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Books on the topic 'Pulse oximetry'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 21 February 2023

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1

Moyle, John T. B. Pulse oximetry. London: BMJ Publishing, 1994.

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2

Payne, James P., and J. W. Severinghaus, eds. Pulse Oximetry. London: Springer London, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-1423-9.

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3

Gas monitoring and pulse oximetry. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1990.

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4

McLaughlin, Carolee. Does arterial oxygen desaturation as measured by pulse oximetry occur during aspiration or penetration in acute dysphagic stroke patients?. [S.l: The Author], 2003.

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5

Catton, R. A. A pulse oximeter for potential use in fetal monitoring. Manchester: UMIST, 1995.

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6

Pulse Oximeter using ADuC842 Microcontroller: A monitoring device for measuring blood oxygen saturation and pulse rate. Saarbrücken: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing, 2012.

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7

Jiri, Kvasnicka, ed. A novel approach to optimization of paced AV delay using atrial contribution index. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2008.

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8

Pulse Oximetry. Springer, 2011.

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9

P, Payne J., and Severinghaus John W, eds. Pulse oximetry. Berlin: Springer, 1986.

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10

Moyle, John T. B. Pulse Oximetry. Bmj Publishing Group, 1998.

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11

Moyle, John. Pulse Oximetry. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2002.

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12

Moyle, John. Pulse Oximetry. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2008.

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13

1922-, Payne J. P., Severinghaus John Wendell 1922-, Royal College of Surgeons of England. Research Dept. of Anaesthetics., and Ohmeda (Firm), eds. Pulse oximetry. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1986.

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14

Pulse Oximetry (Principles and Practice). 2nd ed. Blackwell Publishing Limited, 2002.

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15

Gas Monitoring and Pulse Oximetry. Elsevier, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/c2013-0-06319-0.

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16

Gravenstein, J. S. Gas Monitoring and Pulse Oximetry. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2016.

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17

Lee, Richard. Pulse oximetry and capnography in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0073.

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The estimation of arterial oxygen saturation by pulse oximetry and arterial carbon dioxide tension by capnography are vital monitoring techniques in critical care medicine, particularly during intubation, ventilation and transport. Equivalent continuous information is not otherwise available. It is important to understand the principles of measurement and limitations, for safe use and error detection. PETCO2 and oxygen saturation should be regularly checked against PaCO2 and co-oximeter SO2 obtained from the blood gas machine. The PECO2 trace informs endotracheal tube placement, ventilation, and blood flow to the lungs. It is essential their principles of estimation, the information gained and the traps in interpretation are understood.
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18

Appleton, Rebecca Staker. VALIDITY OF PULSE OXIMETRY DURING VENTILATOR WEANING OF ADULT OPEN HEART SURGERY PATIENTS. 1995.

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19

Ackerman, Michael H. THE EFFECT OF NORMAL SALINE LAVAGE PRIOR TO SUCTIONING IN ADULTS (SALINE INSTILLATION, BOLUS INSTILLATION, PULSE OXIMETRY). 1991.

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20

Yoder, Marianne E. Mastering Clinical Skills: Epidural Analgesia, Long Term Central Venous Access Devices, Pulse Oximetry, Tracheostomy Tubes, Patient-Controlled Analgesia (Media). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1999.

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21

Kreit, John W. Physiological Assessment of the Mechanically Ventilated Patient. Edited by John W. Kreit. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190670085.003.0009.

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This chapter reviews the tests that can be used to determine the type and severity of respiratory failure and the extent to which one or more of the components of normal ventilation and gas exchange have been compromised by disease. Physiological Assessment of the Mechanically Ventilated Patient describes the bedside procedures, measurements, and calculations that allow the assessment of gas exchange and respiratory mechanics in mechanically ventilated patients. Topics include co-oximetry and pulse oximetry, arterial blood gas measurements, venous admixture and shunt fraction, the dead space to tidal volume ratio, time- and volume-capnography, measurement of peak and plateau pressures, and calculation of respiratory system compliance and resistance.
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22

Hatfield, Anthea. Monitoring and equipment. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199666041.003.0004.

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Routine monitoring is an essential part of recovery room procedure. Respiration, a vital concern while awakening after anaesthesia, is given specific attention with reference to modern capnography. This chapter also describes additional monitoring in detail: pulse oximetry, blood pressure, central venous pressure, and arterial blood gases are clearly described. A comprehensive description of electrocardiography guides the student through this complicated subject. The monitoring of temperature and warming blankets, with suggestions for purchasing equipment, are included.
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23

Prout, Jeremy, Tanya Jones, and Daniel Martin. Respiratory system. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199609956.003.0002.

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This chapter includes a summary of respiratory physiology, respiratory mechanics (pressure-volume relationships and compliance, airway resistance and the work of breathing) and the pulmonary circulation (pulmonary vascular resistance, shunt and lung zones). Measurement of respiratory flow, lung volumes and diffusion capacity is summarized, as well as measurement and interpretation of arterial blood gases. The physics behind capnography and pulse oximetry are explained with abnormalities related to clinical contexts. The common clinical scenarios of respiratory failure and asthma are discussed with initial management and resuscitation.
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24

Harrison, Mark. Respiratory. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198765875.003.0048.

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This chapter describes the pathophysiology of the respiratory system as it applies to Emergency Medicine, and in particular the Primary FRCEM examination. The chapter outlines the key details of the control of ventilation, reflexes, pressure, chemical, and irritant receptors, J receptors, pulmonary stretch receptors, Golgi tendon organs, muscle spindles, lung volumes, pulmonary mechanics, oxygen and carbon dioxide transport, DO2/VO2 relationships, carbon monoxide, pulse oximetry, effects of altitude, and dysbarism. This chapter is laid out exactly following the RCEM syllabus, to allow easy reference and consolidation of learning.
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25

Fedeles, Benjamin T., Samuel M. Galvagno, and Bhavani Kodali. Patient Monitoring. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190495756.003.0003.

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The outside of the operating room (OOOR) environment is fraught with challenges and often requires a great deal of flexibility without compromising patient care. The expertise and skill of the modern anesthesiologist is increasingly required when anesthesia is administered for procedures performed OOOR. This chapter focuses on the physics, physiology, limitations, and recommendations for standard physiological monitors that should be utilized in the OOOR environment. A special emphasis is placed on pulse oximetry and capnography. By implementing standards for monitoring that are similar to standards used in the operating room, the safe delivery of an anesthetic for procedures in the OOOR environment can be consistently achieved.
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26

Adam, Sheila, Sue Osborne, and John Welch. Cardiovascular problems. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199696260.003.0005.

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The cardiovascular chapter discusses the physiology, assessment, and treatment of cardiovascular disorders in the critically ill patient. It gives an in-depth explanation of non-invasive and invasive monitoring procedures (such as ECG, pulse oximetry, oesophageal Doppler, and pulmonary artery catheterization). It includes the measurement of oxygen delivery and consumption, and explains diagnostic techniques such as echocardiography. The chapter includes the management and optimization of goal-directed therapies for specific conditions including coronary heart disease (such as myocardial infarction and angina), shock, valvular heart disease, and heart failure. Interventional treatment and specific drug therapy are discussed, including percutaneous coronary intervention, cardiac pacing, and electrical conversion.
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27

Metzner, Julia, and Karen B. Domino. Outcomes, Regulation, and Quality Improvement. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190495756.003.0010.

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To improve the safety of patients undergoing procedures in remote locations, practitioners should be familiar with rigorous continuous quality improvement systems, national and regulatory patient safety efforts, as well as complications related to anesthesia/sedation in out of the operating room (OOOR) settings. This chapter discusses severe outcomes and mechanisms of injury in OOOR locations, national patient safety and regulatory efforts that may be adapted to the OOOR setting, and quality improvement efforts essential to track outcomes and improve patient safety. Patient safety can be improved by adherence to respiratory monitoring (e.g., pulse oximetry and capnography), sedation standards/guidelines and national patient safety and regulatory efforts, and development of vigorous quality improvement systems to measure outcomes and make changes.
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28

1932-, Webster John G., ed. Design of pulse oximeters. Bristol: Institute of Physics Pub., 1997.

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29

Webster, John G. Design of Pulse Oximeters. Taylor & Francis, 1997.

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30

Webster, John G. Design of Pulse Oximeters. Taylor & Francis Group, 1997.

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31

Webster, J., ed. Design of Pulse Oximeters. Taylor & Francis, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420050790.

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32

Webster, J. G., ed. Design of Pulse Oximeters. IOP Publishing Ltd, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1887/0750304677.

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33

Sainz, Jorge G., and Bradley P. Fuhrman. Basic Pediatric Hemodynamic Monitoring. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199918027.003.0005.

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Physiological monitoring using a variety of technological advances supplements, but does not replace, our ability to distinguish normal from abnormal physiology traditionally gleaned from physical examination. Pulse oximetry uses the wavelengths of saturated and unsaturated hemoglobin to estimate arterial oxygenation noninvasively. Similar technology included on vascular catheters provides estimation of central or mixed venous oxygenation and helps assess the adequacy of oxygen delivered to tissues. End-tidal carbon dioxide measurements contribute to the assessment of ventilation. Systemic arterial blood pressure and central venous pressure measurements help evaluate cardiac performance, including the impact of ventilatory support. Intra-abdominal pressure may increase as a result of intraluminal air or fluid, abnormal fluid collections within the peritoneal cavity, or abnormal masses. Increased pressure may impede venous return to the heart and compromise intra-abdominal organ perfusion. Pressure measurement guides related management decisions.
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34

Grech, Dennis, and Laurence M. Hausman. Anesthetic Techniques. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190495756.003.0004.

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Anesthetic techniques for procedures performed outside the traditional operating room are varied. General anesthesia, sedation, and regional anesthesia can all be delivered in this venue. The choice of technique is based on safety considerations and patient comorbidities. Perioperative monitoring such as pulse oximetry, end-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring, and electrocardiography and blood pressure monitoring protocols must be consistent with American Society of Anesthesiologists guidelines. Common procedures include elective office-based anesthetics, emergency room sedations, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographies in the gastroenterology suite, and minimally invasive interventions in the radiology department. Because most of these locations have limited postanesthesia care unit capabilities, the patient’s rapid return to baseline functioning and the ability to be discharged quickly, safely, and comfortably are important goals. Thus, anesthetic technique and the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the anesthetics, analgesics, antiemetics, and local anesthetics are of utmost importance.
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35

Squire, Peter. Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199764495.003.0012.

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Adenotonsillectomy has become first-line treatment for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and it is increasingly performed as a day-case procedure. A diagnosis of OSA increases the risk for postoperative respiratory morbidity from 1% to approximately 20% and unfortunately, the clinical history may be unreliable at distinguishing which children are at greatest risk. The gold standard investigation is overnight polysomnography (PSG), but this is a scarce resource considering the number of procedures performed. Fortunately, overnight home pulse oximetry also provides a useful stratification of severity and may predict postoperative problems. Children with OSA have a respiratory drive and airway tone that may be exquisitely sensitive to anesthetic and analgesic agents. Accordingly, the anesthesiologist needs to identify which patients are most at risk, and therefore which patients can be managed as “day cases,” what is an appropriate anesthetic regimen, and how best to monitor these patients postoperatively.
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36

NRP Neonatal Resuscitation Textbook (English version). 6th ed. American Academy of Pediatrics, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/9781581106305.

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The new 6th edition textbook includes video clips will reflect the 2010 American Academy of Pediatrics and American Heart Association Guidelines for Neonatal Resuscitation. This textbook wtih extensively updated Neonatal Resuscitation Program materials represent a shift in approach to the education process, eliminating the slide and lecture format and emphasizing a hands-on, interactive, simulation-based learning environment. Content updates include: Changes in the NRP™ Algorithm, Elimination of Evaluation of Amniotic Fluid in Initial Rapid Assessment, Use of Supplemental Oxygen During Neonatal Resuscitation, Use of Pulse Oximetry, Revisions in the NRP flow diagram, Chest Compression Procedures, Overview and Principles of Resuscitation, Initial Steps of Resuscitation, Use of Resuscitation Devices for Positive-Pressure Ventilation, Endotracheal Intubation and Laryngeal Mask Airway Insertion, Medications, Special Considerations, Resuscitation of Babies Born Preterm, Ethics and Care at the End of Life, Integrated Skills Station Performance Checklist, including Clear and Concise Tables, Detailed Figures, Extensive Learning Tools, and Easy Step-by-Step Illustrations.
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37

Knape, Johannes (Hans) T. A. Conscious sedation. Edited by Michel M. R. F. Struys. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0050.

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After a thorough introduction to conscious sedation, including the reasons for the increase in demand for assistance for moderate (conscious)-to-deep sedation in medicine over recent decades, this chapter covers some key definitions, before moving on to morbidity, mortality, and safety. The chapter then discusses how to prepare the patient for sedation, including the issue of whether the patient should have fasted prior to sedation and the screening of patients for sedation. It looks at the necessary qualifications and responsibilities of a sedation practitioner, and the monitoring of patients undergoing moderate-to-deep sedation: this includes monitoring of the ventilation via pulse oximetry, monitoring the efficacy of spontaneous ventilation via capnography, monitoring of the circulation, ECG monitoring, and monitoring the depth of sedation. Routine oxygen administration is also discussed, as are emergency interventions and resuscitation, and recovery and discharge of the patient following moderate-to-deep sedation. The chapter finishes with a discussion of the techniques and drugs used in sedation, and specific considerations surrounding sedation in children.
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38

Magee, Patrick, and Mark Tooley. Intraoperative monitoring. Edited by Jonathan G. Hardman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0043.

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Chapter 25 introduced some basic generic principles applicable to many measurement and monitoring techniques. Chapter 43 introduces those principles not covered in Chapter 25 and discusses in detail the clinical applications and limitations of the many monitoring techniques available to the modern clinical anaesthetist. It starts with non-invasive blood pressure measurement, including clinical and automated techniques. This is followed by techniques of direct blood pressure measurement, noting that transducers and calibration have been discussed in Chapter 25. This is followed by electrocardiography. There then follows a section on the different methods of measuring cardiac output, including the pulmonary artery catheter, the application of ultrasound in echocardiography, pulse contour analysis (LiDCO™ and PiCCO™), and transthoracic electrical impedance. Pulse oximetry is then discussed in some detail. Depth of anaesthesia monitoring is then described, starting with the electroencephalogram and its application in BIS™ monitors, the use of evoked potentials, and entropy. There then follow sections on gas pressure measurement in cylinders and in breathing systems, followed by gas volume and flow measurement, including the rotameter, spirometry, and the pneumotachograph, and the measurement of lung dead space and functional residual capacity using body plethysmography and dilution techniques. The final section is on respiratory gas analysis, starting with light refractometry as the standard against which other techniques are compared, infrared spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and Raman spectroscopy (the principles of these techniques having been introduced in Chapter 25), piezoelectric and paramagnetic analysers, polarography and fuel cells, and blood gas analysis.
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39

Kipnis, Eric, and Benoit Vallet. Tissue perfusion monitoring in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0138.

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Resuscitation endpoints have shifted away from restoring normal values of routinely assessed haemodynamic parameters (central venous pressure, mean arterial pressure, cardiac output) towards optimizing parameters that reflect adequate tissue perfusion. Tissue perfusion-based endpoints have changed outcomes, particularly in sepsis. Tissue perfusion can be explored by monitoring the end result of perfusion, namely tissue oxygenation, metabolic markers, and tissue blood flow. Tissue oxygenation can be directly monitored locally through invasive electrodes or non-invasively using light absorbance (pulse oximetry (SpO2) or tissue (StO2)). Global oxygenation may be monitored in blood, either intermittently through blood gas analysis, or continuously with specialized catheters. Central venous saturation (ScvO2) indirectly assesses tissue oxygenation as the net balance between global O2 delivery and uptake, decreasing when delivery does not meet demand. Lactate, a by-product of anaerobic glycolysis, increases when oxygenation is inadequate, and can be measured either globally in blood, or locally in tissues by microdialysis. Likewise, CO2 (a by-product of cellular respiration) and PCO2 can be measured globally in blood or locally in accessible mucosal tissues (sublingual, gastric) by capnography or tonometry. Increasing PCO2 gradients, either tissue-to-arterial or venous-to-arterial, are due to inadequate perfusion. Metabolically, the oxidoreductive status of mitochondria can be assessed locally through NADH fluorescence, which increases in situations of inadequate oxygenation/perfusion. Finally, local tissue blood flow may be measured by laser-Doppler or visualized through intravital microscopic imaging. These perfusion/oxygenation resuscitation endpoints are increasingly used and studied in critical care.
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40

Merry, Alan F., Simon J. Mitchell, and Jonathan G. Hardman. Hazards in anaesthetic practice: body systems and occupational hazards. Edited by Jonathan G. Hardman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0045.

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“Can’t intubate, can’t oxygenate” crises and aspiration of gastric contents are important hazards in anaesthesia, and may result in the death of relatively young and healthy patients. Airway difficulties may manifest at the end of anaesthesia as well as at induction and are commoner in emergency departments and intensive care settings than during anaesthesia in operating rooms. Elements of poor management characterize the majority of airway complications. Emergency cricothyroidotomy performed by anaesthetists is associated with a high rate of failure. Other important hazards associated with anaesthesia may involve excessive or inadequate levels of oxygen or carbon dioxide in the blood, hypertension or hypotension, hypothermia or hyperthermia (including malignant hyperpyrexia), hypovolaemia, embolism of gas or thrombus, awareness, infection, and injury to the peripheral or central nervous system, or the eyes. Stroke and postoperative cognitive dysfunction may be particularly devastating for patients. These hazards are typically increased in low- and middle-income countries. The World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists and the World Health Organization have endorsed international standards for a safe practice of anaesthesia, which are structured to reflect different levels of resource. The Lifebox Foundation seeks to improve the safety of surgery and anaesthesia in resource-constrained areas, notably by closing the substantial global gap in pulse oximetry. Several hazards are integral to the occupation of anaesthesia, including certain infections, increased rates of suicide, and medico-legal risks. In the end, the best way to mitigate these risks is through focusing on the safety of our patients.
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41

Mueller, Christian. Acute dyspnoea in the emergency department. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0009.

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Acute dyspnoea is a very common symptom in the acute cardiac care setting. In contrast to current beliefs, acute dyspnoea, as the leading symptom in the emergency department, is associated with about twice the mortality risk, compared to acute chest pain. Rapid and accurate identification of the cause of dyspnoea is critical to the initiation of specific and effective treatment. In most patients, a rapid and accurate diagnosis in the emergency department can be achieved by a combination of vital signs, including pulse oximetry, detailed patient history, physical examination, blood tests (including natriuretic peptides—BNP, NT-proBNP, or MR-proANP), venous blood gases, and C-reactive protein in all patients, and D-dimers in selected patients, electrocardiograms, and chest X-ray. It is key to remember that the prevalence of acute heart failure in unselected patients with acute dyspnoea is about 50%. Therefore, a high awareness for the presence of acute heart failure is mandatory. Acute heart failure, pneumonia, obstructive pulmonary diseases (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma), pulmonary embolism, and anxiety disorders represent more than 90% of all cases with acute dyspnoea in the emergency department. In about 10–15%, two acute causes (e.g. acute heart failure and pneumonia) may be present and require combined treatment. Transthoracic echocardiography should be immediately performed in all patients with acute dyspnoea and shock, and in those patients in whom the diagnosis remains uncertain, even after initial work-up.
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42

Mueller, Christian. Acute dyspnoea in the emergency department. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0009_update_001.

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Acute dyspnoea is a very common symptom in the acute cardiac care setting. In contrast to current beliefs, acute dyspnoea, as the leading symptom in the emergency department, is associated with about twice the mortality risk, compared to acute chest pain. Rapid and accurate identification of the cause of dyspnoea is critical to the initiation of specific and effective treatment. In most patients, a rapid and accurate diagnosis in the emergency department can be achieved by a combination of vital signs, including pulse oximetry, detailed patient history, physical examination, blood tests (including natriuretic peptides—BNP, NT-proBNP, or MR-proANP), venous blood gases, and C-reactive protein in all patients, and D-dimers in selected patients, electrocardiograms, chest X-ray, and more recently also lung ultrasound. It is key to remember that the prevalence of acute heart failure in unselected patients with acute dyspnoea is about 50%. Therefore, a high awareness for the presence of acute heart failure is mandatory. Acute heart failure, pneumonia, obstructive pulmonary diseases (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma), pulmonary embolism, and anxiety disorders represent more than 90% of all cases with acute dyspnoea in the emergency department. In about 10–15%, two acute causes (e.g. acute heart failure and pneumonia) may be present and require combined treatment. Transthoracic echocardiography should be immediately performed in all patients with acute dyspnoea and shock, and in those patients in whom the diagnosis remains uncertain, even after initial work-up.
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43

McKenzie, Alistair G. The history of anaesthesia. Edited by Philip M. Hopkins. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0031.

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Even though ether was prepared in 1540 and nitrous oxide in 1774, it was not until the 1840s that these agents were used to induce anaesthesia to enable painless surgery. Modern inhalation anaesthesia has evolved from the public demonstration of ether anaesthesia by William Morton at the Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States, on 16 October 1846. In the United Kingdom, from 1847 John Snow applied scientific principles to develop safer anaesthetic practice. Newer and safer agents have replaced ether in most countries. Successful intravenous anaesthesia began with chloral hydrate in 1874; progress was hesitant until the wide acceptance of thiopental from 1934—in turn superseded by propofol from 1985. Regional anaesthesia has evolved from the first use of the local anaesthetic, cocaine, to enable awake eye surgery by Carl Koller in 1884. This progressed to nerve blocks, spinal and epidural anaesthesia with a high degree of sophistication, through provision of better and safer local anaesthetics: lidocaine and bupivacaine. The introduction of neuromuscular blocking agents into anaesthetic practice began with the use of curare by Griffith and Johnson in Montreal in 1942. Muscle relaxation became a component of ‘balanced anaesthesia’—necessitating advances in airway management, including tracheal intubation and safe mechanical ventilation of the lungs. The modern anaesthetic workstation for inhalation anaesthesia has evolved from the early anaesthetic machines over 100 years. Of all the advances in anaesthesia during the past 50 years, developments in monitoring techniques—particularly pulse oximetry and capnography—have probably made the greatest contribution to patient safety. Anaesthetists have embraced enhanced postoperative recovery.
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44

Raine, Tim, James Dawson, Stephan Sanders, and Simon Eccles. Cardiovascular. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199683819.003.0007.

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Chest pain emergencyChest painTachyarrhythmia emergencyTachyarrhythmiasBradyarrhythmia emergencyBradyarrhythmiasHypertension emergencyHypertensionHeart failureCall for senior help early if patient unwell or deteriorating.•Sit patient up•15l/min O2 if SOB or sats <94%•Monitor pulse oximeter, BP, defibrillator ECG leads if unwell...
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45

Raine, Tim, James Dawson, Stephan Sanders, and Simon Eccles. Respiratory. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199683819.003.0008.

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Breathlessness and low sats emergencyBreathlessness and low satsStridor in a conscious adult patientCoughCall for senior help early if patient deteriorating.•Sit patient up•15l/min O2 in all patients if acutely unwell•Monitor pulse oximeter, BP, defibrillator’s ECG leads if unwell...
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46

Huang, Apple. An1525: Pulse Oximeter Design Using Microchip's DsPIC® Digital Signal Controllers and Analog Devices. Microchip Technology Incorporated, 2014.

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47

Jiang, Linda. An1525: Pulse Oximeter Design Using Microchip's Analog Devices and DsPIC® Digital Signal Controllers. Microchip Technology Incorporated, 2016.

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48

Dufseth, Rhonda. Pulse Oximeter Design Using Microchip's Analog Devices and DsPIC® Digital Signal Controller (DSCs). Microchip Technology Incorporated, 2015.

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49

Takenaka, Norio. AN1525 - Pulse Oximeter Design Using Microchip's Analog Devices and DsPIC® Digital Signal Controllers (DSCs). Microchip Technology Incorporated, 2016.

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50

Klajner, Sidney. O valor da capnografia e oximetria de pulso na monitorização em cirurgia videolaparoscópica. São Paulo, 1998.

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