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Journal articles on the topic 'Pulse oximetry'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 21 February 2023

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1

Pak, Ju Geon, and Kee Hyun Park. "Advanced Pulse Oximetry System for Remote Monitoring and Management." Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/930582.

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Pulse oximetry data such as saturation of peripheral oxygen (SpO2) and pulse rate are vital signals for early diagnosis of heart disease. Therefore, various pulse oximeters have been developed continuously. However, some of the existing pulse oximeters are not equipped with communication capabilities, and consequently, the continuous monitoring of patient health is restricted. Moreover, even though certain oximeters have been built as network models, they focus on exchanging only pulse oximetry data, and they do not provide sufficient device management functions. In this paper, we propose an advanced pulse oximetry system for remote monitoring and management. The system consists of a networked pulse oximeter and a personal monitoring server. The proposed pulse oximeter measures a patient’s pulse oximetry data and transmits the data to the personal monitoring server. The personal monitoring server then analyzes the received data and displays the results to the patient. Furthermore, for device management purposes, operational errors that occur in the pulse oximeter are reported to the personal monitoring server, and the system configurations of the pulse oximeter, such as thresholds and measurement targets, are modified by the server. We verify that the proposed pulse oximetry system operates efficiently and that it is appropriate for monitoring and managing a pulse oximeter in real time.

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Barker, Steven J., and Nitin K. Shah. "Effects of Motion on the Performance of Pulse Oximeters in Volunteers." Anesthesiology 85, no. 4 (October 1, 1996): 774–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-199610000-00012.

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Background Pulse oximetry is considered a standard of care in both the operating room and the postanesthetic care unit, and it is widely used in all critical care settings. Pulse oximeters may fail to provide valid pulse oximetry data in various situations that produce low signal-to-noise ratio. Motion artifact is a common cause of oximeter failure and loss of accuracy. This study compares the accuracy and data dropout rates of three current pulse oximeters during standardized motion in healthy volunteers. Methods Ten healthy volunteers were monitored by three different pulse oximeters: Nellcor N-200, Nellcor N-3000, and Masimo SET (prototype). Sensors were placed on digits 2, 3, and 4 of the test hand, which was strapped to a mechanical motion table. The opposite hand was used as a stationary control and was monitored with the same pulse oximeters and an arterial cannula. Arterial oxygen saturation rate varied from 100% to 75% by changing the inspired oxygen concentration. While pulse oximetry was both constant and changing, the oximeter sensors were connected before and during motion. Oximeter errors and dropout rates were digitally recorded continuously during each experiment. Results If the oximeter was functioning before motion began, the following are the percentages of time when the instrument displayed a pulse oximetry value within 7% of control: N-200 = 76%, N-3000 = 87%, and Masimo = 99%. When the oximeter sensor was connected after the beginning of motion, the values were N-200 = 68%, N-3000 = 47%, and Masimo = 97%. If the alarm threshold was chosen as pulse oximetry less than 90%, then the positive predictive values (true alarms/ total alarms) are N-200 = 73%, N-3000 = 81%, and Masimo = 100%. In general, N-200 had the greatest pulse oximetry errors and N-3000 had the highest dropout rates. Conclusions The mechanical motions used in this study significantly affected oximeter function, particularly when the sensors were connected during motion, which requires signal acquisition during motion. The error and dropout rate performance of the Masimo was superior to that of the other two instruments during all test conditions. Masimo uses a new paradigm for oximeter signal processing, which appears to represent a significant advance in low signal-to-noise performance.

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da Costa, João Cordeiro, Paula Faustino, Ricardo Lima, Inês Ladeira, and Miguel Guimarães. "Research: Comparison of the Accuracy of a Pocket versus Standard Pulse Oximeter." Biomedical Instrumentation & Technology 50, no. 3 (May 1, 2016): 190–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2345/0899-8205-50.3.190.

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Abstract Background: Pulse oximetry has become an essential tool in clinical practice. With patient self-management becoming more prevalent, pulse oximetry self-monitoring has the potential to become common practice in the near future. This study sought to compare the accuracy of two pulse oximeters, a high-quality standard pulse oximeter and an inexpensive pocket pulse oximeter, and to compare both devices with arterial blood co-oximetry oxygen saturation. Methods: A total of 95 patients (35.8% women; mean [±SD] age 63.1 ± 13.9 years; mean arterial pressure was 92 ± 12.0 mmHg; mean axillar temperature 36.3 ± 0.4°C) presenting to our hospital for blood gas analysis was evaluated. The Bland-Altman technique was performed to calculate bias and precision, as well as agreement limits. Student's t test was performed. Results: Standard oximeter presented 1.84% bias and a precision error of 1.80%. Pocket oximeter presented a bias of 1.85% and a precision error of 2.21%. Agreement limits were −1.69% to 5.37% (standard oximeter) and −2.48% to 6.18% (pocket oximeter). Conclusion: Both oximeters presented bias, which was expected given previous research. The pocket oximeter was less precise but had agreement limits that were comparable with current evidence. Pocket oximeters can be powerful allies in clinical monitoring of patients based on a self-monitoring/efficacy strategy.

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Yossef Hay, Ohad, Meir Cohen, Itamar Nitzan, Yair Kasirer, Sarit Shahroor-karni, Yitzhak Yitzhaky, Shlomo Engelberg, and Meir Nitzan. "Pulse Oximetry with Two Infrared Wavelengths without Calibration in Extracted Arterial Blood." Sensors 18, no. 10 (October 15, 2018): 3457. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18103457.

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Oxygen saturation in arterial blood (SaO2) provides information about the performance of the respiratory system. Non-invasive measurement of SaO2 by commercial pulse oximeters (SpO2) make use of photoplethysmographic pulses in the red and infrared regions and utilizes the different spectra of light absorption by oxygenated and de-oxygenated hemoglobin. Because light scattering and optical path-lengths differ between the two wavelengths, commercial pulse oximeters require empirical calibration which is based on SaO2 measurement in extracted arterial blood. They are still prone to error, because the path-lengths difference between the two wavelengths varies among different subjects. We have developed modified pulse oximetry, which makes use of two nearby infrared wavelengths that have relatively similar scattering constants and path-lengths and does not require an invasive calibration step. In measurements performed on adults during breath holding, the two-infrared pulse oximeter and a commercial pulse oximeter showed similar changes in SpO2. The two pulse oximeters showed similar accuracy when compared to SaO2 measurement in extracted arterial blood (the gold standard) performed in intensive care units on newborns and children with an arterial line. Errors in SpO2 because of variability in path-lengths difference between the two wavelengths are expected to be smaller in the two-infrared pulse oximeter.

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5

DeSisto, Marie C. "Implementing Pulse Oximetry in the School Health Office." NASN School Nurse 27, no. 5 (August 20, 2012): 256–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1942602x12456432.

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Pulse oximetry can be a useful tool for professional school nurses who daily assess students with a variety of health issues and injuries. Pulse oximeters are now smaller and more affordable and, therefore, an option for school districts to purchase. Before implementing this new tool into their practice, school nurses must have an understanding of how pulse oximeters work and how they measure the oxygen saturation of arterial hemoglobin. A review of the literature will guide a nurse in developing clinical guidelines for practice and facilitating competency in using a pulse oximeter with the ultimate goal of improving student health assessments.

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Harris, Bronwyn U., Sarah Stewart, Archana Verma, Helena Hoen, Mary Lyn Stein, Gail Wright, and Chandra Ramamoorthy. "Accuracy of a portable pulse oximeter in monitoring hypoxemic infants with cyanotic heart disease." Cardiology in the Young 29, no. 8 (July 15, 2019): 1025–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047951119001355.

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AbstractObjective:Infants with single ventricle physiology have arterial oxygen saturations between 75 and 85%. Home monitoring with daily pulse oximetry is associated with improved interstage survival. They are typically sent home with expensive, bulky, hospital-grade pulse oximeters. This study evaluates the accuracy of both the currently used Masimo LNCS and a relatively inexpensive, portable, and equipped with Bluetooth technology study device, by comparing with the gold standard co-oximeter.Design:Prospective, observational study.Setting:Single institution, paediatric cardiac critical care unit, and neonatal ICU.Interventions:none.Patients:Twenty-four infants under 12 months of age with baseline oxygen saturation less than 90% due to cyanotic CHD.Measurements and Results:Pulse oximetry with WristOx2 3150 with infant sensors 8008 J (study device) and Masimo LCNS saturation sensor connected to a Philips monitor (hospital device) were measured simultaneously and compared to arterial oxy-haemoglobin saturation measured by co-oximetry. Statistical analysis evaluated the performances of each and compared to co-oximetry with Schuirmann’s TOST equivalence tests, with equivalence defined as an absolute difference of 5% saturation or less. Neither the study nor the hospital device met the predefined standard for equivalence when compared with co-oximetry. The study device reading was on average 4.0% higher than the co-oximeter, failing to show statistical equivalence (p = 0.16). The hospital device was 7.4% higher than the co-oximeter and also did not meet the predefined standard for equivalence (p = 0.97).Conclusion:Both devices tended to overestimate oxygen saturation in this patient population when compared to the gold standard, co-oximetry. The study device is at least as accurate as the hospital device and offers the advantage of being more portable with Bluetooth technology that allows reliable, efficient data transmission. Currently FDA-approved, smaller portable pulse oximeters can be considered for use in home monitoring programmes.

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Macnab, Andrew J., Lark Susak, Faith A. Gagnon, Janet Alred, and Charles Sun. "The Cost-Benefit of Pulse-Oximeter Use in the Prehospital Environment." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 14, no. 4 (December 1999): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00027710.

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AbstractIntroduction:Pulse-oximetry has proven clinical value in Emergency Departments and Intensive Care Units. In the prehospital environment, oxygen is given routinely in many situations. It was hypothesized that the use of pulse oximeters in the prehospital setting would provide a measurable cost-benefit by reducing the amount of oxygen used.Methods:This was a prospective study conducted at 12 ambulance stations (average transport times >20 minutes). Standard care protocols and paramedic assessments were used to determine which patients received oxygen and the initial flow rate used. Pulse-oximetry measurements (oxygen-saturation measured by pulse oximetry) were then taken. If oxygen-saturation measured by pulse oximetry fell below 92% or rose above 96% (except in patients with chest pain), oxygen (O2) flow rates were adjusted. Costs of oxygen use were calculated: volume that would have been used based on initial flow rate; and volume actually used based on actual flow rates and transport time.Methods:A total of 1,907 patients were recruited. Oximetry and complete data were obtained on 1,787 (94%). Of these, 1,329 (74%) received O2 by standard protocol: 389 (27.5%) had the O2 flow decreased; 52 had it discontinued. Eighty-seven patients (6%) not requiring O2 standard protocol were hypoxemic (oxygen-saturation measured by pulse oximetry < 92%) by oximetry, and 71 patients (5%) receiving oxygen required flow rate increases. Overall, O2 consumption was reduced by 26% resulting in a cost-savings of $0.20 / patient. Prehospital pulse-oximetry allows unncessary or excessive oxygen therapy to be avoided in up to 55% of patients transported by ambulance and can help to identify suboptimally oxygenated patients (11%).Conclusion:Rationalizing the O2 administration using pulse-oximetry reduced O2 consumption. Other health care savings likely would result from a reduced incidence of suboptimal oxygenation. Oxygen cost-saving justifies oximeter purchase for each ambulance annually where patient volume exceeds 1,750, less frequently for lower call volumes, or in those services where the mean transport time is less than the 23 minute average noted in this study.

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Cheung, P., J. G. Hardman, and R. Whiteside. "The Effect of a Disposable Probe Cover on Pulse Oximetry." Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 30, no. 2 (April 2002): 211–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0310057x0203000215.

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The re-use of pulse oximeter probes presents the possibility of between-patient contamination. Use of a disposable polyethylene cover may reduce this risk. In a controlled, prospective study we examined the effect of such a cover on the accuracy of pulse oximetry. Each of ten volunteer subjects was monitored simultaneously by two identical Nellcor pulse oximeters, one with a plastic cover and the other, without a cover, used as a control. The pulse oximetry (SpO 2 ) reading for each probe was recorded while subjects breathed 21% O 2 and again while they breathed 10% O 2. The probe cover was then swapped onto the other probe and the recordings were repeated. Ninety-five per cent limits of agreement in SpO 2 (mean difference in SpO 2 (1.95 x standard deviation of difference) between covered and non-covered probes were -0.6% to 0.6% while breathing 21% oxygen and -2.0% to 2.9% while breathing 10% oxygen. We conclude that a protective plastic sheath may induce a small error in pulse oximetry reading that is most marked during hypoxaemia. This error is unlikely to be of clinical significance.

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Reich, David L., Aleksandar Timcenko, Carol A. Bodian, Jonathan Kraidin, Joshua Hofman, Marietta DePerio, Steven N. Konstadt, Tuula Kurki, and James B. Eisenkraft. "Predictors of Pulse Oximetry Data Failure." Anesthesiology 84, no. 4 (April 1, 1996): 859–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-199604000-00013.

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Background Pulse oximeters have been reported to fail to record data in 1.12-2.50% of cases in which anesthesia records were handwritten. There is reason to believe that these may be underestimates. Computerized anesthesia records may provide insight into the true incidence of pulse oximetry data failures and factors that are associated with such failures. Methods The current study reviewed case files of 9,203 computerized anesthesia records. Pulse oximetry data failure was defined as the presence of at least one continuous gap in data > or = 10 min in duration in a case. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to identify predictors of pulse oximetry data failure, and a modified case-control method was used to determine whether extremes of blood pressure and hypothermia during the procedure were associated with pulse oximetry data failure. Results The overall incidence of cases that had at least one continuous gap of > or = 10 min in pulse oximetry data was 9.18%. The independent preoperative predictors of pulse oximetry data failure were ASA physical status 3,4, or 5 and orthopedic, vascular, and cardiac surgery. Intraoperative hypothermia, hypotension, hypertension, and duration of procedure were also independent risk factors for pulse oximetry data failure. Conclusions Pulse oximetry data failure rates based on review of computerized records were markedly greater than those previously reported. Physical status, type of surgery, and intraoperative variables were risk factors for pulse oximetry data failure. Regulations and expectations regarding pulse oximetry monitoring should reflect the limitations of the technology.

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Cheatham, Scott, Morey J. Kolber, and Michael P. Ernst. "Concurrent Validity of Arterial Blood Oxygen Saturation Measurements: A Preliminary Analysis of an iPad Pulse Oximeter and Traditional Pulse Oximeter Using Bluetooth." International Journal of Athletic Therapy and Training 19, no. 3 (May 2014): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijatt.2014-0005.

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Context:Pulse oximetry has become mobile with the use of smartphone and Bluetooth wireless technology. This technology offers many benefits but has not been extensively studied. There is a need to further validate its clinimetric properties for health professionals to provide proper guidance to patients.Objective:This investigation assessed the concurrent validity of the iSpO2pulse oximeter against a traditional pulse oximeter in measuring short-term resting blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) and pulse rate.Design:Observational study of reliability.Setting:University kinesiology laboratory.Participants:Thirty healthy, recre-ationally active adults (18 men, 12 women; mean age = 25.7 ± 5.46 years, mean height = 170.3cm ± 9.51, mean body mass = 76.4 kg ± 19.33).Intervention:Resting measurement of SpO2and pulse rate using the iSpO2pulse oximeter with the iPad Mini and a traditional pulse oximeter with Bluetooth.Main Outcome Measure:Resting SpO2and pulse rate were concurrently measured over 5 min.Results:The concurrent validity between the iSpO2and traditional pulse oximeter was moderate for measuring SpO2, intraclass correlation coeffcient (ICC)(3, 1) = .73,SEM= 0.70%, and good for pulse rate, ICC(3, 1) = .97,SEM= 1.74 beats per minute (bpm). The minimal detectable change at the 95% confidence interval for both instruments suggests that there may be 1.94% disagreement for SpO2and 4.82 bpm disagreement between pulse oximetry methods. The 95% limits of agreement (LoA) for measuring SpO2suggests that the iSpO2and traditional pulse oximeters may vary -0.28 ± 1.98%, or approximately 2%. The 95% LoA for measuring pulse rate suggests that the iSpO2and traditional pulse oximeter may vary 1.74 ± 4.98 bpm, potentially upward of 6 bpm. On the basis of the results of the LoA, it appears that there may be a slight systematic bias between the two devices, with the traditional pulse oximeter producing higher pulse rates than the iSpO2.Conclusion:The findings suggest that both instruments may be beneficial for indirect short-term measurements of resting SpO2and pulse rate.

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Bucher, Hans-Ulrich, Sergio Fanconi, Peter Baeckert, and Gabriel Duc. "Hyperoxemia in Newborn Infants: Detection by Pulse Oximetry." Pediatrics 84, no. 2 (August 1, 1989): 226–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.84.2.226.

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Pulse oximetry has been proposed as a non-invasive continuous method for transcutaneous monitoring of arterial oxygen saturation of hemoglobin (tcSO2) in the newborn infant. The reliability of this technique in detecting hyperoxemia is controversial, because small changes in saturation greater than 90% are associated with relatively large changes in arterial oxygen tension (PaO2). The purpose of this study was to assess the reliability of pulse oximetry using an alarm limit of 95% tcSO2 in detecting hyperoxemia (defined as PaO2 greater than 90 mm Hg) and to examine the effect of varying the alarm limit on reliability. Two types of pulse oximeter were studied alternately in 50 newborn infants who were mechanically ventilated with indwelling arterial lines. Three arterial blood samples were drawn from every infant during routine increase of inspired oxygen before intratracheal suction, and PaO2 was compared with tcSO2. The Nellcor N-100 pulse oximeter identified all 26 hyperoxemic instances correctly (sensitivity 100%) and alarmed falsely in 25 of 49 nonhyperoxemic instances (specificity 49%). The Ohmeda Biox 3700 pulse oximeter detected 13 of 35 hyperoxemic instances (sensitivity 37%) and alarmed falsely in 7 of 40 nonhyperoxemic instances (specificity 83%). The optimal alarm limit, defined as a sensitivity of 95% or more associated with maximal specificity, was determined for Nellcor N-100 at 96% tcSO2 (specificity 38%) and for Ohmeda Biox 3700 at 89% tcSO2 (specificity 52%). It was concluded that pulse oximeters can be highly sensitive in detecting hyperoxemia provided that type-specific alarm limits are set and a low specificity is accepted.

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Kruger, P. S., and P. J. Longden. "A Study of a Hospital Staff's Knowledge of Pulse Oximetry." Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 25, no. 1 (February 1997): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0310057x9702500107.

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A selection of medical and nursing staff and anaesthetic technicians at work on a particular day at a regional Base Hospital were invited to complete a questionnaire to assess their knowledge of the principles of pulse oximetry. A 98.5% response rate (203 respondents) was achieved from staff in a broad cross section of hospital wards participating in the study. Most of the participants (nursing [N] 87%, medical [M] 91%, anaesthetic technicians [AT] 100%) used pulse oximetry regularly in their daily work. Less than half of the participants (N 36%, M 48% and AT 50%) felt they had adequate training in the use of pulse oximetry. Only 68.5% of participants correctly stated what pulse oximeters measure. Answers to the questions regarding the principles of pulse oximetry, potential errors, normal ranges or the physiology of oxygen haemoglobin dissociation varied but generally reflected limited understanding. As the use of pulse oximeters extends beyond the operating theatre and intensive care environment, appropriate staff education must ensure a basic understanding of the operating principles of the instrument.

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Harrell, M. D., N. R. Dobson, C. Olsen, A. Ahmed, and C. E. Hunt. "Inpatient comparison of wireless and wired pulse oximetry in neonates." Journal of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine 15, no. 2 (April 12, 2022): 283–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/npm-210836.

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BACKGROUND: To compare oxygen saturation (SpO2) and heart rate (HR) recorded by a reference wired pulse oximeter to a wireless pulse oximeter in inpatient neonates. METHODS: Term infants born≥37 + 0 weeks and preterm infants born≤35 + 0 weeks gestation were enrolled and time-matched data pairs were obtained. The primary outcome was intraclass correlation coefficient and r-values between the two oximeters for heart rate and oxygen saturation. RESULTS: Thirty term and 20 preterm neonates were enrolled. There was a high degree of correlation between the two oximeters for HR (r = 0.926) among all 50 infants, and excellent interclass correlation (ICC = 0.961), but there were no bradycardia episodes in either term or preterm infants. There was a lesser degree of correlation for SpO2 values in the term and preterm groups (r = 0.242; 0.521, respectively) along with moderate interclass correlation (ICC = 0.719) but few episodes of hypoxemia≤90% occurred in enrolled subjects. CONCLUSIONS: There were no significant differences between the wireless and reference wired oximeters for assessing HR. There was less correlation between the two oximeters for monitoring SpO2 in both the term and preterm group. Wireless pulse oximetry may have practical advantages for use in inpatient neonates, but additional studies are needed that include bradycardia and desaturation events to delineate this question.

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Stell, David, Jonathan James Noble, Rebecca Hazell Kay, Man Ting Kwong, Michael John Russell Jeffryes, Liam Johnston, Guy Glover, and Emmanuel Akinluyi. "Exploring the impact of pulse oximeter selection within the COVID-19 home-use pulse oximetry pathways." BMJ Open Respiratory Research 9, no. 1 (February 2022): e001159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjresp-2021-001159.

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BackgroundDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, portable pulse oximeters were issued to some patients to permit home monitoring and alleviate pressure on inpatient wards. Concerns were raised about the accuracy of these devices in some patient groups. This study was conducted in response to these concerns.ObjectivesTo evaluate the performance characteristics of five portable pulse oximeters and their suitability for deployment on home-use pulse oximetry pathways created during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study considered the effects of different device models and patient characteristics on pulse oximeter accuracy, false negative and false positive rate.MethodsA total of 915 oxygen saturation (spO2) measurements, paired with measurements from a hospital-standard pulse oximeter, were taken from 50 patients recruited from respiratory wards and the intensive care unit at an acute hospital in London. The effects of device model and several patient characteristics on bias, false negative and false positive likelihood were evaluated using multiple regression analyses.Results and conclusionsAll five portable pulse oximeters appeared to outperform the standard to which they were manufactured. Device model, patient spO2 and patient skin colour were significant predictors of measurement bias, false positive and false negative rate, with some variation between models. The false positive and false negative rates were 11.2% and 24.5%, respectively, with substantial variation between models.

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Powers, S. K., S. Dodd, J. Freeman, G. D. Ayers, H. Samson, and T. McKnight. "Accuracy of pulse oximetry to estimate HbO2 fraction of total Hb during exercise." Journal of Applied Physiology 67, no. 1 (July 1, 1989): 300–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1989.67.1.300.

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The accuracy of two pulse oximeters (Ohmeda 3700 and Biox IIa) was evaluated during cycle ergometer incremental exercise in 10 healthy subjects. The exercise protocol began at 30 W with the power output being increased 15 W.min-1 until volitional fatigue. Ear and finger probe pulse oximetry measurements of available hemoglobin (%Spo2) were compared with arterial oxyhemoglobin fraction of total hemoglobin (%HbO2) measured directly from arterial blood samples using a CO-oximeter. To provide a wide range of %HbO2 values, four subjects exercised under hypoxic conditions [inspired partial pressure of O2 (PIo2) = 107 Torr], while the remaining six subjects exercised under normoxic conditions (PIo2 = 150 Torr). Because carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO) or methemoglobin (MetHb) is not measured by pulse oximeters, %HbO2 was corrected for HbCO and MetHb and expressed as percent arterial O2 saturation of available Hb (%Sao2). Small and insignificant differences (P greater than 0.05) existed between SpO2 (all 3 instruments) and %SaO2 at the lowest work rate and the highest power output achieved. Regression analyses of %SpO2 vs. %SaO2 produced correlation coefficients of r = 0.82 [standard error of the estimate [(SEE) = 1.79], r = 0.89 (SEE = 1.48), and r = 0.93 (SEE = 1.14) for the Biox IIa, Ohmeda 3700 (ear), and the Ohmeda 3700 (finger) pulse oximeters, respectively. We conclude that pulse oximetry, within the above limits of accuracy, is useful in estimating %SaO2 during exercise in healthy subjects.

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Nasr, Viviane G., and James A. DiNardo. "Pulse Oximetry." Pediatrics in Review 40, no. 11 (November 2019): 605–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.2018-0123.

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Booker, Rachel. "Pulse oximetry." Nursing Standard 22, no. 30 (April 2, 2008): 39–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns2008.04.22.30.39.c6441.

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SUWA, K. "Pulse Oximetry." JAPANES JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION 62, no. 10 (October 1, 1992): 497–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.4286/ikakikaigaku.62.10_497.

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CHOHEDRI, ABDUL-HAMEED, and MOHSEN DAHGHANI. "PULSE OXIMETRY." Professional Medical Journal 13, no. 02 (June 25, 2006): 291–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2006.13.02.5031.

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Background/Aim: Pulse oximetry has emerged as a clinical tool inanesthesia and is becoming popular in developing countries. Unfortunately, its use is usually not accompanied byappropriate staff training. The aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge about pulse oximetry among the 7th yearmedical student Interns (MS) and nursing staff (NS) of Intensive Care Unit (ICU), Coronary Care Unit (CCU) andRecovery Room (RR) of four medical-school affiliated hospitals in Shiraz, Iran. Study Period: Feb 2001- Feb 2002Materials and Methods: A 14-item questionnaire (4 demographic and 10 knowledge), multiple-choice and open ended,was developed to assess knowledge of pulse oximetry. Among 150 7th year medical students and 200 nursing staff,40 from each group was randomly selected and invited to complete the questionnaire. Results: A 100% response ratewas achieved. All of the participants used pulse oximetry regularly in their daily work. The mean test scores for MS andNS were 60.5 ± 21 and 49 ± 17%, respectively (p < 0.05). None of the participants had adequate training in the useof pulse oximetry. Conclusion: Our study revealed that medical students and staff nurses were untrained in pulseoximetry, lacked knowledge of basic principles, and made serious errors in interpretation of readings. Therefore, werecommend that medical schools and nurse training programs place emphasis on teaching the principles andapplications of pulse oximetry and the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve.

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Keenan, Jan. "Pulse oximetry." Nursing Standard 9, no. 35 (May 24, 1995): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.9.35.55.s48.

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Woodrow, Philip. "Pulse oximetry." Nursing Standard 13, no. 42 (July 7, 1999): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns1999.07.13.42.42.c2636.

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Grap, MJ. "Pulse oximetry." Critical Care Nurse 18, no. 1 (February 1, 1998): 94–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/ccn1998.18.1.94.

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Madigan, R. "Pulse oximetry." Critical Care Nurse 18, no. 3 (June 1, 1998): 26–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/ccn1998.18.3.26.

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Grap, Mary Jo. "Pulse Oximetry*." Critical Care Nurse 22, no. 3 (June 1, 2002): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/ccn2002.22.3.69.

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Grint, Nicki. "Pulse oximetry." Veterinary Nursing Journal 22, no. 5 (May 2007): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17415349.2007.11013579.

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Ortega, Rafael, Christopher J. Hansen, Kelly Elterman, and Albert Woo. "Pulse Oximetry." New England Journal of Medicine 364, no. 16 (April 21, 2011): e33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmvcm0904262.

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Gross, Jeffrey B. "Pulse Oximetry." Anesthesia & Analgesia 80, no. 2 (February 1995): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000539-199502000-00057.

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Koh, Shin Ok. "Pulse Oximetry." Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 23, no. 4 (1990): 549. http://dx.doi.org/10.4097/kjae.1990.23.4.549.

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Park, Jong Min. "Pulse Oximetry." Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 25, no. 5 (1992): 798. http://dx.doi.org/10.4097/kjae.1992.25.5.798.

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Scuderi, Phillip E., David L. Bowton, Randy L. Anderson, and Donald S. Prough. "Pulse Oximetry." Anesthesia & Analgesia 74, no. 2 (February 1992): 177–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/00000539-199202000-00001.

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Safar, Heba, and Hanaa El-dash. "Pulse Oximetry." Clinical Pediatrics 54, no. 14 (April 29, 2015): 1375–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0009922815584217.

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Tremper, Kevin K., and Steven J. Barker. "Pulse Oximetry." Anesthesiology 70, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 98–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-198901000-00019.

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Clutton-Brock, T. "Pulse Oximetry." BMJ 310, no. 6993 (June 10, 1995): 1545. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.310.6993.1545.

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Tremper, Kevin K. "Pulse Oximetry." Chest 95, no. 4 (April 1989): 713–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.95.4.713.

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Schnapp, Lynn M., and Neal H. Cohen. "Pulse Oximetry." Chest 98, no. 5 (November 1990): 1244–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.98.5.1244.

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Nimbalkar, Somashekhar M. "Pulse Oximetry." Journal of Neonatology 29, no. 3 (September 2015): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973217920150308.

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Gross, Jeffrey B. "Pulse Oximetry." Anesthesia & Analgesia 80, no. 2 (February 1995): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/00000539-199502000-00057.

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Schlesinger, Joseph. "Pulse Oximetry." Anesthesia & Analgesia 122, no. 5 (May 2016): 1253–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ane.0000000000001203.

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Letko, Martina D. "Pulse oximetry." Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing 21, no. 5 (September 1992): 350–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6909.1992.tb01748.x.

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McMorrow, Roger CN, and Michael G. Mythen. "Pulse oximetry." Current Opinion in Internal Medicine 5, no. 4 (August 2006): 327–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ccx.0000224873.16700.78.

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Myles, P. S., and I. Ryder. "Pulse oximetry." Lancet 346, no. 8978 (September 1995): 850. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(95)91671-7.

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Ahrens, Tom, and Kim Tucker. "Pulse Oximetry." Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America 11, no. 1 (March 1999): 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0899-5885(18)30180-1.

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Dodds, C. "Pulse oximetry." Current Anaesthesia & Critical Care 1, no. 2 (January 1990): 122–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0953-7112(05)80086-9.

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Clapham, M. C. C., and A. M. Mackie. "Pulse oximetry." Anaesthesia 41, no. 10 (October 1986): 1036–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.1986.tb12750.x.

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Bland, Deborah S. "Pulse Oximetry." AORN Journal 45, no. 4 (April 1987): 964–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0001-2092(07)65874-8.

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Birnbaum, Sam. "Pulse Oximetry." Chest 135, no. 3 (March 2009): 838–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.07-3127.

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Jubran, Amal. "Pulse oximetry." Intensive Care Medicine 30, no. 11 (July 24, 2004): 2017–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00134-004-2399-x.

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Woodrow, Philip. "Pulse oximetry." Emergency Nurse 7, no. 5 (September 1999): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/en1999.09.7.5.34.c1292.

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SEVERINGHAUS, JOHN W., and YOSHIYUKI HONDA. "Pulse Oximetry." International Anesthesiology Clinics 25, no. 4 (1987): 205–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004311-198702540-00009.

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KULICK, ROY M. "Pulse oximetry." Pediatric Emergency Care 3, no. 2 (June 1987): 127–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006565-198706000-00019.

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