Academic literature on the topic 'Pulverised fuel'

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Journal articles on the topic "Pulverised fuel"

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Zhang, J., J. Coulthard, and R. P. Keech. "Characteristics of ABB Pulverised Fuel Meters." Measurement and Control 41, no. 1 (February 2008): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002029400804100106.

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ABB PFMaster solids flow meters have proven to be very useful worldwide in coal-fired power stations for monitoring and controlling Pulverised Fuel (PF) velocity and mass-flow rates at various locations in the boiler fuel supply system. However, little has been published of the meter's response on a pneumatic conveyor where both the air and the solids input were each measured independently. This is a brief report of tests carried out on a two such metersin a university pneumatic conveyor.
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Zhang, Jianyong, John Coulthard, Ruixue Cheng, and Ray Keech. "Measuring Pulverised Fuel: Using Electrostatic Meters." Measurement and Control 42, no. 3 (April 2009): 87–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002029400904200307.

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Coulthard, J., R. Cheng, J. Zhang, and R. P. Keech. "Testing of Electrostatic Pulverised Fuel Meters." Measurement and Control 44, no. 8 (October 2011): 252–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002029401104400805.

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Davison, A. G., S. Durham, A. J. Taylor, and C. J. Schilling. "Asthma caused by pulverised fuel ash." BMJ 292, no. 6535 (June 14, 1986): 1561. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.292.6535.1561.

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Iqbal Khan, Mohammad. "Prediction Model and Relationship of Compressive and Tensile Strengths for High Performance Concrete." Applied Mechanics and Materials 377 (August 2013): 92–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.377.92.

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Analytical models for compressive strength and tensile strength of high performance concrete are presented. High performance concrete was developed using binary and ternary blending combinations consisting of ordinary Portland cement, pulverised fuel ash and silica fume. Pulverised fuel ash and silica fume were incorporated as partial cement replacements for the preparation of various combinations of blended systems. Compressive strength and tensile strength of concrete containing ordinary Portland cement, pulverised fuel ash and silica fume at various ages are reported. Based on the experimentally obtained results, analytical prediction models were developed. These models enabled the establishment of isoresponse contours showing the interactive influence between the various parameters investigated.
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Willson, P. M., and T. E. Chappell. "Pulverised Fuel Flame Monitoring in Utility Boilers." Measurement and Control 18, no. 2 (March 1985): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002029408501800205.

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Coulthard, J., R. Cheng, P. Kane, J. Osborne, and R. P. Keech. "Pulverised-Fuel Monitoring at Methil Power Station." Measurement and Control 30, no. 1 (February 1997): 6–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002029409703000102.

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Pronobis, Marek, and Rafał Litka. "Rate of corrosion of waterwalls in supercritical pulverised fuel boilers." Chemical and Process Engineering 33, no. 2 (June 1, 2012): 263–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10176-012-0026-x.

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Rate of corrosion of waterwalls in supercritical pulverised fuel boilers This paper presents an analysis of the corrosion hazard in the burner belt area of waterwalls in pulverised fuel (PF) boilers that results from low-NOx combustion. Temperature distributions along the waterwall tubes in subcritical (denoted as SUB) and supercritical (SUP) boilers were calculated and compared. Two hypothetical distributions of CO concentrations were assumed in the near-wall layer of the flue gas in the boiler furnace, and the kinetics of the waterwall corrosion were analysed as a function of the local temperature of the tubes. The predicted rate of corrosion of the boiler furnace waterwalls in the supercritical boilers was compared with that of in the subcritical boilers.
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Coulthard, J., P. Kane, R. Cheng, R. P. Keech, and J. T. Osborne. "Online pulverised-fuel monitoring at Methil power station." Power Engineering Journal 11, no. 1 (February 1, 1997): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/pe:19970106.

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Lee, S. "Potential Groundwater Contamination from Pulverised Fuel Ash (PFA)." Mineralogical Magazine 58A, no. 2 (1994): 515–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1994.58a.2.06.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Pulverised fuel"

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Yamanishi, Yoko. "Ignition behaviour of dried pulverised lignite fuel." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.407180.

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Mahmud, Maythem Naji. "Utilisation of high carbon pulverised fuel ash." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2011. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/11973/.

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Coal combustion by-products generated from coal-fired power plant and cause enormous problems for disposal unless a way can be found to utilize these by-products through resource recovery programs. The implementation of air act regulations to reduce NOx emission have resulted millions of tonnes of pulverised fuel ash (PFA) accumulated with high percentage of unburned carbon made it un-saleable for the cement industry. Moreover, alternative fuels such as biomass and import coals were suggested to reduce gas emissions but on the other hand PFA marketability was reduced. The main objective of this study was thus to utilise high carbon PFA into value added products. Through this work, the relationships beside the factors that could influence the carbon content in the PFA and reduce it in terms of producing raw material useful for different applications were explored. These factors were extensively investigated through thermogravimetric analyses, surface area measurements, microscopy and optical studies, and particle size distribution analyses. Five high unburned carbon PFAs were selected as feedstocks for PFA beneficiation, cement tests, and carbon activation. In order to beneficiate a high carbon PFA, incipient fluidisation was selected as the preferred route being a dry separation method which does not expose the carbon to potential contaminants that may alter its reactivity or physical properties. Enriched PFAs (i.e. depleted carbon) were separated and then cement tests were conducted in different mixture ratios (PFA/cement) throughout different time scales. These tests were demonstrated by using samples derived from biomass co-firing and import coals. The PFA/cement mixtures achieved good strength and workability via standard values. Unburned carbon (i.e. enriched carbon) streams were activated using steam at temperature 850 C and time from 60-300 minutes. For all unburned carbons investigated in this project, the surface areas of their activated counterparts increased to reach maximum level after three hours and four hours compared with other works. But this increase dropped back according to the reduction of the pore widening. Consequently, the surface area exhibited a high level of low carbon burn-out for the carbon sourced from biomass co-firing (1435 m2/g and 38 wt.%, respectively). This was revealed due to the carbon gasification and pore widening level. In addition, optical studies showed that the carbon types changed in a different manner during the activation.
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Cheng, Ruixue. "A study of electrostatic pulverised fuel meters." Thesis, Teesside University, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.262830.

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Groves, S. J. "Microstructure and properties of pulverised fuel slags." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/38024.

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Ip, Mei-fong Phyllis, and 葉美芳. "Environmental management options for pulverised fuel ash (PFA)." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1994. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31252849.

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Ip, Mei-fong Phyllis. "Environmental management options for pulverised fuel ash (PFA) /." [Hong Kong] : University of Hong Kong, 1994. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13813535.

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Wain, Susan Elizabeth. "Thermal and mechanical properties of pulverised fuel boiler slags." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/8209.

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Cook, Simon Ernest. "Amendment of agricultural peat soils with pulverised fuel ash." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.317763.

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Kirby, M. J. "Glass ceramics from a South African pulverised fuel ash." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/22118.

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Bibliography: pages 92-101.
The generation of electricity by the combustion of pulverised coal produces large quantities of coal ash (PF A). The disposal of this ash lias become a matter of concern due to the unsightly and hazardous nature of the PF A, and it has been the subject of intense investigations into its suitability as a raw material. Many uses have been proposed for the PF A. When used as landfill or mining backfill, the attraction is the low cost of the material. Other uses, as in the concrete industry, use PF A because of the improvements in quality of the resultant product. PF A has been suggested as a raw material for the production of wear resistant materials. The PF A is composed in the main of SiO₂ and AI₂O₃, and is a suitable material for the production of alumino-silicate ceramic materials, which are known to be tough and wear resistant. To establish the suitability of PF A from the Lethabo Power Station as a raw material, a project to prepare glass ceramic materials from the PF A was started. The conversion of the PF A to a glass ceramic material is a complex process involving many stages, and the processing at each stage will affects the final properties of the material. It is not possible in a short project such as this to examine all the factors which exert some control on the process, and so a small subset of these parameters was selected for study, namely the effect of added oxides on the crystallisation behaviour. Glass items which crystallise on holding at high temperatures commonly do so by growth of crystals from the surface of the item. This results in a material that is mechanically weak, due to the highly oriented microstructure that results. Nucleating agents can be used to obviate this. By providing sites for crystal growth in the bulk of the sample, they induce the crystallisation of fine grained ceramics with good mechanical properties. This study examines the effect of TiO₂, P₂O₅, and a mixture of iron and chrome oxides on the crystallisation of the glass prepared using PF A. The effect of these oxides was evaluated by examination of the microstructure of the crystalline specimens, and the kinetics of crystallisation were analysed by fitting data obtained by isothermal crystallisation of the specimens to the Avrami equation. Finally, the mechanical properties of the materials were tested by solid particle erosion, and the materials ranked against a selection of other materials used for their wear resistance.
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Tri, Utomo Suryo Hapsoro. "The effects of time on properties of pulverised fuel ash." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.307891.

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Books on the topic "Pulverised fuel"

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Phitides, Miriam. The abrasion resistance of concrete with pulverised fuel ash. Birmingham: Aston University. Department of Civil Engineering, 1991.

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Office, Energy Efficiency. The use of pulverised fuel ash as a bituminious filler. London: Department of the Environment, 1994.

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Meldrum, M. Pulverised fuel ash: Criteria document for an occupational exposure limit. London: HMSO, 1992.

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Seetah, Krish. Small mammal population of a pulverised fuel ash (PFA) site, with comments on the potential of PFA habitats as sites for nature conservation. [Guildford]: [University of Surrey], 1998.

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M. P. (Marina Petrovna) Baranova. Fiziko-khimicheskie osnovy poluchenii︠a︡ toplivnykh vodougolʹnykh suspenziĭ: Monografii︠a︡. Krasnoi︠a︡rsk: Sibirskiĭ federalʹnyĭ universitet, 2011.

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Nakassa, Ali S. The effects of silica fume pulverized fuel ash and superplasticizer on ferrocement. Manchester: UMIST, 1996.

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Sarsby, R. W. Reinforced pulverized fuel ash retaining wall performance: Polymer reinforcement in fly ash bulk fill. S.l: s.n, 1987.

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Radial-bias-combustion and central-fuel-rich swirl pulverized coal burners for wall-fired boilers. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2009.

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Allen, J. W. Trials on large burners firing coal water mixture fuels and burners firing dense phase air conveyed pulverised coal. Luxembourg: Commission of the European Communities, 1988.

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Dalziel, J. A. The influence of pulverized-fuel ash upon the hydration characteristics and certain physical properties of a Portland cement paste. Slough: Cement and Concrete Association, 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "Pulverised fuel"

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Georghiou, Luke, J. Stanley Metcalfe, Michael Gibbons, Tim Ray, and Janet Evans. "Lytag: Light-Weight Aggregate from Pulverised Fuel Ash." In Post-Innovation Performance, 227–32. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-07455-6_26.

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Cieplik, M. K., L. E. Fryda, W. L. van de Kamp, and J. H. A. Kiel. "Ash Formation, Slagging and Fouling in Biomass Co-firing in Pulverised-fuel Boilers." In Solid Biofuels for Energy, 197–217. London: Springer London, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-393-0_9.

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Allen, G. C., and K. R. Hallam. "Small Area and Imaging X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Individual Pulverised Fuel Ash Particles." In The Impact of Ash Deposition on Coal Fired Plants, 435–44. Boca Raton: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203736616-39.

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Swift, P., H. Kinoshita, and N. C. Collier. "The Effect of Supplementary Pulverised Fuel Ash on Calcium Aluminate Phosphate Cement for Intermediate-Level Waste Encapsulation." In Cement-Based Materials for Nuclear Waste Storage, 215–24. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3445-0_19.

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Jenner, H. A., and J. P. M. Janssen-Mommen. "Phytomonitoring of pulverized fuel ash leachates by the duckweed Lemna minor." In Environmental Bioassay Techniques and their Application, 361–66. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1896-2_34.

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Jiménez, Santiago, and Javier Ballester. "Determination of the Kinetic Parameters of a Pulverized Fuel from Drop Tube Experiments." In Progress in Industrial Mathematics at ECMI 2006, 296–300. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71992-2_38.

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Zhang, Aiyue, Yuan Chen, and Changdong Sheng. "Numerical Study on NO Formation in a Pulverized Coal-Fired Furnace Using Oxy-Fuel Combustion." In Cleaner Combustion and Sustainable World, 937–48. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30445-3_126.

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Shah, Kalpit V., Mariusz K. Cieplik, and Hari B. Vuthaluru. "A Review on Ash Formation During Pulverized Fuel Combustion: State of Art and Future Research Needs." In Advances in Bioprocess Technology, 27–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17915-5_3.

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Richter, W., R. Payne, and M. P. Heap. "Influence of Thermal Properties of Wall Deposits on Performance of Pulverized Fuel Fired Boiler Combustion Chambers." In ACS Symposium Series, 375–93. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1986-0301.ch026.

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Rüdiger, H., A. Kicherer, U. Greul, H. Spliethoff, and K. R. G. Hein. "Pyrolysis Gas from Biomass and Pulverized Biomass as Reburn Fuels in Staged Coal Combustion." In Developments in Thermochemical Biomass Conversion, 1387–98. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1559-6_109.

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Conference papers on the topic "Pulverised fuel"

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Gibbins, J. R. "Fuel characterisation for pulverised coal combustion." In IEE Seminar on Advanced Sensors and Instrumentation Systems for Combustion Processes. IEE, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic:20000394.

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Hii, N. C., S. J. Wilcox, A. Z. S. Chong, J. Ward, and C. K. Tan. "The Application of Acoustic Emission to Monitor Pulverised Fuel Flows." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-80912.

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There are a large number of industrial processes involving the transport of pneumatically conveyed solid including mineral processing, electrical power generation, steel and cement production. For coal-fired power plant, in particular, pulverised fuel (pf) is fed by pneumatic means where coal particles are transported by the primary air from each mill directly into furnace. The distribution of coal particles to each burner bank is normally split mechanically from larger pipelines into a smaller network of pipes connected to each of the burners. Despite the use of matched outlet pipes and riffle devices within the splitters, uneven distribution of the pulverised coal inevitably occurs. Incomplete combustion due to the non-uniform distribution of the pulverised coal between the burner\u2019s feed pipes leads to a reduction in boiler efficiency. This also directly leads to an increase in slagging and fouling in the burner and increased NOx emission from the burner. Measuring can solve this problem and subsequently controlling the mass flow in each burner feed pipe and then adjusting the excess air to operate near the minimum. Over the past ten years or so, there has been increased interest in applying acoustic emission (AE) detection methods for process condition monitoring. The European Working Group for Acoustic Emission (EWGAE), 1985, defines AE as ‘the transient elastic waves resulting from local internal micro displacements in a material’. The American National Standards Institute defines AE as ‘the class of phenomena whereby transient elastic waves are generated by a rapid release of energy from a localised source or sources within a material, or the transient elastic waves so generated’. Therefore, in principle, any impulsive and energy release mechanism within a solid or on its surface, such as plastic deformation, impact, cracking, turbulence, combustion, and fluid disturbances, is capable of generating. Since these mechanisms can be associated with the degradation occurring within a particular process, it follows that AE has great potential in condition monitoring, for example, monitoring of tool wear, corrosion and process monitoring of the pneumatically conveyed solid. Unlike most of the other techniques, AE sensors are non-invasive so that their interruption with the flow within the pipe can be totally avoided. Furthermore, the frequency responses of AE sensors are normally very high (in the order of a Mega Hertz) so that they are immune to low-frequency environmental noises. The use of AE detection techniques is appropriate in this project since the frictional contacts between the flowing particles and the inner wall of the conveying pipe can effectively generate ‘elastic waves’ which propagate through the inner pipe wall and be detected by an AE sensor attached to the outer pipe wall. Consequently, the current research work aims to demonstrate the use of an AE to monitor the flow of particles in a conveying pipe. Preliminary results indicate that AE is generated and is highly repeatable for both variations in velocity for a fixed particle size and also for variations in mass flow rate at a fixed velocity.
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Azzmi, Norazura Mizal. "Performance Of Kenaf Fibrous Pulverised Fuel Ash Concrete In Acidic Environment." In ICRP 2019 - 4th International Conference on Rebuilding Place. Cognitive-Crcs, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epms.2019.12.49.

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Vujanovic, Milan, Tibor Besenic, Milos Radojevic, and Nebojsa Manic. "Numerical Modelling of Nitrogen Oxides Formation During Combustion of Pulverised Fuel." In 2022 7th International Conference on Smart and Sustainable Technologies (SpliTech). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/splitech55088.2022.9854251.

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Krabicka, Jan, and Yong Yan. "Finite Element Modelling of Intrusive Electrostatic Sensors for the Measurement of Pulverised Fuel Flows." In 2007 IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Technology Conference IMTC 2007. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/imtc.2007.379221.

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Zhang, Shuai, Xiangchen Qian, Yong Yan, and Yonghui Hu. "Characterisation of pulverised fuel flow in a square-shaped pneumatic conveying pipe using electrostatic sensor arrays." In 2016 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/i2mtc.2016.7520432.

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Shao, Jiaqing, Yong Yan, and Zhixin Lv. "On-line non-intrusive measurements of the velocity and particle size distribution of pulverised fuel on a full scale power plant." In 2011 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/imtc.2011.5944320.

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Caldwell, Robert J., Newton J. Bowmer, Edward J. Butcher, and I. Hugh Godfrey. "Characterisation of Full-Scale Inactive Cement-Based Intermediate Level Nuclear Wasteforms After One Decade of Storage." In 12th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone12-49072.

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This paper presents the results of a laboratory-based programme to characterise full-scale, 500L cement-based wasteforms stored for over a decade. The wasteforms were prepared from inactive intermediate level waste (ILW) simulants, representing a range of ferric-based flocs produced during spent fuel reprocessing, using a blended ordinary Portland cement (OPC) / pulverised fuel ash (PFA) grout. The characterisation includes petrographic analysis, determination of moisture/density relationships, acid neutralisation capacity (ANC), and extraction analysis as a function of depth. The results of the study, conducted on full depth cores, indicate that the chosen matrix was well suited to the ferric floc waste that it was designed to contain. Carbonation and desiccation of the high water/solids wasteforms was limited to the near surface and the beneficial morphological and chemical characteristics of the matrix showed very little spatial variability.
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Tan, Oui Hong, Steven John Wilcox, and John Ward. "The Development of a Monitoring and Control System for Pulverised Coal Flames Using Artificial Intelligence Techniques." In ASME 2005 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2005-85018.

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This paper discusses the application of low cost sensors for monitoring pulverised coal flames. A series of burner diagnostics tests using Infra-red (IR), Microphone and Acoustic Emission (AE) sensors were conducted on a 150 kW pulverised fuel (pf) burner rig based at Casella CRE Ltd. in the United Kingdom. These experiments systematically varied the burner swirl number and the secondary airflow rate over a significant range for two different coals so that both satisfactory and ‘poor’ combustion conditions were obtained. The infra-red radiation from the flame, the combustion noise and the acoustic emission generated in the burner body were measured, as were the fuel and airflow rates and pollutant emissions. The signals from the sensors were analysed by using signal processing techniques to reveal a number of features. These in turn were compared with the three major combustion gases such as Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), Carbon monoxide (CO) and Oxygen (O2) followed by correlation coefficient analysis (CCA). It is envisaged that these sensors can be used for predicting gaseous emissions and will be particularly attractive for multiple burner installations where the pollutant emissions are often discharged through a common manifold, so that the individual burner performance is often not known and cannot be optimised.
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Tan, O. H., S. J. Wilcox, J. Ward, and M. Lewitt. "The Development of a Monitoring and Control System for Pulverised Coal Flames Using Neural Networks." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-41409.

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This paper presents the results obtained from a series of experiments that have been conducted on a 150kW pf burner rig based at Casella CRE Ltd. in the United Kingdom. These experiments systematically varied the burner swirl number and the secondary air flow rate over a significant range for two different coals so that both satisfactory and ‘poor’ combustion conditions were obtained. The infra-red emissions from the flame and the combustion noise generated in the furnace chamber were measured with appropriate sensors as were the fuel and air flow rates and pollutant emissions. The signals from the sensors were analysed using signal processing techniques to yield a number of features. These in turn were employed to train a neural network to accurately estimate the gaseous emissions from the rig, such as NOx and CO. In a separate set of experiments, where the combustion process was placed in a poor condition, the sensors were coupled with the neural models and incorporated into an intelligent control system, which was able to alter the excess air level to improve the process. In this fashion simultaneous low Nox and CO levels were achieved with both coal types. This method thus uses a combination of relatively low cost sensors and artificial intelligence techniques to control the combustion of the pulverised fuel burner. It is envisaged as particularly attractive for multiple burner installations that are fed from a common manifold, where individual burner performance is not known.
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Reports on the topic "Pulverised fuel"

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Annamalai, Kalyan, John Sweeten, Saqib Mukhtar, Ben Thien, Gengsheng Wei, and Soyuz Priyadarsan. CO-FIRING COAL, FEEDLOT, AND LITTER BIOMASS (CFB AND LFB) FUELS IN PULVERIZED FUEL AND FIXED BED BURNERS. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/792063.

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Kalyan Annamalai, John Sweeten, Saqib Mukhtar, Ben Thein, Gengsheng Wei, Soyuz Priyadarsan, Senthil Arumugam, and Kevin Heflin. CO-FIRING COAL: FEEDLOT AND LITTER BIOMASS (CFB AND CLB) FUELS IN PULVERIZED FUEL AND FIXED BED BURNERS. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/822025.

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Robert Hurt, Joseph Calo, Thomas Fletcher, and Alan Sayre. FUNDAMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF FUEL TRANSFORMATIONS IN PULVERIZED COAL COMBUSTION AND GASIFICATION TECHNOLOGIES. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/822879.

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Robert Hurt, Joseph Calo, Thomas H. Fletcher, and Alan Sayre. FUNDAMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF FUEL TRANSFORMATIONS IN PULVERIZED COAL COMBUSTION AND GASIFICATION TECHNOLOGIES. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/842439.

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Robert Hurt, Joseph Calo, Thomas Fletcher, and Alan Sayre. FUNDAMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF FUEL TRANSFORMATIONS IN PULVERIZED COAL COMBUSTION AND GASIFICATION TECHNOLOGIES. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/819435.

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Renewable wood fuel: Fuel feed system for a pulverized coal boiler. Final report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/200695.

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