Academic literature on the topic 'Pulse Power Crowbar Switch'

A modular electromagnetic railgun accelerator facility named “RAFTAR” (i.e., Railgun Accelerator Facility for Technology and Research) has been commissioned and its performance has been characterized for high velocity impact testing on materials in a single-shot mode. In the first tests, RAFTAR demonstrated an acceleration of more than 1000 m/s for an 8 g solid aluminum-7075 armature projectile. The current fed was 220 kA, having a muzzle time of about 1.75 ms. It is a single pulse breech-fed rectangular bore (14 × 13 mm2) railgun, and its 1.15 m long barrel assembly consists of two parallel copper bars with an inter-gap of 13 mm that are encased within 50 mm thick high strength reinforced fiberglass sheets (Garolite G10-FR4) and bolted from both the sides. RAFTAR is powered by two capacitor bank modules that have a maximum stored energy of 160 kJ each (containing eight 178 μF/15 kV capacitors), two high power ignitron switches, and a pulse shaping inductor. To obtain consistent acceleration of the armature inside the barrel, reversal of driving current is prevented, and its pulse duration is stretched by tactical integration of the crowbar switch and bitter coil inductor in the circuit. Armature projectile velocity measurement in-bore and outside in free space was performed by the time-of-flight technique using indigenously made miniature B-dot sensors and a novel shorting-foil arrangement, respectively. The time resolved measurement of the in-bore armature evidenced a velocity-skin-effect in the high acceleration phase. There is good agreement between the experimentally measured and theoretically predicted efficiency, confirming the optimal choice of operating parameters. The conclusion summarizes important experimental findings and analyzes the underlying causes that limit the performance of railguns.

Abstract Plasma sources based on high-current discharges (up to 20 kA) in vapors of an aluminum electrode material with initiation over the ceramic surface are investigated. Plasma flows with a divergence angle ≤ 20° and a pulse pressure of ~ 106 Pa were obtained. A design of a crowbar spark gap based on a plasma switch with developed plasma sources built into a magnetically insulated transmission line has been proposed and tested. A crowbar mode is implemented in the transmission line with a current of a mega-ampere level with a cut-off of the load circuit from the megajoule generator GIT-12 for the period of discharge of the Marx generator.

In a system where wind farms are connected to the grid via a bipolar flexible DC transmission, the occurrence of a short-time fault at one of the poles results in the active power emitted by the wind farm being transmitted through the non-faulty pole. This condition leads to an overcurrent in the DC system, thereby causing the wind turbine to disconnect from the grid. Addressing this issue, this paper presents a novel coordinated fault ride-through strategy for flexible DC transmission systems and wind farms, which eliminates the need for additional communication equipment. The proposed strategy leverages the power characteristics of the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) under different terminal voltage conditions. By considering the safety constraints of both the wind turbine and the DC system, as well as optimizing the active power output during wind farm faults, the strategy establishes guidelines for the wind farm bus voltage and the crowbar switch signal. Moreover, it harnesses the power regulation capability of the DFIG rotor-side crowbar circuit to enable fault ride-through in the presence of single-pole short-time faults in the DC system. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed coordinated control strategy effectively mitigates overcurrent in the non-faulty pole of flexible DC transmission during fault conditions.

Abstract In this work we present a mobile 43 kJ pulsed magnetic field facility for single pulse calibration of magnetic field sensors. The magnetic field generator is capable of generating magnetic fields up to 40 T with pulse durations in the range of 0.3-2 ms. The high power crowbar circuit is used for the reverse voltage protection and pulse shaping purposes. The structure, the development challenges and the implemented solutions to improve the facility for the calibration of the magnetic field sensors are overviewed. The experimental data of the application of the proposed generator for the calibration of manganite magnetic field sensors are presented.

A novel pulse power supply charge and discharge automation control program is proposed. The program is based on optical encoder communication mode power supply switch trigger technology. According to the requirements of control system and through the analysis of high power charge and discharge characteristics of pulse power, the whole design for the control system (multiple channels) is completed.

Abstract A solid-state pulse source is mainly formed by replacing the spark switch in a traditional pulse source with semiconductor switch device. Compared with conventional gas switch devices such as spark switches, semiconductor switch devices have the advantages of high work repetition frequency, long service life, small size, high efficiency, high reliability, easy control, and active shutdown. However, there are still problems, such as the solid-state switch being easily broken down by high voltage, the rising and falling edges of the pulse being slow, and the loss is enormous. In this paper, a solid-state pulse generator based on Marx with a chopping switch circuit is developed, which effectively solves the above problems. The pulse generator comprises DC power, a switching power circuit, a Marx circuit with a chopping switch, a serial port touch screen, and an optical fiber transmission circuit.

The work in this dissertation presents the first attempt in the literature to propose the concept of â soft switchâ . The goal of â soft switchâ is to develop a standard PWM switch cell with built-in adaptive soft switching capabilities. Just like a regular switch, only one PWM signal is needed to drive the soft switch under soft switching condition. The core technique in soft switch development is a built-in adaptive soft switching circuit with minimized circulation energy. The necessity of minimizing circulation energy is first analyzed. The design and implementation of a universal controller for implementation of variable timing control to minimize circulation energy is presented. The controller has been tested successfully with three different soft switching inverters for electric vehicles application in the Partnership for a New Generation Vehicles (PNGV) project. To simplify the control, several methods to achieve soft switching with fixed timing control are proposed by analyzing a family of zero-voltage switching converters. The driver based soft switch concept was originated from development of a base driver circuit for current driven bipolar junction transistor (BJT). A new insulated-gate-bipolar-transistor (IGBT) and power metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect-transistor (MOSFET) gated transistor (IMGT) base drive structure was initially proposed for a high power SiC BJT. The proposed base drive method drives SiC BJTs in a way similar to a Darlington transistor. With some modification, a new base driver structure can adaptively achieve zero voltage turn-on for BJT at all load current range with one single gate. The proposed gate driver based soft switching method is verified by experimental test with both Si and SiC BJT. The idea is then broadened for â soft switchâ implementation. The whole soft switched BJT (SSBJT) structure behaves like a voltage-driven soft switch. The new structure has potentially inherent soft transition property with reduced stress and switching loss. The basic concept of the current driven soft switch is then extended to a voltage-driven device such as IGBT and MOSFET. The key feature and requirement of the soft switch is outlined. A new coupled inductor based soft switching cell is proposed. The proposed zero-voltage-transition (ZVT) cell serves as a good candidate for the development of soft switch. The â Equivalent Inductorâ and state plane based analysis method are used to simply the analysis of coupled inductor based zero-voltage switching scheme. With the proposed analysis method, the operational property of the ZVT cell can be identified without solving complicated differential equations. Detailed analysis and design is proposed for a 3kW boost converter example. With the proposed soft switch design, the boost converter can achieve up to 98.9% efficiency over a wide operation range with a single gate drive. A high power inverter with coupled inductor scheme is also designed with simple control compared to the earlier implementation. A family of soft-switching converters using the proposed â soft switchâ cell can be developed by replacing the conventional PWM switch with the proposed soft switch.<br>Ph. D.

This master´s thesis describes switch mode power supply and discusses the design of its individual parts. It also contains a simulation of the power part of the converter and a reseach in the area of DC/DC converters.

Depuis plus d'une trentaine d'années, la menace d'impulsion électromagnétique provoquée par une explosion à haute altitude (IEMN-HA) d'une arme nucléaire est un sujet d'actualité avec les préoccupations croissantes de sécurité. L'IEMN-HA se couple de manière privilégiée sur les lignes aériennes de distribution en électricité permettant d'alimenter les habitations et les usines. Une fois couplée à ces lignes, la contrainte générée peut alors se propager de façon conduite jusqu'aux premiers systèmes qu'elle rencontrera, et les perturber voire les détruire. Dans la majorité des cas, ces systèmes sont les alimentations des appareils domestiques ou industriels. Dans ce cadre, les effets de destruction d'alimentations électroniques lors de l'injection d'un courant impulsionnel de forte amplitude sont étudiés grâce à un moyen d'injection appelé PIC pour Plateforme d'Injection en Courant. Une alimentation à découpage de type flyback, représentative d'une majorité des alimentations actuelles, a été conçue pour la thèse afin de maîtriser entièrement sa topologie et ses constituants. Les composants les plus susceptibles dans une alimentation à découpage ont été mis en évidence, et il a été montré qu'ils sont détruits à cause d'une amplitude trop importante de courant pendant une durée excessive par rapport aux maximums de leurs capacités. Des analyses aux rayons~X et au microscope optique ont été réalisées sur les composants pour aider à la compréhension. Celles-ci ont permis de fournir des premières hypothèses sur la cause de leur destruction, qui ont ensuite été confirmées par des mesures de courants et de tensions autour de chaque composant lors de l'injection de l'impulsion en entrée de l'alimentation. Enfin, le moyen d'injection ainsi que l'alimentation conçue ont été modélisés sous un logiciel de simulation électronique de type Spice. Cette thèse est la première étape d'un travail dont l'objectif final est de modéliser la susceptibilité des alimentations à découpage afin de prédire leur niveau de destruction<br>For thirty years, the threat of electromagnetic pulses caused by a high-altitude nuclear explosion (NEMP / HEMP) is still an actual concern in the field of security and safety. NEMP couples efficiently on aerial lines of the electricity network allowing to supply houses and factories. Once coupled to these lines, the generated interference can then be propagated to the first encountered systems and disturb or destroy them. In most cases, these systems are household or industries appliances power supplies. In this context, destruction effects of electronic power supplies due to high level current pulse injectionare studied thanks to an injection generator called PIC for Current Injection Platform. A flyback switch mode power supply (SMPS), representative of a majority of common power supplies, has been designed for the thesis in order to fully control its topology and components. The most susceptible components in SMPS have been identified and have been destroyed due to a too high level current over an excessive duration compared to their maximum ratings. These understandings have been supported by X-rays and optical microscope analyzes. These ones allowed to provide first hypotheses on their destruction cause, which were then confirmed by current and voltage measurements on each component during the pulse injection. Finally, PIC and the designed SMPS have been modeled using a Spice electronic simulation software. This thesis is the first step of a work whose final objective is to model the susceptibility of SMPS in order to predict their destruction level

The performance of systems used in various high voltage applications depend majorly on the output voltage ripple of High Voltage Power Supplies (HVPS). One of the failure mode of microwave tube (MWT) commonly used in these applications is due to the energy accumulation above the specified limit during fault events due to higher stored energy in HVPS. This demands either a protection for MWT or reduced ripple voltage without increasing the stored energy. This thesis investigates a protection device for MWT that operate with MW power level HVPS, and design method to reduce the output voltage ripple for medium power HVPS. A crowbar is an energy diverting device connected in parallel with the MWT. It protects the tube during fault by providing an alternative path for the ow of energy. Conventional crowbars are built using either mercury or nitrogen gas-based switches. Due to the environmental concern and higher operational cost, the state-of-the-art is to replace these devices with semiconductor devices, referred to as solid state crowbar (SSC). This research, models and designs the subcomponents of an SSC, including: (i) Modelling of fault current, and a fuse wire that is used to emulate a MWT during internal arc (ii) Design of di=dt limiting inductor (iii) Design of static and dynamic voltage balancing network for the thyristor (iv) Mechanical assembly design that ensures meeting the required crowbar electrical characteristics (v) Selection of cost-effective semiconductor device for crowbar application (vi) Thermal modelling of crowbar for pulse power applications (vii) Selection of cable for the pulse power application. In a switched converter topology, the causes of output voltage ripple are: the switch action, input dc ripple, and variations in the load. In this thesis the influence of input voltage ripple on the output dc voltage, called Audio Susceptibility (AS), is discussed. AS of load resonant converters has not been widely studied in literature. This research uses exact discretization method to obtain: (i) The analytical large signal and cyclic steady state model of the Series Resonant Converter (SRC) considering the resonant tank and output filter states (ii) The analytical small signal AS model of the SRC, and resonant gain condition for input ripple (iii) The design of an SRC for superior AS performance (iv) A comparison of SRC design for (a) superior AS performance and (b) maximum power transfer capability (v) A selection of SRC components including the high voltage high frequency magnetics and selection of the MosFET. All the modelling and design method considered in this work has been verified by experimental studies on two 10MW, 10kV peak power SSC and a 10kW, 10kV SRC that has been fabricated as a part of the research.

The electronic control, instrumentation and communication hardware is becoming more and more compact and faster in operation due to the increased use of large scale integration of semiconductor devices operating at higher speeds. The use of VLSI circuit based systems in various industrial and defence sectors is also increasing continuously. Since the operating threshold voltages and currents of these devices are very small they are very prone to electrical disturbance in their operation by the Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) signals. Their proper functioning is very important particularly in the case of systems used in mission mode, critical defence/industrial platforms. EMI can be generated within the electronic system/equipment itself or may result due to some external electromagnetic source. The high power Ultra Wide Band system is one such kind of external High Power Electromagnetic (HPEM) interference source which may cause malfunctioning/physical damage to the sensitive electronic systems. Hence it is necessary to test the susceptibility of electronics to such high power UWB based intentional EMI or IEMI sources. The sources for generating these transient EM fields may also be used in impulse radars and offensive applications to mal-operate/damage non-friendly electronics. The UWB system consists of a high voltage pulsed power source called pulser along with a high bandwidth (Ultra Wide Band) antenna to radiate the UWB signal. The pulse fed by the pulser to the antenna through a switch is of high voltage type (amplitude of few 10s of kV to about a MV) and has a sub-nanosecond rise time. Most of the UWB systems developed over the world have the switch employing gaseous dielectric switching media used at pressures above the atmospheric level to generate such a fast rise time voltage pulse. Use of gaseous switching media at sub-atmospheric pressures to achieve sub-ns rise time, short duration high voltage pulses required for the high power UWB applications is another possibility. This possibility has not been exploited till date. Hence it was decided to develop a pulser switch with gaseous switching media at sub-atmospheric pressures (up to 50 mbar) and achieve sub-ns rise time voltage pulses of up to 50 kV. The energy delivered out by the UWB system depends upon the pulser output energy per switching shot and the repetitive switching rate of the pulser. To achieve maximum energy output it is required to maximize either the energy per switching shot or the pulse repetition rate (PRR) of the pulser switch. The optimization of the pulser operation to achieve maximum pulser energy output in every switching shot has not been tried so far. In this work it was decided to analyze the circuit so as to achieve maximum pulser output energy per switching shot. Another objective of the study was to systematically characterize the pulser switch using various gases and gas mixtures as the switching media to evaluate the switch performance as a function of gas pressure and switch breakdown voltage. The effect of pulser and antenna performance parameters on the UWB system performance was also decided to be evaluated. Hence the present thesis work deals with the design, development, evaluation and performance optimization of a 50 kV, 25 MW UWB system based on Half Impulse Radiating Antenna (HIRA) fed by a coaxial capacitive pulser. The spark gap type self triggered pulser switch is designed to have a fixed gap spacing and variable gas pressure in order to vary the switch breakdown voltage. The switch is designed for operation with dry air, nitrogen, sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) and a mixture of different gases as the dielectric switching media with pressures of up to 5 bar above the atmospheric level and up to 50 mbar below the atmospheric level. Physical placement of the switch just above the coaxial pulser capacitor terminal offered a low inductance geometry. The rise time estimation of the switch has been carried out as a function of gas pressure and the switch arc inductance. These rise time values have been compared with the measured ones and a good agreement was found between the two. The rise time values indicate that an inverse relationship exists between the gas pressure and the rise time. The rise time was found to decrease at increased pressures. SF6 gas offered the minimum rise time out of all the gases/mixtures studied. The pulse repetition rate (PRR) of the UWB system depends upon the dielectric recovery of the gaseous switch and the charging time of the pulser capacitor. To estimate the PRR a circuit model has been proposed based on these parameters. The model shows an inverse relationship between the switch breakdown voltage (BDV) and the gas pressure with the PRR. The estimated PRR values were found to vary between 800 Hz and 5 kHz in the experimented range of the switch breakdown voltage. The PRR values have also been experimentally measured. There is a good match between the measured and the estimated values up to the switch BDV of 12.5 kV after which the difference is increased to about 20 %. The feed for the reflector of the HIRA antenna consists of a pair of coplanar conical transverse electromagnetic (TEM) feed plates as they have a better antenna aperture blockage performance. The angles of the TEM feed plates have been chosen using stereographic projections of the feed plates into the HIRA reflector. Each TEM feed plate of 200  characteristic impedance has been terminated by matched resistor. An analytical expression has been derived to optimize the pulser output voltage at which the energy output per switching shot of the UWB system is maximum. It was found that when the pulser output voltage i.e. the switch breakdown voltage is 75 % of the dc source voltage the output energy delivered is maximum. It was possible to achieve a maximum output energy of 10 J per switching shot for the designed 25 MW high power UWB system. The HIRA antenna has been analysed for the impedance profile for frequencies up to 3.5 GHz and was found to maintain a reflection performance better than -10 dB over the frequency range. The radiated field analysis of the antenna was carried out using an analytical model and numerically by using a commercially available software. It was found that as per the analytical model, the Figure of Merit (FoM) of the designed UWB system is 1.41 V for a normalized excitation feed pulse of 1 V and the 3 dB spectral content of the radiated field is between 180 MHz-1.8 GHz. The corresponding results using computer simulations of the UWB system indicate a slightly lesser FoM of 1.1. Higher FoM obtained using the analytical model is due to ignoring the antenna aperture blockage and the field diffraction effects over the TEM feed arms as well as from the rim of the reflector of the antenna. The radiated field amplitude and gain of the HIRA antenna were found to be a direct function of the frequency of the radiated signal. Higher gains and narrower beam width for the radiated field were observed with an increase in the frequency. The radiated field spectral waveform in the near field region was observed to have a notch at a particular frequency and its harmonics. The notch frequency was found to be a function of the propagation time difference called clear time. The effect of pulser rise time, antenna feed arm impedance and position on the radiated far field amplitude and wave shape was analysed. It was observed that with decrease in the pulser rise time from 700 ps to 100 ps, the radiated field amplitude increases by about 600 %. A matched termination impedance with position of 30of the TEM feed arms with respect to the vertical symmetry axis of the antenna provides a higher radiated field amplitude and lower post pulse oscillations in the radiated field waveform. The pulser switch was evaluated systematically for various performance parameters such as BDV, rise time, PRR, voltage recovery and jitter characteristics as a function of switch gas pressure, type of gaseous switching media and breakdown voltage at pressures above and below the atmospheric level. The switch BDV was found to be a linear function of pressure of the gas used i.e. dry air, nitrogen, sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) and a mixture of air and SF6. The measured rise times of all the gases were found to be in inverse proportion to the switch gas pressure. SF6 gas offered the best rise time and hence was found to be a good contender for achieving higher radiated field amplitudes and bandwidth. The voltage recovery characteristics of SF6 gas and air were experimentally studied as a function of the recovery time. It is found that both the gases have similar recovery characteristics having a distinct saturation plateau region. It was found that for a given recovery time SF6 recovers to a higher voltage than air and the recovery further improves for SF6 at increased pressures (between 0.5-2 bar). The effect of the number of switching shots on the jitter in the switch rise time was measured by operating the switch continuously at a PRR of 1 kHz and for total number shots up to 10.8 M. It was observed that the jitter increases by an order of magnitude after 10.8 M shots. This indicates that for the present switch design, the switch electrodes require maintenance (buffing, polishing, etc.) after every 3.5 M shots to maintain a reasonably low jitter. SF6 gas was characterized for a fixed source voltage to determine the effect of pressure on rise time in the sub atmospheric regime (up to 50 mbar). It was found that the rise time vs. pressure characteristics follows the Paschen’s curve with a value of pressure at which rise time is the lowest for a given source voltage. With increase in the source voltage the rise time was found to decrease. The HIRA based UWB radiating system was evaluated for radiated fields in the near and far field region for the temporal and spectral characteristics. It was found that for the source voltage of 25 kV, the FoM in the near and far field region are 29.4 kV and 28.9 kV respectively. The fields in the distant far field region have more oscillatory post pulses due to the effect of ground reflections and the low frequency dipole moment mismatch of the antenna. Since SF6 gas offered the best rise time of 193 ps at a voltage of 46 kV than the other gases tried, the radiated field is the highest (5.3 kV/m) with SF6 at a distance of 10 m offering a gain factor of 1.15. Dry air offered a radiated field gain factor of 0.83 which got improved by 33 % by just 30 % addition of SF6 gas into the air. The field amplitudes measured were in good agreement with those computed using the analytical model and the computer simulations and they follow the 1/R rule as a function of the far field distance, R in the bore sight direction. The measured radiation pattern of the UWB system showed a focussed and narrow radiated field beam at higher frequencies with a half field beam width (HFBW) of 8 at 2 GHz. The UWB system was measured to have dominant highest cut off frequency of 1.79 GHz with a band ratio and percentage band width of 9.56 and 162.11 % respectively. This confirmed that the developed system is of sub-hyper band radiator type. The UWB system developed through this work is having a better performance than some of the other systems developed elsewhere in the world, in terms of FoM (53 kV) and the PRR (> 1 kHz). The system can be further improved in terms of consistency (jitter) and intensity by use of a triggered switch and hydrogen gas at 100 bar pressure as the switching medium respectively. The profile of the TEM feed plates of the HIRA antenna may be further improved to have a better antenna aperture fill factor. Such multiple systems in an arrayed manner may be used either for higher power output/better agility of the radiated field beam. This system will be fully exploited for the applications of susceptibility evaluation of electronic circuits, non-friendly applications as well as impulse radars

The electronic control, instrumentation and communication hardware is becoming more and more compact and faster in operation due to the increased use of large scale integration of semiconductor devices operating at higher speeds. The use of VLSI circuit based systems in various industrial and defence sectors is also increasing continuously. Since the operating threshold voltages and currents of these devices are very small they are very prone to electrical disturbance in their operation by the Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) signals. Their proper functioning is very important particularly in the case of systems used in mission mode, critical defence/industrial platforms. EMI can be generated within the electronic system/equipment itself or may result due to some external electromagnetic source. The high power Ultra Wide Band system is one such kind of external High Power Electromagnetic (HPEM) interference source which may cause malfunctioning/physical damage to the sensitive electronic systems. Hence it is necessary to test the susceptibility of electronics to such high power UWB based intentional EMI or IEMI sources. The sources for generating these transient EM fields may also be used in impulse radars and offensive applications to mal-operate/damage non-friendly electronics. The UWB system consists of a high voltage pulsed power source called pulser along with a high bandwidth (Ultra Wide Band) antenna to radiate the UWB signal. The pulse fed by the pulser to the antenna through a switch is of high voltage type (amplitude of few 10s of kV to about a MV) and has a sub-nanosecond rise time. Most of the UWB systems developed over the world have the switch employing gaseous dielectric switching media used at pressures above the atmospheric level to generate such a fast rise time voltage pulse. Use of gaseous switching media at sub-atmospheric pressures to achieve sub-ns rise time, short duration high voltage pulses required for the high power UWB applications is another possibility. This possibility has not been exploited till date. Hence it was decided to develop a pulser switch with gaseous switching media at sub-atmospheric pressures (up to 50 mbar) and achieve sub-ns rise time voltage pulses of up to 50 kV. The energy delivered out by the UWB system depends upon the pulser output energy per switching shot and the repetitive switching rate of the pulser. To achieve maximum energy output it is required to maximize either the energy per switching shot or the pulse repetition rate (PRR) of the pulser switch. The optimization of the pulser operation to achieve maximum pulser energy output in every switching shot has not been tried so far. In this work it was decided to analyze the circuit so as to achieve maximum pulser output energy per switching shot. Another objective of the study was to systematically characterize the pulser switch using various gases and gas mixtures as the switching media to evaluate the switch performance as a function of gas pressure and switch breakdown voltage. The effect of pulser and antenna performance parameters on the UWB system performance was also decided to be evaluated. Hence the present thesis work deals with the design, development, evaluation and performance optimization of a 50 kV, 25 MW UWB system based on Half Impulse Radiating Antenna (HIRA) fed by a coaxial capacitive pulser. The spark gap type self triggered pulser switch is designed to have a fixed gap spacing and variable gas pressure in order to vary the switch breakdown voltage. The switch is designed for operation with dry air, nitrogen, sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) and a mixture of different gases as the dielectric switching media with pressures of up to 5 bar above the atmospheric level and up to 50 mbar below the atmospheric level. Physical placement of the switch just above the coaxial pulser capacitor terminal offered a low inductance geometry. The rise time estimation of the switch has been carried out as a function of gas pressure and the switch arc inductance. These rise time values have been compared with the measured ones and a good agreement was found between the two. The rise time values indicate that an inverse relationship exists between the gas pressure and the rise time. The rise time was found to decrease at increased pressures. SF6 gas offered the minimum rise time out of all the gases/mixtures studied. The pulse repetition rate (PRR) of the UWB system depends upon the dielectric recovery of the gaseous switch and the charging time of the pulser capacitor. To estimate the PRR a circuit model has been proposed based on these parameters. The model shows an inverse relationship between the switch breakdown voltage (BDV) and the gas pressure with the PRR. The estimated PRR values were found to vary between 800 Hz and 5 kHz in the experimented range of the switch breakdown voltage. The PRR values have also been experimentally measured. There is a good match between the measured and the estimated values up to the switch BDV of 12.5 kV after which the difference is increased to about 20 %. The feed for the reflector of the HIRA antenna consists of a pair of coplanar conical transverse electromagnetic (TEM) feed plates as they have a better antenna aperture blockage performance. The angles of the TEM feed plates have been chosen using stereographic projections of the feed plates into the HIRA reflector. Each TEM feed plate of 200  characteristic impedance has been terminated by matched resistor. An analytical expression has been derived to optimize the pulser output voltage at which the energy output per switching shot of the UWB system is maximum. It was found that when the pulser output voltage i.e. the switch breakdown voltage is 75 % of the dc source voltage the output energy delivered is maximum. It was possible to achieve a maximum output energy of 10 J per switching shot for the designed 25 MW high power UWB system. The HIRA antenna has been analysed for the impedance profile for frequencies up to 3.5 GHz and was found to maintain a reflection performance better than -10 dB over the frequency range. The radiated field analysis of the antenna was carried out using an analytical model and numerically by using a commercially available software. It was found that as per the analytical model, the Figure of Merit (FoM) of the designed UWB system is 1.41 V for a normalized excitation feed pulse of 1 V and the 3 dB spectral content of the radiated field is between 180 MHz-1.8 GHz. The corresponding results using computer simulations of the UWB system indicate a slightly lesser FoM of 1.1. Higher FoM obtained using the analytical model is due to ignoring the antenna aperture blockage and the field diffraction effects over the TEM feed arms as well as from the rim of the reflector of the antenna. The radiated field amplitude and gain of the HIRA antenna were found to be a direct function of the frequency of the radiated signal. Higher gains and narrower beam width for the radiated field were observed with an increase in the frequency. The radiated field spectral waveform in the near field region was observed to have a notch at a particular frequency and its harmonics. The notch frequency was found to be a function of the propagation time difference called clear time. The effect of pulser rise time, antenna feed arm impedance and position on the radiated far field amplitude and wave shape was analysed. It was observed that with decrease in the pulser rise time from 700 ps to 100 ps, the radiated field amplitude increases by about 600 %. A matched termination impedance with position of 30of the TEM feed arms with respect to the vertical symmetry axis of the antenna provides a higher radiated field amplitude and lower post pulse oscillations in the radiated field waveform. The pulser switch was evaluated systematically for various performance parameters such as BDV, rise time, PRR, voltage recovery and jitter characteristics as a function of switch gas pressure, type of gaseous switching media and breakdown voltage at pressures above and below the atmospheric level. The switch BDV was found to be a linear function of pressure of the gas used i.e. dry air, nitrogen, sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) and a mixture of air and SF6. The measured rise times of all the gases were found to be in inverse proportion to the switch gas pressure. SF6 gas offered the best rise time and hence was found to be a good contender for achieving higher radiated field amplitudes and bandwidth. The voltage recovery characteristics of SF6 gas and air were experimentally studied as a function of the recovery time. It is found that both the gases have similar recovery characteristics having a distinct saturation plateau region. It was found that for a given recovery time SF6 recovers to a higher voltage than air and the recovery further improves for SF6 at increased pressures (between 0.5-2 bar). The effect of the number of switching shots on the jitter in the switch rise time was measured by operating the switch continuously at a PRR of 1 kHz and for total number shots up to 10.8 M. It was observed that the jitter increases by an order of magnitude after 10.8 M shots. This indicates that for the present switch design, the switch electrodes require maintenance (buffing, polishing, etc.) after every 3.5 M shots to maintain a reasonably low jitter. SF6 gas was characterized for a fixed source voltage to determine the effect of pressure on rise time in the sub atmospheric regime (up to 50 mbar). It was found that the rise time vs. pressure characteristics follows the Paschen’s curve with a value of pressure at which rise time is the lowest for a given source voltage. With increase in the source voltage the rise time was found to decrease. The HIRA based UWB radiating system was evaluated for radiated fields in the near and far field region for the temporal and spectral characteristics. It was found that for the source voltage of 25 kV, the FoM in the near and far field region are 29.4 kV and 28.9 kV respectively. The fields in the distant far field region have more oscillatory post pulses due to the effect of ground reflections and the low frequency dipole moment mismatch of the antenna. Since SF6 gas offered the best rise time of 193 ps at a voltage of 46 kV than the other gases tried, the radiated field is the highest (5.3 kV/m) with SF6 at a distance of 10 m offering a gain factor of 1.15. Dry air offered a radiated field gain factor of 0.83 which got improved by 33 % by just 30 % addition of SF6 gas into the air. The field amplitudes measured were in good agreement with those computed using the analytical model and the computer simulations and they follow the 1/R rule as a function of the far field distance, R in the bore sight direction. The measured radiation pattern of the UWB system showed a focussed and narrow radiated field beam at higher frequencies with a half field beam width (HFBW) of 8 at 2 GHz. The UWB system was measured to have dominant highest cut off frequency of 1.79 GHz with a band ratio and percentage band width of 9.56 and 162.11 % respectively. This confirmed that the developed system is of sub-hyper band radiator type. The UWB system developed through this work is having a better performance than some of the other systems developed elsewhere in the world, in terms of FoM (53 kV) and the PRR (> 1 kHz). The system can be further improved in terms of consistency (jitter) and intensity by use of a triggered switch and hydrogen gas at 100 bar pressure as the switching medium respectively. The profile of the TEM feed plates of the HIRA antenna may be further improved to have a better antenna aperture fill factor. Such multiple systems in an arrayed manner may be used either for higher power output/better agility of the radiated field beam. This system will be fully exploited for the applications of susceptibility evaluation of electronic circuits, non-friendly applications as well as impulse radars

Over the past few years, there has been a growing need for wireless communications with higher data rates and ubiquitous coverage, and these must be achieved at reduced cost and with a lower carbon footprint. This evolution in wireless demand places a big burden on transmitter architectures. The need for higher efficiency has stimulated research into the potential replacement of current linear power amplifiers (PAs) by switch mode power amplifiers (SMPAs) at cellular frequencies. The radio frequency (RF) PA currently accounts for a significant part of the cost, and most of the power requirements of a typical wireless base station. This research is focused on the modulation and up-conversion circuits for generating the SMPA drive signals. The switched (‘on’/‘off’) nature of the amplifier drive signal creates an opportunity for an all-digital solution removing traditional analog components such as the digital to analog converters, reconstruction filters, quadrature modulator and local oscillators. Digital signal processing techniques used for signal modulation are extended to digital up-conversion to generate suitable drive signals for the SMPA. In this thesis, a sigma-delta (ΣΔ) based technique is used to embed a complex modulation scheme such as OFDM into a single ‘on’-‘off’ bit stream.

The main goal of this thesis is to develop practical digital controller architectures for multi-phase dc-dc converters utilized in low power (up to few hundred watts) and cost-sensitive applications. The proposed controllers are suitable for on-chip integration while being capable of providing advanced features, such as dynamic efficiency optimization, inductor current estimation, converter component identification, as well as combined dynamic current sharing and fast transient response. The first part of this thesis addresses challenges related to the practical implementation of digital controllers for low-power multi-phase dc-dc converters. As a possible solution, a multi-use high-frequency digital PWM controller IC that can regulate up to four switching converters (either interleaved or standalone) is presented. Due to its configurability, low current consumption (90.25 μA/MHz per phase), fault-tolerant work, and ability to operate at high switching frequencies (programmable, up to 10 MHz), the IC is suitable to control various dc-dc converters. The applications range from dc-dc converters used in miniature battery-powered electronic devices consuming a fraction of watt to multi-phase dedicated supplies for communication systems, consuming hundreds of watts. A controller for multi-phase converters with unequal current sharing is introduced and an efficiency optimization method based on logarithmic current sharing is proposed in the second part. By forcing converters to operate at their peak efficiencies and dynamically adjusting the number of active converter phases based on the output load current, a significant improvement in efficiency over the full range of operation is obtained (up to 25%). The stability and inductor current transition problems related to this mode of operation are also resolved. At last, two reconfigurable digital controller architectures with multi-parameter estimation are introduced. Both controllers eliminate the need for external analog current/temperature sensing circuits by accurately estimating phase inductor currents and identifying critical phase parameters such as equivalent resistances, inductances and output capacitance. A sensorless non-linear, average current-mode controller is introduced to provide fast transient response (under 5 μs), small voltage deviation and dynamic current sharing with multi-phase converters. To equalize the thermal stress of phase components, a conduction loss-based current sharing scheme is proposed and implemented.

Due to the lower tensile low-distortion overall output voltage with power switch stress, the multilevel inverter (MLI) is popular. MLI does however have several semiconductor switches and therefore increases the complexity of the switches. New symmetric and asymmetric MLI structures are proposed in this report. According to experts, the proposed structures require less controlled switches, power diodes, and condensers than both conventional and recently proposed topologies. The size, cost, and complexity of the DC voltage sources, switches, and drivers can be decreased, while the total performance can be improved. Reducing stress with a high voltage switch. Moreover, scientists have explored several types of switches, power diodes, the need for a driver circuit, DC voltage sources, and blocking tension, and have compared the three available topologies (traditional, present and newer). Many pulse width modulation techniques are employed to produce switching pulses. Experimentally validated topology viability has been followed by extensive simulation study using MATLAB/Simulink.

This Chapter presents a comparative study between two current control techniques, namely, conventional Delta Modulator and novel Delta-Sigma Modulator. The use of Delta modulator in variable speed drives poses a problem of noise while converting analog signal in to digital form; to optimize Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) inverter waveforms on-line without any optimization process. But in the Delta-Sigma Modulator the noise varies. It can be successfully applied to over-sampling digital-to-analog and analog-to-digital data converters, switch mode power supplies and inverters It is easy to implement, smooth inverter operation and provides low harmonics at the inverter output. The comparative study between the above said current controllers has been verified by the MATLAB computer simulation in terms of the high frequency power spectra, average switching frequency, rms current error and total harmonic distortion of load current waveforms. The obtained theoretical results are validated with experimental platform based on TMS320F2812 digital signal processor for effectiveness of the study.

2D materials have been widely used in various applications due to their remarkable and distinct electronic, optical, mechanical and thermal properties. Memristive effect has been found in several 2D systems. This chapter focuses on the memristors based on 2D materials, e. g. monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) and hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), as the active layer in vertical MIM (metal–insulator–metal) configuration. Resistive switching behavior under normal DC and pulse waveforms, and current-sweep and constant stress testing methods have been investigated. Unlike the filament model in conventional bulk oxide-based memristors, a new switching mechanism has been proposed with the assistance of metal ion diffusion, featuring conductive-point random access memory (CPRAM) characteristics. The use of 2D material devices in applications such as flexible non-volatile memory (NVM) and emerging zero-power radio frequency (RF) switch will be discussed.