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Journal articles on the topic 'Pulsed electrolysis'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 30 May 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Poláčik, Ján, and Jiří Pospíšil. "Some Aspects of PDC Electrolysis." Technological Engineering 13, no. 1 (October 1, 2016): 33–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/teen-2016-0011.

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Abstract In this paper, aspects of pulsed direct current (PDC) water splitting are described. Electrolysis is a simple and well-known method to produce hydrogen. The efficiency is relatively low in normal conditions using conventional DC. PDC in electrolysis brings about many advantages. It increases efficiency of hydrogen production, and performance of the electrolyser may be smoothly controlled without compromising efficiency of the process. In our approach, ultra-short pulses are applied. This method enhances efficiency of electrical energy in the process of decomposition of water into hydrogen and oxygen. Efficiency depends on frequency, shape and width of the electrical pulses. Experiments proved that efficiency was increased by 2 to 8 per cent. One of the prospects of PDC electrolysis producing hydrogen is in increase of efficiency of energy storage efficiency in the hydrogen. There are strong efforts to make the electrical grid more efficient and balanced in terms of production by installing electricity storage units. Using hydrogen as a fuel decreases air pollution and amount of carbon dioxide emissions in the air. In addition to energy storage, hydrogen is also important in transportation and chemical industry.

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2

Kim, Jae-Hoon, Chang-Yeol Oh, Ki-Ryong Kim, Jong-Pil Lee, and Tae-Jin Kim. "Electrical Double Layer Mechanism Analysis of PEM Water Electrolysis for Frequency Limitation of Pulsed Currents." Energies 14, no. 22 (November 22, 2021): 7822. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14227822.

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This paper proposes a method for improving hydrogen generation using pulse current in a proton exchange membrane-type electrolyzer (PEMEL). Traditional methods of electrolysis using direct current are known as the simplest approach to produce hydrogen. However, it is highly dependent on environmental variables, such as the temperature and catalyst used, to enhance the rate of electrolysis. Therefore, we propose electrolysis using a pulse current that can apply several dependent variables rather than environmental variables. The proposed method overcomes the difficulties in selecting the frequency of the pulse current by deriving factors affecting hydrogen generation while changing the concentration generated by the cell interface during the pulsed water-electrolysis process. The correlation between the electrolyzer load and the frequency characteristics was analyzed, and the limit value of the applicable frequency of the pulse current was derived through electrical modeling. In addition, the operating characteristics of PEMEL could be predicted, and the PEMEL using the proposed pulse current was verified through experiments.

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3

Rocha, F., Q. de Radiguès, G. Thunis, and J. Proost. "Pulsed water electrolysis: A review." Electrochimica Acta 377 (May 2021): 138052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138052.

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4

Gorodyskii, A. V. "Pulsed current electrolysis (in Russian)." Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry 302, no. 1-2 (March 1991): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0728(91)85050-y.

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5

Osuna, Isaac Aaron Rodriguez, Pablo Cobelli, and Nahuel Olaiz. "Bubble Formation in Pulsed Electric Field Technology May Pose Limitations." Micromachines 13, no. 8 (July 31, 2022): 1234. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13081234.

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Currently, increasing amounts of pulsed electric fields (PEF) are employed to improve a person’s life quality. This technology is based on the application of the shortest high voltage electrical pulse, which generates an increment over the cell membrane permeability. When applying these pulses, an unwanted effect is electrolysis, which could alter the treatment. This work focused on the study of the local variations of the electric field and current density around the bubbles formed by the electrolysis of water by PEF technology and how these variations alter the electroporation protocol. The assays, in the present work, were carried out at 2 KV/cm, 1.2 KV/cm and 0.6 KV/cm in water, adjusting the conductivity with NaCl at 2365 μs/cm with a single pulse of 800 μs. The measurements of the bubble diameter variations due to electrolysis as a function of time allowed us to develop an experimental model of the behavior of the bubble diameter vs. time, which was used for simulation purposes. In the in silico model, we calculated that the electric field and observed an increment of current density around the bubble can be up to four times the base value due to the edge effect around it, while the thermal effects were undesirable due to the short duration of the pulses (variations of ±0.1 °C are undesirable ). This research revealed that the rise of electric current is not just because of the shift in electrical conductivity due to chemical and thermal effects, but also varies with the bubble coverage over the electrode surface and variations in the local electric field by edge effect. All these variations can conduce to unwanted limitations over PEF treatment. In the future, we recommend tests on the variation of local current conductivity and electric fields.

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6

Shaaban, Aly H. "Water Electrolysis and Pulsed Direct Current." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 140, no. 10 (October 1, 1993): 2863–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2220923.

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7

Ved’, M., N. Sakhnenko, I. Yermolenko, G. Yar-Mukhamedova, and R. Atchibayev. "Composition and." Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal 20, no. 2 (June 30, 2018): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.18321/ectj697.

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Principles of three component Iron-Cobalt-Tungsten alloys electrodeposition from complex Fe (III) based citrate electrolytes are discussed. It is shown, that deposition of ternary alloys proceeds through competitive reduction of cobalt and tungsten with iron. With increasing ligand concentration coatings are enriched with a refractory component; however, increasing current density favors a reverse trend. The effect of both current density and pulse on/off time on the quality, content of alloying metals and surface topography of electrolytic coatings were determined. The application of pulsed electrolysis provides increasing tungsten content up to 13 at.%, at current efficiency of 70–75%. Globular relief of Fe-Co-W coatings is caused by refractory metals incorporation, and crystalline and amorphous parts of structure are visualized by X-ray spectroscopy, including inter-metallic phases Co7W6, Fe7W6 along with α-Fe and Fe3C. The crystallite size of the amorphous part is near 7–8 nm. Corrosion resistance of the coatings is 1.3–2.0 orders of magnitude higher than the substrate parameters as follows from data of polarization resistance method and electrode impedance spectroscopy.

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8

Besra, Laxmidhar, Tetsuo Uchikoshi, Tohru Suzuki, and Yoshio Sakka. "Pulsed-DC Electrophoretic Deposition (EPD) of Aqueous Alumina Suspension for Controlling Bubble Incorporation and Deposit Microstructure." Key Engineering Materials 412 (June 2009): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.412.39.

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Electrophoretic deposition (EPD) from aqueous suspension generally forms deposit containing incorporated bubbles because of evolution of gases at electrodes due to electrolysis of water. We have demonstrated here that application of pulsed voltage /current instead of continuous DC enables controlling the amount of bubble incorporation and obtain bubble-free deposits during EPD of aqueous suspension. The yield and bubble incorporation decreased progressively with decrease in size of the applied pulse. A characteristic band of deposition window was found in the plot of voltage/current vs. pulse width within which smooth and bubble-free deposits are obtained. The window is wider at low applied voltages/currents than at higher voltages/currents implying that it is more easier to control the pulsed EPD at lower applied voltages and/currents. No deposition occurred below the window whereas deposits with incorporated bubbles formed above the window. Suppression of bubbles with decreasing pulse size was attributed to decrease in the amount of hydrogen evolved per pulse and verified by monitoring the gain in weight of palladium (Pd) electrode used as cathode during electrolysis of water.

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9

Zhang, Hua Li, Ji Cai Kuai, and Fei Hu Zhang. "Modeling of Thickness of the Oxide Film in ELID Grinding." Advanced Materials Research 135 (October 2010): 376–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.135.376.

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The properties of oxide films are very important for improving the mass of ELID grinding surface. In this paper, a novel calculation model of thickness of oxide films was proposed; the theoretical calculation and simulation analysis were developed, and were compared with the corresponding experimental results. The results proved that the theoretical calculation and simulation results of the thickness of the oxide films had good agreement with the experimental results. This model could predict precisely the change of thickness of oxide film, the instinct of non-linear electrolysis was explained from a novel aspect of ability of pulsed electrolysis. This model could be used in the on-line control of electrolytic state during practical ELID grinding process.

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10

TSURU, Yutaka, Katsuyoshi FUKAGAWA, Morio MATSUNAGA, and Kunisuke HOSOKAWA. "Influences of pulsed current electrolysis on zinc electrodeposition." Journal of the Metal Finishing Society of Japan 36, no. 3 (1985): 110–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4139/sfj1950.36.110.

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11

Chamelot, Pierre, Pierre Taxil, Djar Oquab, Jérome Serp, and Bernard Lafage. "Niobium Electrodeposition in Molten Fluorides Using Pulsed Electrolysis." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 147, no. 11 (2000): 4131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.1394030.

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12

Larionova, Maria P., Nina D. Solovieva, and Elena A. Savelieva. "ELECTRODEPOSITION OF COPPER IN ULTRASONIC FIELD FROM SPENT ETCHING SOLUTIONS." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENII KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 63, no. 11 (October 27, 2020): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/ivkkt.20206311.6242.

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It is studied the regeneration and utilization possibility of spent nitric acid solutions for copper and its alloys etching for the creating an environmentally clean closed-cycle production of regenerated electrolytes. It is established that some difficulties arise when using the electrochemical method in the regeneration process of these solutions: during copper electrodeposition from spent copper-containing nitric acid solutions, nitric acid decomposes with vigorous evolution of nitrogen dioxide, which prevents copper ions reduction. In order to suppress the side process, it was proposed to partially neutralize the solution, not reaching the pH of copper hydration (pH 4-5). It is revealed that a decrease in the concentration of metal cations occurs due to partial neutralization of the nitric acid contained in the solution by concentrated alkali solution. The pulsed electrolysis mode was used to increase the efficiency of the metal ions electrodeposition process from dilute solutions. It is established that the using of pulsed electrolysis can reduce diffusion difficulties that arise in a dilute spent nitric acid copper-containing solution, thereby intensify the process of copper electrodeposition. It is showed that the prospects of using ultrasound to increase the rate of the copper electrodeposition process and improve the quality of the resulting coating. It is studied the ultrasound field effect on nucleation during copper electrodeposition in a pulsed mode from a partially neutralized electrolyte simulating the spent nitrate solution of etching copper alloys on various materials by the potentiostatic. It is established an increase in the number of copper nucleus that form on the studied substrates (graphite, copper, steel) at the initial time under the action of an ultrasonic field. It is concluded that the use of ultrasound allows to intensify the process of metal electrodeposition. An increase in current efficiency during copper electrodeposition and an increase in the copper extraction degree using ultrasonic field are achieved at lower cathodic current densities in a pulse. It is substantiated using of graphite foil and steel as cathode materials in the copper extraction from the spent nitric acid etching solution.

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13

Fomichev, V., A. Savchenko, G. Gubarevich, and N. Vurdova. "EFFECT OF PULSE ELECTROLYSIS ON THE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ELECTROLYTIC SEDIMENTS OF TIN-CADIUM ALLOY." IZVESTIA VOLGOGRAD STATE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, no. 2(237) (February 20, 2020): 66–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.35211/1990-5297-2020-2-237-66-70.

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14

CHIDA, Shin, Noboru KUBOTA, and Eiichi SATO. "Electrodeposition of amorphous palladium films by pulsed current electrolysis." Journal of the Metal Finishing Society of Japan 38, no. 2 (1987): 74–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4139/sfj1950.38.74.

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15

Takahashi, Akito, Toshiyuki Iida, Fujio Maekawa, Hisashi Sugimoto, and Shigeo Yoshida. "Windows of Cold Nuclear Fusion and Pulsed Electrolysis Experiments." Fusion Technology 19, no. 2 (March 1991): 380–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.13182/fst91-a29373.

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16

Jiang, Shan, Heng Hu, Shuang Wang, Liang Li, and Tao Peng. "Design of pulsed power supply for repetitive pulsed high magnetic field for water electrolysis." Review of Scientific Instruments 92, no. 11 (November 1, 2021): 114708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0059685.

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17

Nikolaidis, Pavlos. "Pulsed-Supplied Water Electrolysis via Two-Switch Converter for PV Capacity Firming." Electricity 3, no. 1 (March 8, 2022): 131–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electricity3010008.

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Hydrogen constitutes the only carbon-free fuel that can be used for energy conversion, producing water as the only by-product. With water being one of the most abundant and inexhaustible raw materials in the world, and the required electricity input being provided by renewable resources, the produced hydrogen via water electrolysis constitutes a green pathway towards sustainability. In this work, a hybrid PV power-to-hydrogen, storage and fuel cell system is proposed to satisfy the domestic load of a residential building. Identifying alkaline as a mandatory electrolysis technology, the performance of alkaline electrolysis cells is assessed considering the inclusion of a two-switch buck-boost converter. Following a comprehensive formulation with respect to each distinguished system component, the balance condition at DC and AC buses is determined. The proposed configuration is evaluated, taking into account PV systems of different ratings, namely 3 kW, 5 kW and 7 kW. Based on actual data relating to both PV generation and domestic load for the year 2020, the obtained results from the annual simulations are compared with feed-in tariff and net-metering schemes. According to the results, PV capacity firming is achieved, creating great opportunities for autonomy enhancement, not only for electricity, but also in other energy sectors.

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18

Hochfilzer, Degenhart, Aoni Xu, Jakob Ejler Sørensen, Julius Lucas Needham, Kevin Krempl, Karl Krøjer Toudahl, Georg Kastlunger, Ib Chorkendorff, Karen Chan, and Jakob Kibsgaard. "Pulsed Electrochemical CO Reduction on Mass-Selected Cu Nanoparticles." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 36 (July 7, 2022): 1604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01361604mtgabs.

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Up to date copper is the only electrocatalyst with relevant activity for the reduction of CO2 and CO to value added hydrocarbons and alcohols1. However, CO reduction studies over nanostructured copper catalysts, which are believed to have a high abundancy of active sites, were hindered by coppers instability in alkaline conditions. This instability makes Cu-based catalysts prone to dissolution during immersion into the electrolyte. Recently, we reported on an experimental methodology for immersing catalysts under potential control in reactors generally used for CO2 and CO reduction2. Compared to experiments without electrocatalyst immersion under potential control our method increases the CO reduction activity by four orders of magnitude, showing that small, mass-selected Cu nanoparticles are active catalysts for electrochemical CO reduction. This improvement in activity is attributed to the inhibition of Cu dissolution during immersion into the electrolyte as demonstrated by subsequent Cu stripping experiments. We now utilize the above described methodology to study the pulsed electrochemical CO reduction on 5.2 nm mass-selected Cu nanoparticles. Pulsed electrolysis has shown promise to improve CO(2) reduction activity and steer product selectivity by potential oscillations3–5. Nevertheless, detailed mechanistic understanding of the dynamic reactivity upon potential pulsing is still lacking. Using highly sensitive electrochemical mass-spectrometry we demonstrate a highly active transient activity over mass-selected Cu nanoparticles. By conducting pulsed electrolysis in different electrolytes we ascribe the high transient activity to an initial presence and local depletion of proton donors. Our results highlight the importance of proton donor nature and its local concentration to guide activity and selectivity. We believe that similar strategies can be of importance for the selective conversion of more complex biomass molecules and electrosynthesis. References (1) Nitopi, S.; Bertheussen, E.; Scott, S. B.; Liu, X.; Engstfeld, A. K.; Horch, S.; Seger, B.; Stephens, I. E. L.; Chan, K.; Hahn, C.; Nørskov, J. K.; Jaramillo, T. F.; Chorkendorff, I. Progress and Perspectives of Electrochemical CO2 Reduction on Copper in Aqueous Electrolyte. Chemical reviews 2019, 119 (12), 7610–7672. DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00705. Published Online: May. 22, 2019. (2) Hochfilzer, D.; Sørensen, J. E.; Clark, E. L.; Scott, S. B.; Chorkendorff, I.; Kibsgaard, J. The Importance of Potential Control for Accurate Studies of Electrochemical CO Reduction. ACS Energy Lett. 2021, 6 (5), 1879–1885. DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.1c00496. (3) Kimura, K. W.; Fritz, K. E.; Kim, J.; Suntivich, J.; Abruña, H. D.; Hanrath, T. Controlled Selectivity of CO2 Reduction on Copper by Pulsing the Electrochemical Potential. ChemSusChem 2018, 11 (11), 1781–1786. DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201800318. Published Online: May. 22, 2018. (4) Bui, J. C.; Kim, C.; Weber, A. Z.; Bell, A. T. Dynamic Boundary Layer Simulation of Pulsed CO 2 Electrolysis on a Copper Catalyst. ACS Energy Lett. 2021, 1181–1188. DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.1c00364. (5) Arán-Ais, R. M.; Scholten, F.; Kunze, S.; Rizo, R.; Roldan Cuenya, B. The role of in situ generated morphological motifs and Cu(i) species in C2+ product selectivity during CO2 pulsed electroreduction. Nat Energy 2020, 5 (4), 317–325. DOI: 10.1038/s41560-020-0594-9.

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19

Savelieva, E. A., and M. P. Dikun. "The Efficiency of Cleaning of Copper Solutions by Pulsed Electrolysis." Vestnik Tambovskogo gosudarstvennogo tehnicheskogo universiteta 23, no. 4 (2017): 672–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.17277/vestnik.2017.04.pp.672-679.

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20

Nomura, Kenji, Noriyoshi Shibata, and Masunobu Maeda. "Preparation of Zinc Oxide Thin Films by Pulsed Current Electrolysis." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 149, no. 7 (2002): F76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.1483868.

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21

Celani, Francesco, Daniele Di Gioacchino, and Paolo Tripodi. "Room temperature oxidation of sintered YBCO using μs pulsed electrolysis." Physica C: Superconductivity 341-348 (November 2000): 1135–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-4534(00)00823-6.

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22

Nomura, Kenji, Noriyoshi Shibata, and Masunobu Maeda. "Orientation control of zinc oxide films by pulsed current electrolysis." Journal of Crystal Growth 235, no. 1-4 (February 2002): 224–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-0248(01)01773-0.

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23

Wang, Hao, Ming-Rong Shen, Zhao-Yuan Ning, Chao Ye, and He-Sun Zhu. "Pulsed electrodeposition of diamond-like carbon films." Journal of Materials Research 12, no. 11 (November 1997): 3102–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1997.0404.

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Diamond-like carbon (DLC) films have been prepared by electrolysis of methanol solution using a pulse-modulated source. The deposition rate of the films is enhanced significantly compared to that of dc value. That the films do not contain bonded hydrogen is confirmed by infrared spectra. The structures of the films are characterized by Raman spectroscopy. These films show chemical inertness and hardness values in the range 12.5–19 GPa. Current-voltage characteristics of the films are measured, indicating that the resistivity is in the 107 Ω cm range and the breakdown field is larger than 1 MV cm−1.

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24

Tak, Mukesh, Vedanth Reddy S, Abhijeet Mishra, and Rakesh G. Mote. "Investigation of pulsed electrochemical micro-drilling on titanium alloy in the presence of complexing agent in electrolyte." Journal of Micromanufacturing 1, no. 2 (July 23, 2018): 142–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2516598418784682.

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Titanium and its alloys have excellent mechanical and chemical properties; however, these properties make the processing of titanium alloys more challenging compared with other engineering materials. Electrochemical micromachining (ECMM) is a non-conventional machining process, which removes material through anodic dissolution regardless of the material’s hardness. However, during the electrochemical machining of titanium, the formation of a passive oxide layer inhibits further material removal and deteriorates the machined surface quality. In addition, the accuracy of micromachining of titanium alloys is especially affected by the formation of electrolysis precipitates such as TiO2 and stray current dissolution. In this study, the effect of the addition of the complexing agent to different electrolytic solutions on the radial overcut during micro-drilling of titanium alloy grade 5 (Ti6Al4V) has been experimentally studied using the in-house developed ECMM set-up. The influence of parameters such as applied voltage and different electrolytic concentration with and without the complexing agent on overcut during ECMM on Ti6Al4V of micro-holes has been studied. It has been safely concluded that the quality of micro-holes fabricated in the presence of EDTA in the electrolyte while machining is responsible for better dimensional characteristics.

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25

Kim, Jae-Hoon, Chang-Yeol Oh, Ki-Ryong Kim, Jong-Pil Lee, and Tae-Jin Kim. "Parameter Identification of Electrical Equivalent Circuits including Mass Transfer Parameters for the Selection of the Operating Frequencies of Pulsed PEM Water Electrolysis." Energies 15, no. 24 (December 8, 2022): 9303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15249303.

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This paper proposes a parameter identification method for a PEM electrolyzer electrical equivalent circuit for pulse electrolysis. Since general water electrolysis mainly uses DC currents, identifying equivalent circuit parameters using electrical characteristics mostly ignores the operation frequency and unnecessarily adheres to the secondary RC model. However, looking at the Nyquist plot of the PEM electrolyzer, it can be confirmed that identifying the operational frequency is necessary, and the secondary RC model correction is essential. Therefore, the proposed method confirms the necessity of reconstructing an electrical equivalent circuit with a primary RC model by analyzing the transient cell voltage using step current inputs and calculating an appropriate operating frequency by identifying the parameters of the reconstructed equivalent circuit. To verify the proposed parameter identification method, a simulation was constructed from the raw test data of a 400 W commercial PEM electrolyzer. In addition, the hydrogen production amount was compared to DC using a pulse electrolysis experiment at the operating frequency obtained by the proposed method.

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26

Yin, Xiangli, Wenjuan Bian, and Junwen Shi. "4-chlorophenol degradation by pulsed high voltage discharge coupling internal electrolysis." Journal of Hazardous Materials 166, no. 2-3 (July 30, 2009): 1474–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.12.094.

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27

Shtapenko, E. Ph, Va Zabludovsky, and A. N. Gulivets. "Chemical Composition of Amorphous Co-P Films Obtained by Pulsed Electrolysis." Transactions of the IMF 79, no. 2 (January 2001): 79–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00202967.2001.11871368.

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28

Ganich, R. P., V. O. Zabludovsky, V. V. Artemchuk, Y. V. Zelenko, and R. V. Markul. "Phase composition of galvanic iron-nickel alloys obtained using pulsed current." Physics and Chemistry of Solid State 22, no. 1 (March 18, 2021): 141–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/pcss.22.1.141-145.

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The paper presents the results of studying the phase composition of iron-nickel alloys obtained by unsteady electrolysis. It was found that the use of a unipolar pulse current leads to a significant increase in the crystallization overvoltage at the crystallization front at the moment of the pulse action, which affects the component composition of the coatings. The phase composition of the alloys formed at the cathode differs from that shown in the iron-nickel equilibrium diagram.

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29

Molina, Victor M., Domingo González-Arjona, Emilio Roldán, and Manuel Dominguez. "Electrochemical Reduction of Tetrachloromethane. Electrolytic Conversion to Chloroform." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 67, no. 3 (2002): 279–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc20020279.

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The feasibility of electrolytic removal of tetrachloromethane from industrial effluents has been investigated. A new method based on the electrochemical reductive dechlorination of CCl4 yielding chloroform is described. The main goal was not only to remove CCl4 but also to utilize the process for obtaining chloroform, which can be industrially reused. GC-MS analysis of the electrolysed samples showed that chloroform is the only product. Voltammetric experiments were made in order to select experimental conditions of the electrolysis. Using energetic and economic criteria, ethanol-water (1 : 4) and LiCl were found to be the optimum solvent and supporting electrolyte tested. No great differences were found while working at different pH values. Chronoamperometric and voltammetric experiments with convolution analysis showed low kf0 and α values for the reaction. A new differential pulse voltammetric peak deconvolution method was developed for an easier and faster analysis of the electrolysis products. Electrolysis experiments were carried out using both a bulk reactor and a through-flow cell. Thus, three different kinds of galvanostatic electrolyses were carried out. Under all conditions, CCl4 conversions ranging from 60 to 75% and good current efficiencies were obtained.

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30

Yagi, Shunsuke, Hiroki Oshima, Kuniaki Murase, Eiichiro Matsubara, and Yasuhiro Awakura. "Electrochemical Iron-Chromium Alloying of Carbon Steel Surface Using Alternating Pulsed Electrolysis." MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS 49, no. 6 (2008): 1346–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.mra2008028.

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31

KUBOTA, Noboru, and Eiichi SATO. "Electrodeposition of platinum from diamminedinitroplatinum (II) Complex solution by pulsed current electrolysis." Journal of the Metal Finishing Society of Japan 39, no. 4 (1988): 185–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4139/sfj1950.39.185.

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32

Wan, Haewei H., and Huk Y. Cheh. "The Current Distribution on a Rotating Disk Electrode in Galvanostatic Pulsed Electrolysis." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 135, no. 3 (March 1, 1988): 643–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2095681.

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33

Wan, Haewei H., and Huk Y. Cheh. "The Current Distribution on a Rotating Disk Electrode in Potentiostatic Pulsed Electrolysis." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 135, no. 3 (March 1, 1988): 658–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2095695.

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34

Monk, P. M. S., R. D. Fairweather, M. D. Ingram, and J. A. Duffy. "Pulsed electrolysis enhancement of electrochromism in viologen systems: Influence of comproportionation reactions." Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 359, no. 1-2 (November 1993): 301–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0728(93)80418-h.

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35

Yagi, Shunsuke, Kuniaki Murase, Tetsuji Hirato, and Yasuhiro Awakura. "Alternating Pulsed Electrolysis for Iron-Chromium Alloy Coatings with Continuous Composition Gradient." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 154, no. 6 (2007): D304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2721780.

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36

Yagi, Shunsuke, Hiroki Oshima, Kuniaki Murase, Eiichiro Matsubara, and Yasuhiro Awakura. "Alternating Pulsed Electrolysis for Fe-Cr Surface Alloying of Conventional Carbon Steel." ECS Transactions 11, no. 18 (December 19, 2019): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2897440.

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37

Gu, Z. H., and T. Z. Fahidy. "Laser-Induced Spot Deposition of Copper on ITO Substrates via Pulsed-Potential Electrolysis." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 150, no. 1 (2003): C24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.1526598.

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Tavakoli, H., and M. Sobhani. "Morphological and Electrochemical Study of Sulfide/Nitride Nanostructure Deposited Through Pulsed Plasma Electrolysis." Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 26, no. 4 (March 17, 2017): 1657–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11665-017-2611-0.

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Zabludovskii, V. A., and E. A. Kalinovskii. "N.A. Kostin and V.S. Kublanovskii,Pulsed Electrolysis of Alloys, Kiee: Naukova Dumka, 1996." Russian Journal of Electrochemistry 36, no. 7 (July 2000): 806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02757687.

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Celani, F., M. Boutet, D. di Gioacchino, A. Spallone, P. Tripodi, S. Pace, M. Polichetti, and P. Marini. "First results about hydrogen loading by means of pulsed electrolysis of Y1Ba2Cu3O7 pellets." Physics Letters A 189, no. 5 (June 1994): 395–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-9601(94)90023-x.

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Kuntyi, Orest, Mariana Shepida, Oksana Dobrovetska, Stepan Nichkalo, Sergiy Korniy, and Yuriy Eliyashevskyy. "Pulse Electrodeposition of Palladium Nanoparticles onto Silicon in DMSO." Journal of Chemistry 2019 (October 30, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5859204.

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The deposition of palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) on the surface of n-Si (100) substrate by pulsed electrolysis in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solutions of Pd(NO3)2 was investigated. It has been shown that nonaqueous medium (DMSO) contributes the Pd (II) recovery at high cathode potential values avoiding side processes to occur. In combination with the pulse mode, this allows the deposition of spherical PdNPs with their uniform distribution on the silicon surface. We established that the main factors influencing the geometry of PdNPs are the value of the cathode potential, the concentration of palladium ions in solution, and the number of pulse-pause cycles. It is shown that with increasing Ecathode value there is a tendency to increase the density of silicon surface filling with nanoparticles. As the concentration of Pd(NO3)2 increases from 1 to 6 mM, the density of silicon surface filling with PdNPs and their average size also increase. We found that with increasing the number of pulse-pause cycles, there is a predominant growth of nanoparticles in diameter, which causes 2D filling of the substrate surface.

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Wang, Shuming, Han Tong, Dong Wang, and Xiaohai Li. "Thermodynamic Analysis and Experimental Study of Masked Corrosion Protection of 304 Stainless Steel Processed with Nanosecond Pulsed Laser." Metals 12, no. 5 (April 27, 2022): 749. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12050749.

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A three-dimensional finite element model of nanosecond pulsed laser processing is developed, given the variation of thermal physical parameters with temperature during the laser processing of metallic materials. The effect of process parameters on the temperature field is analyzed by simulating the temperature field of 304 stainless steel processed by nanosecond lasers. Temperature is the most sensitive to repetition frequency. The effects of power, spot diameter, scanning speed, and scan line spacing on temperature decrease successively. The quantitative analysis of the relationship between processing parameters and temperature provides a basis for the corrosion-resistant mask processing parameters on the surface of 304 stainless steel. The applicable laser processing parameters are given according to the results of the orthogonal simulation experiments; the masks and experimental studies on corrosion resistance are carried out. Experimental results show that the corrosion potential of the mask increased by a maximum of 326 mV and the corrosion current decreased by a maximum of 479 nA/cm2 in the passivation electrolyte. Localized electrolysis of the material surface is carried out using the mask provided by the corrosion-resistant surface, and thus the micro-patterns of more complex shapes are processed. This study offers a new path for the micro electrolytic processing mask process.

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Nippatlapalli, Narasamma, and Ligy Philip. "Assessment of novel rotating bipolar multiple disc electrode electrocoagulation–flotation and pulsed plasma corona discharge for the treatment of textile dyes." Water Science and Technology 81, no. 3 (February 1, 2020): 564–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2020.137.

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Abstract The current study evaluates the performance of the designed novel electrolytic reactor with rotating bipolar multiple disc electrode (RBDE) in the electrocoagulation–flotation (EC-F) process and a pulsed plasma reactor for the removal of toxic textile dyes. Two different classes of dyes, Methyl Orange (MO), an azo group of dye, and Reactive Blue 19 (RB19), a reactive group of dye, were selected. Efficient removal of both the dyes at a faster rate was obtained with the designed RBDE reactor compared to the EC-F process with static electrodes. RB19 and MO were completely decolourized (100%) within 2 min of electrolysis time with rotating and 6 min with static (non-rotating) electrodes, respectively. Similarly, the maximum chemical oxygen demand removal of 86.4% and 93.2% was obtained for RB19 and MO, respectively, with the rotating electrode EC-F process. On the other hand, complete decolourization was obtained in 10 min and 12 min of pulsed corona discharge for MO (50 mg/L) and RB19 (50 mg/L), respectively. The comparison studies of RBDE and pulsed power plasma reactor (PPT) showed that MO removal was faster than RB19 removal in both RBDE EC-F and PPT processes. Relatively long treatment time was needed for RB19 compared to MO due to its complexity of structure and high solubility. RB19 and MO were completely degraded through pulsed corona discharge without any sludge production. The results show that the designed RBDE reactor performed much better than existing conventional electrocoagulation reactors. The RBDE reactor can be used as a pre-treatment unit for industrial wastewater, which can improve the treatment efficiency and reduces the energy consumption. Plasma technology showed complete degradation of pollutant without sludge production. The formation of a wide variety of reactive oxygen species during corona discharge helps in degrading the pollutants. Plasma technology can be used as a secondary treatment system along with the RBDE as pre-treatment process for complex industrial wastewaters. This will improve the quality of treated effluent and reduce the overall cost of treatment.

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Kertesz, Vilmos, and Gary J. Van Berkel. "Control of analyte electrolysis in electrospray ionization mass spectrometry using repetitively pulsed high voltage." International Journal of Mass Spectrometry 303, no. 2-3 (June 2011): 206–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijms.2011.02.005.

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Boutet, M., D. Di Gioacchino, F. Celani, A. Spallone, P. Tripodi, M. Polichetti, P. Cocciolo, and N. Sparvieri. "Room temperature oxidation of YBCO thin-film by μs pulsed electrolysis in aqueous solution." IEEE Transactions on Appiled Superconductivity 5, no. 2 (June 1995): 1525–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/77.402862.

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Yagi, Shunsuke, Akira Kawakami, Kuniaki Murase, and Yasuhiro Awakura. "Ni–Mo alloying of nickel surface by alternating pulsed electrolysis using molybdenum(VI) baths." Electrochimica Acta 52, no. 19 (May 2007): 6041–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2007.03.063.

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Andrei, Victor Aurel, Cristiana Radulescu, Viorel Malinovschi, Alexandru Marin, Elisabeta Coaca, Maria Mihalache, Cristian Nicolae Mihailescu, Ioana Daniela Dulama, Sofia Teodorescu, and Ioan Alin Bucurica. "Aluminum Oxide Ceramic Coatings on 316l Austenitic Steel Obtained by Plasma Electrolysis Oxidation Using a Pulsed Unipolar Power Supply." Coatings 10, no. 4 (March 27, 2020): 318. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10040318.

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AISI 316 steel has good corrosion behavior and high-temperature stability, but often prolonged exposure to temperatures close to 700 °C in aggressive environments (e.g., in boilers and furnaces, in nuclear installations) can cause problems that lead to accelerated corrosion degradation of steel components. A known solution is to prepare alumina ceramic coatings on the surface of stainless steel. The aim of this study is to obtain aluminum oxide ceramic coatings on 316L austenitic steel, by Plasma Electrolysis Oxidation (PEO), using a pulsed unipolar power supply. The structures obtained by PEO under various experimental conditions were characterized by XPS, SEM, XRD, and EDS analyses. The feasibility was proved of employing PEO in NaAlO2 aqueous solution using a pulsed unipolar power supply for ceramic–like aluminum oxide films preparation, with thicknesses in the range of 20–50 μm, and a high content of Al2O3 on the surface of austenitic stainless steels.

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Preiss, Annemarie, Bo Su, Simon Collins, and Peter Ellison. "Fabrication of Functionally Graded ZTA Ceramics Using a Novel Combination of Freeze Casting and Electrophoretic Deposition." Advances in Science and Technology 63 (October 2010): 340–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.63.340.

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Functionally graded zirconia toughened alumina (ZTA) ceramics have been fabricated from aqueous suspension with an open porous and aligned lamellae structure on one side and a dense layer on the other side. A novel combination of two processes has been merged to achieve such graded structures, i.e. unidirectional freeze casting and electrophoretic deposition (EPD). A custom-designed apparatus has been built in which a controlled double side cooling has been realized in conjunction with the possibility to introduce an electric field over the ceramic slurry prior to the freezing process. A square wave pulsed DC voltage has been used in the EPD process in order to avoid electrolysis of water. Suitable duty cycle of applied pulse voltage could gain bubble-free deposition. The thickness of the dense layer is controlled by tuning voltage, duty of cycle, pulse width and deposition time. It was shown that thicknesses up to 500μm could be achieved. The microstructure of the porous part is controlled by adjusting the temperature during the freezing process. Using temperatures between -1 and -25°C the channel width changed from 220 to 40μm, respectively.

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Xu, Hong, Ning Li, Wei Zeng Chen, and Bao De Jing. "Microstructure and Electrochemical Properties of Foamed Ni-Mo Alloy by Pulse-Electrodeposition." Advanced Materials Research 305 (July 2011): 378–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.305.378.

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A variety of foamed Ni-Mo alloys coatings have been obtained using pulsed electrodeposition technique. The deposit is mainly composed of amorphous structural through the X-ray diffractions (XRD), the morphology clearly contains large amounts of multi-bubble pore structure with pentagonal or hexagonal skeleton structure and obviously stratifys through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) experimentals. This pentagonal or hexagonal skeleton structure and obvious stratification has a larger surface area. The electrolysis experiments show that such foamed alloys have a low hydrogen evolution overpotential and a better corrosion resistance in 25°C, 7mol·L-1 KOH alkaline solution.

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Böhm, Leonard, Johannes Näther, Martin Underberg, Norbert Kazamer, Lisa Holtkotte, Ulrich Rost, Gabriela Marginean, et al. "Pulsed electrodeposition of iridium catalyst nanoparticles on titanium suboxide supports for application in PEM electrolysis." Materials Today: Proceedings 45 (2021): 4254–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.12.507.

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