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Yuk, Tak-fun Alice, and 郁德芬. "Funding social welfare in Hong Kong in the 1990s." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1991. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31963961.
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Cheung, Lam-chau, and 張林秋. "User charges: a new way for funding social welfare services in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31964904.
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Jorgensen, Rebecca A. "Was Wisconsin's Act 10 Welfare Improving?" Miami University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1468884341.
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Hanna, Barbara Anne, and kimg@deakin edu au. "The intersection of autonomy and social control: Negotiating teenage motherhood." Deakin University. School of Nursing, 1996. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20031124.175225.
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Contrary to popular belief, teenage mothers are a declining proportion of birthing women; however they receive much negative public attention. Of particular public concern is the high cost of supporting teenage mothers, in terms of financial, health and welfare resources. Historically, the typical founding mother of white Australia was single, but post-war changes in the family structure incorporated the expectation that children be born into two-parent households with the male as the breadwinner. Policy changes in the seventies saw the introduction of the Sole Parents Pension which meant that many birthing teenage women could choose to keep their infants rather than have a clandestine adoption or an enforced marriage. The parenting practices of teenage mothers have been criticised for being less than optimal, and mother and child are reported as being disadvantaged cognitively, psychosocially, and educationally. One widespread nursing service which provides support for new mothers in Victoria is the Maternal and Child Health Service; however, teenage mothers appear reluctant to use such services. Why this should be so became an important question for this research, since little is known about the parenting practices of teenage mothers. This study therefore sought to explore mothering from the perspective of five sole supporting teenage mothers each of whom had a child over six months of age. The research methodology took an interpretive ethnographic approach and was guided by feminist principles. The data were collected through repeated interviewing, participant observation, informal discussions with key informants, field notes and journalling. Data analysis was aided by the use of the software, program NUD-IST. It was found that the young women in this study each chose to give birth with full realisation that their existence was dependent on the Welfare State. Unanticipated, however, were the many structural barriers which made their lives cataclysmic, but these reinforced their determination to prove themselves worthy and capable mothers. The young women negotiated motherhood through a range of social supports and through maternal practice. Unquestionably, their social dependency on the welfare system forced them into marginal citizen status. Moreover, absolute and intrinsic poverty levels were experienced, brought about by inadequate welfare payments. Formal support agencies, such as the Maternal and Child Health nurses were rarely approached to provide childrearing support beyond the initial months following birthing, since the teenagers' basic needs such as shelter, food and clothing took precedence over their parenting needs. Additionally, some nurses were perceived to hold judgmental attitudes towards teenage mothers. It was far easier to forestall confrontation with nurses and the other 'older' women clientele by avoiding them. Thus XI they turned to charitable agencies who provided a safety net in the form of emergency supplies of money, food, or equipment. Informal networks of friends provided alternative modes of support when family help failed to materialise. The children, however, provided the young women with an opportunity to transform their lives by breaking free of the past, and by creating a new, mature existence for themselves. Despite being abandoned by family, friends, lovers and society, in the privacy and isolation of their own homes, they attempted to provide a more nurturing environment for their children than they themselves had received. Each bestowed unconditional maternal love on the child and were rewarded through the pleasures of watching their children grow and develop into worthwhile individuals. The children became the focus of their attention and their reason for living. In the course of their welfare dependency, the young women became public property, targets of surveillance, and were subjected to stigmatising and condescending public attitudes wherever they went. In this way, it was evident that they were an oppressed group, but each found ways of resisting. Rather than focussing on their oppressive or disabling lives, or dwelling on their disadvantaged status, the young women sought their identities as mature women through motherhood and by demonstrating that they could do this important job well. Through motherhood their lives had meaning and a sense of purpose. The thesis concludes that motherhood in the teenage years is difficult. However, if appropriate supports are made available, teenage mothers need be no different from non-teenage mothers. But with state resources shrinking, and their own resources limited, teenage mothers are disadvantaged. In some ways, this study showed that all levels of support were inadequate, although those provided through the charitable organizations were seen to be the most appropriate. This reflects the current policy of economic rationalism adopted by most Western liberal democracies in the 1980s and 1990s and no less by the former Keating Labor Government in Australia.
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Pereira, Thiago Neves. "Essays in macroeconomics and public finance." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/8819.
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This thesis is dedicated to study of tax schedule. I investigate how a tax schedule could affect the individuals’ choice and consequently the resources of the country. I show how a tax schedule induce the individuals’ choice, defining hence the allocations of labor, output and consumption of society. In the first and the second chapters I examine the taxation of individuals, while in the third and the fourth chapter I analyze the incidence of levies on different agents of economy. In the chapter one, I examine the optimal tax schedule, following Mirrlees (1971) e Saez (2001). I show how would be the optimal tax schedule in Brazil, charactering by a deeper income inequality among the individuals. Moreover, I investigate a affine tax schedule, that is considered an alternative tax schedule between the current and optimal tax schedule. In the second chapter I analyze the tax schedule known as equal sacrifice. I show how the tax schedule derived by Young (1987), that was renewed by Berliant and Gouveia (1993), behavior itself in the efficiency test derived byWerning (2007). In the third and the fourth chapter I examine how tax reform proposals would affect the Brazilian’s economy. In the third chapter I investigate how a tax reform affects different social classes. In chapter four, I study the better directions to a tax reform in Brazil, showing which rearrange of levies is the less inefficient to the country. In the end, I investigate the effects of two tax reform proposals in the Brazilian economy. I define the gains of output and welfare in each proposal. I call the special attention to gains/loses of short run, because they could make no possible to approve a tax reform, even though the reform could good effects in the long run.
Esta tese dedica-se ao estudo dos sistemas tributários. Eu investigo como um sistema tributário afeta as escolhas dos indivíduos e consequentemente os recursos do país. Eu mostro como um sistema tributário induz as escolhas das pessoas, determinado assim as alocações de trabalho, produto e consumo da economia. No primeiro e segundo capítulo eu examino a taxação sobre os indivíduos, enquanto que no terceiro e quarto capítulos analiso a incidîncia tributária sobre os diferentes agentes da sociedade. No capítulo um, eu examino o sistema tributário ótimo, seguindo Mirrlees (1971) e Saez (2001). Eu mostro como seria este sistema tributário no Brasil, país com profunda desigualdade de renda entre os indivíduos. Ademais, eu investigo o sistema tributário afim, considerado uma alternativa entre os sistemas atual e o ótimo. No segundo capítulo eu analiso o sistema tributário conhecido como sacríficio igual. Mostro como o sistema tribuária derivado por Young (1987), redesenhado por Berliant and Gouveia (1993), se comporta no teste de eficiência derivado por Werning (2007). No terceiro e quarto capítulo eu examino como propostas de reforma tribuária afetariam a economia brasileira. No capítulo três investigo como uma reforma tributária atingiria as diferentes classes socias. No capítulo quatro, eu estudo as melhores direções para uma reforma tributária no Brasil, mostrando qual arranjo de impostos é menos ineficiente para o país. Por fim, investigo os efeitos de duas propostas de reforma tributária sobre a economia brasileira. Explicito quais os ganhos de produto e bem estar de cada proposta. Dedico especial atenção aos ganhos/perdas de curto prazo, pois estes podem inviabilizar uma reforma tributária, mesmo esta gerando ganhos de longo prazo.
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Mignot, Helen Rosemary 1966. "Impact of output management within management control systems on performance in Victorian government departments." Monash University, Dept. of Accounting and Finance, 2002. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/7903.
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Hendrie, Delia Verbara. "Aspects of South African state welfare policy : a study in public finance and income redistribution." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/16349.
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Bibliography: pages 242-256.International redistribution studies vary in scope from those which investigate the full range of all benefits and costs of the fiscal system to others restricting their coverage to the distributive impact of a single expenditure or tax. In South Africa relatively little research has been directed to the distributive consequences of state spending and taxing policies. The few existing studies have mainly concentrated on race as an explanatory variable in analyzing budget incidence. This thesis adopted a new technique of measuring the incidence of benefits obtained from state spending and the burdens imposed by tax payments. The first step involved constructing household-level microdata files for sample households. Secondly, allocation routines were developed for selected expenditures and taxes whereby the benefits and costs of fiscal action could be assigned to households. Lastly these routines were applied separately to the files of each household. The distributive effects of the expenditures and taxes could then be analyzed with respect to any relevant household variable.
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Bojar, Abel. "Public budgeting and electoral dynamics after the golden age : essays on political budget cycles, electoral behaviour and welfare retrenchment in hard times." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2013. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/981/.
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Political fragmentation has been widely recognized by political economists as an important cause for fiscal profligacy in democratic market economies because of the common pool nature of fiscal resources. These redictions, however, sit uneasily with the notion of governmental veto players’ ability to block each other’s spending plans for electoral purposes. Applying the logic of a bargaining-game between veto players in a political budget cycle framework, I first model that multiple players in the budget game are in fact likely to moderate pre-electoral budget outcomes. Empirical results from a cross-section time-series analysis in EU member states provide corroborative evidence that fiscal electioneering is indeed more prevalent among cohesive, single party settings. The findings are robust to alternative identification of elections, fiscal changes and sample selection.
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Persson, Lovisa. "Essays on Politics, Fiscal Institutions, and Public Finance." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-264462.
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Essay 1 (with Mikael Elinder): We show that house prices in general did not respond to a large cut in the property tax in Sweden. Our estimates are based on rich register data covering more than 100,000 sales over a time period of two and a half years. Because the Swedish property tax is national and thus unrelated to local public goods, our setting is ideal for causal identification of the property tax on house prices. Our result that house prices did not respond to the tax cut at the time of implementation cannot be explained by early capitalization at the time of announcement. Two other stories appear to explain our results. First, it is possible that house buyers expect an offsetting increase in the supply of housing. Second, house buyers might simply not understand how the tax cut affects total future costs of owning a house. Unfortunately, it has proven difficult to disentangle the two mechanisms, and we must therefore conclude that both may be relevant. Essay 2: I investigate government consumption smoothing (sensitivity) under a balanced budget rule in Swedish municipalities. In general, I find Swedish municipalities to be highly consumption sensitive. Municipalities consume 87.6% out of predicted current revenues in the time period leading up to the implementation of the balanced budget rule, and they consume 76.3% out of predicted current revenue in thetime period following the implementation. Fiscally weak municipalities are found to be more consumption sensitive than fiscally strong municipalities. Very weak municipalities have become more consumption sensitive compared with very strong municipalities since the implementation of the balanced budget rule. Thus, I find indicative evidence that both credit market constraints and formal budget rules such as balanced budget rules increase municipal consumption sensitivity Essay 3: Using the Swedish municipal sector as my political laboratory, I study the effect of a coalition partner on policy outcomes. I use a version of Regression-Discontinuity Design (RDD) specifically suited to proportional systems to define close elections, which can be used for identifying the effect of the Left Party as coalition partner to the Social Democrats. The Left Party is found to have a positive and medium sized effect on the municipal income tax rate. The positive effect is in line with what we expect given the policy preferences of Left Party representatives, but also given the predictions from political fragmentation theory. I find no effects on expenditures or debt, and the negative result for investments is not robust. Essay 4 (with Linuz Aggeborn): In a model where voters and politicians have different preferences for how much to spend on basic welfare services contra immigration, we conclude that established politicians that are challenged by right-wing populists will implement a policy with no spending on immigration if the cost of immigration is high enough. Additionally, adjustment to right-wing populist policy is more likely when the economy is in a recession. Voters differ in their level of private consumption in such a way that lower private consumption implies higher demand for basic welfare services at the expense of immigration, and thus stronger disposition to support right-wing populist policies. We propose that this within-budget-distributional conflict can arise as an electorally decisive conflict dimension if parties have converged to the median voter on the size-of-government issue.Felaktigt isbn: 978-91-85519-61-3
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Price-Rhodes, Melony Anne. "From Collaborative Creation to Implementation: The Evolution of a Contract for a Model Program to Finance Child Welfare." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26877.
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Because of on-going reform efforts, rapidly changing business environments, and increasing demands for government services while reducing expenditures, organizations realize government is challenged with social welfare problems that cannot be effectively tackled utilizing our traditional bureaucratic structures. Organizations must work across traditional organizational boundaries to implement reform efforts that reduce the size of government, operate more efficiently, reduce fiscal stress, and employ market-like mechanisms.
Government reform efforts are not new; universities, to include Virginia Tech, play a large role in reform activities. Also playing a prominent role in government reform efforts are contractual relationships; these relationships continue to increase.
Virginia Tech, through the implementation of the Federal Reimbursement Unit (FRU), has had a long-term contractual relationship with a local government in implementing government reform, specifically in the implementation of a unique model program to maximize local revenues to finance a child welfare program. The goal of the program is to use less county tax dollars to support children in foster care, and provide a seamless process in maximizing resources from federal entitlement and state programs.
While contracts have played a major role in reform efforts for many decades, long-term contract relationships are not fully explored in the literature. There is much more to learn about the relationships, and their role in reform, specifically how contracts evolve over time.
Using a single case study design, this research explored the evolution of a long-term contract involving collaborative activities between a state university and a local county through the implementation of this unique model program. Interviews provided the primary method of data collection with experts in the child welfare field. The research explored key factors in the model program that led to the implementation and evolution of the contract with a focus on selected elements of the popular New Public Management (NPM) form of governance and interagency collaboration.
The results identify multiple collaborative and selected NPM elements that existed in the implementation and subsequent evolution of the contract. These selected elements may not be present in other long-term contracts; however they played a significant role in the implementation and evolution in this research.Ph. D.
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Frederick, John (John William) 1952. ""The help I need is more than the help they can give me" : a study of the life circumstances of emergency relief clients." Monash University, Dept. of Social Work, 2004. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/5151.
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Edmark, Karin. "Strategic Interactions among Swedish local governments /." Uppsala : Department of Economics [Nationalekonomiska institutionen], Uppsala universitet, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-8211.
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Higginson, Carolyn. "Volunteerism in social services : structural determinants to engagement." Thesis, McGill University, 2009. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=116001.
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The relationship between provincial social service spending and subsequent rates of volunteerism in Quebec was evaluated using information contained in a Montreal volunteer database (N = 2784) and revenue and expenditure data from the Department of Finance. A secondary analysis was performed to identify possible structural correlates to volunteerism, thus providing an alternative to existing theoretical approaches, which predominantly focus on the study of individual differences between volunteers.The results of the correlation analysis revealed a positive relationship between public spending and volunteer rates. In addition, a positive correlation was found to exist between levels of coordination activity and rates of volunteerism, lending strength to the contention that organizational infrastructure is related to volunteer rates. In general, the results highlight the integral role of public monies to the sustainability of Quebec's voluntary sector.
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Shoja, Amin. "Three Essays in Health, Welfare, and International Economics." FIU Digital Commons, 2018. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3757.
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Both economists and policy makers are interested in understanding the welfare effect of economic policies, especially in small open economies such as Turkey and Iran. This knowledge is crucial for priority setting in any informed policy discussion. This dissertation aims to study the impoverishing effect of high levels of out-of-pocket (OOP) payments in the health sector, referred to as catastrophic health expenditure (CHE), and investigates the impact of exchange rate pass-through (ERPT) on both the microeconomic and macroeconomic indicators of a country. For millions of people worldwide, health payments present a huge financial risk. A high rate of OOP health care payments can lead to CHE, which can force households to cut down their consumption, minimize access to their needs, or face poverty. This makes the design of financial risk protection necessary for governments in order to secure people against the financial hardship at the time of incurring CHE. This thesis comprises three essays. The first investigates financial risk protection indicators related to OOP health care payments through CHE mean positive overshoot and incidence and depth of impoverishment. This research observes that in the absence of universal health care insurance in Iran, together with a high share of OOP spending for health care (more than 52%), the Iranian households facing CHE will eventually face poverty. In the second essay, using a difference-in-differences propensity score matching approach, I seek to analyze the degree to which Iranian universal health care insurance protects households from high rates of OOP health expenditure. In this study, I evaluate the effect of the universal health insurance program on Iranian CHE. The results show that the program was successful in decreasing the rate of OOP health expenditures and CHE in Iran during the sample period. The third essay estimates the ERPT using product-level daily data on wholesale prices of imported agricultural products, where the identification is possible by using daily data on the domestic inflation rate. The results of standard empirical analyses are in line with existing studies that employ lower frequencies of data by showing evidence for incomplete daily ERPT of about 5 percent.
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Cordery, Carolyn Joy. "Dimensions of accountability : voices from New Zealand primary health organisations : a thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Accounting /." ResearchArchive@Victoria e-Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10063/583.
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Sokpor, Christopher Kwame. "Challenges facing fragile states in the use of country public financial management systems for donor-financed projects| The case of Liberia." Thesis, Capella University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3611077.
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This study employed a qualitative case study methodology to examine some of the challenges that are hindering the fragile state of Liberia from benefiting from the use of country public financial management (PFM) systems for donor-financed projects. The study also examined the effects that these challenges pose to the fragile state. It then explored recommended strategies and policies to resolve the challenges. The data for the study was collected from 15 participants through individual in-depth interviews. The cases of the 15 participants were cross-analyzed based on 4 themes and 13 patterns that arose from the participants' data for the challenges, 4 themes and 6 patterns that emerged from the effects of the challenges, and 5 themes and 13 patterns that emerged from the recommended strategies and policies of the participants. The findings revealed the cardinal or major challenges that, as the participants pointed out, obstruct or hinder the effective use of country PFM systems for donor-financed projects in Liberia. Amid the challenges, some were directly linked to government and others to donors. Moreover, the study observed that some of the challenges were interrelated. In addition, the findings also showed the effects that these challenges could pose to the country's future prospect in regards to country PFM systems use. The study then examined the various recommended strategies and policies for government and donors alike that could help solve the challenges the fragile state faces. The findings of this study fill a gap in practical research on fragile states, specifically Liberia, with regards to country PFM systems and add valuable information on how to effectively and efficiently deal with challenges for eventual full PFM adoption.
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Kipnis, Hillel. "The relationship between a state's use of voter-approved debt and its credit ratings." Thesis, Georgetown University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1554795.
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This paper explores the relationship between a state's use of voter-approved debt and its credit ratings. The variation in credit ratings from 1973 - 2008 across the 50 US states is explained as a function of states' use of voter-approved debt while controlling for confounding variables. The analysis attempts to estimate the effect of issuing voter-approved debt on credit ratings relative to the effect of issuing legislature-approved debt using a panel dataset constructed from three data sources: the National Conference of State Legislature's Ballot Measure Database, the US Census Bureau's Survey of Government Finances and Standard & Poor's credit ratings. While prior literature has focused on the effect of voter approval requirements on measures of state credit health, this paper investigates the use of voter-approved debt by relying on a variable that measures the share of voter-approved debt issued by a state, in a given year and over time. Ordered probit models controlling for state and year fixed effects, as well as state demographics, finances, economic performance and financial institutions are used to explore the relationship between the use of voter-approved debt and a state's credit rating. The paper finds a statistically significant negative relationship between a state's use of voter-approved debt and its credit ratings. The results show that issuing 60% of state debt using voter-approval (the average for states that issue voter-approved debt in a given year) is related to a 0.71 lower state credit rating on a scale from 1-7 (BBB=1, AAA=7).
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樊穎欣 and Wing-yan Fan. "Hong Kong social service non-government organizations under new publicmanagement reform: assessing the change andimpact of the lump sum grant policy." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B41013736.
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Padvalkava, Katsiaryna. ""Gambling with the state" : understanding retirement and pensions in contemporary Belarus." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2012. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/3317/.
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In Belarus, the only post-Soviet country in the Eastern European region with unreformed pension system, the fact of the largest cohort approaching the official age of retirement not only sees an increasing burden on the system of state pension provision, but also brings considerable change to state-society relations. Qualitative study of these relations explores understanding of retirement through interviews with Belarusians approaching pension age. Lefebvre's theoretical framework is used to present the findings. Through the years of socio-economic transition the retiring generation of Belarusians have preserved a “socialist” understanding of pensions - of it being a state’s responsibility and a deserved reward for the years of service. Yet in contemporary Belarus the average pension’s monetary value does not correspond to people’s expectations and hence, as a way of dealing with perceived injustice, the majority of Belarusians plan to work in retirement in order to provide a decent living for themselves and their families, thus undermining the essence of pension as a period of discontinued work. The research’s conclusions suggest that analysing pensions as a social contract for retirement is very important for finding an appropriate approach to changes in pension provision and communicating the direction of proposed pension reform.
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Latham, Linda Ann. "Clinical governance : a study of implementation : a study of change." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2003. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/291/.
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The concept of clinical governance was first introduced to the National Health Service in the White Paper published in 1997 (Department of Health); it has been described as the 'linchpin' of the quality reforms and, as of April 1999, is one of the statutory duties placed on NHS Trust Boards. Clinical governance is defined as: 'A framework through which NHS organisations are accountable for continuously improving the quality if their services and safeguarding high standards of care by creating an environment in which excellence in clinical care will flourish.' (Department of Health, 1998; p33). The research project upon which this thesis is based took place over an 18 month period and has followed one NHS Trust as it implemented this new policy. Implementation may be conceptualised as both a change process and an end state; to capture this duality, two broad research questions are posed namely: what constitutes the local clinical governance agenda (content) and how has clinical governance been implemented (process). Given that the main purpose of these research questions is to explore and describe, an overarching qualitative framework has been adopted and, within this, an action research approach utilised
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Kwok, Ching-wan Mable, and 郭靜韻. "A study of the Lump Sum Grant Policy on the provision of social welfare services in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31967528.
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Daniels, Thomas Andrew. "To what extent should the public be involved in health disinvestment decision making : a mixed methods investigation into the views of health professionals in the English NHS." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/56700.
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Demand for health services is growing, but funding is often failing to keep pace. To ensure that budgets are balanced and that delivered services continue to be high quality, decision makers are having to set priorities, removing funding from some services- this is disinvestment. This thesis details research incorporating a literature review followed by a two stage empirical investigation into the way that disinvestment decisions are made and whether or not the public should be involved. The first stage is a Q-Methodology study, the second is in-depth interviews. The population for the study is NHS health professionals (including managers and clinicians). 55 participants took part in the Q-study, and of these, 20 took part in follow-up interviews. The study highlighted three distinct perspectives, all of which supported public involvement. One was unequivocal in its support, another highlighted some potential disadvantages to involving the public and the third suggested that the public should have the freedom to choose whether they became involved. The follow up interviews re-iterated participants’ support for involvement but suggested that the public should become involved earlier and to a greater extent in those disinvestment decisions which affected more patients and/or resulted in a tangible loss of services.Medicine, Faculty of
Population and Public Health (SPPH), School of
Graduate
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Chui, Man-kee Rhoda, and 徐敏基. "An assessment of the unit rate subvention systems for welfare servicesin Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1985. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31974399.
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Kennedy, Catherine Ann. "The implementation of the Glasgow Women's Health Policy : a case-study of multi-agency working." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1999. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/6162/.
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Multi-agency working as an approach to tackling complex and inter-related problems has increasingly been advocated in recent years in a variety of policy contexts. The research in this thesis concerns the development and implementation process of one such policy, the Glasgow Women's Health Policy. This Policy was developed by the Glasgow Healthy City Project Women's Health Working Group and is based on a social/holistic model of health. The research analyses, as a case study of multi-agency working, the process through which the Women's Health Policy was implemented, and identifies the enablers and barriers to that process. The research consists of a retrospective analysis of the implementation of the Women's Health Policy within the statutory partner organisation of the Glasgow Healthy City Project. Using a qualitative approach, the research involved three primary methods of data collection: semi-structured interviews, documentary analysis and observation. Fifty-seven interviews were conducted with a range of key informants from the statutory sector organisations, which provided the main source of data. The analysis identifies a range of action associated with the development and implementation of the Women's Health Policy by the Women's Health Working Group and statutory sector organisations. The implementation process of the Women's Health Policy was enabled by: the collaborative development of the Policy; the agency of key individuals with access to power; and the establishment of women's fora within the organisations. Barriers to the process included the marginalisation of both 'women's issues' within gendered organisations, and the social/holistic model of health in relation to the dominant biomedical paradigm prevailing within organisations. In addition a range of other impediments relating to organisational structures and cultures were identified as being common to all policy implementation.
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New, Bill. "Justifying state interventions : the case of paternalism." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2000. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/833/.
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Justifications for state interventions which seek to influence the consumption patterns of goods, services and activities are usually based on notions of equity or efficiency: the market either fails to offer a fair outcome in distributional terms or it fails to arrive at an efficient outcome in terms of aggregate welfare. But these justifications, implicitly and unintentionally, often incorporate elements which focus on the correction of another kind of failure: that of individual reasoning. They do this either because the concepts of equity and efficiency are invoked to justify state intervention beyond the analytic competence of these principles, or because support for specific public policies or institutions require additional principles to justify the particular form these institutions take. In short, justifications from equity and efficiency are underdetermined. But in order to support interventions which are at least partly correcting individual reasoning failure, we need a defensible theory of state paternalism. Existing discussions of paternalism fail to explain why the state should know better than the individual what is in his or her own best interests, even if it is acknowledged that individual reasoning can be sub-optimal. The thesis concludes with a discussion of criteria which do support the superior decision-making of the state in certain circumstances: where the benefits (or costs) of consumption are likely to occur a long period into the future; where direct experience of the particular form of consumption is problematic; and where technical complexities make judgement about appropriate consumption difficult. The thesis concludes with an analysis of some applications and implications of these proposals for state intervention in consumption.
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Blawn, Janet L. "Preparing individuals with mental illnesses for disasters| A grant proposal." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1527678.
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Natural disasters and catastrophic events have devastated hundreds of thousands of individuals worldwide. While governmental and disaster relief agencies attempt to respond as quickly as possible, individuals can be cut off from resources and services for extended periods, increasing stress and health complications. Individuals with mental illnesses are even more vulnerable in the aftermath of a disaster when they are cut off from vital medications and therapeutic services. Disaster preparedness promotes resilience and empowers individuals to take personal responsibility for their safety. The purpose of this project was to identify potential funding sources and write a grant proposal that funds the development and implementation of disaster preparedness classes for individuals living in the community with mental illnesses. Actual submission and/or funding of this grant was not a requirement for the successful completion of this project.
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Hewitt, Joseph. "Disability, development and financial exclusion : a study of the socio-economic barriers to accessing microfinance encountered by people with physical disabilities in Kampala, Uganda." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2018. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/50926/.
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This thesis explores the variety of barriers to accessing microfinance that people with disabilities in Uganda experience. The research is based upon both quantitative and qualitative data collected in the capital Kampala in 2014, and comprises of 223 questionnaires with people who have a permanent physical disability and 26 interviews with representatives of both microfinance institutions and disabled persons organisations in Uganda. Analysis of the quantitative data suggests that people with disabilities are able to access credit from formal financial providers such as commercial banks, microfinance institutions and savings and credit cooperatives, but at lower rates than the national average. Despite dominant narratives of microfinance which promote it as means to reduce financial exclusion, just 5% of the survey sample of people with disabilities had gained access to credit through a microfinance institution. The thesis goes on to examine the multitude of factors which impact the ability of people with disabilities to access such services, including the affordability of credit, the design of financial products, physical accessibility, social discrimination and self-exclusion. It also provides an assessment of the ways in which such barriers may be reduced, for example, through the employment of field agents, greater utilisation of mobile money platforms and the design of specific products targeted at people with disabilities. In addition, the research considers the impact that commercialisation has had on the microfinance sector in Uganda, and in particular the effect a move to a for-profit model has had on the accessibility of microfinance for people with disabilities. The thesis concludes by offering specific recommendations to reduce barriers to access, including collecting increased levels of data on current usage of small-scale loans by people with disabilities, strengthening relationships between disability organisations and microfinance institutions, and more rigorous enforcement of the existing Federal disability legislation in Uganda.
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Yam, Yuen-man Kitty, and 任婉雯. "An analysis of the impacts of lump sum grant policy on the operation of NGOs in Hong Kong: the case of Po LeungKuk." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B4501274X.
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Chow, Wah-tat Kenneth, and 周華達. "A review of the subvention mode of social services in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31966494.
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Glisson, Molly. "Improving educational outcomes for youth in foster care| A grant proposal." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1527705.
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The purpose of this thesis project was to partner with a host agency, identify a potential funding source, and write a grant proposal for an educational support program for youth in foster care. A literature review was conducted in order to identify the educational needs and barriers to success faced by youth in care and identify methods to address this issue. A program was designed that utilizes individualized strategic tutoring and mentoring services to address the educational, social, and emotional needs of youth and facilitates collaborations between the education and child welfare systems to improve the educational outcomes of this population. A grant proposal narrative was completed for the Stuart Foundation in order to fund this program for secondary school students in foster care in the Garden Grove Unified School District. The actual submission or funding of this grant was not a requirement for the successful completion of the project.
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Forder, Julien. "The organisation of social care in England : markets, hierarchies and contract choices in residential care for older people." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2005. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/136/.
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This thesis is concerned with strategic (economic) organisation, as applied to the long-term care system in England. This work adopts a transaction cost perspective. The main hypotheses are: first, that the transaction costs generated by (public sector) hierarchies in social care are lower than those generated in quasi-markets. Second, that production costs in hierarchies are greater than in markets. Third, that contingent contract use is associated with comparatively higher prices and mark-up rates, and greater net transaction costs. The motivation for this work is first to address perceived limitations of the theory in a comparative public sector application. Second, to inform the empirical and policy debate on social care reform. Following an account of the historical policy and institutional context, a multi-period, comparative theoretical model was developed, building on the contract theory literature. It underpins a systematic empirical analysis of care home services - at local authority and care home level - for older people in 1998 and 1999. Various estimation techniques addressed the skewed nature of the data and the panel design. The estimation results supported the theoretical hypotheses. Point estimates of marginal and average transaction costs were £6 and £21 per place per week respectively for hierarchies and £41 and £56 for placements under the market governance archetype, statistically significant differences. For production costs, a significant difference was found in the other direction: £89 for hierarchy and £55 for markets at the margin. Overall, the total (production + transaction) costs were not significantly different. Contingent contract use was associated with higher prices relative to average variable costs of 8% of average price compared with non-contingent contracts. The analysis pointed to low profitability rates and that providers are not solely motivated by profit (only taking 55% of potential profit). Policy implications were explored for both the markets-hierarchies and contracts analyses.
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Bateman, William. "Parliamentary control of public money." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/286229.
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This dissertation analyses the idea that parliament controls public money in parliamentary constitutional systems of government. That analysis proceeds through an historical and contemporary examination of the way legal practices distribute authority over public money between different institutions of government. The legislative and judicial practices concerning taxation, public expenditure, sovereign borrowing, and the government financing activities of central banks are selected for close attention. The contemporary analysis focuses on the design and operation of those legal practices in the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth of Australia, in the context of the boom-bust-recovery economic conditions experienced between 2005 and 2016. The dissertation's ultimate claims are explanatory: that "parliamentary control" is a poor explanation of the distribution of financial authority in parliamentary systems of government and should be jettisoned in favour of an idea of "parliamentary ratification". An empirically engaged methodology is adopted throughout the dissertation and (historical and contemporary) public sector financial data enrich the legal analysis. The dissertation acknowledges the impact of, but remains agnostic between, different economic and political perspectives on fiscal discipline and public financial administration. The dissertation makes a number of original contributions. It provides a detailed examination of the historical development, legal operation and constitutional significance of annual appropriation legislation, and the legal regimes governing sovereign borrowing and monetary finance. It also analyses the way that law interacts with government behaviour in situations of economic emergencies (focusing on the Bank of England's public financing activities since 2008), and the institutional and doctrinal obstacles facing judicial involvement in disputes concerning public finance (focusing on the Australian judiciary's recent engagements with public expenditure legislation).
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Roll, Stephen. "Credit Counseling, Financial Coaching, and Client Outcomes: An Examination of Program Impacts and Implementation Dynamics." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1460908989.
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Jones, Paul Anthony. "From tackling poverty to achieving financial inclusion : the transformation of the British credit union movement, 1998-2008." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2009. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/5948/.
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At the launch of the research report 'Towards sustainable credit union development (Jones 1999) on 8th December 1998, the Chief Registrar of Friendly Societies, Geoffrey Fitchew CMG, argued that not only had the report aroused strong interest in Westminster and Whitehall, but that it would "act as a significant catalyst" for change within the British credit union movement (Fitchew 1999). For despite the rapid expansion from the mid-1980s onwards of the number of credit unions established in low-income communities, by the end of the 1990s the growth in membership in these credit unions had stalled. Even with local government support and the commitment of local volunteers, most community credit unions, particular1y in England and Wales, were unable to attract more than a few hundred members. The result was that only four were recognised as self-sufficient and economically viable according to criteria utilised by the Birmingham Credit Union Development Agency at the time (Jones 1999, pp 24-25). In fact, it would not be inaccurate to say that many credit union activists assumed that community credit unions would always be small local organisations, staffed entirely by volunteers. Indeed, the fact that they only served a few hundred members was often seen as a strength, as it generated a strong sense of community identity and of security in the knowledge that the credit union was manageable at a local level. Yet, for others, the need for change was beginning to surface. They were increasingly concerned that credit unions were reaching only a small proportion of the people on low incomes or in poverty who had little or no choice but to use high-cost alternative financial providers. For them, credit unions were failing to realise the potential they had of making a significant contribution to the economic regeneration of communities. Yet, even for people who recognised the need to change, how credit unions might develop remained unclear and problematic. The importance of the 1999 report' was that it revealed, for the first time, the organisational and economic reality of the credit union movement, and indicated a way forward for the sector. It was for this reason that Fitchew described the report as a catalyst for change; for not only did it question the assumptions that underpinned the beliefs and actions of many credit union activists, it offered a plan of action to stimulate and enable the transformation of the movement Subsequently, the report was recognised by Government and the credit union sector as a whole as a key driver for credit union change and development (HM Treasury 1999, Local Government Association 1999, 2001; ABCUL2000, 2007; Donnelly 2004, McKillop and Wilson 2003; O'ConneIl2005; Goth, McKillop, and Ferguson 2006; CRC 2007; Collard 2007). The report was the original, seminal work which formed a theoretical grounding for all the author's subsequent research and research publications.
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Du, Plessis Ulandi. "Explaining the endurance of poverty and inequality : social policy and the social division of welfare in the South African health system." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002002.
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This thesis examines the structure and flow of public funding between the public and private sectors in the South African health system and the consequences thereof for the achievement of equity. The conceptual framework used to undertake the analysis derives from Richard Titmuss’ core theoretical framework, the Social Division of Welfare. The application of the Social Division of Welfare applied to the South African health care context demonstrates how state resources end up benefitting the non-poor and, as a result, reproduce inequality. Those who access public institutions such as public health care are assumed to be ‘dependent’ on the state, whilst those who access private health facilities claim to be ‘independent’ of the state. However, this thesis shows that these assumptions are flawed. Access to the formal labour market, and subsequently the paying of taxes, authorises one to access state subsidies not available to those who do not. The application of the Social Division of Welfare shows that tax-paying private health care patients benefit considerably from state resources. This thesis argues that due to cost escalation in the private health sector, a consequence of the commodification of health care, these private health care ‘consumers’ as well as the private health industry in general are dependent upon state resources. This thesis analyses the role played by the profit motive present in the private health industry and the consequences for equity, quality, access and efficiency in health care provision
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Lodemel, Ivar. "The quest for institutional welfare and the problem of the residuum : the case of income maintenance and personal social care policies in Norway and Britain 1946 to 1966." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1989. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/107/.
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This study focusses on the relationship between social assistance and personal social services on the one hand and various forms of social insurance on the other hand. During the period the expressed objective was in both nations to replace the Poor Law with insurance, leaving only a small last resort assistance scheme. While Norway continued the pre-war practice of breaking down the Poor Law "from without" through the gradual extension of insurance, Britain attempted a more immediate transition through the creation of a universal National Insurance and a National Assistance freed from the cash-care multifunctional nature of the Poor Law. The comparison of the ensuing development rests on two postulates. First, Norwegian social insurance will be seen to have experienced a more favourable development in terms of coverage and levels of benefits. Second, in the case of assistance the Norwegian scheme covered a decreasing proportion of the population with a service bearing strong resemblance to those of the Poor Law. Britain, by contrast, experienced a growth in the number covered by assistance, in terms of numbers as well as need categories. The services obtained bear, however, less resemblance to the Poor Law compared to their Norwegian counterpart. For both nations it will be hypothesised that the scope and nature of assistance can be largely explained by the development of social insurance. The findings will be discussed in relation to Titmuss' models of welfare. The hypothesis is that while Norway on the whole has reached an income maintenance closer to the institutional model compared to Britain, a paradox emerges when we see that Norway also features a more residual assistance in comparison to services offered to equivalent groups in the UK. These findings are also discussed in relation to theories about the social division of welfare as well as different interpretations of determinants of welfare. The study is in two parts: Institutional and residual welfare. In the first we analyse first the emergence of the models of insurance in the two countries and, second, the 1946-1966 development of old age and disability pensions. The second part focusses on assistance and the changing nature of social work in the local authority personal social services.
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Paryngovskaja, Larisa. "Socialinis draudimas ir socialinė parama. Finansavimo šaltiniai bei įtaka Lietuvos finansų sistemai." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2012. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2012~D_20120703_153114-42266.
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Finansų valdymo magistro baigiamojo darbo temos naujumą ir aktualumą apibrėžia ta aplinkybė, kad socialinio draudimo ir socialinės paramos, kaip socialinės apsaugos priemonių simbiozės, įtakos valstybės finansams tema nebuvo nuodugniai nagrinėta mokslininkų ir valdžios institucijų.
Tyrimo problema. Kokią įtaką turi socialinis draudimas ir socialinė parama Lietuvos valstybės finansų sistemai?
Tyrimo objektai: Lietuvos valstybės finansų sistema, socialinio draudimo ir socialinės paramos sistemos.
Tyrimo tikslas – instituciniu ir ekonominiu požiūriu įvertinti socialinio draudimo ir socialinės paramos sistemų įtaką valstybės finansams.
Uždaviniai:
1. Išnagrinėti mokslinėje literatūroje pateikiamus finansų sistemos apibrėžimus bei pagrindinius aspektus;
2. Išnagrinėti mokslinėje literatūroje pateikiamus svarbiausius socialinio draudimo ir socialinės paramos aspektus, teisinį reglamentavimą,
3. Identifikuoti svarbiausias spręstinas problemas;
4. Išnagrinėti socialinio draudimo ir socialinės paramos finansavimo šaltinius;
5. Įvertinti socialinio draudimo ir socialinės paramos ekonominę įtaką valstybės finansų sistemai.
6. Pateikti pasiūlymus dėl socialinio draudimo ir socialinės paramos sistemų tobulinimo.
Darbo struktūra. Darbą sudaro trys skyriai. Pirmame skyriuje pateikiami finansų sistemos, socialinio draudimo ir socialinės paramos teoriniai ir teisiniai aspektai, šių sistemų problemos. Antrame skyriuje pagrindžiama tyrimo problema, pagrindžiami tyrimo metodai... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]The novelty of thesis topic defines the fact that social insurance and social welfare as symbiosis of social protection measures, which affect public finances, have not been thoroughly examined by scientists and government agencies. The research problem. What influence has social insurance and social welfare for Lithuania's public finance system? Research objects: Lithuanian financial, social insurance and social welfare systems. Research aim – institutional and economic assessment of the social insurance and social welfare systems on public finances. Objectives: 1. To examine financial system definitions and key aspects in scientific literature; 2. To examine legal regulation of the most important social insurance and welfare aspects. 3. To identify the most actual problems; 4. To examine social insurance and welfare funding sources. 5. To evaluate social insurance and welfare economic impact on public finance system. 6. To propose improvements for social insurance and welfare systems. Work structure. The work consists of three parts. The first part presents financial system, social insurance and social welfare theoretical and legal aspects as well as its problems. The second part justifies research problem, selects relevant research methods and presents research instrumentation. The third part evaluates social insurance and social welfare economic influence on public finance sector and proposes some solution for this system improvement. Research methods. It was... [to full text]
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Schultz, Robert. "Perceptions of the financial sustainability of an indigent policy in a selected municipality in the Western Cape, South Africa." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2581.
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Thesis (MTech (Public Administration))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017.The eradication of poverty is an important priority for the South African government. The Constitution makes provision for vulnerable households. Local government has to formulate policies to address the needs of the poor. Municipalities formulated and adopted Indigent Policies to ensure that poor households have access to essential basic services. This led the researcher to identify what challenges are related to the financial sustainability of the Indigent Policy in its implementation process in the City of Cape Town for the period 2003 to 2016. This study followed a qualitative research approach. Data was collected by conducting in-depth interviews. The selected participants had access to information relevant to the policy. The researcher respected the rights of participants by allowing them the freedom to withdraw at any stage of the research study, ensuring confidentiality, ensuring anonymity, ensuring fair treatment and protecting the participants from any harm and discomfort throughout the research study. The researcher holds that all the respondents are confident that the Indigent Policy is sustainable. However, should it become too expensive for the City of Cape Town, it could result in the budget being reprioritised. It is recommended that the City of Cape Town develops a beneficiary system for qualifying indigents to allow them to receive additional benefits from other facilities such as libraries, swimming pools and the MyCiTi bus services.
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Aggeborn, Linuz. "Essays on Politics and Health Economics." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-296301.
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Essay I (with Mattias Öhman): Fluoridation of the drinking water is a public policy whose aim is to improve dental health. Although the evidence is clear that fluoride is good for dental health, concerns have been raised regarding potential negative effects on cognitive development. We study the effects of fluoride exposure through the drinking water in early life on cognitive and non-cognitive ability, education and labor market outcomes in a large-scale setting. We use a rich Swedish register dataset for the cohorts born 1985-1992, together with drinking water fluoride data. To estimate the effect we exploit intra-municipality variation of fluoride, stemming from an exogenous variation in the bedrock. First, we investigate and confirm the long-established positive relationship between fluoride and dental health. Second, we find precisely estimated zero effects on cognitive ability, non-cognitive ability and education. We do not find any evidence that fluoride levels below 1.5 mg/l have negative effects. Third, we find evidence that fluoride improves labor market outcome later in life, which indicates that good dental health is a positive factor on the labor market.Essay II: Motivated by the intense public debate in the United States regarding politicians’ backgrounds, I investigate the effects of electing a candidate with earlier experience from elective office to the House of Representatives. The U.S. two-party-system with single-member election districts enables me to estimate the causal effect in a RD design where the outcomes are measured at the election district level. I find some indications that candidates with earlier elective experience are more likely to be members of important congressional committees. I also find some indications that directed federal spending (pork barrel spending) is higher in those districts were the elected representative had earlier elective experience prior of being elected to the House, but the effect manifests itself some years after the election. In contrast, I find no robust or statistically significant effects for personal income per capita or unemployment rate in the home district.
Essay III: This paper uses Swedish and Finnish municipal data to investigate the effect of changes in voter turnout on the tax rate, public spending and vote-shares. A reform in Sweden in 1970, which overall lowered the cost of voting, is applied as an instrument for voter turnout in local elections. The reform increased voter turnout in Sweden. The higher voter turnout resulted in higher municipal taxes and greater per capita local public spending. There are also indications that higher turnout decreased the vote share for right-wing parties. I use an individual survey data set to conclude that it was in particular low income earners that began to vote to a greater extent after the reform.
Essay IV (with Lovisa Persson): In a theoretical model where voters and politicians have different preferences for how much to spend on basic welfare services contra reception services for asylum seekers, we conclude that established politicians that are challenged by right-wing populists will implement a policy with no spending on asylum seekers if the cost is high enough. Additionally, adjustment to right-wing populist policy is more likely when the economy is in a recession. Voters differ in their level of private consumption in such a way that lower private consumption implies higher demand for basic welfare services at the expense of reception of asylum seekers, and thus stronger disposition to support right-wing populist policies. We propose that this within-budget-distributional conflict can arise as an electorally decisive conflict dimension if parties have converged to the median voter on the size-of-government issue.
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Chodosh, Jonah. "Take Me Out of the Ball Game: The Efficacy of Public Subsidies in the Success of Professional Sports Stadiums." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2011. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/267.
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This paper weights the relative advantages of multiple factors that lead to the success of professional sports stadiums in major markets, though a discussion of the arguments for and against public subsidies towards these projects. Using a logit statistical model, the paper determines that the two factors determining the highest likelihood of venue success include multiple tenants and access to mass transit. The analysis demonstrates that public subsidies towards stadiums don’t generate sufficient economic returns, and that successful stadiums can be created without using taxpayer funds.
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Wanderley, Claudio Burian. "Ensaios em finanças públicas municipais." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/6675.
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This thesis aims to discuss municipal public finance issues. An improvement of the Brazilian fiscal federalism, with greater resources decentralization and the implementation of high-powered rules for the federative transfers may be an important tool in the improvement of our social conditions. To do so, this thesis was divided into four distinct parts. The first chapter discusses the oil revenues impacts on unicipalities’ public finance. The legal changes that occurred in Brazil in the nineties in the oil and gas sector led to increasing royalties transfers to Brazilians states and municipalities. The annedoctical evidence that this transfers are not been used properly - in a way that would increment the local welfare - have originated a important discussion about these distribution rules. This paper tries to identify this revenues impacts over others municipalities’ fiscal variables. It seems that this did not impact the others sources of municipalities revenue. Unhappily, some of the resources (which distribution is either more or less concentrated) led the municipalities to increase their current expenditures and diminishes their investments efforts. At the same time, they are not spending this extra money in a way that would increment the local welfare. On the other hand, the resources which distribution is between these two limits has the opposite effect. The second chapter discusses the impact of oil revenues on the proficiency of fourth grade students of primary public schools. The oil revenues - bundled or not - were not statistically significant in explaining the observed student performance in Portuguese and mathematics. This result, however, must be analyzed with caution, since it is not trivial to identify how (and when) these effects would be generated. However, different sources of municipal revenue would impact differently the students’ proficiency scores, explaining why we need to better understand these differences to design more efficient constitutional transfer mechanisms to the municipalities. In the third chapter, we study the impacts of municipal emancipation occurred in the 90s on the well-being of local populations. More than a thousand of new municipalities were created at the nineties in Brazil, due the new Federal Constitution of 1988. There is anecdotic evidence that this was a pretty harmful process for the Brazilian welfare, but there were no systematic attempt to valuate it properly. This paper tries to do so using data from Minas Gerais municipalities which number has grown from 723 to 853 ones in that decade. The results suggest that this process strongly improved the welfare of the local population. This implies that local political markets are efficient and it should be allowed for any district to emancipate from its former municipalities, if their population wishes to do so. Finally, in the fourth chapter we analyze the impact of law (implemented in Minas Gerais) who sought to increase the incentives pro-efficiency of municipal governments. In order to improve the welfare of its citizens, the state government of Minas Gerais (Brazil) has imposed, at 1995, the state law 12.040, known as Robin Hood law. It stated that 25% of the revenue transferred to the municipalities should be allocated through observable results achieved in education, health, environment among others. In other words, this law established a high power contract between the state government and the municipalities, which is not very usual. This study shows that this law had a significant impact on the municipalities’ education and health. But it’s necessary to redesign these transfers’ rules, in order to improve its power and its results. These results shows that the use of high powered rules in federative transfers could be a strong mechanism in order to improve the population welfare.
Esta tese busca discutir problemas relacionados às finanças públicas municipais no país. Um aprimoramento de nosso federalismo fiscal, com maior descentralização de recursos e implementação de regras de transferências federativas com maiores incentivos pró-eficiência – aumentando os incentivos pró-obtenção de melhores resultados sociais por parte das unidades subfederadas – pode se revelar instrumento importante na melhoria de nossas condições sociais. Para isto, dividiu-se esta tese em quatro partes distintas. No primeiro capítulo, discutem-se os impactos das receitas petrolíferas sobre as finanças públicas municipais. As mudanças legais ocorridas no país na década de noventa do último século - relativas ao setor petrolífero - levaram a crescente (e concentrada) transferência de recursos do setor para os estados e municípios brasileiros. A forte sensação que estes estariam sendo desperdiçados de alguma forma vem suscitando discussões sobre a necessidade de se reformular sua distribuição. As recentes descobertas de megacampos petrolíferos no pré-sal do litoral brasileiro somente intensificaram este processo. Buscou-se identificar os efeitos destas transferências sobre as variáveis fiscais municipais no país. Detectou-se que não ocorreu substituição tributária, ou seja, estes recursos não diminuíram o esforço arrecadatório dos municípios. Em compensação, tanto os recursos cuja distribuição é bem mais concentrada (referentes aos royalties excedentes) quanto aqueles mais bem-distribuídos (referentes aos royalties originais) levaram as prefeituras a aumentar seus gastos correntes (piorando sua composição do ponto de vista social) e diminuir seus investimentos. O contrário parece ocorrer com os recursos cuja distribuição se dá de forma intermediária (os royalties referentes às participações especiais). No segundo capítulo, discute-se o impacto das receitas petrolíferas sobre a proficiência dos alunos até a quarta série primária das escolas públicas municipais. As receitas petrolíferas – agregadas ou não – não se mostraram estatisticamente significativas na explicação do desempenho observado pelos alunos da quarta série primária das escolas municipais em português ou matemática. Este resultado, entretanto, deve ser olhado com cautela, uma vez que não é trivial identificar como (e o tempo necessário) estes efeitos seriam gerados. Entretanto, diferentes fontes de receitas municipais impactariam de forma diferenciada as proficiências observadas nos testes de português e matemática, explicitando a necessidade de se entender melhor estas diferenças para se desenhar mecanismo mais eficiente de repasse de recursos constitucionais aos municípios. No terceiro capítulo, estudam-se os impactos das emancipações municipais ocorridas na década de 90 sobre o bem-estar das populações locais. Devido à Constituição Federal de 1988, o número de municípios no Brasil multiplicou-se fortemente na década de 90 do último século. Mais de mil municípios foram criados em todo o país, fazendo seu número ultrapassar a casa dos 5.500. Este processo tem sido interpretado de forma bastante negativa. Baseado em evidências anedóticas, se pressupõe que os atores políticos locais o utilizaram para se apropriar de maior parcela dos recursos transferidos de outros níveis governamentais. Entretanto, nenhum esforço mais sistemático foi realizado buscando calcular, de maneira efetiva, os resultados sociais líquidos deste processo. É isto que se busca fazer aqui, utilizando dados sobre os municípios mineiros - cujo número passa de 723 em 1991 para 853 em 2000. Foram detectados impactos positivos relacionados a diversas variáveis educacionais e de saúde. Ao mesmo tempo, o contrário ocorreu com os indicadores de pobreza e indigência. Este resultado mostra que o movimento observado de emancipação municipal talvez tenha sido bastante benéfico, sinalizando para a existência de mercados políticos eficientes nestas localidades, o que indicaria a necessidade de se manter uma maior autonomia local relativa a processos de emancipação de distritos. Por fim, no quarto capítulo, analisam-se os impactos de lei (implementada em Minas Gerais) que buscou aumentar os incentivos pró-eficiência das prefeituras municipais a partir das transferências federativas. Buscando melhorar as condições de vida dos municípios mineiros, o governo estadual mineiro instituiu, em 1995, a lei 12.040, conhecida como Lei Robin Hood. Esta permitia que 25% dos recursos de ICMS a serem distribuídos aos municípios mineiros se dessem sobre resultados observáveis em diversas áreas tais como saúde, educação, conservação ecológica, entre outras. Ou seja, esta instituía, em relação a estas transferências, um contrato de alto poder com os municípios relacionados às políticas públicas implementadas. O estudo destas transferências (relativas à educação e saúde) mostrou resultados dúbios. Resultados positivos relativos à educação e à saúde parecem ocorrer em todo o estado, mas os incentivos dados poderiam ser bem maiores - faz-se necessário um refinamento das regras da partilha destas transferências. Dada a relativa escassez deste tipo de contrato em transferências federativas, seja no Brasil, seja no restante do mundo, este resultado aponta a necessidade de utilização de instrumentos de maior poder nas relações federativas, buscando incrementar as condições de vida locais.
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Davies, Llewellyn Willis. "‘LOOK’ AND LOOK BACK: Using an auto/biographical lens to study the Australian documentary film industry, 1970 - 2010." Phd thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/154339.
Full textAbstract:
While much has been written on the Australian film and television
industry, little has been presented by actual producers,
filmmakers and technicians of their time and experiences within
that same industry. Similarly, with historical documentaries, it
has been academics rather than filmmakers who have led the
debate. This thesis addresses this shortcoming and bridges the
gap between practitioner experience and intellectual discussion,
synthesising the debate and providing an important contribution
from a filmmaker-academic, in its own way unique and insightful.
The thesis is presented in two voices. First, my voice, the
voice of memoir and recollected experience of my screen
adventures over 38 years within the Australian industry, mainly
producing historical documentaries for the ABC and the SBS. This
is represented in italics. The second half and the alternate
chapters provide the industry framework in which I worked with
particular emphasis on documentaries and how this evolved and
developed over a 40-year period, from 1970 to 2010.
Within these two voices are three layers against which this
history is reviewed and presented. Forming the base of the
pyramid is the broad Australian film industry made up of feature
films, documentary, television drama, animation and other types
and styles of production. Above this is the genre documentary
within this broad industry, and making up the small top tip of
the pyramid, the sub-genre of historical documentary. These form
the vertical structure within which industry issues are
discussed. Threading through it are the duel determinants of
production: ‘the market’ and ‘funding’.
Underpinning the industry is the involvement of government, both
state and federal, forming the three dimensional matrix for the
thesis. For over 100 years the Australian film industry has
depended on government support through subsidy, funding
mechanisms, development assistance, broadcast policy and
legislative provisions.
This thesis aims to weave together these industry layers, binding
them with the determinants of the market and funding, and
immersing them beneath layers of government legislation and
policy to present a new view of the Australian film industry.
43
Varela, Peter. "Essays in Public Finance." Phd thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/136129.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis presents three papers in the field of empirical
public finance. The first two papers are related, and are based
on the concept of the Inequality Deflator, while the third paper
is an applied empirical paper looking at gender differences in
tax filing behaviour.
The first paper estimates the inequality deflator for the
Australian economy using a novel approach based on dynamic
microsimulation. An Inequality Deflator is a measure of the cost
of redistributing income through the existing tax and transfer
system, and can also be interpreted as the revealed preference of
society for income redistribution. Moreover, using the inequality
deflator as distributional weights in a cost benefit framework is
equivalent to modifying the standard Kaldor-Hicks welfare
criterion to account for a distortionary tax system. Therefore,
the Inequality Deflator represents a promising option to
incorporate issues of equity into a cost benefit framework. This
paper also applies the Inequality Deflator to the Australian
economy to determine how much growth could have been achieved in
the period 1993-2013 if the tax system were used to ensure that
growth was spread evenly across the population.
The second paper extends the concept of the Inequality Deflator
to an applied cost benefit situation in which benefits accrue to
consumers or business owners. As business owners typically earn
higher than average income, money transferred to a business will
increase observed income inequality. Therefore, to the extent
that a society values both equity and efficiency, a transfer to a
business owner will be less valuable than if that transfer were
received by an average individual. The Inequality Deflator is
used to determine the value of a windfall gain to a business by
asking how much would be received by each member of society if
that gain were redistributed evenly across the population using
the tax and transfer system. This paper also includes a
discussion of how the different welfare weights for consumers and
businesses estimated in this paper can be incorporated into
sufficient statistics style public economics research.
The final paper uses Australian tax return data and techniques
from the gender pay gap literature, including the Oaxaca-Blinder
decomposition and the DiNardo-Fortin-Lemieux decomposition, to
show that men claim more deductions on their tax return than
women in similar economic circumstances. After controlling for
observable characteristics such as income and occupation, men are
found to claim around 12 per cent more deductions than women,
which when taken at face value, increases the gender pay gap in
Australia by around \$75 per year. The paper also finds an
unexplained gender difference in 7 of 11 categories of deductions
and amongst workers in 6 of 9 occupation classifications. Men and
women earning different proportions of capital income and family
tax planning are considered as potential explanations of the
observed deduction gap. While both factors are found to influence
the level of deductions claimed, they can only explain a small
proportion of the observed difference in deductions between men
and women.
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Williams, Elizabeth A. "The illusion of local aid: Extractive and distributive effects of the Massachusetts State Lottery on cities and towns." 2000. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI9978571.
Full textAbstract:
This study in fiscal sociology explores the extractive and distributive effects of the Massachusetts State Lottery (MSL) on the state's 351 cities and towns. In Massachusetts, lottery profits are distributed as local aid that is intended to have an “equalizing” effect. This investigation was prompted, in part, by political controversy over the MSL's redistributive impact. Critics of the MSL argue that it functions as a “reverse Robin Hood,” whereas proponents stress its “fiscal friendliness” to all communities—poor and wealthy alike. This study differs from most previous lottery research in two major respects. First, it examines the tax incidence of the MSL with regard to geopolitical communities, rather than individuals. Second, it examines the MSL's distributive effects in addition to its extractive effects. Conceptualization of lottery ticket expenditure as a property of communities allows for comparison of the dollar amount paid into the MSL system by a community in relation to the amount it receives back in the form of lottery aid. Multiple regression analysis strongly suggests that the relationship between community level of affluence and per capita ticket expenditure is curvilinear, that the proportion of community income spent on lottery tickets decreases as income increases, and that the number of lottery agents per capita decreases as community affluence increases. Although no evidence is found of a “reverse Robin Hood” pattern of redistribution across all communities, a “take from the poor and give to the rich” effect is noticeable with respect to some cities and towns. This research illuminates the Lottery as a mechanism whereby the State exerts power over both individuals and communities as consumers of lottery tickets, payers of the lottery tax, and purported beneficiaries of its proceeds. It demonstrates the fruitfulness of investigating the real, as opposed to purported, effects of state finance policies. By determining who taxation and expenditure policies really benefit, how they benefit, and to what degree, sociologists can illuminate their political content and demonstrate that they are powerful tools of the State—tools that may be used to serve the interests of particular social groups, be they economic classes or geopolitical communities.
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Hsieh, Shou-Ching, and 謝守清. "Applying Data Mining to Public Opinion Survey– Policy Studies on Public Finance, Economic Affairs and Social Welfare." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/63514537699888077925.
Full textAbstract:
碩士世新大學
行政管理學研究所(含博、碩專班)
91
Public policies are expected to follow public opinion in most democratic polities. Nevertheless, it has been disturbing as to how changing public opinion can be obtained. Generally, public opinion by telephone survey with a big sample size is regarded as a competent approach to measure public opinion. The study introduces the concepts and techniques of data mining to re-examine the selected sets of existing data from telephone surveys. It attempts to explore the opportunity for the research and practice communities of public policy and management. The study utilizes the data mining package Answer Tree incorporated in SPSS for Windows, complemented by qualitative face-to-face interviews. Clusters are extracted from the secondary data based on various policy issues. The subsequent interviews with the relevant policy experts are designed according to the initial data mining results. Finally, the data mining and interview results support the re-analyses for the public opinion surveys. The results discover that data mining used in this fashion is appropriate public opinion surveys in terms of its capability to extract additional and significant implications for the surveyed issues. It also finds that the survey results alone, without accompanying the data mining results, appears not to effectively reveal the preference of the general public. All these results imply that the survey data should be further explored based on the sample demographics, as well as policy experts.
46
"Privatization of indivisible public capital: implications for economic growth and welfare." 2002. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5891062.
Full textAbstract:
Ho Wing-Kee.Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 60-66).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Abstract --- p.i
Acknowledgement --- p.iii
Table of Content --- p.v
List of Table --- p.vi
List of Appendices --- p.vii
Chapter Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter Chapter 2. --- Literature Review --- p.5
Chapter Chapter 3. --- Theoretical Framework --- p.8
Chapter 3.1 --- Regime 1 ( Social Planner Model) --- p.10
Chapter 3.2 --- Regime 2 ( Provision of Indivisible Public Capital by the Government Model ) --- p.14
Chapter 3.3 --- Regime 3 ( Provision of Indivisible Public Capital by the Public Monopoly Model) --- p.19
Chapter Chapter 4. --- Quantitative Comparison --- p.27
Chapter 4.1 --- Calibration --- p.27
Chapter 4.2 --- Numerical Results --- p.29
Chapter Chapter 5. --- Conclusion --- p.31
Appendices --- p.42
References --- p.60
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Lau, You Ruei, and 賴宥睿. "The Strategy of High Asset Family Financial Planning Combined with Public Welfare－ A Case Study of Premium Finance." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/91623593361032536439.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立交通大學
高階主管管理碩士學程
100
Nearly a decade, the gap between the rich and the poor continue to grow in Taiwan and the trend of M-type is becoming increasingly obvious. But the public interest groups suffer from a serious lack of funds and can’t provide more assistance to disadvantaged groups. In addition, reducing income of the tax has caused the financial shortage in government, therefore, it was not easy for government to increase the social welfare expenditure. Depending on the government and exiting manpower could not solve the magnified problem of M shape society. In this study, the largest purpose is how to make high-asset families who have ability in wealth can make more contributions, but not reduce the excess assets. In the way of join the premium finance to asset allocation. Use the spreadsheet to prove the feasibility of the premium financing systematically.Eensure that financial goals of high asset group can be reached, and thus to enhance the wishes of public welfare donation.
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"Barriers to international capital mobility with asymmetric information." 2002. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5891296.
Full textAbstract:
Wong Chi Leung.Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 98-99).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Abstract --- p.i
Acknowledgement --- p.iii
Table of Contents --- p.iv
Chapter Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter Chapter 2. --- The Model --- p.6
Chapter 2.1. --- Environment --- p.6
Chapter 2.2. --- Autarkic equilibrium --- p.9
Chapter 2.3. --- Equilibrium with unfettered international capital mobility --- p.14
Figures of Chapter 2 --- p.20
Chapter Chapter 3. --- Regarding Asymmetric Information Problem as a Subsidy --- p.23
Chapter 3.1. --- Equilibrium without differential degree in asymmetric information --- p.23
Chapter 3.2. --- Simulating asymmetric information by a subsidy --- p.26
Figures of Chapter 3 --- p.29
Chapter Chapter 4. --- Barrier as a Policy Instrument --- p.30
Chapter 4.1. --- Introduction to barrier policy --- p.30
Chapter 4.2. --- Fixing southern investment target --- p.32
Chapter 4.3. --- Possibility of the stabilization policy to improve both countries' steady states --- p.36
Chapter 4.4. --- Time-invarying barrier for attaining long-run target --- p.44
Chapter 4.5. --- Inducing worldwide optimal path --- p.50
Chapter 4.6. --- Precluding poverty trap --- p.56
Figures of Chapter 4 --- p.59
Chapter Chapter 5. --- Welfare --- p.66
Chapter 5.1. --- Welfare effects at the agent level --- p.66
Chapter 5.2. --- Welfare effects at the country level: introduction --- p.68
Chapter 5.3. --- Next-period welfare effects at the country level: the South erects the policy --- p.70
Chapter 5.4. --- Steady-state welfare effects at the country level: the South erects the policy --- p.73
Chapter 5.5. --- Next-period welfare effects at the country level: the North erects the policy --- p.75
Chapter 5.6. --- Steady-state welfare effects at the country level: the North erects the policy --- p.78
Figures of Chapter 5 --- p.83
Chapter Chapter 6. --- Epilogue --- p.84
"Table of results: a comparison with Espinosa-Vega, Smith and Yip (2000)" --- p.87
Appendix --- p.90
Appendix A --- p.90
Appendix B --- p.90
Appendix C --- p.91
Appendix D --- p.95
References --- p.98
49
Wells, Kim. "Financing infrastructure projects such as the City Link." Thesis, 1995. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/33006/.
Full textAbstract:
This project provides various points of view to determine whether the private sector can
build-own-operate-transfer pubhc infrastructure projects more efficiently than the public
sector and will use as an example the building of the City Link Project. The project will
argue the advantages of it being managed by the private or public sector. Some
consideration will be given to the argument that the Victorian State Government simply
does not have the capital or the expertise to complete a public infrastructure project the
size of the City Link.
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Šanc, Filip. "Welfare state v rozvojových zemích: případová studie Botswany, Ghany a Indie." Master's thesis, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-322964.
Full textAbstract:
This diploma thesis explores the emergence of the welfare state in developing countries, in particular shown on the example of Botswana, Ghana and India. The inquiry is focused on the period beginning in 1990, when the neoliberal paradigm was dominating, untill 2010. The recent years are in token of the shift from the neoliberalism to the post-neoliberalism characterized by a number of concepts, which are taking into account. The common feature of these concepts is the diversion from the narrow focus on GDP, as the only indicator of the growth, to the social dimension of the development. This shift is also being distinguished as a transition from the basic-needs concept to the rights-based approach. Therefore, the thesis explores, if these shifts are remarkable in the analyzed countries, eventually, if there are any divergences as compared to the theoretical concepts. To achieve this goal, a broader analysis of the welfare state was used, which involves social, health and education policy. Based on this analysis, the diploma thesis tries to classify the analyzed countries into the welfare state typology; eventually, in case such classification is impossible, it describes the weaknesses of this welfare state the typology. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)