-5890-1.

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10

Barmaki, Samira, Karima Guessaf, and Stéphane Laulan. "Imaging of ultrafast electron motion in molecules." Canadian Journal of Physics 89, no. 6 (2011): 703–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p11-039.

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We probe the attosecond electron motion in [Formula: see text], at short internuclear distances, by exact numerical solution of the 3D time-dependent Schrödinger equation in the Born–Oppenheimer approximation. We simulate a pump-probe experiment to calculate the energy distributions of ionized electrons. We start the experiment with a pump pulse that creates a coherent electronic wavepacket combination of the 1sσg and 2pσu states. We let the electronic wavepacket oscillate during a time delay Δt. In the second step of the experiment, we submit the wavepacket to an intense attosecond X-ray laser pulse. We observe an asymmetry in the energy distributions of ionized electrons that allows the mapping of the attosecond electron motion in [Formula: see text].

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11

Samineni, Prathyush, Adele deCruz, Tana E. Villafaña, Warren S. Warren, and Martin C. Fischer. "Pump-probe imaging of historical pigments used in paintings." Optics Letters 37, no. 8 (2012): 1310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.37.001310.

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12

Yuan, Chao, Riley Hanus, and Samuel Graham. "A review of thermoreflectance techniques for characterizing wide bandgap semiconductors’ thermal properties and devices’ temperatures." Journal of Applied Physics 132, no. 22 (2022): 220701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0122200.

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Thermoreflectance-based techniques, such as pump–probe thermoreflectance (pump–probe TR) and thermoreflectance thermal imaging (TTI), have emerged as the powerful and versatile tools for the characterization of wide bandgap (WBG) and ultrawide bandgap (UWBG) semiconductor thermal transport properties and device temperatures, respectively. This Review begins with the basic principles and standard implementations of pump–probe TR and TTI techniques, illustrating that when analyzing WBG and UWBG materials or devices with pump–probe TR or TTI, a metal thin-film layer is often required. Due to the transparency of the semiconductor layers to light sources with sub-bandgap energies, these measurements directly on semiconductors with bandgaps larger than 3 eV remain challenging. This Review then summarizes the general applications of pump–probe TR and TTI techniques for characterizing WBG and UWBG materials and devices where thin metals are utilized, followed by introducing more advanced approaches to conventional pump–probe TR and TTI methods, which achieve the direct characterizations of thermal properties on GaN-based materials and the channel temperature on GaN-based devices without the use of thin-film metals. Discussions on these techniques show that they provide more accurate results and rapid feedback and would ideally be used as a monitoring tool during manufacturing. Finally, this Review concludes with a summary that discusses the current limitations and proposes some directions for future development.

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13

Amini, Kasra, Michele Sclafani, Tobias Steinle, et al. "Imaging the Renner–Teller effect using laser-induced electron diffraction." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 17 (2019): 8173–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1817465116.

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Structural information on electronically excited neutral molecules can be indirectly retrieved, largely through pump–probe and rotational spectroscopy measurements with the aid of calculations. Here, we demonstrate the direct structural retrieval of neutral carbonyl disulfide (CS2) in theB∼1B2excited electronic state using laser-induced electron diffraction (LIED). We unambiguously identify the ultrafast symmetric stretching and bending of the field-dressed neutral CS2molecule with combined picometer and attosecond resolution using intrapulse pump–probe excitation and measurement. We invoke the Renner–Teller effect to populate theB∼1B2excited state in neutral CS2, leading to bending and stretching of the molecule. Our results demonstrate the sensitivity of LIED in retrieving the geometric structure of CS2, which is known to appear as a two-center scatterer.

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14

Simpson, Mary Jane, Keely E. Glass, Jesse W. Wilson, Philip R. Wilby, John D. Simon, and Warren S. Warren. "Correction to “Pump–Probe Microscopic Imaging of Jurassic-Aged Eumelanin”." Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 5, no. 6 (2014): 946. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jz500406n.

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15

Jacob, Desmond, Ryan L. Shelton, and Brian E. Applegate. "Fourier domain pump-probe optical coherence tomography imaging of Melanin." Optics Express 18, no. 12 (2010): 12399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.18.012399.

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16

Yuan, Kai-Jun, and André D. Bandrauk. "Probing Attosecond Electron Coherence in Molecular Charge Migration by Ultrafast X-Ray Photoelectron Imaging." Applied Sciences 9, no. 9 (2019): 1941. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9091941.

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Electron coherence is a fundamental quantum phenomenon in today’s ultrafast physics and chemistry research. Based on attosecond pump–probe schemes, ultrafast X-ray photoelectron imaging of molecules was used to monitor the coherent electron dynamics which is created by an XUV pulse. We performed simulations on the molecular ion H 2 + by numerically solving time-dependent Schrödinger equations. It was found that the X-ray photoelectron angular and momentum distributions depend on the time delay between the XUV pump and soft X-ray probe pulses. Varying the polarization and helicity of the soft X-ray probe pulse gave rise to a modulation of the time-resolved photoelectron distributions. The present results provide a new approach for exploring ultrafast coherent electron dynamics and charge migration in reactions of molecules on the attosecond time scale.

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17

Hafliðason, Arnar, Pavle Glodic, Greta Koumarianou, Peter C. Samartzis, and Ágúst Kvaran. "Two-color studies of CH3Br excitation dynamics with MPI and slice imaging." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 21, no. 20 (2019): 10391–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cp06376a.

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18

Fisher-Levine, Merlin, Rebecca Boll, Farzaneh Ziaee, et al. "Time-resolved ion imaging at free-electron lasers using TimepixCam." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 25, no. 2 (2018): 336–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577517018306.

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The application of a novel fast optical-imaging camera, TimepixCam, to molecular photoionization experiments using the velocity-map imaging technique at a free-electron laser is described. TimepixCam is a 256 × 256 pixel CMOS camera that is able to detect and time-stamp ion hits with 20 ns timing resolution, thus making it possible to record ion momentum images for all fragment ions simultaneously and avoiding the need to gate the detector on a single fragment. This allows the recording of significantly more data within a given amount of beam time and is particularly useful for pump–probe experiments, where drifts, for example, in the timing and pulse energy of the free-electron laser, severely limit the comparability of pump–probe scans for different fragments taken consecutively. In principle, this also allows ion–ion covariance or coincidence techniques to be applied to determine angular correlations between fragments.

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19

Chuang, Yi-De, Xuefei Feng, Per-Anders Glans-Suzuki, Wanli Yang, Howard Padmore, and Jinghua Guo. "A design of resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) spectrometer for spatial- and time-resolved spectroscopy." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 27, no. 3 (2020): 695–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577520004440.

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The optical design of a Hettrick–Underwood-style soft X-ray spectrometer with Wolter type 1 mirrors is presented. The spectrometer with a nominal length of 3.1 m can achieve a high resolving power (resolving power higher than 10000) in the soft X-ray regime when a small source beam (<3 µm in the grating dispersion direction) and small pixel detector (5 µm effective pixel size) are used. Adding Wolter mirrors to the spectrometer before its dispersive elements can realize the spatial imaging capability, which finds applications in the spectroscopic studies of spatially dependent electronic structures in tandem catalysts, heterostructures, etc. In the pump–probe experiments where the pump beam perturbs the materials followed by the time-delayed probe beam to reveal the transient evolution of electronic structures, the imaging capability of the Wolter mirrors can offer the pixel-equivalent femtosecond time delay between the pump and probe beams when their wavefronts are not collinear. In combination with some special sample handing systems, such as liquid jets and droplets, the imaging capability can also be used to study the time-dependent electronic structure of chemical transformation spanning multiple time domains from microseconds to nanoseconds. The proposed Wolter mirrors can also be adopted to the existing soft X-ray spectrometers that use the Hettrick–Underwood optical scheme, expanding their capabilities in materials research.

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20

Minami, Yasuo, Hiromoto Yamaki, Ikufumi Katayama, and Jun Takeda. "Broadband pump–probe imaging spectroscopy applicable to ultrafast single-shot events." Applied Physics Express 7, no. 2 (2014): 022402. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/apex.7.022402.

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21

Wan, Qiujie, and Brian E. Applegate. "Multiphoton coherence domain molecular imaging with pump-probe optical coherence microscopy." Optics Letters 35, no. 4 (2010): 532. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.35.000532.

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22

Garming, Mathijs W. H., I. G. (Gerward) C. Weppelman, Pieter Kruit, and Jacob P. Hoogenboom. "Ultrafast Laser-Pump Electron-Probe Microscopy for Imaging Semiconductor Carrier Dynamics." Microscopy and Microanalysis 25, S2 (2019): 2000–2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927619010730.

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23

Büttner, Felix, Michael Schneider, Christian M. Günther, et al. "Automatable sample fabrication process for pump-probe X-ray holographic imaging." Optics Express 21, no. 25 (2013): 30563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.21.030563.

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24

Buehler, Ch, C. Y. Dong, P. T. C. So, T. French, and E. Gratton. "Time-Resolved Polarization Imaging By Pump-Probe (Stimulated Emission) Fluorescence Microscopy." Biophysical Journal 79, no. 1 (2000): 536–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3495(00)76315-6.

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25

O'Keeffe, P., P. Bolognesi, R. Richter, et al. "Photoelectron imaging in pump-probe experiments combining synchrotron and laser radiation." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 235 (June 1, 2010): 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/235/1/012006.

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26

Evans, R., S. Camacho-López, F. G. Pérez-Gutiérrez, and G. Aguilar. "Pump-probe imaging of nanosecond laser-induced bubbles in agar gel." Optics Express 16, no. 10 (2008): 7481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.16.007481.

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27

Ji, Kai. "Imaging precursory cluster fluctuations in ferroelectrics with pump-probe speckle spectroscopy." Phase Transitions 84, no. 9-10 (2011): 769–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01411594.2011.558271.

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28

Weigand, Markus, Sebastian Wintz, Joachim Gräfe, et al. "TimeMaxyne: A Shot-Noise Limited, Time-Resolved Pump-and-Probe Acquisition System Capable of 50 GHz Frequencies for Synchrotron-Based X-ray Microscopy." Crystals 12, no. 8 (2022): 1029. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12081029.

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With the advent of modern synchrotron sources, X-ray microscopy was developed as a vigorous tool for imaging material structures with element-specific, structural, chemical and magnetic sensitivity at resolutions down to 25 nm and below. Moreover, the X-ray time structure emitted from the synchrotron source (short bunches of less than 100 ps width) provides a unique possibility to combine high spatial resolution with high temporal resolution for periodic processes by means of pump-and-probe measurements. To that end, TimeMaxyne was developed as a time-resolved acquisition setup for the scanning X-ray microscope MAXYMUS at the BESSY II synchrotron in order to perform high precision, high throughput pump-and-probe imaging. The setup combines a highly sensitive single photon detector, a real time photon sorting system and a dedicated synchronization scheme for aligning various types of sample excitations of up to 50 GHz bandwidth to the photon probe. Hence, TimeMaxyne has been demonstrated to be capable of shot-noise limited, time-resolved imaging, at time resolutions of 50 ps and below, only limited by the X-ray pulse widths of the synchrotron.

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29

Yamaguchi, Masashi, Minfeng Wang, and Pablo Suarez. "TERAHERTZ PHONON-POLARITON IMAGING FOR THE APPLICATION OF CHEMICAL DETECTION." International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 17, no. 02 (2007): 355–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129156407004552.

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A combination of Terahertz (THz) polariton spectroscopy and polariton imaging technique for the application to chemical sensing is presented. We use phonon-polaritons, a coupled oscillation of the lattice vibration and radiation field, as an intense radiation source for THz spectroscopy. The propagation process of the polaritons generated in one of the two LiNbO 3 transducer crystals through the sample sandwiched between the crystals is visualized using a polariton imaging technique. Partially reflected polaritons at the transducer-sample interface and polaritons partially transmitted through the sample are visualized simultaneously in a single frame of an image. The temporal profile of reflected and transmitted phonon-polaritons can be obtained without scanning the delay time between the pump and probe femtosecond laser pulses unlike THz time-domain spectroscopy which requires point-by-point acquisition of the temporal pulse profile using conventional pump-probe scheme. The results suggest possible application of this technique to the chemical sensing with fast acquisition rate. The technique has been successfully applied to the measurement of liquid and solid samples, and simultaneous measurement of multiple samples has also been achieved.

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30

COHEN, NETTA, J. W. HANDLEY, R. D. BOYLE, SAMUEL L. BRAUNSTEIN, and ELIZABETH BERRY. "EXPERIMENTAL SIGNATURE OF REGISTRATION NOISE IN PULSED TERAHERTZ SYSTEMS." Fluctuation and Noise Letters 06, no. 01 (2006): L77—L84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219477506003161.

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This Letter reports results from time domain measurements in a terahertz pulsed imaging system and suggests that a mechanical resetting mechanism in the pump-probe delay stage results in a small but resolvable noise signal. In the setup described here, this effect dominates all other sources of noise such as the background Johnson noise or shot noise, and can hence be isolated and analysed in detail. An analysis of the noise signal is used to estimate the physical limitations of the pump-probe system being employed. A comparison of the results with an analytic prediction allows us to formulate a useful and general signature of registration noise, that should make it easy to detect in any sufficiently narrowband signal.

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31

Heberle, Johannes, Matthias Knoll, Ilya Alexeev, Tom Häfner, and Michael Schmidt. "High-speed pump-probe imaging of ultrashort pulsed laser cutting of polymers." Journal of Laser Applications 29, no. 2 (2017): 022207. http://dx.doi.org/10.2351/1.4983500.

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32

YOSHIDA, Shoji, Osamu TAKEUCHI, and Hidemi SHIGEKAWA. "Imaging of Transient Carrier Dynamics in Semiconductors by Nanoscale Pump-Probe Microscopy." Review of Laser Engineering 40, no. 8 (2012): 565. http://dx.doi.org/10.2184/lsj.40.8_565.

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33

Terada, Yasuhiko, Shoji Yoshida, Osamu Takeuchi, and Hidemi Shigekawa. "Real-space imaging of transient carrier dynamics by nanoscale pump–probe microscopy." Nature Photonics 4, no. 12 (2010): 869–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2010.235.

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34

Hagemann, Johannes, Malte Vassholz, Hannes Hoeppe, et al. "Single-pulse phase-contrast imaging at free-electron lasers in the hard X-ray regime." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 28, no. 1 (2021): 52–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s160057752001557x.

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X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) have opened up unprecedented opportunities for time-resolved nano-scale imaging with X-rays. Near-field propagation-based imaging, and in particular near-field holography (NFH) in its high-resolution implementation in cone-beam geometry, can offer full-field views of a specimen's dynamics captured by single XFEL pulses. To exploit this capability, for example in optical-pump/X-ray-probe imaging schemes, the stochastic nature of the self-amplified spontaneous emission pulses, i.e. the dynamics of the beam itself, presents a major challenge. In this work, a concept is presented to address the fluctuating illumination wavefronts by sampling the configuration space of SASE pulses before an actual recording, followed by a principal component analysis. This scheme is implemented at the MID (Materials Imaging and Dynamics) instrument of the European XFEL and time-resolved NFH is performed using aberration-corrected nano-focusing compound refractive lenses. Specifically, the dynamics of a micro-fluidic water-jet, which is commonly used as sample delivery system at XFELs, is imaged. The jet exhibits rich dynamics of droplet formation in the break-up regime. Moreover, pump–probe imaging is demonstrated using an infrared pulsed laser to induce cavitation and explosion of the jet.

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35

Aubriet, Valentin, Kristell Courouble, Olivier Bardagot, Renaud Demadrille, Łukasz Borowik, and Benjamin Grévin. "Hidden surface photovoltages revealed by pump probe KPFM." Nanotechnology 33, no. 22 (2022): 225401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ac5542.

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Abstract In this work, we use pump-probe Kelvin probe force microscopy (pp-KPFM) in combination with non-contact atomic force microscopy (nc-AFM) under ultrahigh vacuum, to investigate the nature of the light-induced surface potential dynamics in alumina-passivated crystalline silicon, and in an organic bulk heterojunction thin film based on the PTB7-PC71BM tandem. In both cases, we demonstrate that it is possible to identify and separate the contributions of two different kinds of photo-induced charge distributions that give rise to potential shifts with opposite polarities, each characterized by different dynamics. The data acquired on the passivated crystalline silicon are shown to be fully consistent with the band-bending at the silicon-oxide interface, and with electron trapping processes in acceptors states and in the passivation layer. The full sequence of events that follow the electron–hole generation can be observed on the pp-KPFM curves, i.e. the carriers spatial separation and hole accumulation in the space charge area, the electron trapping, the electron–hole recombination, and finally the electron trap-release. Two dimensional dynamical maps of the organic blend photo-response are obtained by recording the pump-probe KPFM curves in data cube mode, and by implementing a specific batch processing protocol. Sample areas displaying an extra positive SPV component characterized by decay time-constants of a few tens of microseconds are thus revealed, and are tentatively attributed to specific interfaces formed between a polymer-enriched skin layer and recessed acceptor aggregates. Decay time constant images of the negative SPV component confirm that the acceptor clusters act as electron-trapping centres. Whatever the photovoltaic technology, our results exemplify how some of the SPV components may remain completely hidden to conventional SPV imaging by KPFM, with possible consequences in terms of photo-response misinterpretation. This work furthermore highlights the need of implementing time-resolved techniques that can provide a quantitative measurement of the time-resolved potential.

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36

Mante, Pierre-Adrien, Laurent Belliard, and Bernard Perrin. "Acoustic phonons in nanowires probed by ultrafast pump-probe spectroscopy." Nanophotonics 7, no. 11 (2018): 1759–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2018-0069.

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AbstractThe fascinating relationship between structure and property in nanowires has enabled a wealth of applications in photonics and electronics. The behavior of phonons in nanowires is also modified compared to their bulk counterparts. In this review, we provide an overview of the recent efforts to investigate the properties of acoustic phonons in nanowires using ultrafast optical methods. In particular, we focus on the calculation of the modified phonon dispersion in nanowires and how to address them optically. We then discuss experimental investigations in arrays of nanowires and a single nanowire. The analysis of phonon behavior reveals the possibility to perform advanced mechanical characterization and to vary the thermal properties of nanowires. The review concludes with a brief perspective on future research directions, from phonon-induced control over properties to three-dimensional (3D) acoustic nano-imaging.

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37

Lo, Shun Shang, Hong Yan Shi, Libai Huang, and Gregory V. Hartland. "Imaging the extent of plasmon excitation in Au nanowires using pump-probe microscopy." Optics Letters 38, no. 8 (2013): 1265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.38.001265.

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38

Makishima, Yoshinori, Naoki Furukawa, Akihiro Ishida, and Jun Takeda. "Femtosecond Real-Time Pump-Probe Imaging Spectroscopy Implemented on a Single Shot Basis." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 45, no. 7 (2006): 5986–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.45.5986.

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39

Robles, Francisco E., Sanghamitra Deb, Martin C. Fischer, Warren S. Warren, and Maria Angelica Selim. "Label-Free Imaging of Female Genital Tract Melanocytic Lesions With Pump-Probe Microscopy." Journal of Lower Genital Tract Disease 21, no. 2 (2017): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/lgt.0000000000000290.

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40

Wilson, Jesse W., Lejla Vajzovic, Francisco E. Robles, Thomas J. Cummings, Prithvi Mruthyunjaya, and Warren S. Warren. "Imaging Microscopic Pigment Chemistry in Conjunctival Melanocytic Lesions Using Pump-Probe Laser Microscopy." Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science 54, no. 10 (2013): 6867. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/iovs.13-12432.

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41

Liang, Mengning, Garth J. Williams, Marc Messerschmidt, et al. "The Coherent X-ray Imaging instrument at the Linac Coherent Light Source." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 22, no. 3 (2015): 514–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s160057751500449x.

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The Coherent X-ray Imaging (CXI) instrument specializes in hard X-ray, in-vacuum, high power density experiments in all areas of science. Two main sample chambers, one containing a 100 nm focus and one a 1 µm focus, are available, each with multiple diagnostics, sample injection, pump–probe and detector capabilities. The flexibility of CXI has enabled it to host a diverse range of experiments, from biological to extreme matter.

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42

Lara-Astiaso, Manuel, David Ayuso, Ivano Tavernelli, Piero Decleva, Alicia Palacios, and Fernando Martín. "Decoherence, control and attosecond probing of XUV-induced charge migration in biomolecules. A theoretical outlook." Faraday Discussions 194 (2016): 41–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6fd00074f.

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The sudden ionization of a molecule by an attosecond pulse is followed by charge redistribution on a time scale from a few femtoseconds down to hundreds of attoseconds. This ultrafast redistribution is the result of the coherent superposition of electronic continua associated with the ionization thresholds that are reached by the broadband attosecond pulse. Thus, a correct theoretical description of the time evolution of the ensuing wave packet requires the knowledge of the actual ionization amplitudes associated with all open ionization channels, a real challenge for large and medium-size molecules. Recently, the first calculation of this kind has come to light, allowing for interpretation of ultrafast electron dynamics observed in attosecond pump–probe experiments performed on the amino acid phenylalanine [Calegari et al., Science 2014, 346, 336]. However, as in most previous theoretical works, the interpretation was based on various simplifying assumptions, namely, the ionized electron was not included in the description of the cation dynamics, the nuclei were fixed at their initial position during the hole migration process, and the effect of the IR probe pulse was ignored. Here we go a step further and discuss the consequences of including these effects in the photoionization of the glycine molecule. We show that (i) the ionized electron does not affect hole dynamics beyond the first femtosecond, and (ii) nuclear dynamics has only a significant effect after approximately 8 fs, but does not destroy the coherent motion of the electronic wave packet during at least few additional tens of fs. As a first step towards understanding the role of the probe pulse, we have considered an XUV probe pulse, instead of a strong IR one, and show that such an XUV probe does not introduce significant distortions in the pump-induced dynamics, suggesting that pump–probe strategies are suitable for imaging and manipulating charge migration in complex molecules. Furthermore, we show that hole dynamics can be changed by shaping the attosecond pump pulse, thus opening the door to the control of charge dynamics in biomolecules.

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43

Kobayashi, Takayoshi, Kazuaki Nakata, Ichiro Yajima, Masashi Kato, and Hiromichi Tsurui. "Label-Free Imaging of Melanoma with Confocal Photothermal Microscopy: Differentiation between Malignant and Benign Tissue." Bioengineering 5, no. 3 (2018): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering5030067.

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Label-free confocal photothermal (CPT) microscopy was utilized for the first time to investigate malignancy in mouse skin cells. Laser diodes (LDs) with 405 nm or 488 nm wavelengths were used as pumps, and a 638 nm LD was used as a probe for the CPT microscope. A Grey Level Cooccurrence Matrix (GLCM) for texture analysis was applied to the CPT images. Nine GLCM parameters were calculated with definite definitions for the intracellular super-resolved CPT images, and the parameters Entropy, Contrast, and Variance were found to be most suited among the nine parameters to discriminate clearly between healthy cells and malignant cells when a 405 nm pump was used. Prominence, Variance, and Shade were most suited when a pump wavelength of 488 nm was used.

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Sato, Takuso, Akira Fukusima, Nobuyuki Ichida, et al. "Nonlinear Parameter Tomography System Using Counterpropagating Probe and Pump Waves." Ultrasonic Imaging 7, no. 1 (1985): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016173468500700102.

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Pflug, Theo, Markus Olbrich, Jan Winter, et al. "Fluence-Dependent Transient Reflectance of Stainless Steel Investigated by Ultrafast Imaging Pump–Probe Reflectometry." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 125, no. 31 (2021): 17363–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c04205.

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HORIUCHI, Kohei, Shinya KAMATA, Yasutaka FUJII, and Fumihiko KANNARI. "Imaging of Defect Density Distribution in Compound Semiconductors Using Femotosecond Laser Pump-Probe Measurements." Review of Laser Engineering 33, no. 12 (2005): 868–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2184/lsj.33.868.

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Matthews, Thomas E., Jesse W. Wilson, Simone Degan, et al. "In vivo and ex vivo epi-mode pump-probe imaging of melanin and microvasculature." Biomedical Optics Express 2, no. 6 (2011): 1576. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/boe.2.001576.

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Robles, Francisco E., Sanghamitra Deb, Jesse W. Wilson, et al. "Pump-probe imaging of pigmented cutaneous melanoma primary lesions gives insight into metastatic potential." Biomedical Optics Express 6, no. 9 (2015): 3631. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/boe.6.003631.

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Wilson, Jesse W., Francisco E. Robles, Sanghamitra Deb, Warren S. Warren, and Martin C. Fischer. "Comparison of pump-probe and hyperspectral imaging in unstained histology sections of pigmented lesions." Biomedical Optics Express 8, no. 8 (2017): 3882. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/boe.8.003882.

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Murphy, Ryan D., Ben Torralva, David P. Adams, and Steven M. Yalisove. "Pump-probe imaging of laser-induced periodic surface structures after ultrafast irradiation of Si." Applied Physics Letters 103, no. 14 (2013): 141104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4823588.

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