Relevant bibliographies by topics / Pulse Step Modulation (PSM)

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Book chapters
  4. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Pulse Step Modulation (PSM)'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Pulse Step Modulation (PSM)"

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Hou, Yanbin, Wanrong Sun, Aifeng Ren, and Shuming Liu. "Design of High-Voltage Switch-Mode Power Amplifier Based on Digital-Controlled Hybrid Multilevel Converter." Active and Passive Electronic Components 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3982594.

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Compared with conventional Class-A, Class-B, and Class-AB amplifiers, Class-D amplifier, also known as switching amplifier, employs pulse width modulation (PWM) technology and solid-state switching devices, capable of achieving much higher efficiency. However, PWM-based switching amplifier is usually designed for low-voltage application, offering a maximum output voltage of several hundred Volts. Therefore, a step-up transformer is indispensably adopted in PWM-based Class-D amplifier to produce high-voltage output. In this paper, a switching amplifier without step-up transformer is developed based on digital pulse step modulation (PSM) and hybrid multilevel converter. Under the control of input signal, cascaded power converters with separate DC sources operate in PSM switch mode to directly generate high-voltage and high-power output. The relevant topological structure, operating principle, and design scheme are introduced. Finally, a prototype system is built, which can provide power up to 1400 Watts and peak voltage up to ±1700 Volts. And the performance, including efficiency, linearity, and distortion, is evaluated by experimental tests.
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Zhang, Jian, Rui Guan, Fei Guo, Yu Zhou, Haozhang Sun, Junjiang Wang, and Yiyun Huang. "Study on the soft-start process of PSM high voltage power supply for ECRH." EPJ Web of Conferences 203 (2019): 04019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201920304019.

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The soft-start process of high voltage power supply (HVPS) based on pulse step modulation (PSM) for ECRH on EAST is introduced, which is the first procedure of system operation. The response process is detailed by proposing DC equivalent circuit model, process analysis and performance comparison is given under the conditions of different soft-start resistor parameters, and the theoretical analysis is proved by the simulation package ANSYS Simplorer simulations. The soft-start resistor is designed for the HVPS of 140GHz ECRH system for a smooth charging without overshoot of the capacitor[6], and the final experimental results show that it is in agreement with the theoretical analysis and is stable and reliable to the power devices.
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Li, Zhaohan, Yongcheng Ji, Shu Yang, and Yuchun Chang. "A Dual-Mode High-Voltage High-Efficiency Peak-Current-Mode Asynchronous Buck Converter." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 25, no. 11 (August 14, 2016): 1650136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021812661650136x.

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This paper proposes a high-voltage high-efficiency peak-current-mode asynchronous DC–DC step-down converter operating with dual operation modes. The asynchronous buck converter achieves higher efficiency in light load condition compared to synchronous buck converters. Furthermore, the proposed buck converter switches operation mode automatically from pulse-width modulation (PWM) mode to pulse-skipping mode (PSM). By reducing power MOS on-state resistance and optimizing rise/fall time of switches, the proposed buck converter also obtains high efficiency under heavy load condition. The maximum efficiency of the proposed buck converter is 92.9%, implemented with 0.35[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m BCDMOS 2P3M process, and the total size is 1.1[Formula: see text] 1.2[Formula: see text]mm2. The input range and output range of the converter are 6–30 V, and ([Formula: see text]–3) V, respectively, with the maximum output current of 3 A. Moreover, its built-in current loop leads to good transient response characteristics. Therefore, it can be used widely in communication system and 12 V/24 V distributed power system.
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Malavena, Gerardo, Alessandro Sottocornola Spinelli, and Christian Monzio Compagnoni. "A Noise-Resilient Neuromorphic Digit Classifier Based on NOR Flash Memories with Pulse–Width Modulation Scheme." Electronics 10, no. 22 (November 13, 2021): 2784. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10222784.

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In this work, we investigate the implementation of a neuromorphic digit classifier based on NOR Flash memory arrays as artificial synaptic arrays and exploiting a pulse-width modulation (PWM) scheme. Its performance is compared in presence of various noise sources against what achieved when a classical pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM) scheme is employed. First, by modeling the cell threshold voltage (VT) placement affected by program noise during a program-and-verify scheme based on incremental step pulse programming (ISPP), we show that the classifier truthfulness degradation due to the limited program accuracy achieved in the PWM case is considerably lower than that obtained with the PAM approach. Then, a similar analysis is carried out to investigate the classifier behavior after program in presence of cell VT instabilities due to random telegraph noise (RTN) and to temperature variations, leading again to results in favor of the PWM approach. In light of these results, the present work suggests a viable solution to overcome some of the more serious reliability issues of NOR Flash-based artificial neural networks, paving the way to the implementation of highly-reliable, noise-resilient neuromorphic systems.
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Ren, Jiaqi. "A Nonisolated Multiport Converter Based on LLC and Bidirectional Buck/Boost for Low Power EH-Battery Systems." CPSS Transactions on Power Electronics and Applications 7, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 196–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.24295/cpsstpea.2022.00018.

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Concerning about integration and high efficiency of topology, nonisolated multiport converters are widely researched in low power Energy-Harvesting-battery (EH-battery) systems. However, the pulse width modulation (PWM) based nonisolated multiport converters usually have the shortages of larger number of switches, ports’ voltage restrictions, hard switching, time-sharing transmission of energy and poor compatibility of MPPT algorithms. Therefore, in this article, a transformer-less multiport converter based on LLC and bidirectional buck/boost converter is proposed, which has the ability to step up and down voltage and well compatibility of MPPT. Meanwhile, soft switching technology is applied so that the converter can work in higher frequency and has smaller size. In addition, the energy can be transmitted simultaneously with the control of PWM and pulse frequency modulation (PFM). Finally, the experimental results of the proposed topology and its comparison with several topologies are given to prove the characteristics of the proposed converter
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Yin, Jingbo, Xing Liu, Xunde Guo, and Lianwang Gudsla. "Software Optimization of Welding Machine Motion System Based on Switch Control Algorithm." Mobile Information Systems 2022 (June 22, 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1271190.

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In order to improve the software optimization of welding machine motion system based on switch control algorithm. Based on soft switch arc welding power source current peak control the stability of the BUCK converter, the method by solving peak current control circuit transfer function, and to analyze the formation mechanism of soft switch arc welding power source external characteristic, the frequency of pulse current in the simulation model is set to 200 Hz, the base value of pulse current is 40 A, the peak value of pulse current is 500 A, and the duty cycle is 40%. The welding wire melting speed during the peak value of pulse current is 480 mm/s, while the base value of pulse current is 20 mm/s. The results show that in the 2 s moment of the simulation model, the welding torch suddenly drops from 40 mm height to 30 mm height. Inevitably, the arc length changes from about 16 mm before the step to about 6 mm, which is basically equal to the step change distance. Using pulse frequency modulation (PFM) and adaptive adjustment of pulse current related parameters, effectively eliminate the interference factors in the welding process, quickly adjust arc welding parameters to make the welding wire melting speed equal to the wire feeding speed, maintain the stability of the welding process, and improve the weld forming effect. It is of great significance to the software optimization of the motion system of the pulse welding machine.
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Kanakis, Iliadis, Soenen, Moeneclaey, Argyris, Kalavrouziotis, Spiga, Bakopoulos, and Avramopoulos. "High-Speed VCSEL-Based Transceiver for 200 GbE Short-Reach Intra-Datacenter Optical Interconnects." Applied Sciences 9, no. 12 (June 18, 2019): 2488. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9122488.

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The soaring demand for higher speeds in datacenters to address the relentless growth of the global IP traffic places optical interconnects in the spotlight. In this manuscript, we present a high-speed optical transceiver for intra-datacenter connectivity. The transceiver is based on single-mode, single-polarization high-speed vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs), a VCSEL driver chip, and a linear receiver. Following a step-by-step approach, we present the architectures, assembly processes, and experimental results from the different modules. More specifically, we demonstrate (1) a data transmission experiment at 80 Gb/s using PAM-4 (four-level Pulse Amplitude Modulation) modulation for a reach of up to 500 m by employing a single-mode VCSEL module, and (2) a full-link experiment proving up to 64 Gb/s per lane capacity using PAM-4 signaling of the VCSEL-based optical transceiver test vehicles in back-to-back configuration and up to 56 Gb/s for 500 m and 2 km transmission distances. The acquired experimental results verify the suitability of the optical transceiver for intra-datacenter interconnects’ applications.
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Bahri, Hamza, and Adelghani Harrag. "Matlab/Stateflow P&O and ICMPPT Implementation for PEM Fuel Cell Power System." Progress in Solar Energy and Engineering Systems 5, no. 1 (December 31, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/psees.050101.

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This paper outlines an innovative way in the assessment of proton exchange membrane fuel cell maximum power point tracking using Matlab/Stateflow implementation of variable step size version of perturb and observe and incremental conductance maximum power point tracking algorithms. In this study, the perturb and observe as well as the incremental conductance maximum power point tracking controllers have been completely implemented as Matlab/Stateflow models having as inputs: cell voltage, cell current and the variable step size; the model's output is the pulse width modulation ratio to drive the DC-DC boost converter for supplying the maximum power available from the 7kW proton exchange membrane fuel cell to a 50W resistive load. Simulation obtained results under different test scenarios prove the effectiveness of the proposed Matlab/Stateflow maximum power point tracking models that can provide accurate results and giving a strong tool to test and validate maximum power point tracking controllers.
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Kim, Younghee, Hongzhou Jin, Dohoon Kim, Panbong Ha, Min-Kyu Park, Joon Hwang, Jongho Lee, et al. "Design of Synaptic Driving Circuit for TFT eFlash-Based Processing-In-Memory Hardware Using Hybrid Bonding." Electronics 12, no. 3 (January 29, 2023): 678. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12030678.

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This paper presents a synaptic driving circuit design for processing in-memory (PIM) hardware with a thin-film transistor (TFT) embedded flash (eFlash) for a binary/ternary-weight neural network (NN). An eFlash-based synaptic cell capable of programming negative weight values to store binary/ternary weight values (i.e., ±1, 0) and synaptic driving circuits for erase, program, and read operations of synaptic arrays have been proposed. The proposed synaptic driving circuits improve the calculation accuracy of PIM operation by precisely programming the sensing current of the eFlash synaptic cell to the target current (50 nA ± 0.5 nA) using a pulse train. In addition, during PIM operation, the pulse-width modulation (PWM) conversion circuit converts 8-bit input data into one continuous PWM pulse to minimize non-linearity in the synaptic sensing current integration step of the neuron circuit. The prototype chip, including the proposed synaptic driving circuit, PWM conversion circuit, neuron circuit, and digital blocks, is designed and laid out as the accelerator for binary/ternary weighted NN with a size of 324 × 80 × 10 using a 0.35 μm CMOS process. Hybrid bonding technology using bump bonding and wire bonding is used to package the designed CMOS accelerator die and TFT eFlash-based synapse array dies into a single chip package.
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Gaeid, Khalaf S., Mshari Aead Asker, Nada N. Tawfeeq, and Salam Razooky Mahdi. "Computer Simulation of PMSM Motor with Five Phase Inverter Control using Signal Processing Techniques." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 8, no. 5 (October 1, 2018): 3697. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v8i5.pp3697-3710.

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The signal processing techniques and computer simulation play an important role in the fault diagnosis and tolerance of all types of machines in the first step of design. Permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) and five phase inverter with sine wave pulse width modulation (SPWM) strategy is developed. The PMSM speed is controlled by vector control. In this work, a fault tolerant control (FTC) system in the PMSM using wavelet switching is introduced. The feature extraction property of wavelet analysis used the error as obtained by the wavelet de-noised signal as input to the mechanism unit to decide the healthy system. The diagnosis algorithm, which depends on both wavelet and vector control to generate PWM as current based manage any parameter variation. An open-end phase PMSM has a larger range of speed regulation than normal PMSM. Simulation results confirm the validity and effectiveness of the switching strategy.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Pulse Step Modulation (PSM)"

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Orndorff, Aaron. "Transceiver Design for Ultra-Wideband Communications." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33179.

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Despite the fact ultra-wideband (UWB) technology has been around for over 30 years, there is a newfound excitement about its potential for communications. With the advantageous qualities of multipath immunity and low power spectral density, researchers are examining fundamental questions about UWB communication systems. In this work, we examine UWB communication systems paying particular attention to transmitter and receiver design.

This thesis is specifically focused on a software radio transceiver design for impulse-based UWB with the ability to transmit a raw data rate of 100 Mbps yet encompasses the adaptability of a reconfigurable digital receiver. A 500 ps wide Gaussian pulse is generated at the transmitter utilizing the fast-switching characteristics of a step recovery diode. Pulse modulation is accomplished via several stages of RF switches, filters, and amplifiers on a fully designed printed circuit board specifically manufactured for this project. Critical hardware components at the receiver consist of a bank of ADCs performing parallel sampling and an FPGA employed for data processing. Using a software radio design, various modulation schemes and digital receiver topologies are accommodated along with a vast number of algorithms for acquisition, synchronization, and data demodulation methods. Verification for the design is accomplished through transmitter hardware testing and receiver design simulation. The latter includes bit error rate testing for a variety of modulation schemes and wireless channels using a pilot-based matched filter estimation technique. Ultimately, the transceiver design demonstrates the advantages and challenges of UWB technology while boasting high data rate communication capability and providing the flexibility of a research testbed.
Master of Science

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Mikuška, Martin. "Střídač pro trojfázový motor." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-220710.

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This master’s thesis goes into design of particular circuits for three phase inverter. Inverter’s control is ensured by digital signal controller MC56F8013 with his program. Principle of control is suggested for individual motors. Inverter design considerate universal use and capability for any three phase motor. Particular blocks are compatible each other.
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Lin, Ming-Wei, and 林明緯. "Design and Implementation of Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation Based PMSM Drive with six-step square wave starting." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/61408237502200561421.

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碩士
國立勤益科技大學
電機工程系
102
A sinusoidal pulse width modulation based permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive with six-step square wave starting is presented in this thesis. The six-step square wave skill is used to start PMSM by utilizing Hall magnet pole position sensors to detect rotor magnet position. When motor speed is attaining steadily state, the rotor magnet position can be acquired by software. Then, the sinusoidal pulse width modulation technique is applied to improve the performance of PMSM drive. In the proposed system, the proportion integral type speed controller is designed applying loot-locus skill. The control algorithms are realized by a 16 bit micro-controller dspic- 30f4011 of Micro-Chip Company and, to generate trigger signals to the power stage, drive PMSM to experimentally validate the proposed approach. The proposed PMSM drive is suitable for low-power variable speed household appliances, such as fan, ventilator, pump, etc.
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Joshi, T. G. Subhash. "Power Electronic Technologies for Medium and High Power High Voltage Power Supplies." Thesis, 2017. http://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/4322.

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The performance of systems used in various high voltage applications depend majorly on the output voltage ripple of High Voltage Power Supplies (HVPS). One of the failure mode of microwave tube (MWT) commonly used in these applications is due to the energy accumulation above the specified limit during fault events due to higher stored energy in HVPS. This demands either a protection for MWT or reduced ripple voltage without increasing the stored energy. This thesis investigates a protection device for MWT that operate with MW power level HVPS, and design method to reduce the output voltage ripple for medium power HVPS. A crowbar is an energy diverting device connected in parallel with the MWT. It protects the tube during fault by providing an alternative path for the ow of energy. Conventional crowbars are built using either mercury or nitrogen gas-based switches. Due to the environmental concern and higher operational cost, the state-of-the-art is to replace these devices with semiconductor devices, referred to as solid state crowbar (SSC). This research, models and designs the subcomponents of an SSC, including: (i) Modelling of fault current, and a fuse wire that is used to emulate a MWT during internal arc (ii) Design of di=dt limiting inductor (iii) Design of static and dynamic voltage balancing network for the thyristor (iv) Mechanical assembly design that ensures meeting the required crowbar electrical characteristics (v) Selection of cost-effective semiconductor device for crowbar application (vi) Thermal modelling of crowbar for pulse power applications (vii) Selection of cable for the pulse power application. In a switched converter topology, the causes of output voltage ripple are: the switch action, input dc ripple, and variations in the load. In this thesis the influence of input voltage ripple on the output dc voltage, called Audio Susceptibility (AS), is discussed. AS of load resonant converters has not been widely studied in literature. This research uses exact discretization method to obtain: (i) The analytical large signal and cyclic steady state model of the Series Resonant Converter (SRC) considering the resonant tank and output filter states (ii) The analytical small signal AS model of the SRC, and resonant gain condition for input ripple (iii) The design of an SRC for superior AS performance (iv) A comparison of SRC design for (a) superior AS performance and (b) maximum power transfer capability (v) A selection of SRC components including the high voltage high frequency magnetics and selection of the MosFET. All the modelling and design method considered in this work has been verified by experimental studies on two 10MW, 10kV peak power SSC and a 10kW, 10kV SRC that has been fabricated as a part of the research.
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Hong, Shu-Hui, and 洪淑慧. "Pulse-Frequency-Modulation DC/DC Step-up Converter with Short Circuit Protection." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/50008663346197504545.

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碩士
逢甲大學
電子工程所
92
Abstract For extending usage of battery, it is imperative to reduce the supply voltage and the power consumption. Most of the Pulse-Frequency- Modulation (PFM) step-up converter has no short circuit protection mechanism. In this paper, a PFM DC/DC step-up converter is designed to include the short circuit protection function. The PFM DC/DC step-up converter can be started at as low as 0.9 volt and its operating voltage is 1.9 volt. In the PFM DC/DC converter, I will focus on the design of the comparator, the control of the oscillator, the precise reference current source, and the accurate reference voltage. Furthermore, it includes a soft-start mechanism to avoid higher current. This converter is manufactured by tsmc 0.35 CMOS process and the operating temperature range is from -20∘to 90∘.
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Simeonov, Gregor. "Resonant Boost Converter for Distributed Maximum Power Point Tracking in Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/33704.

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This thesis introduces a new photovoltaic (PV) system architecture employing low voltage parallel-connected PV panels interfaced to a high voltage regulated DC bus of a three-phase grid-tied inverter. The concept provides several improvements over existing technologies in terms of cost, safety, reliability, and modularity. A novel resonant mode DC-DC boost converter topology is proposed to enable the PV modules to deliver power to the fixed DC bus. The topology offers high step-up capabilities and a nearly constant efficiency over a wide operating range. A reduced sensor maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller is developed for the converter to maximize energy harvesting of the PV panels. The reduced sensor algorithm can be generally applied to the class of converters employing pulse frequency modulation control. A ZigBee wireless communication system is implemented to provide advanced control, monitoring and protection features. A testbench for a low cost 500 $W$ smart microconverter is designed and implemented, demonstrating the viability of the system architecture.
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Book chapters on the topic "Pulse Step Modulation (PSM)"

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He, Yanzhao, Zhenyan Wang, Quanwu Wang, Qingrui Bu, and Jufeng Dai. "A Dual Model Control of Sensorless High Frequency Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Based on the Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation and Six-Step Mode." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 411–18. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3387-5_47.

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Conference papers on the topic "Pulse Step Modulation (PSM)"

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Huova, Mikko, Matti Linjama, Lauri Siivonen, Till Deubel, Heino Försterling, and Edgar Stamm. "Novel Fine Positioning Method for Hydraulic Drives Utilizing On/Off-Valves." In BATH/ASME 2018 Symposium on Fluid Power and Motion Control. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fpmc2018-8891.

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This paper studies a novel on/off-valve-based fine positioning method for hydraulic drives. The method proposed utilizes four on/off-valves in independent metering configuration to reach good positioning accuracy and low power losses. Previously, servo valves have been used in precise position control of hydraulic double acting cylinders. Another approach uses on/off-valves, which are typically driven by using pulse width modulation (PWM) or, if there are parallel connected valves, pulse code modulation (PCM). Typically, both cylinder sides are modulated simultaneously. The new concept proposed uses a cylinder model to calculate a correct opening sequence for the on/off-valves, such that the target piston position is reached. The method proposed modulates single cylinder side at a time in order to achieve small piston position step sizes. Despite relying on the modelled compressibility of the fluid, the method presented requires no knowledge about the bulk modulus of the fluid. It is enough that the bulk modulus of the fluid in both cylinder chambers can be assumed equal. The paper includes the design of the control method, a simulation study proving the validity of the method, and an experimental part investigating the performance in practice. The experimental results show a positioning accuracy of +/− 1 μm with an on/off-valve-based hydraulic drive, the maximum velocity of which is 0.7 m/s.
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Xu, Peichao, Huiqing Wen, and Xinran Liang. "Four-Switches Three-Port Converter with Seamless Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)/Phase Shift Modulation (PSM)." In 2022 IEEE IAS Global Conference on Emerging Technologies (GlobConET). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/globconet53749.2022.9872490.

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Zhou Bo, Zeng Guang, Tian Yangyang, and Su zhonglai. "Research on cascade STATCOM based on pulse step modulation." In 2012 7th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference (IPEMC 2012). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ipemc.2012.6259309.

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Scott, Dane, Ted Lundquist, and Tahir Malik. "Pulsed Spot Milling and Deposition to Enable Next Generation Circuit Edit Via Development." In ISTFA 2010. ASM International, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2010p0426.

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Abstract Pulsed spot milling (PSM) and deposition (PSD) extends gallium ion beam technology for circuit edit. Similar to continuous spot mill, a single-point ion beam defines the basic milling profile, however, PSM utilizes a high-speed beam blanker to “pulse” the ion beam. This beam modulation replaces beam rastering by introducing a delay time which is fundamentally equivalent to refresh time during a typical scan pattern to enable and manage chemistry adsorption. Vias with a base diameter <50nm have been enabled by PSM in combination with advanced ion column designs, beam control parameters and endpointing techniques.
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Zhu, Bangyou, Shaoxiang Ma, Shengyuan Guan, Ming Zhang, Kexun Yu, Yuan Pan, and Fang Zhao. "Review of Research on High-voltage Power Supplies Based on Pulse Step Modulation." In 2021 IEEE 4th International Electrical and Energy Conference (CIEEC). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cieec50170.2021.9510428.

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Abbasi, Milad, and Mohammad Mardaneh. "Enhance-Boost Switched-Capacitor/Inductor QZSI with High Step-up Pulse Width Modulation." In 2019 10th International Power Electronics, Drive Systems and Technologies Conference (PEDSTC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pedstc.2019.8697646.

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Zhong, Lianchao, Mingfu Zhao, Chun Dong, Yan Chen, and Jianghua Liu. "Research of variable frequency power based on new permanent magnetism step pulse-width modulation." In Sixth International Symposium on Instrumentation and Control Technology: Sensors, Automatic Measurement, Control, and Computer Simulation, edited by Jiancheng Fang and Zhongyu Wang. SPIE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.718187.

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Lei, Lu. "Research on Switching Power Supply Module for High Voltage Pulse Step Modulation Series Power Supply." In RCAE 2019: 2019 The 2nd International Conference on Robotics, Control and Automation Engineering. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3372047.3372050.

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Geng, L., J. L. Wei, R. V. Penty, I. H. White, and D. G. Cunningham. "3 Gbit/s LED-Based Step Index Plastic Optical Fiber Link Using Multilevel Pulse Amplitude Modulation." In Optical Fiber Communication Conference. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ofc.2013.oth4a.1.

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Xu, Weidong, and Weimin Xuan. "The high voltage power supply based on pulse step modulation for auxiliary heating system on fusion device." In 2014 IEEE 41st International Conference on Plasma Sciences (ICOPS) held with 2014 IEEE International Conference on High-Power Particle Beams (BEAMS). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/plasma.2014.7012304.

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