Journal articles on the topic 'Pulping Costs'
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1
Gavrilescu, Dan. "BEST PRACTICES IN KRAFT PULPING - BENEFITS AND COSTS." Environmental Engineering and Management Journal 4, no. 1 (2005): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.30638/eemj.2005.003.
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Felissia, Fernando E., Maria C. Area, Olga M. Barboza, and Dora I. Bengoechea. "Anti-scaling agents in kraft pulping." BioResources 2, no. 2 (May 4, 2007): 252–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.2.2.252-264.
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Scale formation in the digester during kraft pulping represents a great problem in pulp mills. Scaling reduces pulping control and efficiency, increasing energy costs and leading to cleaning breakdowns, with subsequent losses in productivity. The kraft process promotes CaCO3 scaling due to high calcium ion and carbonate concentrations, as well as high alkalinity and temperature levels, which increase the speed with which liquors reach a state of supersaturation. This work examines the action of diethylene triamine penta(methylene phosphonic acid) (DTPMPA), either alone or combined with commercial anti-scaling agents, as an inhibitor of calcium carbonate precipitation in the kraft pulping of Pinus taeda. The theoretical amount of calcium deposited in the digester was obtained by mass balance. Soluble calcium was stable throughout cooking when using the phosphonates alone or combined with anti-scaling agents. When adding only DTPMPA, calcium stays in the pulp, rather than forming deposits.
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Watson, P. A., and J. V. Hatton. "Increasing the use of supplemental fibre sources in pulping." Forestry Chronicle 72, no. 5 (October 1, 1996): 501–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc72501-5.
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The highlights of a recent two-day workshop to address problems of fibre shortages and increasingly high delivered wood costs show that, based on their quality, availability and impact, several supplemental fibre sources can be used effectively in chemical and mechanical pulping. The workshop, held in Vancouver, British Columbia, was hosted jointly by the Pulp and Paper Research Institute of Canada and the Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada.
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ANDREWS, JOHN D., and PETER W. HART. "Improving pulp yield for integrated southern hardwood kraft mills—significance and impact on chemical recovery, steam and power generation, and bleaching." TAPPI Journal 12, no. 2 (March 1, 2013): 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj12.2.41.
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Researchers have been attempting to improve the yield of bleachable-grade kraft pulp for several decades. Wood is typically one of the major costs associated with kraft pulping. Therefore, it is typically assumed that improving pulp yield or conversely, reducing the amount of wood required to make a specific mass of pulp, is a cost-effective, lucrative endeavor. Although this may be true, it is important to understand the impact of increasing pulp yield on the interconnected processes within an integrated pulp and paper mill and to fully evaluate the cost implications on these processes. The current work employed several sets of laboratory pulping conditions and a WinGEMS model of a pulp mill, fully integrated with chemical recovery, power, and recausticization, and pulp drying islands to determine where the largest cost impact associated with improved pulp yield may be experienced.
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Chaurasia, Shardesh, Prakashchandra Mervana, Satyapal Singh, and Sanjay Naithani. "Biological Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Material for Biopulping: A Review." Journal of Non Timber Forest Products 23, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps2000-2016-mir5p1.
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Biopulping has the potential to improve pulp quality, paper properties and to reduce energy costs and environmental impact relative to traditional pulping approaches. The technology has focused on the white rot fungi that are known to be degrader of wood constituents. This group of fungi have complex extracellular ligninolytic enzyme systems that can selectively degrade/ alter lignin structure and allow cellulose fibres to be relatively unaffected. It colonizes either on living or dead wood and decomposes almost all plant cell wall polymers including lignin and extractives making it to be extremely potential to be used in biopulping. Biopulping reduces the chemical load in paper industry and thus partially limiting environmental threats caused by conventional pulping. It has been advised that energy savings alone could make the process economically viable. Other benefits include improved burst strength and tear indices of product and reduced pitch deposition.
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BROGDON, BRIAN N. "Optimization of elemental chlorine-free bleaching for a softwood kraft pulp • part 2: economic analysis of chemical and steam consumption." September 2010 9, no. 9 (October 1, 2010): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj9.9.47.
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Our previous investigation [1] re-analyzed the data from Basta and co-workers (1992 TAPPI Pulping Conference) to demonstrate how oxidative alkaline extraction can be augmented and how these changes affect chlorine dioxide consumption with elemental chlorine-free (ECF) sequences. The current study manipulates extraction delignification variables to curtail bleaching costs with a conventional U.S. Southern softwood kraft pulp. The economic advantages of ~0.35% to 0.65% H2O2 peroxide reinforcement in a 70°C (EOP)-stage versus 90°C (EO)-stage are predisposed to the brightness targets, to short or long bleach sequences, and to mill energy costs. Minimized bleaching costs are generally realized when a 90°C (EO) is employed in D0(EO)D1 bleaching, whereas a 70°C (EOP) is economically advantageous for D0(EOP)D1E2D2 bleaching. The findings we disclose here help to clarify previous ECF optimization studies of conventional softwood kraft pulps.
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Han, Xiao Fang, and Hong Qing Hu. "Application of Bleaching Reed Pulp by Xylanase-Producing Alkalophilic Bacillius." Advanced Materials Research 830 (October 2013): 207–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.830.207.
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The reeds are the reeds of the Gramineae Lo bamboo family and they are major non-wood papermaking raw materials. Based on the importance of the reed in the papermaking, many useful discussions have been carried out about its pulping and bleaching processes (Shatalov et al.,2001).Finnish scholars reported a pulp by the xylanase treatment could reduce the segment of chloride to chlorine consumption of 25% for the first time in 1986 (Viikari et al., 1986),and it was soon put into industrial production after then. Xylanase can reduce the amount of chemical additives by improving the bleach ability of the pulp, thereby reducing environmental pollution and reduce production costs, and increase the brightness of the paper (Anatoly et al., 2007).Although many scholars have done a lot of research in biobleaching, and have made some progress, but most of the selection of microorganisms are fungi and neutrophilic bacteria, the production of xylanase is usually in the pH 5 - 7, 40-50°C which often leads to maximal activity, thus lack of compatibility with the conventional chemical pulping process. In recent years, the thermal stability of alkaline xylanase has been paid much attention (Shatalov et al.,2003). Alkalophilic bacteria secreted extracellular enzyme with heat, basophilic characteristics, can be used directly to the biopulping pretreatment and bleaching of wood and non wood raw materials. The recent study on organic solventbased pulping of giant reed showed that competitive papermaking fibres could be produced using this advanced pulping technology (Shatalov and Pereira, 2001). The amount of enzyme not only directly affects the size of pulp hardness, degree of polymerization and brightness, but also was the basis for investigating the economic of dealing with enzyme.The results of alkaline bacteria xylanase bleaching ramie fiber have been reported previously (Zheng et al., 2000). In this study, the xylanase of alkalophilic Bacillus is used in reed pulp bleaching pretreatment, and the physical and chemical properties of the enzyme to deal with the reed pulp are analyzed.
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Bosco, Mtweve, Ekael Mbise, and Rwaichi Minja. "Production of Paper Pulp Using Sisal Fiber Waste from Sisal Spinning Processes." Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology 41, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 150–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.52339/tjet.v41i2.788.
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Disposal of large volumes of textile waste is an escalating problem for textile industries. Sisal spinning industry is the one of the textile industries releasing large volumes of textile waste in the landfills. The rising costs, and reduction of available space together with increasing stringent environmental measures are making burying and land filling of textile waste, a declining option. This study therefore explores recycling options where the potential of using sisal fiber waste produced during sisal spinning processes as raw materials for the production of paper pulp was investigated. Sampling was done at 21stCentury Holdings Limited allocated at Chang’ombe industrial street Dar es Salaam mainly dealer of sisal yarns production. Materials were prepared and cut into small pieces of about ½ inches to reduce the fiber into unit lengths so as to achieve pulping required performance. Pulping process was achieved through Soda pulping techniques with two different effective alkali charges (EA-20% and EA-24%) for 240 minutes under maximum temperature 140 C, and liquor to fiber ratio 4:1by using Mathis Labomat dyeing Machine. The kappa number obtained was (25.5, 34.5) for material treated under EA 24% and EA 20% respectively, Percentage pulp yield were (47.1, 54.4) for EA 24% and EA20% pulp respectively. Freeness (630CFS, 555CSF) after refining at 4500rpm. Finally, the resulting pulp was used for hand sheet making and the sheets were tested for their mechanical properties; Grammage (61.1, 61.1) g/m2, Tensile index (9.9, 22.3) Nm/g, Tear index (13.3, 17.4) Nm2/g, burst index (1.7, 3.7 and 1.6) k.pa.m2/g and Elongation at break (2.02, 2.22) % for EA24% pulp, EA20% pulp respectively. The findings shows that sisal fiber wastes have a promising potential for paper pulp production compared to other non-wood raw material.
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Hruška, Michal, Miroslav Variny, Juma Haydary, and Ján Janošovský. "Sulfur Recovery from Syngas in Pulp Mills with Integrated Black Liquor Gasification." Forests 11, no. 11 (November 3, 2020): 1173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11111173.
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Research Highlights: As to fill the current knowledge gap and to deliver important findings to the scientific community, efficient sulfur recovery from black liquor gasifier syngas, comprising both gas cleaning and returning sulfur to the pulping process, was modeled and assessed from a techno-economic viewpoint. This manuscript proves that the associated investment and operational costs cannot be neglected and that they impact the black liquor gasification feasibility significantly. To prove its gasification as a sustainable and more efficient processing route over its combustion in recovery boilers, a substantial process efficiency improvement and operating costs reduction must be targeted in future research. Background and Objectives: Sulfur compounds found in black liquor partly turn into hydrogen sulfide during gasification and exit the gasifier in the syngas. Their efficient recovery in their sulfidic form to the pulping process is of utmost importance. Current studies focus on black liquor gasifier syngas desulfurization only. Materials and Methods: A mathematical model of two H2S absorption units from a 66.7 tDS/h (1600 tons dry solids per day) black liquor gasification process to 20 ppm H2S content in cleaned syngas using either white liquor plus NaOH or N-methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) was created using the Aspen Plus simulation software. Results: The results show that CO2 co-absorption significantly increases the lime kiln load: +20% in the MDEA alternative and +100% in the other one. The MDEA alternative requires almost the same investment costs but by around USD 9.7 million (>50%) lower annual operating costs compared to the other one. Economic evaluation was based on the assumed discount rate of 5% and on the expected plant operation time of 25 years. The estimated total investment cost of the whole plant is around USD 170 million for both alternatives. The whole plant including this alternative exhibits a positive net present value (over USD 19 million), an internal rate of return of 5% and a profitability index of 1.12, whereas that with the other alternative is economically infeasible. Conclusions: The MDEA-based syngas cleaning technology represents a more efficient and economically feasible option of sulfur recovery. A major drawback of both modeled syngas cleaning technologies is that their estimated annual operating costs significantly reduce the expected profit margin of gasification over the traditional black liquor combustion in a recovery boiler. Syngas cleaning and sulfur recovery have to be further optimized to reach a significant cut down in operational costs to improve the economic feasibility of black liquor gasification.
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Pitt, Doug, Len Lanteigne, Michael K. Hoepting, Jean Plamondon, Isabelle Duchesne, Paul Bicho, and Gary Warren. "Effects of precommercial thinning on the forest value chain in northwestern New Brunswick: Part 6 – Estimating the economic benefits." Forestry Chronicle 89, no. 04 (August 2013): 502–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc2013-091.
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The Green River precommercial thinning (PCT) trials were established between 1959 and 1961 in naturally regenerating balsam fir (Abies balsamea [L.] Mill.)-dominated stands an average of eight years after overstory removal. Following clearcut harvest of three of the study's six replicates in the fall of 2008, the rotation-length effects of PCT and vegetation management (VM; deciduous tree and brush suppression) on the forest value chain were integrated into a spreadsheet-based model that estimates the net present value (NPV) of these silvicultural treatments. Assuming costs and prices near recent values, both PCT and VM were observed to support positive landowner NPVs through discount rates in excess of 6%. At a discount rate of 4% and an age where sawlog production was maximized, PCT and VM offered similar NPV (>$550/ha). Landowners that can attract buyers willing to pay a premium for wood from thinned stands (equal to the sum of reduced operational overhead charges, harvesting and sawmilling costs and increased pulping costs) could see the value of their stands double. Sensitivity analyses revealed that these results are dependent on site productivity, silvicultural costs and a strong premium on sawlog stumpage rates. Depending on economic circumstances, PCT and VM could be attractive investments on high quality sites that are situated in close proximity to wood processing infrastructure.
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Tripathy, Upendra Prasad, and Sunil Kumar Bishoyi. "Reduction of Colour from effluents of Pulp and Paper Industry by Ozonation: A Review." Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment 25, no. 12 (November 25, 2021): 170–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/2512rjce170174.
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Pulp and paper making is the major old process industry in India which is water intensive and generates heavy water pollution. Pulp and paper industries are the fifth largest contributor to industrial water pollution. Waste water is generated from each and every section of paper making process and depends upon the type of pulping and bleaching process. Presently, primary and secondary (Biological) treatment systems based on activated sludge process are widely used by paper industry for effluent treatment. The process requires high energy and chemical inputs and involves high operational costs. One of the novel processes for treating effluent is its oxidation through ozonation which is a greener way of degrading pollutants. Ozonation of intermediate stage effluents having high colour load is more effective for industrial application and re-utilization.
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Chambers, Paul GS, and Nuno MG Borralho. "A simple model to examine the impact of changes in wood traits on the costs of thermomechanical pulping and high-brightness newsprint production with radiata pine." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 29, no. 10 (October 1, 1999): 1615–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x99-127.
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A number of functions were investigated that related the costs of thermomechanical pulp (TMP) and high-brightness newsprint production, using Pinus radiata D. Don, to important pulp and paper quality (breeding objective) variables, including specific energy consumption and pulp handsheet tear and tensile strength, brightness, and opacity. Pulp handsheet quality traits were considered to be reasonable two-dimensional predictors of paper quality traits in this context. A specific production process that requires the use of a reinforcement kraft pulp and an artificial clay filler to improve the quality of paper produced from the bleached TMP fibres was investigated, similar to the production process used by Australian Newspaper Mills' Boyer Mill in Tasmania, Australia. Pulp and pulp handsheet quality variables could be explained by significant (P > 0.05) wood traits using multiple linear regression equations. This provided a method to predict the economic importance of each wood trait in relation to the thermomechanical production process investigated. The results showed that tracheid length, wood density, wood brightness, and tracheid coarseness were the best predictors of costs. Increases in tracheid length, wood density, and wood brightness and decreases in tracheid coarseness resulted in decreasing the total costs of TMP and high-brightness newsprint production.
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C. BENNETT, DAVID. "Duplex and ferritic stainless steel sheet linings versus weld overlay and other metallic corrosion-resistant barriers." July 2015 14, no. 7 (August 1, 2015): 491–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj14.7.491.
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Sheet linings made from stainless steel can protect carbon steel substrates at lower initial direct cost for installation and subsequent direct inspection than weld overlay and thermal sprayed coating. Closely matched thermal expansion coefficients of ferritic and duplex stainless steel grades with carbon steel allow large “tile pieces” in reliable, leak-proof linings compared to linings from austenitic grades, simplifying and speeding installation. Sheet linings with ferritic and duplex grades typically have lower unit costs than weld overlay and thermal sprayed coatings. Ferritic and lean duplex grades resist corrosion and stress corrosion cracking in most alkaline pulping and liquor recovery environments. Super-duplex grades can replace acid-resistant brick linings in D-stage bleaching equipment, including pre-retention tubes and towers. Carefully specified sheet linings of ferritic and duplex stainless steels, professionally installed in accordance with longstanding industry standards, are reliable and economical protective barriers, especially compared with weld overlay, in many applications in modern pulp
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BROGDON, BRIAN N. "Optimization of elemental chlorine-free bleaching for a softwood kraft pulp – part 1: impact of oxidative extraction on chlorine dioxide stoichiometry." August 2010 9, no. 8 (September 1, 2010): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj9.8.27.
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The present investigation meticulously analyzes how oxidative alkaline extraction can be augmented through process changes, and how these augmentations can be leveraged to optimize chlorine dioxide usage with elemental chlorine-free (ECF) sequences for a conventional softwood kraft pulp. Bleaching data from Basta and co-workers (1992 TAPPI Pulping Conference) are re-examined and re-interpreted in this study. We determined that ~60% to 65% of the overall ClO2 charge should be applied in the D0-stage. Peroxide addition to an (EOP) can replace 0.6 to 2.5 Kg. ClO2 per Kg H2O2. Boosting the (EO) temperature to 80°C is equivalent to a 70°C (EOP) with 0.25% to 0.30% H2O2,whereas a 90°C (EO) is equivalent to 0.50% – 0.75% H2O2 in a 70°C (EOP). The stoichiometric bleaching data from this study can guide decision-making for lowering chemical usage and minimize costs to reach target brightness levels with three- and five-stage sequences.
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Little, Keith M., and Robin AW Gardner. "Coppicing ability of 20 Eucalyptus species grown at two high-altitude sites in South Africa." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33, no. 2 (February 1, 2003): 181–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x02-170.
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In the 1980s, Eucalyptus macarthurii and E. nitens were planted in the colder, higher altitude areas of South Africa to meet the increased demand for pulpwood. To find possible alternatives, six site × species interaction trials were planted in 19901991. Based on volume performance and pulping properties, E. badjensis, E. benthamii, E. oreades, E. nobilis, E. smithii, and E. fraxinoides were identified as having good commercial potential. Although the performance of the parent crop is important, the ability to coppice is advantageous because of lower reestablishment costs. To determine this, the ability for these species to coppice was assessed at 10 months after felling at two of the trial sites with widely different growing conditions (Broadholms in Mpumalanga province and Draycott in KwaZulu-Natal province). More than 80% of the living stumps of E. benthamii, E. smithii, E. quadrangulata, E. macarthurii, E. badjensis, E. dunnii, E. cypellocarpa, E. saligna, and E. elata had coppiced at both sites. At Draycott, an exposed, dry site, both E. smithii and E. benthamii could be considered as potential alternative species to E. nitens, because besides having good volume, both species coppiced well. At Broadholms, a more protected and slightly wetter site, the significantly better volume of E. fraxinoides (which did not coppice well) when compared with the other species would mean that a substantial saving in reestablishment costs via coppice regeneration would have to be made before one could consider this method of reestablishment.
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Zonta Neto, Alvaro João, Mariana Gomes Oliveira, Everton Skoronski, and Maurício Vicente Alves. "Characterization and evaluation of potential impacts in the environment of residual fiber from cellulose." Revista Eletrônica em Gestão, Educação e Tecnologia Ambiental 23 (June 27, 2019): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2236117038529.
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The search for alternative final destinations for residue from industrial processes is a growing problem. Pulp and paper industries generate large amounts of residue, which are not always reused or do not receive adequate final destination. An alternative is its reuse, using the final disposal of the residue in the soil, for its potential to inactivate part of the chemical compounds, allowing its use as agricultural inputs of low cost. The purpose of this study was to analyze the final residue of the treatment plant of a pulp and paper industry using the kraft pulping method, which allows a high resistance and low lignin cellulose pulp with the advantage of recovering the chemicals used, reducing costs. In order to pre-evaluate this disposal possibility, this study carried out the classification of the waste classifying the hazardousness of the cellulose fiber, and its behavior under solubilization and leaching tests. The results of the analysis showed that the reactivity characteristics and solubilization of substances in water above the maximum permissible value (MPV), characterizing the residue as non-inert and Hazardous Class I due to the presence of S2- releasing H2S in concentrations above than those established by the regulations.
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Ogner Jåstad, Eirik, Torjus Folsland Bolkesjø, Per Kristian Rørstad, Atle Midttun, Judit Sandquist, and Erik Trømborg. "The Future Role of Forest-Based Biofuels: Industrial Impacts in the Nordic Countries." Energies 14, no. 8 (April 8, 2021): 2073. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14082073.
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This study applies a partial equilibrium forest sector model to analyse the impacts of biofuel deployment for road transport in the Nordic countries, when alternative use of the biomass resources and transport sector electrification are considered. We foresee a strong electrification of the transport sector, resulting in a demand for biofuels of approximately 2.5 billion L in 2035 and 1 billion L in 2050 in a 100% fossil-free base scenario. The simultaneous increase in demand from pulping industries and biofuel will cause an overall increase in wood use, of which the biofuels share will constitute approximately 20–25%. The utilization of harvest residues will increase more than 300% compared to the current level, since biofuel production will reallocate some of the current raw material used in district heating. Biofuel consumption in road transport will likely reduce after 2040 due to increasing electrification, but it is plausible that the declining domestic demand will be replaced by increasing demand from international biofuel markets in aviation and shipping. The main uncertainties in the scenarios are the future costs and profitability of forest-based biofuel technologies and the public acceptance of the close to 100 TWh of new renewable electricity production needed for the electrification of Nordic road transport.
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Azlin Azmi, Annur, and Siti Amira Othman. "Fabrication of magnetic sugarcane bagasse paper." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1231, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 012013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1231/1/012013.
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Abstract Generally, development in the pulp and paper industry requires extensive cutting of trees, which in effect contributes to deforestation. The dramatic growth in demand for wood supply, combined with the increasingly increasing cost of timber, has created a surge of interest in the use of non-wood plant fibres for paper production in widely developed countries. The use of waste material in pulping and paper-based industries could be beneficial as it helps prevent the need for disposal, which currently increases agricultural costs and causes environmental deterioration due to pollution and fires. In this research, the sugarcane bagasse was dry and chopped into 5 cm in lengths. The fibre and pulp were separated and put in a pulp disintegrator then it was weighed and mixed with water. The paper that fabricates will be irradiated with gamma-ray and then followed by characterizing with Scanning Electron Microscope- Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (SEM-EDX) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The SEM-EDX result shows that the weight and atomic percentage of the ferrite (Fe) increase after the irradiation. While for the FTIR, the entire sample exhibit the absorption range of 3400 to 2400 cm−1 region. The paper will be compared with the properties of multipurpose paper.
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Basova, Natalya, Eduard Novikov, Aleksandr Bezbabchenko, Abuali Khomitov, and Dmitriy Poselenov. "SCHEME FOR PROCESSING INDUSTRIAL HEMP INTO THE SAME TYPE FIBER." Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 15, no. 1 (May 14, 2020): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2073-0462-2020-63-67.
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Industrial hemp as a source of fiber is a valuable industrial raw material. In modern conditions, the lines of its primary processing should produce the same type of fiber with different characteristics, depending on the requirements for the properties of the finished fiber. The purpose of the work is to substantiate the scheme for processing industrial hemp based on the characteristics of hemp. Five primary processing lines were compared, including domestic flax equipment (M-110L2 grinding machine, DLV-2 disintegrators, and TG-135L shaker machines with a lower comb field). As raw materials the industrial hemp from Penza region, harvested in the spring, was used. The mass of one handful is 100 g, the loading density is 0.5 kg/m, the twist is three times. Raw materials were loaded into each machine manually. After primary processing by instrumental methods, hemp grade and characteristics were determined according to GOST 9993-2014. The scheme of the line for primary processing of industrial hemp in the form of tangled mass of stems of various lengths, which allows the production of the same type of hemp with different values of technological characteristics, has been developed. For the production of the same type of hemp with an average mass length of fiber 142 ... 144 mm, a mass fraction of bonfire of 1.6 ... 2.2%, a weighted average linear density of 11 ... 12 tex, the line should include a pulping machine, a disintegrator, two shaking machines; with characteristics respectively 235 mm, 7 ... 8% and 12 ... 13 tex - a disintegrator and two shaking machines; 219 mm and 15 ... 16%, 18 ... 19 tex - pulley and two shaking machines. Using the studied set of equipment provides a reduction in capital costs, in comparison with the lines of other manufacturers, by 3 ... 4 times, energy costs - up to 40%
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Mohta, Dinesh, and D. N. Roy. "Forests, fiber, and the environment – In view of the fiber supply to the pulp and paper industry." Forestry Chronicle 75, no. 2 (April 1, 1999): 247–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc75247-2.
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Forests play a vital role in the social, economic, and environmental development of any country. Paper, composed principally of wood fiber, is an essential commodity in promoting literacy, communication, documentation, and packaging. However, there is much concern about the world's forests being over-utilized. This has led to serious repercussions, not only to humanity, but also to the earth's biodiversity as a whole. It is now time that forests be used in a more responsible and ethical manner. Because of reduced forest area, increasing pulpwood costs, and an increasing demand for pulp and paper products, it might be expected that the focus would shift to high yield pulping processes or to the use of cellulosic non-wood raw materials. Non-woods are available in good supply all over the world, but are currently under-utilized. It is estimated that replacing 5–10% of wood pulp with non-wood pulp would have an important impact on the conservation of forests and the environment. This replacement of wood pulp by non-wood pulp could be environmentally and economically acceptable even in developed countries. By doing so, pulp and paper mills would have a lead role in reducing their dependency on forests for fiber. This determination and commitment would enhance the long-term sustainability of forests and the pulp and paper industry. Above all, it would be a sustainable step towards "our common future." Key words: forest, sustainable development, fiber supply, pulp and paper, non-woods
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HAMAGUCHI, MARCELO, and ESA K. VAKKILAINEN. "Influence of chlorine and potassium on operation and design of chemical recovery equipment." January 2011 10, no. 1 (February 1, 2011): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj10.1.33.
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The main objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of chlorine (Cl) and potassium (K) on the operation and design of equipment in the chemical recovery cycle. Due to stricter environmental regulations, mill closure tends to increase, causing the accumulation of undesirable elements such as Cl and K in the kraft liquor cycle. Total inorganic solids in pulping liquors increase in the presence of Cl and K, which affects the operation of chemical recovery equipment. The objective here is to show the magnitude of these impacts and estimate operational cost differences by using different Cl and K contents in liquors. Pulp mill material and energy balances for each case are used for this purpose, and a modern Brazilian pulp mill served as a base case model. The results show that for one specific range, the solids content in black liquor can be 6.6% higher by increasing the mass percentage of Cl and K in black liquor. This difference reduces the black liquor higher heating value by 6.2% and increases the amount of dry solids to burn in the recovery boiler, also by 6.6%. The evaporation load increases along with steam consumption. This lowers total electricity output by up to 1.6 MW due to reduced flow to the condensing stage of the steam turbine. The balances also demonstrate that some pumping costs can be 12% higher when operating from a low to high concentration of Cl and K in black liquor.
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Menta, Venkata Gireesh K., Irfan Tahir, and Abdulaziz Abutunis. "Effects of Blending Tobacco Lignin with HDPE on Thermal and Mechanical Properties." Materials 15, no. 13 (June 23, 2022): 4437. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15134437.
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Depletion of fossil fuels and the detrimental environmental impacts of synthetic plastics have prompted a global interest in bio-based polymers. Lignin is an abundant, unused, and low-value byproduct of pulping and biochemical operations that has the potential to decrease the need for plastics derived from petroleum. Melt blending is one of the easiest strategies for expanding the commercial applications of lignin. Concerns remain, however, regarding the negative effects of lignin on the final composite material’s performance, and the increase in manufacturing costs. This study investigates the effects of blending lignin extracted from tobacco using a novel one-step processing technique on injection molding parameters, and the mechanical, physical, and thermal properties of high-density polyethylene (HDPE). By extruding HDPE pellets and lignin powder, varying blend concentrations (0, 5, 10, 15, and 30% wt.) were produced. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical microscopy were used to investigate the compatibility of the blend morphology. Results indicated that interfacial interactions were achieved as particles of tobacco lignin were well dispersed and uniformly distributed throughout HDPE. Intermolecular interactions between HDPE and lignin were also discovered through Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectral analyses. The tensile test results showed that increase in lignin content up to 15% wt. had little effect on tensile strength, but at 30% wt., a 19% reduction was observed. With the addition of 5, 10, 15, and 30% wt. of lignin, the tensile modulus increased by 4%, 29%, 25%, and 8%, respectively. TGA results demonstrated that at 15% and 30% wt., tobacco lignin acted as a thermal stabilizer. The processability study revealed that tobacco lignin could be processed easily using injection molding without requiring significant changes to the process parameters. Overall, tobacco lignin showed great promise as a biodegradable HDPE filler.
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Hedlund, Alexander, Olof Björkqvist, Anders Nilsson, and Per Engstrand. "Energy Optimization in a Paper Mill Enabled by a Three-Site Energy Cooperation." Energies 15, no. 8 (April 7, 2022): 2715. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15082715.
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Although there are opportunities to reduce electrical energy demand in unit processes of mechanical pulp-based paper and paperboard production, this may not be financially beneficial. This is generally because energy optimization opportunities connected to reduced refiner electricity demand in mechanical pulping systems also results in less steam available for the drying of the paper. As modern high consistency refiner systems produce approximately one ton of steam for each MWh of electricity when producing one ton of pulp, a reduction in electric energy demand leads to increased fuel demand in steam boilers to compensate for the steam shortage. In this study, we investigated what the financial and environmental situation would look like if we were to expand the system border from a paper mill to a larger system consisting of a mechanical pulp-based paper or paperboard mill, a district heating system with an incineration boiler and a chemical pulp mill. Mechanical pulp production has a wood to product yield of >90%, a high electric energy demand to separate woodchips to pulp and is a net producer of heat and steam while chemical pulp-based production has a wood to product yield of 50%, a low electric energy demand and is a net heat and electricity producer due to the combustion of dissolved wood polymers. The aim of this research is to create useful and robust models of how to use excess heat from certain industry sites to cover the steam shortage in other industry sites by means of utilizing and optimizing the district heating systems connecting these sites. For this purpose, we used a simulation tool which dynamically allows us to evaluate different scenarios. Our results shows that there is great potential to reduce both carbon dioxide emissions and production costs for industry sites and society by means of these tools.
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Diffo Teguia, Cedric, Sophie D'Amours, Rod Albers, and Paul Stuart. "Decision-making process for the identification of preferred lignin-based biorefinery strategies." April 2017 16, no. 04 (2017): 229–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj16.4.229.
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The lignin biorefinery is emerging; there has been significant progress in recent years regarding lignin extraction and conversion processes, their implementation at the commercial scale, and the validation of lignin substitution potential in various applications. In this paper, seven strategies for implementing the lignin-based biorefinery into a kraft pulp mill were considered, and different performance metrics for these strategies were calculated in order to identify the “most preferred”. The different options addressed two distinctly different objectives that companies can consider regarding their biorefinery strategy, either (1) a near-term mill-level profitability improvement vision, or (2) a longer-term revenue growth-oriented vision. A phased-implementation approach was systematically defined for each option in order to mitigate technology and market risks. Lignin product applications that were considered included phenol replacement in phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resins, polyols replacement in polyurethane (PU) foams, and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) replacement in carbon fiber. A Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) panel was executed for evaluating the seven lignin-based biorefinery strategies, using a set of economic, market risk, and competitiveness criteria. Although the panel selected Internal Rate of Return (IRR) as the most important criterion, Competitiveness on Production Costs (CPC) appeared to be the most important factor for distinguishing between lignin strategy options. CPC reflects the robustness of the biorefinery strategy relative to an aggressive price-cutting strategy from the competition. Overall, strategies involving lignin precipitation were more attractive economically, while those involving larger-scale solvent pulping processes and the associated larger revenue streams were considered better long-term strategies. The most preferred strategy considered by the panel was for precipitated lignin sold for both PF resin and PU foam applications. The next preferred strategy considered lignin sales to the same market segments, but at larger volumes. The next closely-ranked strategy considered the production of a lignin-based PF resin at the host mill. These three strategies were identified as “preferred,” for further, more detailed assessment.
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DIFFO TEGUIA, CEDRIC, NIMA MEHR, WOLFGANG GLASSER, and PAUL STUART. "Economic and competitive potential of lignin-based thermoplastics using a multicriteria decision-making method." September 2022 21, no. 9 (October 1, 2022): 479–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj21.9.479.
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As a result of new lignin extraction plants hatching and increasing volumes of technical lignin becoming available, a variety of lignin derivatives, including phenolic resins and polyurethane (PU) foams, are reaching the marketplace or being used as intermediate products in many industrial applications. In the spectrum of possible lignin derivatives, thermoplastics appear particularly attractive due to a symbiosis of market, policy, and technology drivers. To assess the preferredness for lignin-based thermoplastics, this paper adapted a risk-oriented methodology formerly applied to assess lignin usage in various applications (phenol-formaldehyde [PF] resins, PU foams, and carbon fiber applications) to the case of lignin-based thermoplastics using hydroxypropylated lignin (HPL) and miscible blends of lignin and polyethylene oxide (PEO). The HPL is considered for garbage bags and agricultural films applications, while lignin-PEO blends are used as replacement for acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) in applications such as automotive parts. In the methodology, two phased-implementation strategies were defined for each thermoplastic derivative, considering perspectives for profit maximization (90 metric tons/day integrated units) and revenue growth (350 metric tons/day overall capacity), which were considered for implementation within a softwood kraft pulping mill. A set of six criteria representative of the main economic and market competitiveness issues were employed, and their respective importance weights were obtained in a multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) panel. Early-stage techno-economic estimates were done as a basis for the calculation of decision criteria. Compared to product derivatives previously assessed, capital investment for thermoplastic strategies appeared marginally higher due to the required lignin modification steps (on average 30% higher at similar capacity, and 6% for higher-scale revenue diversification strategies). Higher operating costs were also observed due to increased chemical expenses for all thermoplastic strategies, which are ultimately balanced by revenues associated with targeted thermoplastic products, leading to greater annual margins and cash flow generation over the project lifetime for thermoplastic strategies compared to other product applications (58% to 66% higher on average, at similar scale). Benefits of improved economics were reflected in economic criteria, internal rate of return (IRR), and cash flow on capital employed (CFCE), as well as in the price competitiveness criterion, CPC. Overall, the combination of relatively high lignin content in the plastic formulation and the less costly modification method contributed to lignin-PEO strategies, gaining the top two rankings. Based on their overall scores, both strategies defined for HPL would also integrate the group of “preferred” strategies, but are outranked by strategies that consider lignin positioning on PU foam applications.
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Policansky, David. "Sex Choice and Reproductive Costs in Jack-in-the-pulpit." BioScience 37, no. 7 (July 1987): 476–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1310419.
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Mas'an al wahid, Sucahyo, Fadhlan Muchlas Abrori, Roby Zulkarnain Noer, Kartini, and Ady Saputra. "WORKSHOP PENYUSUNAN LAPORAN PTK DAN PENULISAN ARTIKEL PARAFRASIS PADA GURU DI SD UTAMA 2 KOTA TARAKAN." KREATIF: Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Nusantara 2, no. 3 (September 6, 2022): 72–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.55606/kreatif.v2i3.473.
Full textAbstract:
The dynamics of education and current tasks carried out by teachers seem increasingly difficult if faced individually without involving collaboration, especially in working through scientific writing. Pramsari in the pulpit of the school journal volume 3 of 2016 said that teachers are the spearhead in the world of education, as functional staff should have high integrity to develop and improve the quality of human resources as a whole, both being able to participate in the KKG and experience making scientific papers when taking undergraduate studies . but it is not enough to stop there, but there are some perceptions that teachers are reluctant to be involved in publishing scientific papers due to very large costs, unsupportive school culture, only aimed at increasing credit numbers and limited practical support in preparing PTK reports and scientific articles . This paradigm is absolute that it is necessary to have reinforcement and habituation to educate teachers in the ability to write down problems in the teaching and learning process in schools. This perception made the research team move to create a special agenda for workshops on the identification of scientific writing and writing of paraphratic articles for teachers in SD Utama 2, Tarakan City.
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Árpád, Mikó. "A bazini plébániatemplom reneszánsz szószéke (1523)." Művészettörténeti Értesítő 69, no. 1 (December 23, 2020): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/080.2020.00006.
Full textAbstract:
The stone pupil in the parish church of Bazin (Pezinok, Slovakia) is one of the finest specimens of its kind in the territory of mediaeval Hungary. The pulpit is on the left of the triumphal arch of the church. Held by a stocky column, its parapet panels trace the sides of an octagon. The date of origin features on one of the panels as 1523 and the coat of arms at the same place indicates the client who ordered it.Despite the usable data and the high quality of the pulpit, it could hardly make its way into the canon of Hungarian art historiography evolving from the late 19th century. Drawings were made of it, it was registered in the monuments directories, but nobody lifted it into the style historical narrative before Jolán Balogh, and when it took place at last, it was erroneously dated to 1573. In her history of Hungarian renaissance art, she included it with the date 1573 in the chapter on the late renaissance (1940). She cited it rightly as an example of the survival of Italianate forms in the 16th century in all editions of the two-tome manual up to 1973. Then it disappeared from sight again. It was omitted from the university course book (2001). At last, in the renaissance volume of the series on Hungarian art by Corvina Publishers a photo of it was reproduced too (2009).Slovakian art historiography has naturally devoted more attention to it, and also read the date correctly. It is included in the four-volume monuments directory and also in the summaries. It was ascribed a salient place in the great renaissance monograph of 2009 edited by Ivan Rusina. Since the type of the book did not allow images of seals to be presented for analogy, it is worth returning to the problem briefly.The central panel of the parapet carries the coat of arms and the date 1523. In the shield there is an eagle with spread wings, looking to dexter flank. There is an arched banderole (with a rosette in the middle) in front of its crop and a tiny six-point star above its head. On the chief there is a helmet with mantling falling on either side. It is topped with an imperial mitre crown with ribbons, cross and crosier and a crest above. The elements of the coat of arms – the eagle, star and imperial crown – are identical with the motifs in the coat of arms of the Counts of Szentgyörgy and Bazin. The ancient coat of arms of the family, with the six-point star of two colours, was endorsed by Holy Roman emperor Frederic III in 1459. Enikő Spekner pointed out that Count Tamás of Szentgyörgy and Bazin already used a quartered shield in 1496 (with the star in fields 1 and 4 and the eagle in fields 2 and 3) in 1496, and so did seneschal Péter of Szentgyörgy and Bazin, too (1511). On the seal dated 1540 of Kristóf II of Szentgyörgy and Bazin – with whose death the male line of the family died out (1543) – the shield only features the left-looking eagle, and on the chief the imperial crown and peacock feathers can be seen. Changes in the use of the coat of arms cannot be accurately retraced, but the town was the property of the family until 1543 and after Kristóf II’s death it passed to the treasury. The coat of arms strongly suggests that the person who commissioned the pulpit must be sought among the members of the family still alive in 1523. On the younger Bazin line Ferenc and Farkas were alive and shared the office of lord lieutenant of Moson until 1521; the family died out with Farkas’ son Kristóf (his birthdate is not known).The pulpit received coats of white paint and thick gilding in more recent times. Its new wooden abat-voix was made in the 18th century; the medieval stone edifice must have been repaired at that time and on several occasions later. The ornamental elements of the parapet of the basket closely resemble some Italian renaissance antecedents; what may suggest the involvement of northern masters is the regular, rigid symmetry of the cherubim heads, and more emphatically the thick column holding the basket of the pulpit. Its shaft bulges midway, its capital above the necking is embellished with flutes of regularly alternating sizes; on it is a polygonal echinus with concave sides which holds the broadly spreading dense bunch of acanthus leaves. It is like a perfectly spoiled Corinthian column of bad proportions. The origin of this representative monument must be hypothesized from the direction of Vienna, even if no exact analogy can be compared with it at present. Both the network of relations of the landowning family and the geographic proximity support this assumption.
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Árpád, Mikó. "A bazini plébániatemplom reneszánsz szószéke (1523)." Művészettörténeti Értesítő 69, no. 1 (December 23, 2020): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/080.2020.00006.
Full textAbstract:
The stone pupil in the parish church of Bazin (Pezinok, Slovakia) is one of the finest specimens of its kind in the territory of mediaeval Hungary. The pulpit is on the left of the triumphal arch of the church. Held by a stocky column, its parapet panels trace the sides of an octagon. The date of origin features on one of the panels as 1523 and the coat of arms at the same place indicates the client who ordered it.Despite the usable data and the high quality of the pulpit, it could hardly make its way into the canon of Hungarian art historiography evolving from the late 19th century. Drawings were made of it, it was registered in the monuments directories, but nobody lifted it into the style historical narrative before Jolán Balogh, and when it took place at last, it was erroneously dated to 1573. In her history of Hungarian renaissance art, she included it with the date 1573 in the chapter on the late renaissance (1940). She cited it rightly as an example of the survival of Italianate forms in the 16th century in all editions of the two-tome manual up to 1973. Then it disappeared from sight again. It was omitted from the university course book (2001). At last, in the renaissance volume of the series on Hungarian art by Corvina Publishers a photo of it was reproduced too (2009).Slovakian art historiography has naturally devoted more attention to it, and also read the date correctly. It is included in the four-volume monuments directory and also in the summaries. It was ascribed a salient place in the great renaissance monograph of 2009 edited by Ivan Rusina. Since the type of the book did not allow images of seals to be presented for analogy, it is worth returning to the problem briefly.The central panel of the parapet carries the coat of arms and the date 1523. In the shield there is an eagle with spread wings, looking to dexter flank. There is an arched banderole (with a rosette in the middle) in front of its crop and a tiny six-point star above its head. On the chief there is a helmet with mantling falling on either side. It is topped with an imperial mitre crown with ribbons, cross and crosier and a crest above. The elements of the coat of arms – the eagle, star and imperial crown – are identical with the motifs in the coat of arms of the Counts of Szentgyörgy and Bazin. The ancient coat of arms of the family, with the six-point star of two colours, was endorsed by Holy Roman emperor Frederic III in 1459. Enikő Spekner pointed out that Count Tamás of Szentgyörgy and Bazin already used a quartered shield in 1496 (with the star in fields 1 and 4 and the eagle in fields 2 and 3) in 1496, and so did seneschal Péter of Szentgyörgy and Bazin, too (1511). On the seal dated 1540 of Kristóf II of Szentgyörgy and Bazin – with whose death the male line of the family died out (1543) – the shield only features the left-looking eagle, and on the chief the imperial crown and peacock feathers can be seen. Changes in the use of the coat of arms cannot be accurately retraced, but the town was the property of the family until 1543 and after Kristóf II’s death it passed to the treasury. The coat of arms strongly suggests that the person who commissioned the pulpit must be sought among the members of the family still alive in 1523. On the younger Bazin line Ferenc and Farkas were alive and shared the office of lord lieutenant of Moson until 1521; the family died out with Farkas’ son Kristóf (his birthdate is not known).The pulpit received coats of white paint and thick gilding in more recent times. Its new wooden abat-voix was made in the 18th century; the medieval stone edifice must have been repaired at that time and on several occasions later. The ornamental elements of the parapet of the basket closely resemble some Italian renaissance antecedents; what may suggest the involvement of northern masters is the regular, rigid symmetry of the cherubim heads, and more emphatically the thick column holding the basket of the pulpit. Its shaft bulges midway, its capital above the necking is embellished with flutes of regularly alternating sizes; on it is a polygonal echinus with concave sides which holds the broadly spreading dense bunch of acanthus leaves. It is like a perfectly spoiled Corinthian column of bad proportions. The origin of this representative monument must be hypothesized from the direction of Vienna, even if no exact analogy can be compared with it at present. Both the network of relations of the landowning family and the geographic proximity support this assumption.
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Zust, Barbara L., Breanna Flicek Opdahl, Katie Siebert Moses, Courtney Noecker Schubert, and Jessica Timmerman. "10-Year Study of Christian Church Support for Domestic Violence Victims: 2005-2015." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 36, no. 7-8 (March 17, 2021): 2959–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260521991271.
Full textAbstract:
Religious beliefs play a significant role in the lives of victims of domestic violence. Victims find strength in their faith and would rather endure the violence at all costs to keep a family or a marriage together, than to compromise their faith by leaving. This 10 –year study explored the climate of support for victims of domestic violence among Christian clergy and church members between 2005 and 2015. Using a convenience sample, surveys were sent out to congregations in the Upper Midwest in 2005 and 2015. The survey included demographics; two items measuring perception of domestic violence in the congregation and community; six Likert Scale items regarding agreement with statements concerning leaving an abusive marriage; four “Yes–No” items regarding the impact of faith in leaving, support of the congregation, community resources, and clergy as counselors. The clergy’s survey had the same questions plus open-ended questions about their skills in counseling victims, their congregation’s support for victims, community resources, and beliefs that could impact a victim’s choice in leaving. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, simple frequencies, and bivariate correlations. Narrative data were analyzed using content analysis. The results of this study indicated that change is slow. Members want their clergy to become more educated in counseling and in speaking about domestic violence from the pulpit. Clergy felt comfortable in making referrals for professional counseling, while the majority of members would prefer counseling with their pastor if they were in a violent relationship. Both clergy and members want to create a safe and supportive environment for victims/survivors of violent relationships. Findings from this study exemplify the need for pastors to remove the silence about domestic violence in their congregations and address the misunderstood social religious beliefs that may bind a victim to the violence.
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Carvalho, Rafaela Ferreira, Fernanda Lamede Ferreira de Jesus, Adriano Bicioni Pacheco, Jhenifer Costa de Oliveira, Arthur Carniato Sanches, and Cristiane Fernandes Lisboa. "PRODUÇÃO E USO DA ÁGUA NO CALÁDIO FERTIRRIGADO COM ÁGUA RESIDUÁRIA DO PROCESSAMENTO DO AÇAÍ NA REGIÃO AMAZÔNICA." IRRIGA 27, no. 1 (March 28, 2022): 47–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.15809/irriga.2022v27n1p47-63.
Full textAbstract:
PRODUÇÃO E USO DA ÁGUA NO CALÁDIO FERTIRRIGADO COM ÁGUA RESIDUÁRIA DO PROCESSAMENTO DO AÇAÍ NA REGIÃO AMAZÔNICA RAFAELA FERREIRA CARVALHO1; FERNANDA LAMEDE FERREIRA DE JESUS2; ADRIANO BICIONI PACHECO3; JHENIFER COSTA DE OLIVEIRA4; ARTHUR CARNIATO SANCHES5 E CRISTIANE FERNANDES LISBOA6 1 Graduanda, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia –UFRA campus Tomé-Açu, Rodovia PA- 451, Km-03, Bairro Açaizal, CEP: 68.680-000, Tomé-Açu – Pará, Brasil, e-mail: rafacarvalho724@gmail.com 2 Docente, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia –UFRA campus Tomé-Açu, Rodovia PA- 451, Km-03, Bairro Açaizal, CEP: 68.680-000, Tomé-Açu – Pará, Brasil e e-mail: fernanda.lamede@ufra.edu.br 3 Técnico, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia –UFRA campus Tomé-Açu, Rodovia PA- 451, Km-03, Bairro Açaizal, CEP: 68.680-000, Tomé-Açu – Pará, Brasil e e-mail: ad.bicionipacheco@gmail.com 4 Graduanda, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia –UFRA campus Tomé-Açu, Rodovia PA- 451, Km-03, Bairro Açaizal, CEP: 68.680-000, Tomé-Açu – Pará, Brasil e e-mail: jheniferoliveiraufra@gmail.com 5 Docente, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados –UFGD, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, Rodovia Dourados/Itahum, Km 12 - Unidade II, CEP: 79.804-970, Dourados – Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil, e-mail: arthursanches@ufgd.edu.br 6 Docente, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia –UFRA campus Tomé-Açu, Rodovia PA- 451, Km-03, Bairro Açaizal, CEP: 68.680-000, Tomé-Açu – Pará, Brasil e e-mail: cflisboa.engenharia@gmail.com 1 RESUMO No estado do Pará o fruto açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) é um dos principais alimentos consumido pela população, sendo a região indicada como a maior produtora e consumidora de açaí do país. O processo de despolpamento do açaí gera uma água residuária rica em nutrientes a qual pode ser reutilizada na agricultura. O trabalho avaliou as condições hídricas do Caladium sp. sob diferentes diluições da água residuária do açaí no município de Tomé-Açu, Pará. O experimento foi conduzido no campus da Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado (DIC) com quatro repetições e 13 tratamentos fracionados, com variação de bulbos (1, 2, 3, 4 e 6) e porcentagens de água residuária (0, 25, 50 e 100%). Foi utilizado um sistema de fertirrigação por gotejamento e as condições hídricas foram avaliadas por meio do índice de estresse hídrico, consumo e eficiência do uso de água residuária pela cultura. O uso da água residuária do processamento do açaí utilizada para a fertirrigação apresentou maiores benefícios para os parâmetros estudados nas porcentagens de 0, 25 e 50% e com variação de bulbos de 3, 4 e 6 para o cultivo do caládio. Palavras-chave: Euterpe oleracea Mart., Caladium sp., irrigação por gotejamento. CARVARLHO, R. F.; JESUS, F. L. F.; OLIVEIRA, J. C.; PACHECO, A. B.; SANCHES, A. C.; LISBOA, C. F. 2 ABSTRACT In the state of Pará, the açaí fruit (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) is one of the main foods consumed by the population, being the region indicated as the largest producer and consumer of açaí in the country. The açaí pulping process generates a nutrient-rich wastewater that can be reused in agriculture. The present work evaluated the water conditions of Caladium sp. under different dilutions of açaí wastewater in the municipality of Tomé-Açu, Pará. The experiment was conducted at the campus of the Rural Federal University of Amazônia. The experimental design was completely randomized (DIC) with four replications and 13 fractional treatments, with variation of bulbs (1, 2, 3, 4, and 6) and percentages of wastewater (0, 25, 50, and 100%). A drip fertigation system was used and the water conditions were evaluated through the water stress index, consumption, and efficiency of wastewater use by the crop. The use of wastewater from the processing of açaí used for fertigation showed greater benefits for the parameters studied in the percentages of 0, 25, and 50% and with the variation of bulbs of 3, 4, and 6 for the cultivation of caladium. Keywords: Euterpe oleracea Mart., Caladium sp., drip irrigation.
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Islam, Makdud, Praveen Saini, Rahul Das, Shubhra Shekhar, Akhouri Sanjay Kumar Sinha, and Kamlesh Prasad. "Rice straw as a source of nanocellulose for sustainable food packaging materials: A Review." BioResources 18, no. 1 (December 21, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.18.1.islam.
Full textAbstract:
Asian countries, despite being the largest producers and yielding a significant proportion of the world’s rice, have poor disposal facilities for the harvested rice straw (stubble). Due to higher costs in their handling relative to their value, local farmers prefer the burning of stubble fields, thus creating environmental problems. Even though the government has taken initiatives, no effective solution has been discovered to handle this large agro-waste problem efficiently. In this regard, the utilization of rice straw to develop nanocellulose (NC) products is of interest. Renewability and biodegradability, along with suitable mechanical and thermal properties required for the packaging functions, are key advantages of NC. The bio-nanocomposites prepared using NC and other bio-based polymers are also being widely considered for sustainable food packaging applications due to the reinforcement provided by NC and alternative petroleum-based packaging materials. This review provides an overview of process utilization for preparing NC products using rice straw, pulping methods, and isolation to produce bio-nanocomposites for sustainable food packaging applications. The challenges and future aspects covering the utilization of rice straw for producing NC and eventually producing active packaging materials are also discussed.
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Qingping, Wu. "Application of Nanotechnology in Wastewater Treatment." Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 1, no. 1 (June 12, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.18063/nn.v1i1.495.
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Because the current social water pollution is serious, and the conventional method cannot eff ectively manage alltypes of water pollution, and its single eff ect cannot be satisfactory, we must seek new and eff ective treatment. Thepaper is a comprehensive review of the best practices of the conventional wastewater treatment method with referenceto the experiments and research results of nanotechnology in sewage treatment. Comparison of nanotechnology canbe compared with conventional methods to make the particles have a special function, and some special performancejust in the sewage treatment medium to a good effect: the depth of the catalytic method can be effective in thedecomposition of many types of organic pollutants such as halogenated hydrocarbons Class, chlorinated phenols,cyanide, various organic acids and can handle metal particles; adsorption method for the water heavy metal pollutiontreatment costs less, simple and widely used, nanofi ltration membrane can replace the adsorption and electrochemicalmethods, Pulping and precipitation are one of the most eff ective methods for the treatment of colloidal wastewater. Itcan eff ectively reduce the turbidity and chroma of waste water, remove a variety of macromolecular organic matter andsome heavy metal ions ( Mercury and lead); organic / inorganic composite nanoparticles with its excellent inorganicmaterials, light, electricity, magnetic and other properties, organic materials, excellent processing performance,biocompatibility, for many diffi cult to deal with water pollution control, which has a corresponding method, can besimple and eff ective to solve the problem. The application of nanotechnology in water treatment has shown a broadprospect, but needs further research and improvement.
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García, Juan C., Francisco López, Antonio Pérez, M. Angels Pèlach, Pere Mutjé, and Jorge L. Colodette. "Initiating ECF bleaching sequences of eucalyptus kraft pulps with Z/D and Z/E stages." Holzforschung 64, no. 1 (January 1, 2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2010.008.
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Abstract Ozone bleaching is a common practice in pulping, and also of eucalyptus, where it is usually applied in combination with bleaching sequences based on oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, or chlorine dioxide. Ozone has been proven to be a highly efficient and competitive bleaching chemical in terms of delignification efficiency, low costs, and reducing ecological impact. The objective of the present work was to evaluate technology with ozone/alkaline extraction (Z/E) and ozone/chlorine dioxide (Z/D) for bleaching of eucalyptus kraft pulp. Primarily, the impact of these bleaching steps on refinability and quality of pulp should be investigated. As reference, the sequence D*(EP)D (hot chlorine dioxide, extraction in presence of hydrogen peroxide, chlorine dioxide) was selected, which is considered as the state-of-the-art bleaching in elemental chlorine free (ECF) bleaching technology. Various bleaching sequences with ozone in their first step (Z/D(EP)DP, Z/D(EP)DD, Z/EDP, Z/EDD and A*Z/EDP) were found to provide kraft pulps of similar brightness and in similar yield as the reference sequence D*(EP)D. The kappa number, viscosity, and the contents of glucose and xylose, and hexenuronic acid of the pulps were also similar. In addition, the Z sequences resulted in a substantial reduction of the total chlorine dioxide consumption (more than 30.3% in all cases). The A*Z/EDP sequence, which proved to be the most efficient, yielded 87.5% ClO2 reduction. The studied bleaching sequences also resulted in substantially improved brightness reversal with regard to the reference sequence. The sequence A*Z/EDP was also the most efficient as regards the removal or organochlorines (OX) from the pulp and their reduction in the effluents (AOX). Ozone bleaching sequences improved paper strength, especially with the A*Z/EDP sequence.
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"Soda-anthraquinone pulping and cationization of Posidonia oceanica." BioResources 14, no. 4 (October 4, 2019): 9228–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.14.4.9228-9243.
Full textAbstract:
Every year, millions of tonnes of dead biomass from algae and seagrasses are collected on the Mediterranean coasts. Posidonia oceanica is one of the most abundant species. In this work, leaves and rhizomes from this plant were pulped, alkalized, and cationized to make a value-added product. The main effects of five separate pulping variables, namely temperature, time, NaOH concentration, anthraquinone, and liquid-to-solid ratio were studied. The total procedure to produce cationic fibers took only 3 h (approximately), which made it a feasible process. A pseudo-second-order rate equation was used to fit the results of chemical modification via incorporation of quaternary ammonium ions. Characterization involved X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and elemental analysis. The authors found that mild conditions were enough to achieve good results, reaching degrees of substitution of 0.20 for leaves and 0.12 for rhizomes.
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Campos-Rodríguez, Rooel, Laura Brenes-Peralta, Arlyn Garcia-Salas, and María Fernanda Jiménez-Morales. "Food loss assessment in micro, small and medium-sized agro-industrial enterprises." Revista Tecnología en Marcha, June 29, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18845/tm.v34i3.5122.
Full textAbstract:
This research emerges from a growing concern to face the problem owing to food loss (FL), with the purpose to evaluate processes in agro-industrial product elaboration, focusing on the determination of food loss critical points (FLCP) to promote their further reduction. The research was carried out in a Costa Rican MSME (micro, small and medium-sized enterprise), dedicated to the processing of tropical fruits. The FL assessment proposed methodology enabled the establishment of a food loss valorization team (FLVT) for a multidisciplinary approach throughout the study, as well as a flowchart construction for the selected process (soursop pulping) and the identification and quantification of losses. The assessment of the food loss points (FLP) was performed using a matrix and a criticality index based on severity and probability of occurrence; which led to the identification of the critical points. As a result, four FLCP were detected; regarding the raw materials input, the pulping operation and the transference of processed pulps into containers. The case study shows that the applied methodology allows to determine FLCP in an MSME such as the studied, as a first action to identify and reduce food loss, improve efficiency and consider further waste management strategies.