Academic literature on the topic 'Publishers and publishing United States History'

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Journal articles on the topic "Publishers and publishing United States History"

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Sikora, Łukasz. "Biweekly Magazine “White Eagle” as an Example of the Implementation of Polish-Language Media Project in the United States." Social Communication 4, s1 (December 1, 2018): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sc-2018-0031.

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Abstract The article describes the idea of creation and development of Polish biweekly magazine “Biały Orzeł” (“White Eagle”), originated in Boston in 2002/2003 by the White Eagle Media LLC publishing house. The periodical, which has been published until today, was at the time one of the largest projects in the segment of so-called ethnic media in the United States. The work’s aim is to present the title’s history, identify factors affecting on creation of the Polish diaspora press, diagnose components determining the success/failure of the project, as well as local conditions that had a direct impact on decision to launch described press title. The methodology used in the implementation of this material includes in-depth interviews with project co-founders (publishers and journalists) carried out over 2017 and 2018, executed jointly on a group of 9 people, providing quality data from staff directly involved in described publishing project from its very beginnings. A valuable source of data was also open access to archives of the “White Eagle” hard copies, dated between 2003 and 2008.
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Bauer, John T. "Navigating Without Road Maps: The Early Business of Automobile Route Guide Publishing in the United States." Proceedings of the ICA 1 (May 16, 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-proc-1-7-2018.

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In the United States, automobile route guides were important precursors to the road maps that Americans are familiar with today. Listing turn-by-turn directions between cities, they helped drivers navigate unmarked, local roads. This paper examines the early business of route guide publishing through the Official Automobile Blue Book series of guides. It focuses specifically on the expansion, contraction, and eventual decline of the Blue Book publishing empire and also the work of professional “pathfinders” that formed the company’s data-gathering infrastructure. Be- ginning in 1901 with only one volume, the series steadily grew until 1920, when thirteen volumes were required to record thousands of routes throughout the country. Bankruptcy and corporate restructuring in 1921 forced the publishers to condense the guide into a four-volume set in 1922. Competition from emerging sheet maps, along with the nationwide standardization of highway numbers, pushed a switch to an atlas format in 1926. Blue Books, however, could not remain competitive and disappeared after 1937. “Pathfinders” were employed by the publishers and equipped with reliable automobiles. Soon they developed a shorthand notation system for recording field notes and efficiently incorporating them into the development workflow. Although pathfinders did not call themselves cartographers, they were geographical data field collectors and considered their work to be an “art and a science,” much the same as modern-day cartographers. The paper concludes with some comments about the place of route guides in the history of American commercial cartography and draws some parallels between “pathfinders” and the digital road mappers of today.
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Meyer-Fong, Tobie. "The Printed World: Books, Publishing Culture, and Society in Late Imperial China." Journal of Asian Studies 66, no. 3 (August 2007): 787–817. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021911807000964.

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Beginning in the late Ming period, China experienced a surge in the production and consumption of books. Printed pages bound into fascicles and housed in cases moved across space and through the social landscape. Their trajectories illuminate larger social, intellectual, economic, and cultural patterns. They also reveal identities under construction—by readers, writers, publishers, and consumers. This article assesses the expanding field of late imperial Chinese book history in the United States and Japan, with some reference to scholarship in China and Taiwan. It looks at the field's move away from its origins in the history of technology and its increasing engagement with social and cultural questions. In particular, the article highlights the field's focus on the “place” of publishing in late imperial China, construed both in terms of regional orientation and the social position of readers and producers of books.
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Parfitt, Emma Louise, Emine Erdoğan, Heidi Fritz, Peter M. Ward, Emma Parfitt, Emine Erdogan, Heidi Fritz, and Peter M. Ward. "A Group Interview about Publishing with Professor Jack Zipes." Exchanges: The Interdisciplinary Research Journal 4, no. 1 (October 31, 2016): 29–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31273/eirj.v4i1.145.

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The conversation piece is the product of a group interview with Professor Jack Zipes and provides useful insights about publishing for early career researchers across disciplines. Based on his wider experiences as academic and writer, Professor Zipes answered questions from PhD researchers about: writing books, monographs and edited collections; turning a PhD thesis into a monograph; choosing and approaching publishers; and the advantages of editing books and translations. It presents some general advice for writing and publishing aimed at postgraduate students. Professor Zipes is an Emeritus Professor at the University of Minnesota Twin Cities, United States, a world expert on fairy tales and storytelling highlighting the social and historical dimensions of them. Zipes has forty years of experience publishing academic and mass-market books, editing anthologies, and translating work from French, German and Italian. His best known books are Breaking the Magic Spell (1979), Fairy Tales and the Art of Subversion (1983), The Irresistible Fairy Tale: The Cultural and Social History of a Genre (2012), and The Original Folk and Fairy Tales of the Brothers Grimm (2014).
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Kippur, Sara. "Robbe-Grillet in America: The Nouveau Roman Meets the Language Textbook." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 135, no. 3 (May 2020): 492–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2020.135.3.492.

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How could American students of intermediate French be the catalysts for a work of avant-garde French literature? This article centers on Le rendez-vous, an intermediate French-language textbook that combined a novel written by the French New Novelist Alain Robbe-Grillet with grammatical exercises written by Yvone Lenard, a prominent textbook author and instructor of French in the United States. Focusing on previously unexamined archives of this publication, from its release in America to the publication of Robbe-Grillet's novel in France under the title Djinn, the essay reveals an unknown literary history of transnational collaboration and exchange and places new emphasis on Robbe-Grillet's formative involvement with American higher education during his literary career. Through close reading of manuscript drafts and publishers' papers, the essay demonstrates how the dynamics of global publishing and shifting trends in language pedagogy aligned to condition the production of what would become Robbe-Grillet's most commercially successful novel.
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Woods, Mary. "The First American Architectural Journals: The Profession's Voice." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 48, no. 2 (June 1, 1989): 117–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/990351.

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American architectural journals first appeared in the second half of the 19th century. Encouraged by advances in printing and graphic technologies, they were part of a general trend toward specialized journalism during this period. The architectural periodical developed along with journals for women, clerics, railroad engineers, and grocers. Yet it also resulted from publishers' desires to capitalize on the success of house pattern books and the widespread interest in architecture that they created. Despite these favorable omens the early American architectural journals foundered; they had troubled and short lives, generally lasting only two years. The premise of this paper is that their success depended on the architectural profession's direct involvement and support and the backing of a major publishing house. Beginning with the first periodicals of the 1850s and 1860s, architectural journalism identified itself with the emerging profession; its editorials asserted the architects' primacy in design and construction and distinguished their role from the builders'. Professional and educational issues, in fact, took precedence over aesthetic and stylistic discussions in editorial columns and articles. Yet the journals displayed the same pragmatism that had characterized builders' guides and pattern books, the first architectural literature published in the United States.
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Nakano, Yukio. "On the History of the Novel We, 1937–1952: Zamiatin's We and the Chekhov Publishing House." Canadian-American Slavic Studies 45, no. 3-4 (2011): 441–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221023911x567641.

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AbstractWhen Zamiatin died in 1937, his novel We remained unpublished in Russian, although it was available in several languages. Eventually, it was published in its original language by the Chekhov Publishing House in 1952. So, what manuscript was the basis for the Chekhov Publishing House edition of We? At the death of Zamiatin, his widow, Liudmila Zamiatina had two galley proofs. When Mikhail Kaprpovich, editor-in-chief of New Journal, had an interest in publishing the novel in 1949, Liudmila sent the galley prood to Gleb Struve for the publication in New Journal. And, according to the correspondence of Gleb Struve and Vera Aleksandrova, editor-in-chief of the Chekhov Publishing House, she received this galley proof from Mikhail Karpovich. Very likely, The Chekhov Publishing House edition of We was based on this galley proof. Meanwhile, the Chekhov Publishing House was a branch of the East European Fund subsidized by the Ford Foundation. And the East European Fund assisted the Community Integration Program's efforts to help the refugees from Soviet Bloc nations to get settled in the United States and supported research programs on the U.S.S.R. This fact reminds us of the case of Animal Farm. As Orwell mentioned in 1948, the American authorities seized about half the copies of his book Animal Farm in Ukrainian edition and handed them over to the Soviet repatriation camp. A Ukrainian translation of Animal Farm was made by the D.P. historian, Ihor Ševčenko and distributed to Ukrainian readers in the camps.
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Yarrow, Andrew L. "Selling a New Vision of America to the World: Changing Messages in Early U.S. Cold War Print Propaganda." Journal of Cold War Studies 11, no. 4 (October 2009): 3–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws.2009.11.4.3.

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This article examines how U.S. Cold War print propaganda shifted from an emphasis in the late 1940s on America's liberal democratic idealism to an emphasis by the mid-1950s on the country's high and rising living standards and shiny new system of “people's capitalism.” The United States could claim to have beaten the Soviet Union at its own game, providing “classless abundance for all.” These messages echoed those disseminated domestically, in which political leaders, business executives, journalists, and educators increasingly defined America's greatest virtues and identity in economic terms, emphasizing growth and prosperity. This article assesses how the United States—via the U.S. Information Agency and its precursors from the late 1940s to 1960—presented itself to those in the Soviet bloc and globally. The article relies on content analysis of three magazines—Amerika, a Russian-language monthly published for Soviet audiences from 1945 to 1952; Free World, a magazine sent to East Asia that began publishing in English and various Asian languages in 1952; and America Illustrated, a Russian-language monthly published for three-and-a-half decades beginning in 1956—as well as of many pamphlets and other printed material intended for overseas audiences.
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Gordan, John D. "Publishing Robinson's Reports Of Cases Argued And Determined In The High Court Of Admiralty." Law and History Review 32, no. 3 (July 18, 2014): 525–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0738248014000224.

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Since the year 1798, the decisions of Sir William Scott, (now Lord Stowell) on the admiralty side of Westminster Hall, have been read and admired in every region of the republic of letters, as models of the most cultivated and the most enlightened human reason.James Kent, Commentaries on American Law Vol. 2, (New York: O. Halsted 1827), 526. Chancellor Kent's single, luminous sentence, published while Sir William Scott was still on the bench, presents the questions this article will explore. It investigates two interrelated aspects of the trajectory of the first decade of Sir William Scott's admiralty judgments: the history of their nearly simultaneous publication on both sides of the Atlantic and dissemination into the transnational “republic of letters” and the circumstances of their immediate absorption as precedents into the jurisprudence of the United States.
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Ekin, Cansu Cigdem, and Abdulmenaf Gul. "Bibliometric Analysis of Game-Based Researches in Educational Research." International Journal of Technology in Education 5, no. 3 (August 26, 2022): 499–517. http://dx.doi.org/10.46328/ijte.341.

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This research aims to conduct a bibliometric study to describe how game-based educational research is structured and how it has evolved over time. For this purpose, bibliometric analysis has been used to analyze 4980 publications indexed by the Elsevier SCOPUS database between 1967 and May 2021. The related publications were evaluated by analyzing co-authorship, co-occurrence, and citation by considering author, keyword, country, journal, university, and publication variables. As a result of the bibliometric analysis, it was concluded that the United States was leading the field and significantly publishing more studies. Top performing organizations were in Taiwan and the United States. According to the keyword co-occurrence analysis, “game-based learning” was the most used keyword followed by “serious games” and “gamification”. Co-authorship status results show that collaboration between researchers in the field was not high and the number of researchers in co-author groups was small. It was found that the most influential research was related to literature review on games and the effectiveness of games on motivation or learning and Computers Education was the most published and cited journal in game-based educational research.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Publishers and publishing United States History"

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Wrightson, Nicholas Mikus. "Franklin's networks : aspects of British Atlantic print culture, science, and communication c.1730-60." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670081.

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Montijo, Virginia L. "Reprinting Culture: Book Publishing in the Early Republic." W&M ScholarWorks, 2001. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626318.

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McCutcheon, Angela M. "Impact of Publishers’ Policy on Electronic Thesis and Dissertation (ETD) Distribution Options within the United States." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1273584209.

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McConnel, Jonathon L. "U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey nautical charts : a cartographic history /." [Eugene, Or.] : University of Oregon, Dept. of Geography and the Graduate School, 2007. http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/noaa_documents/NOAA_related_docs/McConnel_USCGS_Charts_Thesis.pdf.

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Edminster, Judith Rhoades. "The diffusion of new media scholarship [electronic resource] : power, innovation, and resistance in academe / by Judith R. Edminster." [Tampa, Fla. : s.n.], 2002. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0000035.

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Wheeler, Belinda. "AT THE CENTER OF AMERICAN MODERNISM: LOLA RIDGE’S POLITICS, POETICS, AND PUBLISHING." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/1683.

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Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)
Although many of Lola Ridge's poems champion the causes of minorities and the disenfranchised, it is too easy to state that politics were the sole reason for her neglect. A simple look at well-known female poets who often wrote about social or political issues during Ridge's lifetime, such as Edna St. Vincent Millay and Muriel Rukeyser, weakens such a claim. Furthermore, Ridge's five books of poetry illustrate that many of her poems focused on themes beyond the political or social. The decisions by critics to focus on selections of Ridge's poems that do not display her ability to employ multiple aesthetics in her poetry have caused them to present her work one-dimensionally. Likewise, politically motivated critics often overlook aesthetic experiments that poets like Ridge employ in their poetry. Few poets during Ridge's time made use of such drastically varied styles, and because her work resists easy categorization (as either traditional or avant-garde), her poetry has largely gone unnoticed by modern scholars. Chapter two of my thesis focuses on a selection Ridge's social and political poems and highlights how Ridge's social poetry coupled with the multiple aesthetics she employed has played a part in her critical neglect. My findings will open up the discussion of Ridge's poetry and situate her work both politically and aesthetically, something no critic has yet attempted. Chapter three examines Ridge’s role as editor of Modern School, Others and Broom. Ridge's work for these magazines, particularly Others and Broom, places her at the center of American modernism. My examination of Ridge's social poetry and her role as editor for two leading literary magazines, in conjunction with her use of multiple aesthetics, will build a strong case for why her work deserves to be recovered.
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Books on the topic "Publishers and publishing United States History"

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The Oxford history of popular print culture: US popular print culture 1860-1920. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012.

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The history of Springer Publishing Company. New York: Springer Pub., 2007.

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Lord of publishing. New York: Open Road Integrated Media, 2013.

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Two hundred years of publishing: A history of the oldest publishing company in the United States, Lea & Febiger, 1785-1985. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1985.

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Two hundred years of publishing: A history of the oldest publishing company in the United States, Lea & Febiger, 1785-1985. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1985.

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Richard, Polese, ed. Passions in print: Private press artistry in New Mexico. Santa Fe: Museum of New Mexico Press, 2006.

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Literary publishing in America, 1790-1850. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1993.

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1925-, Abel Richard, and Graham W. Gordon 1920-, eds. Immigrant publishers: The impact of expatriate publishers in Britain and America in the 20th century. New Brunswick, N.J: Transaction Publishers, 2008.

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Remer, Rosalind. Printers and men of capital: Philadelphia book publishers in the new republic. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996.

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Book business: Publishing past, present, and future. New York: W.W. Norton, 2001.

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Book chapters on the topic "Publishers and publishing United States History"

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Greco, Albert N. "The Product and Pricing of Scholarly Books." In The Business of Scholarly Publishing, 96–140. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190626235.003.0004.

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Scholarly book publishing and printing has a long tradition, starting with Oxford University Press (1478) and Cambridge University Press (1584). The American colonies, and later the United States, lived in the shadow of these two great presses. While many of the US presses today are quite large, with global operations, they were, in the late 19th century and the early years of the 20th century, far from the professional operations of today. This chapter gives an introduction to book history in the United Kingdom and the United States with an emphasis on university presses and competition from commercial publishers for authors, readers, and sales. It provides a review of substantive market drivers, revenues, new title output, and production costs. A sample book contract and profit and loss statement (for a hardcover and digital book) are presented and analyzed.
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Beal, Amy C. "Living in the (Publishing) House of Music." In Rethinking American Music, 138–56. University of Illinois Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252042324.003.0007.

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From William Billings’s self-published scores in the 1770s to Carla Bley and Michael Mantler’s New Music Distribution Service (NMDS) in the 1970s and beyond, composer-driven publishing and distribution efforts have aided the survival of independent and experimental music in the United States since the very first volumes of original music came into being. In her short history of these composer-driven enterprises in the United States, Beal expounds on the entrepreneurial spirit of American composers, demonstrating how publication series, composer collectives, and distribution services have proved critical to the dissemination of music that often lives in the uncharted territory beyond institutional walls, ultimately beyond the whole idea of imprimatur.
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Safran, Gabriella. "Dialect Joke Books and Russian–Yiddish and English–Yiddish Dictionaries." In The Whole World in a Book, 277–97. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190913199.003.0015.

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Safran examines the nineteenth-century publishing history of Jewish dialect joke books and Yiddish dictionaries and the generic links between dictionaries and joke books in Russian–Yiddish and English–Yiddish cases. In the 1870s in the Russian Empire and in the 1890s in the United States, Jewish speech style (Jewish Russian and Jewish English) was enregistered; that is, the concepts of ‘Jews’ and ‘Jewish speech’ took on new meanings. This was reflected in both dictionaries and joke books that, at least in some cases, were intended to teach their readers to be humorous as well as knowledgeable. These texts demonstrate the tension between dialect humour that is derogatory and that which embraces its subject; beyond this dichotomy, Safran argues that the confluence of Yiddish lexicography and Jewish dialect humour in the Russian Empire and the United States also reflected the marketing of distinctive spoken language by publishers for general readers. As Safran shows, the commodification of dialect humour and low-status spoken languages was facilitated by a nineteenth-century publishing boom fostered by cheap machine-made paper, fast printing techniques, the rise of literacy, the decline of book prices, the increase in railroad journeying, and the concomitant demand for portable entertainment.
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Nann, John B., and Morris L. Cohen. "The Early Republic, 1790s–1870s." In The Yale Law School Guide to Research in American Legal History, 120–63. Yale University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300118537.003.0006.

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This chapter looks at sources of information about American law during the 1790s–1870s. To “create” a body of law, most states passed “reception statutes,” which generally allowed English law as of a certain date to be considered a part of the state's laws. Even with the reception statutes, however, not a lot of law was yet made in many of the states or in the United States as a whole. Therefore, for several decades, U.S. court decisions continued to rely on English law. In considering nineteenth-century sources, a researcher should keep in mind that legal publishing was not very advanced, even in the largest of the new states. As the court systems developed, a system for case reporting took shape but remained a nongovernmental activity until into the nineteenth century. Other sources of information include case files, court journals, court dockets, session law publications, and private laws.
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Cantatore, Francina. "The Migration of the Book across Territorial Borders." In Open Source Technology, 786–801. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-7230-7.ch037.

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Although the USA, Canada, UK, and Australia currently retain territorial copyright laws, with commensurate restrictions on parallel, importation of books, advances in digital technology, and the advent of e-books have caused an involuntary migration of the book across these defined borders. This changing publishing sphere has impacted authors' copyright protection, with authors struggling to come to grips with breaches of copyright outside the protection of their own borders. Additionally, the extra-territorial publication of books are often in breach of authors' copyright but difficult to address locally. This article deals with the copyright issues faced by authors once their books enter the digital sphere, as well as the difficulties associated with overseas publications of their books, from a territorial perspective. It examines—especially in view of recent case law in the United States—whether territorial copyright borders still afford book authors effective copyright protection in the digital economy, and further, whether the culture of the book is being eroded through the prevalence of extra-territorial publications. In addressing these issues, the article references recent qualitative and quantitative research conducted through interviewing and surveying published Australian authors nationally. The findings of the qualitative and quantitative research showed that, whilst publication in the digital sphere poses significant challenges for book authors, their responses to copyright challenges are varied and inconsistent, depending on their viewpoints. Relevantly, this article examines the recent US Supreme Court decision of Kirtsaeng v Wiley and Sons, Inc.—which dealt with the application of the “first sale doctrine” in the cross-border sale of text books on eBay—and considers its likely future impact on the enforcement of territorial copyright by authors and publishers. Finally, the article concludes that territorial copyright borders have become blurred, difficult to enforce in view of recent precedent, and are ineffective in preserving authors' copyright and the cultural dimensions of their books. In conclusion, it suggests that new copyright solutions are required, demanding that authors embrace digital technology, improve their knowledge of online publishing, and apply creative publishing models to their advantage.
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Nann, John B., and Morris L. Cohen. "Research Gets Organized, 1880s–1930s." In The Yale Law School Guide to Research in American Legal History, 164–202. Yale University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300118537.003.0007.

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This chapter examines the creation of a better-organized world of legal research through the development and refinement of several legal research tools. The federal government made its first attempt at codification in 1873. At roughly the same time, West Publishing Company began producing a comprehensive collection of state and federal case reporters, which came to be known as the National Reporter System. West also applied the concept of case law digests to the National Reporter System, thus offering legal researchers a comprehensive collection of cases and tools that provided a consistent topical arrangement of case law. By listing every reported case that cited a given case and indicating how the subsequent treated the earlier, citators became a valuable research tool for attorneys. The era reached its climax of successful federal law codification with the publication in 1925 of the United States Code, using the organization developed for the federal government by West.
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Buss, Jared S. "Adventures of a Romantic Naturalist." In Willy Ley. University Press of Florida, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813054438.003.0005.

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This chapter follows Ley’s early years in the United States during the late 1930s. By analyzing his turn toward general science writing on topics such as natural history and zoology, the chapter begins to take readers into the world of the New York City publishing industry and the array of science writers and scientific intellectuals who attempted to educate millions of Americans about the wonders of science and technology. This section also relates Ley’s work in the popular history of science to the popularization activities of other intellectuals, including historians of science.
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"Harry Middleton." In Writing Appalachia, edited by Katherine Ledford and Theresa Lloyd, 443–47. University Press of Kentucky, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813178790.003.0065.

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Harry Middleton’s life was a rootless one. Born in Frankfurt, Germany, where his father was stationed in the United States Army, Middleton was reared on a series of army bases. After attending college at Louisiana’s Northwestern State University (majoring in English) and Louisiana State University (earning an MA in history in 1973), he spent twenty years living in New Orleans, Birmingham, and Denver. He chiefly supported himself by writing for magazines. In addition to this physical rootlessness, Middleton also struggled with depression, which was exacerbated when he was let go by the magazine publishing house for which he had been writing and editing....
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Tharaud, Jerome. "Introduction." In Apocalyptic Geographies, 1–26. Princeton University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691200101.003.0001.

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This chapter provides a background on the relationship of religious media and the landscape in the antebellum United States in order to rethink the meaning of space in American culture. It traverses a range of genres and media including sermons, landscape paintings, aesthetic treatises, abolitionist newspapers, slave narratives, novels, and grave markers. It also traces the birth of a distinctly modern form of sacred space at the nexus of mass print culture, the physical spaces of an expanding and urbanizing nation, and the religious images and narratives that ordinary Americans used to orient their lives. The chapter investigates the efforts of Protestant evangelical publishing societies to teach readers to use the landscape to understand their own spiritual lives and their role in sacred history. It talks about the “evangelical space” that ultimately spread beyond devotional culture to infuse popular literature, art, and politics.
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Anderson, Raymond A. "The Birth of Modern Credit Intelligence." In Credit Intelligence & Modelling, 243–80. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192844194.003.0007.

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The history of external credit-intelligence players, with many accused of spying. (1)Pre-revolution—collaborative efforts of close-knit communities or business groups. (2)United Kingdom—guardian/trade protection societies, established as member co-operatives. (3)United States—for-profit ‘mercantile agencies, most founded by wholesalers capitalizing on their credit dossiers. Consumer credit bureaux developed separately, as did ‘credit men’ employed by companies. (4)The Big Three credit bureaux—Equifax, Experian and TransUnion, but also Centrale Rischi Finanziari (CRIF) and CreditInfo. Further details are provided regarding their geographic representation, and economic factors. (5)Rating agencies—Moody’s, Standard and Poors (S&P) and Fitch Ratings, which focus on wholesale credit, but some services overlap with small and medium enterprise (SME) credit. (6)High-level observations—i) segments served (consumer, micro, small- and medium-sized enterprises (MSME) and wholesale); ii) economies of scale—drove establishment, expansions, and mergers and acquisitions (M&A) activity; iii) communications—especially print publishing; iv) geographical spread—limitations; v) product mix—banks with deep data and experience are less reliant on external data.
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