Journal articles: 'Public transit systems'

1

Jin, Haitao, Fengjun Jin, Jiao’e Wang, Wei Sun, and Libo Dong. "Competition and Cooperation between Shared Bicycles and Public Transit: A Case Study of Beijing." Sustainability 11, no. 5 (March 3, 2019): 1323. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11051323.

Full text

Abstract:

As an eco-friendly transportation mode, shared bicycles provide a new option for public transit users in urban areas. China’s bicycle-sharing market began flourishing in July 2016 and reached a plateau in 2017. How shared bicycles influenced public transit systems during this period is an interesting topic. A case study of Beijing is conducted. This study aims to identify the competitive and cooperative influences of shared bicycles on public transit by exploring the changes in public transit trip distances before and after the upsurge in bicycle-sharing. A histogram shifting method is introduced to examine the influences of shared bicycles on public transit services from a travel distance perspective. A spatial correlation of bicycling usage and public transit changes is calculated using units of gridded cell spaces. The results show: (1) overall transit usage continued growing after the shared bicycles market reached a plateau; (2) short public transits within 2 km decreased while transfers within 2 km increased; and (3) the decrease of short transits and increase of transfers within 3 km were spatially highly correlated to the usage of shared bicycles. Hence, the role of bicycle-sharing systems is competitive for existing public transit systems during short trips and cooperative for connecting transits.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Hong, Se Gi, SungHoon Seo, Henning Schulzrinne, and Prabhakar Chitrapu. "ICOW: internet access in public transit systems." IEEE Communications Magazine 53, no. 6 (June 2015): 134–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mcom.2015.7120029.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Obeng, K. "Expense preference behavior in public transit systems." Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review 36, no. 4 (December 2000): 249–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1366-5545(99)00033-2.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Obeng, Kofi, and Isaiah Ugboro. "Effective strategic planning in public transit systems." Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review 44, no. 3 (May 2008): 420–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2006.10.008.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Stone, John R., Tahsina Ahmed, and Anna Nalevanko. "Internet-Based Decision Support for Advanced Public Transportation Systems Technology." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1731, no. 1 (January 2000): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1731-08.

Full text

Abstract:

Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) have the potential to improve public transportation service and productivity in small urban and rural areas. Advanced technologies include computer-aided dispatch and scheduling software, automatic vehicle location via satellite, mobile data terminals, smart cards, and Internet technologies. Transit operators, especially those with smaller systems, may feel, however, that they lack the experience and technical background to implement ITS technologies. An extensive website is discussed that will help transit managers define their transit needs and choose potential technology solutions. The website is based on contemporary decision-support questionnaires and the experience of transit managers and researchers. Decision-making factors such as transit service area, service type, daily ridership, and fleet size provide a framework for matching appropriate technologies to transit-manager needs. Further, the website provides extensive tutorial information, technology specifications and costs, and vendor contacts. Perhaps most important, the website identifies small urban and rural transit managers who have been pioneers in ITS applications, summarizing their successes and failures. The website address is http://www2.ncsu.edu/eos/service/ce/research/stone_res/tahmed_res/www/index.html.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Willoughby, Keith A. "A mathematical programming analysis of public transit systems." Omega 30, no. 3 (June 2002): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0305-0483(02)00022-1.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Givoni, Moshe. "Better Public Transit Systems — Analyzing Investments and Performance." Transport Reviews 34, no. 5 (August 20, 2014): 666–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2014.945987.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Hickman, Mark, Sam Tabibnia, and Theodore Day. "Evaluating Interface Standards for the Public Transit Industry." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1618, no. 1 (January 1998): 172–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1618-21.

Full text

Abstract:

The rationale behind the current research and development of interface standards for the public transit industry is explored. Recent efforts to define an information systems architecture for public transit have not sufficiently discussed the underlying need for information system standards and what impacts these standards might have on the transit industry as well as on vendors. Both advantages and disadvantages to the development of these standards are identified. For public transit agencies, there appears to be a well-reasoned yet unsupported belief that interface standards will be beneficial for systems integration. To explore the impacts for vendors, a survey was developed and fielded to learn about the characteristics of products and vendor attitudes toward interface standards. The results, though not conclusive, suggest that vendors are willing to consider standards; however, needed product customization and more comprehensive systems are important factors weighing against open interface standards. Also reported are three case studies of recent technology applications in the San Francisco Bay Area in which experiences with technical system design and systems integration are described. These case studies strongly suggest that key factors such as market timing, vendor-agency communication, and “learning by doing” affect the development of interface requirements and standards for the transit industry.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Chang, James, and John Collura. "Integrating Public Transportation Facilities and Equipment Management Systems into Capital Improvement Planning Process." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1618, no. 1 (January 1998): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1618-11.

Full text

Abstract:

A Public Transportation Facilities and Equipment Management System (PTMS), as proposed in the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA), is a tool to assist in the management and utilization of transit facilities and equipment so as to ensure the efficient and effective use of resources. A framework for the application of PTMS elements in the public transit capital improvement planning process is proposed. By using a PTMS as a part of the capital planning process, broad concepts such as needs fulfillment and performance improvement may be embodied in a systematic process to program transit bus capital investments. With data from the Federal Transit Administration’s National Transit Database (NTD), the practical applicability of this framework is investigated in the context of the capital planning process employed by the regional transit authorities and the state transportation agency in Massachusetts. Vehicle replacement needs for a Massachusetts regional transit authority are estimated for a 5-year planning window using the NTD data in conjunction with predictive condition models. These models, developed by Purdue University and the University of Massachusetts at Amherst, use easily quantifiable and objective measures such as age and mileage to predict the future condition of a vehicle. NTD data are also used to identify opportunities for performance-based capital incentives among the Massachusetts regional transit authorities.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Cook, Thomas J., Judson J. Lawrie, and Andrew J. Henry. "From Rural Single-County to Multicounty Regional Transit Systems: Benefits of Consolidation." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1841, no. 1 (January 2003): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1841-06.

Full text

Abstract:

A research study developed recommendations for activities to consolidate single-county rural public transportation systems into regional multicounty transit systems in North Carolina. The study identified opportunities from regionalization of public transit services, examined barriers to integration and consolidation of transit systems regionally, evaluated best practices from case study sites, and made recommendations for programmatic and legislative changes to facilitate the implementation of regional transit systems in both metropolitan and rural areas of the state. Emphasis is on the rural component of the study, in summarizing regionalization issues and recommendations for the consolidation of rural single-county into multicounty transit systems. Consolidation of rural public transportation systems into regional entities is another step in further coordinating public transportation services in the state. However, there is a public transportation system now operating in all 100 North Carolina counties. Therefore, the thrust of regionalization will be to consolidate existing rural transportation systems into regional entities. There are key programmatic and legislative aspects of interest to state departments of transportation, transportation planners, and policymakers. Case studies also gathered information from associated state department of transportation staff, to include both the state and local perspectives on regional rural transportation systems.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Rivadeneyra, Aldo Tudela, Abel Lopez Dodero, Shomik Raj Mehndiratta, Bianca Bianchi Alves, and Elizabeth Deakin. "Reducing Gender-Based Violence in Public Transportation." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2531, no. 1 (January 2015): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2531-22.

Full text

Abstract:

Gender-based violence on public transportation in Mexico City, Mexico, is a growing concern. Current efforts to counteract the violence have focused on transit vehicles for exclusive use by women and children and campaigns to promote the report of offenses. To characterize the problem, this study conducted a transit user survey, workshops with transit users, interviews with operators, and interviews with experts in the field. The study found that, even though transit users believed that the gender-exclusive transport service reduced problematic encounters, they did not view the service as a solution to the problem of gender-based violence. Transit users would prefer to see the problem addressed through a combination of interventions including social marketing, mobile phone reporting systems, and transit service upgrades. Government agencies acknowledged that gender segregation and current reporting systems were only partially successful, and nongovernmental organizations and private operators agreed. Those agencies added that they were ready to contribute to the effort to find solutions to the problem. Study recommendations included (a) a communication campaign to foster better social behavior by passengers; (b) the use of technology, such as cell phone applications, to enable users to report offenses; and (c) the further investigation of the potential for new technology-based niche transportation services to address particular markets that were unsafe.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Song, Ying, and Yuchuan Huang. "Investigating Complementary and Competitive Relationships between Bikeshare Service and Public Transit: A Spatial-Temporal Framework." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2674, no. 1 (January 2020): 260–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119899389.

Full text

Abstract:

Public transit offers many socioeconomic and environmental benefits but often suffers from the first/last-mile problem. The emergence of bike-sharing systems promises to provide first/last-mile access to transit stops/stations and increase the use of transit. However, it is simply unknown whether bikeshare can help transit, or whether it may instead compete with transit by offering people another travel mode to avoid the waiting time entirely. Recent studies have examined the spatial relationship between bikeshare and transit but have ignored important temporal aspects such as the timing of planned trips and transit schedules. This paper develops a framework with procedures and methods for investigating the potential competitive and complementary relationships between bikeshare and transit systems from a spatial-temporal perspective. The paper applies this framework to the Nice Ride bikeshare service and Metro Transit in the Twin Cities, Minnesota, as a case study. The results suggest both complementary and competitive relationships that are not exclusive from each other. The general patterns vary across different regions in the study area and are affected by the underlying neighborhood characteristics. The results provide novel insights to the complex interactions between bikeshare and transit systems and can support operation and planning practices.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Bashir, Bhat Omair. "Analysis of Aerial Ropeways by following various Indian and International Codes for Urban Mobility with some Structural Modifications in Monocable Ropeways to make it Safe, Secure, Economical and all Weather Durable." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 20, 2021): 1539–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.34450.

Full text

Abstract:

Cable-propelled transit’ (CPT), in particular detachable aerial ropeways are widely employed as transportation systems in alpine areas. In recent years, these transport systems have also been increasingly used in urban areas and are no longer a niche public transportation technology (Hoffmann 2006, Alshalalfah, Shalaby, and Dale 2014). Cable cars systems compete with performance characteristics of other more common urban transport technologies and have the potential to enhance the existing transport provision in cities (O'Connor and Dale 2011). While many applications can be found as transportation systems in airport facilities, and to provide access to tourist attractions, several metropolitan areas have even incorporated gondolas and aerial tramways into their public transport networks. This paper focuses on aerial ropeway systems that operate as a mass transit service (similar to buses, BRT, LRT, etc.) and are part of the public transit systems in their respective cities. Therefore, the analysis and case studies presented in the paper concern systems that are used as a public transit service

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Chen, Yefu, and Junfeng Jiao. "Are There Transit Deserts in Europe? A Study Focusing on Four European Cases through Publicly Available Data." Sustainability 14, no. 20 (October 14, 2022): 13182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142013182.

Full text

Abstract:

Public transit has been proven as an affordable travel method, while the inequitable distribution is a rising concern among practitioners and researchers. A transit desert, based on the demand and supply concept in measuring the mismatch in allocating the level of public transit service, has proved its ability to be applied in cases across countries. According to this concept, this study investigated transit deserts in four cases in Europe. Results indicate that the public transit system in Grand Paris and Madrid are superior due to a smaller population living in areas where public transit cannot meet the demand. Moreover, we noticed that the spatial distributions of transit deserts were significantly different, and the public transit accessibility of green spaces in Greater London and Madrid requires attention. These findings prove the potentials of the transit desert concept in generally evaluating and comparing the performance of different regional public transit systems which can guide the public transit investments by regional/cross-national agencies.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Boilé, Maria P. "Estimating Technical and Scale Inefficiencies of Public Transit Systems." Journal of Transportation Engineering 127, no. 3 (June 2001): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-947x(2001)127:3(187).

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Purifoye, Gwendolyn Y. "Transporting Urban Inequality through Public Transit Designs & Systems." City & Community 16, no. 4 (December 2017): 364–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cico.12266.

Full text

Abstract:

Four large, and often overflowing, dumpsters are situated at one of the more than dozen bus stops at the Chicago Transit Authority's (CTA) Red Line 95th Street/Dan Ryan train station. This station is on the city's far south side and the ridership on the buses that board and disembark there and the train is predominantly minority. On a warm or hot day, the smell of bus engines and dumpster contents fill the waiting areas. One 28–year–old Black male passenger (BMP) noted, as he stood at one of the nearly one dozen (no seating available) bus stops at the station, “In the summer it's really horrible because of the smells, flies, and bees.” He also added that as far as he could remember “they've [the bus stop dumpsters] been here my whole life” (June 2012). His experience at the south end of this train line, which also has a majority minority ridership, is starkly different from the waiting experiences on the far north end of the same line, Howard Street, where the ridership is diverse (with a large white ridership). The north end station is surrounded by shops and restaurants, more open waiting spaces, and places to sit to wait for buses that travel through the adjoining bus depot. There are no bus stop benches at the south end station, even though there are over a dozen buses that use that station's depot.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Hickman, Mark, and Theodore Day. "Assessment of Information Systems and Technologies at California Transit Agencies." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1521, no. 1 (January 1996): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196152100107.

Full text

Abstract:

Research identifying and investigating the current technical and institutional frameworks for information systems and technologies at public transit agencies in California is described. With the rapid development of new information systems and technologies over the past 10 years, there are many opportunities for public transit agencies to improve data collection, processing, and dissemination. The current state of the practice for the use and sharing of data for operations monitoring, service planning, performance measurement, and customer information is examined. To investigate these topics, a broad survey of transit agencies in California was conducted; this was followed by detailed site visits and interviews with several representative agencies. The survey results are presented, and some conclusions for improving current practice are generated. First, the current means of data collection, processing, and dissemination are reviewed, and strategies for the application of new information systems and technologies are identified. A second element of the research involves reviewing the technical and institutional environments for data sharing both within a transit agency and between the transit agency and other organizations. Finally, innovative transit agencies and third-party organizations are also working to enhance data coordination and use among transit agencies and between transit agencies and other transportation organizations. On the basis of this inventory, it appears that many California transit agencies are strategically expanding the capabilities and use of these new information systems and technologies.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Schimek, Paul. "Understanding Differences in Public Transit: Comparison of Boston and Toronto." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1604, no. 1 (January 1997): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1604-02.

Full text

Abstract:

Public transit systems in Toronto and Boston, two North American cities of similar size and income, are compared. Although Boston has a reputation as a transit-oriented city, there are about twice as many public transit trips in Toronto. Transit service in Toronto runs, on average, twice as frequently as service in Boston on a network of similar size. This level of service can be supported in part because population density does not decrease as much with increasing distance from the center of the city and because employment is more centralized. The transit system in Boston is constrained from emulating the Toronto transit system not only by a less transit-favorable distribution of population and employment but also by operating costs that are twice as high. The Massachusetts Bay Transit Authority’s higher costs are the result of more fringe benefits for employees and disproportionately more managers and fixed facilities.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Lambert, Thomas E., Hokey Min, and Kyle Dorriere. "The impact of urban sprawl on journey to work times for mass transit and all other commuters in the United States: A research note." Journal of Transportation Management 26, no. 2 (January 1, 2016): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.22237/jotm/1451606700.

Full text

Abstract:

As government budgets get tighter, there has been considerable public outcry about the continued investment in public mass transit systems and their financial viability. Amid this outcry, a number of studies have been conducted to determine which factors influence the use and efficiency of publiclyfunded mass transit systems. These factors include population density and less sprawl (or greater urban compactness). However, their impact on mass transit usage is somewhat contradictory in that the heavy concentration of populations in the urban area and greater compactness is believed to increase mass transit usage due to a bigger number of potential passengers. In fact, greater compactness and greater transit ridership have played a role in lengthening the journey to work for most commuters and thus discouraged the use of mass transit systems. Thus, some questioned the wisdom of mass transit subsidies and “smart growth” policies. To attempt to answer this question and avoid any further confusion, this paper examines how urban sprawl affects the journey to work commute time of mass transit riders and other commuters throughout the United States after controlling for variables such as the volume of ridership, local per capita income, the presence of a local rail transit system, and local weather. The findings for this research note defy some conventional wisdom and point to several public policy recommendations on how to improve public mass transit at the local level. For instance, we find that greater urban compactness can be turned into a mass transit advantage if mass transit riders can use a commuter rail option.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Haitao, Jin, Jin Fengjun, Ni Yong, Huang Jianling, and Du Yong. "Improving Population Demand Estimation with Transit Chaining Breaks." Open Transportation Journal 12, no. 1 (September 28, 2018): 319–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874447801812010319.

Full text

Abstract:

Background: Data mining of smart card data collected through AFC systems have proved useful in estimations of public transport demand. Whereas most estimations of demand are made by analyzing transit orientations or destinations of unchained transits. However, organization of bus or metro routes compels riders to make a lot of unnecessary transfers, and the transfer points are neither reflective of population’s actual orientations nor of their destinations. Aims and Objectives: The objective of this paper is to improve estimations of population demand by identifying transfer activities of riders using public transportation. Durations and displacements of transit chaining breaks are to be check in judging the transfer activities. Boarding stops for making transfers are ruled out as transportation demand estimation. The effectiveness of the new approach entailing the use of transit chaining breaks is also to be evaluated based on the calculation of Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients for assessing the correlation between transportation estimation and population distribution. Result and Conclusion: Durations and displacements of transit chaining breaks could be used to identify transfer activities. The use of the transit chaining approach reduces the occurrence of false demand, resulting in the estimation being more objective in relation to the population. The results of the study indicated that the inclusion of transit chaining breaks leads to more accurate estimations of public transport demand within a population.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Fischer, Lauren Ames, Rosalie Singerman Ray, and David A. King. "Who Decides? Toward a Typology of Transit Governance." Urban Science 5, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/urbansci5010006.

Full text

Abstract:

This article describes a typology for formal governance structures of public transit in the United States to support inquiry into how organizational structures influence policy making processes, organizational capacity and policy outcomes. Scholarship of public transit has largely explored outcome-based research while paying less attention to how decisions are made. Despite some transport scholarship that shows how institutional characteristics influence financing, power arrangements and public discourse, there has been little recent analysis of governance within public transit systems beyond the regional role of Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs). Using data from multiple sources, we assembled a database of governance structure of transit systems in the largest 40 cities in the United States. We show that the structure of transit decision making has substantial variance across and within cities, and is far from limited to MPOs. The variety of governance models and growth of local and sub-local models suggest that local context is critical for better understanding transit priorities and decision-making processes.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Min, Hokey, Young-Hyo Ahn, and Thomas Lambert. "Benchmarking and improving mass transit systems in the United States based on best-in class practices." International Journal of Logistics Management 28, no. 1 (February 13, 2017): 172–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlm-01-2015-0031.

Full text

Abstract:

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to find ways to develop more efficient mass transit systems across the USA and, thus, make the best use of state/federal/municipal government funds and taxpayers’ monies. This paper conducts benchmarking studies. In doing so, this paper identifies the best-in class mass transit practices that every regional mass transit system can emulate. Design/methodology/approach The continuous underutilization of a mass transit system can increase public scrutiny concerning the increased investment in mass transit services. To defuse such scrutiny, this paper analyzes the past (in year 2011) performances of 515 mass transit agencies in the USA using data envelopment analysis (DEA). Also, to identify which factors influences those performances, the authors paired DEA scores for transit efficiency at the state level against a set of independent variables using a special form of regression analysis called Tobit regression. Findings The authors found that the greater population density of the service area, the greater number of riders can be served in a short amount of distance and time. Also, the authors discovered that the transportation mode of mass transit services could affect mass transit efficiency. On the other hand, the authors found no evidence indicating that the public ownership or private operation of transit systems could make any differences in the transit efficiency. Originality/value This paper is one of the few that assessed the performance of mass transit systems in comparison to their peers using a large-scale data and identify the leading causes of mass transit inefficiency. Thus, this paper helps transit authorities in handling juggling acts of protecting the conflicting interests of government policy makers against the general public and, then, make sensible future investment decisions.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Godavarthy, Ranjit Prasad, Jeremy Mattson, and Elvis Ndembe. "Cost–Benefit Analysis of Rural and Small Urban Transit in the United States." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2533, no. 1 (January 2015): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2533-16.

Full text

Abstract:

The true value of transit systems in rural and small urban areas in the United States has been largely unmeasured, and there are often effects that go unidentified. Many studies have documented the benefits of urban transit systems with benefit–cost analysis. However, not many have looked into the benefits of transit in rural and small urban areas, where there is a great need for public transit, especially for transportation-disadvantaged individuals. This study focused on evaluating the qualitative and quantitative benefits of rural and small urban public transit systems and analyzed the benefit–cost ratio for rural and small urban transit areas for fixed-route and demand-response services in the United States. Data for rural and small urban transit systems from the national transit database (NTD) and rural NTD were used for calibrating the transit benefits and costs. Results were presented at a national level to show the effects of transit investments in rural and small urban areas nationally. Transit benefits in the United States for 2011 were found to be $1.6 billion for rural transit and $3.7 billion for small urban transit, not including the economic effects. Results showed a benefit–cost ratio of 2.16 for small urban transit and 1.20 for rural transit in the United States. Sensitivity analysis showed that increasing the percentage of forgone trips to 50%, increasing the cost of forgone medical and work trips by 25%, and increasing the percentage of medical trips to 30% substantially increased the total transit benefits by 88%, 20%, and 158%, respectively.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Qin, Zhaoqiong. "Improving public transit access to in-city villages." International Journal of Data Analysis Techniques and Strategies 1, no. 2 (2008): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijdats.2008.021115.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Lyons, William M., John Collura, Sean Libberton, and Paul Branch. "Applications of FTA National Transit Data Base for the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act Management System Requirements." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1521, no. 1 (January 1996): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196152100106.

Full text

Abstract:

The Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA) requires states in conjunction with metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs) to develop, establish, and implement several systems to better manage and improve the efficiency of transportation infrastructure. Among other things, the National Highway System Designation Act of 1995 allows states not to implement one or more of the ISTEA management systems. Although the management systems are now optional, FHWA and FTA continue to believe that the management and monitoring of the performance and condition of the multimodal transportation system should remain an important element of statewide and metropolitan planning. How FTA's National Transit Data Base (NTD) can provide an important source of information as agencies develop the ISTEA management systems or similar mechanisms for managing and monitoring transit facilities and equipment is analyzed. NTD, which contains information on the financial and nonfinancial operations, system performance, and equipment of national public transit systems, is used primarily by transit operators and others in the transit industry. How NTD can contribute to development and operations of the Public Transportation Management System as well as the Congestion and other management systems is discussed. Development of applications for ISTEA management systems, or for similar planning tools, broadens applications of NTD beyond its transit customer base to aid states and MPOs. By contributing comprehensive transit data to systems for managing and monitoring condition and performance of multimodal transportation, NTD can improve representation of transit needs and performance in the ISTEA planning process.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

Jagiełło, Aleksander. "The role of the Bus Rapid Transit in public transport." Transportation Overview - Przeglad Komunikacyjny 2017, no. 2 (February 1, 2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.35117/a_eng_17_02_01.

Full text

Abstract:

The article familiarizes the reader with the concept of Bus Rapid Transit systems as a type of transport that combines the advantages of conventional buses, tramways and urban rail transit systems. For this purpose, the genesis of the idea of BRT systems was presented and the system functioning in Curitiba, considered to be the progenitor of the concept, was described. In the second part, the advantages and disadvantages of BRT systems as compared with other means of urban transport were described and differences between BRT subtypes, including BRT Lite, Heavy and Full BRT were presented. The final part of the article was devoted to illustrating the process of expansion of BRT systems around the world and the development of these systems in selected countries.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Anderson, Michael L. "Subways, Strikes, and Slowdowns: The Impacts of Public Transit on Traffic Congestion." American Economic Review 104, no. 9 (September 1, 2014): 2763–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.104.9.2763.

Full text

Abstract:

Public transit accounts for 1 percent of US passenger miles traveled but attracts strong public support. Using a simple choice model, we predict that transit riders are likely to be individuals who commute along routes with severe roadway delays. These individuals' choices thus have high marginal impacts on congestion. We test this prediction with data from a strike in 2003 by Los Angeles transit workers. Estimating a regression discontinuity design, we find that average highway delay increases 47 percent when transit service ceases. We find that the net benefits of transit systems appear to be much larger than previously believed. (JEL H76, J52, L92, R41)

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Zhai, Xuehao, Jiahui Zhao, and Qun Chen. "Analysis of the public transit accessibility in Changsha City, China, after the introduction of a subway network." International Journal of Modern Physics B 32, no. 32 (December 30, 2018): 1850354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021797921850354x.

Full text

Abstract:

Using geographic information systems (GIS) network analysis technology, this paper studied the impact of new subway projects on the accessibility of an urban transit network. First, the status quo of public transit accessibility in Changsha City was estimated using two improved accessibility models: the cumulative opportunity measurement model and the gravity measurement model. Second, the topological structural information of the public transit network and basic public transit data were collected from mapping software. GIS technology was used to build the public transit network. According to the schedules of different subway lines projected to open in the next few years, the impedance of the GIS network was adjusted. Finally, the public transit accessibilities at different stages were calculated with the improved measurement model. Based on the accessibility calculation results at different sites, the development of public transit in Changsha was analyzed using a cluster analysis method.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Zhang, Tong, Yicong Li, Hui Yang, Chenrong Cui, Jing Li, and Qinghua Qiao. "Identifying primary public transit corridors using multi-source big transit data." International Journal of Geographical Information Science 34, no. 6 (December 17, 2018): 1137–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13658816.2018.1554812.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Salvá, Julián R., Miguel Sierra, Ana K. J. Alanis, Sigal Kaplan, and Carlo G. Prato. "Role of Social Climate in Habitual Transit Use by Young Adults to Work and Leisure Activities." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2512, no. 1 (January 2015): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2512-03.

Full text

Abstract:

As mobility has increasingly become a vehicle for producing meaning and culture, and public transport has traditionally formed a dense and diverse social climate in which social interactions habitually occur, assessing the relationship between social climate and transit use is extremely important, especially in the younger populations that will shape the future of transport systems. This study proposes a behavioral framework founded on the theory of planned behavior and the social climate model. The study presents a tailor-made, web-based survey and a structural equation model for analyzing transit use as a function of attitudes toward public transport, subjective norms, social ambience in public transport, travel independence and autonomy, family (house) rules, and perceived quality of service. This study focuses on transit systems in cities in North and South America that have a much higher public transport ridership, tighter design standards in terms of personal space, and a higher degree of informal social interaction than transit systems in Europe, where previous studies have been conducted. Estimation results from a structural equations model show that (a) transit use frequency is significantly related to the perceived behavioral control of using transit and the social climate; (b) attitudes, norms, and perceived behavioral control are associated with perceived service quality; (c) gender differences exist in the user experience and appreciation of the social climate in transit; and (d) the residential social climate is linked to the transit social climate.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Kotval-K, Zeenat, Annabelle Wilkinson, Andy Brush, and Eva Kassens-Noor. "Impacts of Local Transit Systems on Vulnerable Populations in Michigan." Urban Science 7, no. 1 (January 31, 2023): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/urbansci7010016.

Full text

Abstract:

Residents in small urban and rural areas frequently depend on unreliable personal transportation to maintain their lifestyle and get to essential destinations within their society. Especially, vulnerable populations, such as seniors and low-income residents, have lower access to personal vehicles and therefore are mobility-challenged. Being challenged in terms of mobility has effects on the health of the population concerned as this constraint not only limits economic activity that leads to perpetuation of lower means and poverty but also social activity that leads to physical and mental isolation. In a study of Michigan public and nonprofit transit systems, the customer satisfaction, particularly of vulnerable populations, with transit services is analyzed through on-board intercept surveys. Results illustrate the significance of employment, age, income, disability, and demand-response services in public transit planning and ultimately public health.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Qin, Feifei. "Investigating the In-Vehicle Crowding Cost Functions for Public Transit Modes." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/502708.

Full text

Abstract:

In the densely populated metropolitan area, empirical studies have found that overcrowding inside transit vehicles has become substantially worse and worse over recent years. Chronic in-vehicle crowding is not only caused by a lack of physical infrastructure, but also triggered by inadequate service provisions. Given the prevalence of overcrowded transit vehicles, this paper conducts both quantitative and qualitative studies, especially focusing on remodeling the in-vehicle crowding cost functions for different transit modes. Three numerical case studies show that applying distinct in-vehicle crowding cost functions to different transit modes has implications not only for the cost structure of transit systems and the magnitude of optimal service provisions but also for the presence of economies of scale in consumption.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

Goch, Katarzyna, Szymon Ochota, Monika Piotrkowska, and Zuzanna Kunert. "Measuring dynamic public transit accessibility to local centres in Warsaw." Urban Development Issues 58, no. 1 (July 30, 2018): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/udi-2018-0021.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract Over the last decade the number of studies on public transit accessibility has significantly increased. The aim of the study was to analyse the scope of application of measurements of the dynamic time accessibility in transportation systems for evaluation purposes. It was assumed that the indicator is a feasible measure for basic analysis however additional indicators are needed for reliable assessment. The study included assessing access to the global centre of Warsaw and to local and district centres in particular units. Public transit accessibility was analysed using schedule-based travel time and the population data statistic. The results of the study confirm the dynamic character of public transit time accessibility and its usefulness as a measure. Spatial and transit barriers were identified in local distribution centres and public transit operation. The work presented in the paper highlights the relevance of the in-depth evaluation of the public transit system in relation to the major congestion problems in Warsaw.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Zheng, Zhong Tuan, Kai Zhong Jiang, Lei Zhou, Na Li, and Zhong Cheng Wu. "A Nonparametric Efficiency Analysis of Shanghai Public Transport Systems." Applied Mechanics and Materials 505-506 (January 2014): 832–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.505-506.832.

Full text

Abstract:

We present a nonparametric comparative efficiency analysis of urban public transport systems (UPTS) in Shanghai (2004-2012). The UPTS include urban public bus transit system (UPBTS) and urban public rail transit system (UPRTS). We apply data envelopment analysis (DEA) to assess the technical, pure technical and scale efficiencies of UPBTS and UPRTS over years. We find the performance of UPBTS and UPRTS are good in general but still have a potential scope for improvement. We also quantitatively analyze the reasons for inefficiency of them in some years and provide potential improvements for inefficient units. Moreover, we observe the efficiency of UPBTS is better despite a good development trend in the efficiency of the UPRTS. We demonstrate the UPRTS during the period 2006-2011 works on decreasing returns to scale (DRS), which indicates the authorities should adjust the UPRTS structure and improve the operational services without blindly expanding the levels of inputs. Our work may help in evaluating the possible enhancement of the operations of the UPTS.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Rouhieh, Behzad, and Ciprian Alecsandru. "Adaptive route choice model for public transit systems: an application of Markov decision processes." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 39, no. 8 (August 2012): 915–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l2012-080.

Full text

Abstract:

Over the past couple of decades the advancements in the areas of information and computational technology allowed for a variety of intelligent transportation systems developments and deployments. This study investigates an advanced traveler information system (ATIS) and (or) an advanced public transit system (APTS) adaptive and real-time transit routing component. The proposed methodology is applied to bus routes with fixed, predefined bus line alignments. It is shown that routing buses on such systems can be modeled in real-time by employing an associated Markov chain with reward model to minimize the impact of congested traffic conditions on the travelers and the overall operation cost of the transit system. A case study using a traffic and transit data from a real-world bus line was used to apply the proposed bus routing approach. It was found that under certain traffic congestion conditions buses should be re-routed to minimize their travel time and the associated system costs. The hypothetical congestion scenarios investigated show that individual bus travel time delays range between 50 and 740 s when the proposed adaptive routing is employed. The proposed methodology is also suitable for application to transit systems that run on a demand-adaptive basis (the bus line alignment changes with the travelers demand). Additional calibration and future integration of the system into specific ATIS and (or) APTS user services will be investigated.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

Liu, Luyu, Harvey J. Miller, and Jonathan Scheff. "The impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on public transit demand in the United States." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (November 18, 2020): e0242476. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242476.

Full text

Abstract:

The COVID-19 pandemic and related restrictions led to major transit demand decline for many public transit systems in the United States. This paper is a systematic analysis of the dynamics and dimensions of this unprecedented decline. Using transit demand data derived from a widely used transit navigation app, we fit logistic functions to model the decline in daily demand and derive key parameters: base value, the apparent minimal level of demand and cliff and base points, representing the initial date when transit demand decline began and the final date when the decline rate attenuated. Regression analyses reveal that communities with higher proportions of essential workers, vulnerable populations (African American, Hispanic, Female, and people over 45 years old), and more coronavirus Google searches tend to maintain higher levels of minimal demand during COVID-19. Approximately half of the agencies experienced their decline before the local spread of COVID-19 likely began; most of these are in the US Midwest. Almost no transit systems finished their decline periods before local community spread. We also compare hourly demand profiles for each system before and during COVID-19 using ordinary Procrustes distance analysis. The results show substantial departures from typical weekday hourly demand profiles. Our results provide insights into public transit as an essential service during a pandemic.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Nash, Andrew. "Implementing Zurich’s Transit Priority Program." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1835, no. 1 (January 2003): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1835-08.

Full text

Abstract:

Transit priority is an excellent way of improving transit system productivity and attractiveness although it is often neglected in favor of larger investments. Transit priority techniques and implementation are outlined, Zurich’ss transit priority program is described, eight transit priority implementation lessons from Zurich are presented, and Zurich’s innovative traffic-signal transit priority system is summarized. A longer report that fully describes research results is the basis. Transit priority improvements are relatively low-cost ways to make transit systems work better by speeding up transit vehicles. Specific improvements include four categories: roadway improvements and traffic regulations, traffic signal priority, transit system operations, and separate right-of-way. These improvements may be implemented individually or in a comprehensive program. Comprehensive implementation is optimal but politically and institutionally difficult. Zurich has been successful in implementing a comprehensive transit priority program with impressive results. Implementation lessons from Zurich were identified through interviews and a survey of public officials. Key findings were the importance of support from public and elected officials (and the common underestimation by elected officials of their constituents’ transit support), smart implementation techniques (not alienating the public), government organization to deliver projects, careful traffic engineering, simultaneous implementation of complementary programs (such as traffic calming), careful systems-level thinking, and leveraging needed organizational change through capital improvement funding. Zurich’s traffic-signal transit priority system is an interesting example of reducing opposition to transit priority through technical innovation. The system provides transit priority without significantly affecting private vehicle traffic by adjusting signal timing and phasing to provide the right amount of green time for transit when needed.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

de Cea, Joaquín, and Enrique Fernández. "Transit Assignment for Congested Public Transport Systems: An Equilibrium Model." Transportation Science 27, no. 2 (May 1993): 133–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/trsc.27.2.133.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Karlaftis, Matthew G., and Patrick McCarthy. "Cost structures of public transit systems: a panel data analysis." Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review 38, no. 1 (January 2002): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1366-5545(01)00006-0.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

Hadas, Yuval. "Assessing public transport systems connectivity based on Google Transit data." Journal of Transport Geography 33 (December 2013): 105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2013.09.015.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

Hickman, Robin. "Book review: Better Public Transit Systems: Analysing Investments and Performance." Urban Studies 53, no. 10 (April 19, 2016): 2214–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098016645309.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

Bryant, Denise, and Stephen L. Merker. "A living systems process analysis of a public transit system." Behavioral Science 32, no. 4 (1987): 293–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bs.3830320405.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Porter, Douglas R. "Transit-Focused Development and Light Rail Systems: The Lite Connection." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1623, no. 1 (January 1998): 165–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1623-21.

Full text

Abstract:

Building on a 19-region study of transit-focused development, some directions are suggested for evolving development opportunities associated with the light rail transit systems built and planned in recent decades. Transportation and land use planners continue to propound the concept of transit-focused development that can increase use of transit systems, reduce dependency on automobiles, create desirable living and working environments, and help to meet environmental goals. In their expectations of achieving a substantial amount of transit-focused development, however, planners must recognize the realities of the real estate markets, public policy trends, and the nature of rail lines themselves. Especially along the light rail lines that provide service in many regions, development opportunities will be influenced by changes in the development industry and its primary markets, increasing deference to neighborhood and community groups in decision making regarding development, and the generally lower intensity of use of suburban rail stations compared with many stations along heavy rail lines. Successful development around light rail stations, as with heavy rail systems, will require a timely confluence of market demand with supportive public policies and actions. Unlike experience with heavy rail systems, however, noncentral-business-district stations on light rail lines are more likely to attract relatively small, uncomplicated projects. Transit agencies and local governments will be required to invest more time and energy in nurturing these kinds of projects.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

Galíndez, Aníbal A., James F. McLaughlin, Callier Beard, and Gary S. Spivack. "Mobility Analysis of Transit Systems." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1604, no. 1 (January 1997): 69–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1604-09.

Full text

Abstract:

In this era of scarce transportation resources, there is a need for analytical techniques to examine the effectiveness and efficiency of transportation programs. Since the pioneer work of Fielding et al., there have been many measurement schemes that have purported to assess the productivity of transit systems. This plethora of statistics has resulted in an information overload for policy makers and transit planners. The effectiveness and efficiency of transportation programs have been measured, with people flow used as the unit of analysis. The mobility index measures people flow in the transportation system as passenger miles carried per vehicle hour. The index is computed by multiplying average vehicle occupancy times passenger speed. A cost-efficiency comparison for regional transit services results when the mobility index for a transit project is matched against the demand and the price of the services. Thus, this methodology combines efficiency and effectiveness measures to evaluate transit services at the regional and transit agency levels. The analysis is also applicable to individual transit lines at both the macro level and the route or line segment level by time period. Analysis of the entire line uses passenger miles divided by bus miles as the measure of average vehicle occupancy. At the route or segment level, average vehicle occupancy is assessed through the load ratio, which is defined as patrons onboard divided by the number of available seats. Because of advances in computing technology, these utilization coefficients can be plotted by time of day at each transit stop. Nonproductive route segments or times at which the transit route can be restructured to increase productivity and mobility are indicated in these plots. The time and location performance graphs can also be used to plot schedule reliability and infer running time adequacy by location and time period that affects passenger speed. The methodology is unbiased with respect to the operator organizational structure, whether public or private, because people flow is the basis for evaluation. The mobility analysis can define operator efficiency in different demand markets. Thus, it can serve as an analytical tool for regionwide performance standards. Strategies to improve transit service delivery, particularly in areas of low or fluctuating demand, are also suggested.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

Mishalani, Rabi G., Sungjoon Lee, and Mark R. McCord. "Evaluating Real-Time Bus Arrival Information Systems." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1731, no. 1 (January 2000): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1731-10.

Full text

Abstract:

Real-time transit passenger information systems are intended to improve the level of service provided by transit agencies. For example, passengers are given real-time information on the expected arrival times of buses on various routes at bus stops. These real-time systems reflect emerging applications in public transit, and methods to evaluate their benefits are limited. An evaluation method is presented that focuses on the potential benefits of bus arrival information systems to passengers waiting at bus stops. Passenger arrivals and transit bus operations are modeled as a stochastic system in which the operator uses real-time bus location data to provide bus arrival-time information that maximizes passengers' utilities. Simulation results reveal the nature of the dependence of system benefits on the type of real-time data available to the operator and the bus operations characteristics. An application to an existing bus transit system demonstrates the feasibility of the developed method and its role in assessing the value of real-time bus arrival information systems to passengers.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

De Souza Oliveira, Elenice, Braulio Figueiredo Alves da Silva, Pietra Raissa Silva, Ana Marcela Ardila Pinto, and Elisa Dilly Generoso Macedo. "Perception of safety in Public Transport in Brazil." International Journal of Law and Public Administration 5, no. 2 (December 6, 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/ijlpa.v5i2.5812.

Full text

Abstract:

This current study examines the perception of safety on the public bus transit system in a large Brazilian metropolis. Using a web-based survey, the study reached a convenient sample of bus users of a local university who were victims and witnesses to crime in two different types of local bus transit environments - the BRT MOVE - a modern bus system and its opposing counterpart - the conventional bus system. Research questions investigate whether or not riders’ perception of safety is influenced by the presence of mechanisms of control and surveillance on buses. Using a linear regression model, this study hypothesizes that the perception of safety among victims and/or witnesses to crime varies according to exposure to risk in different bus transit systems. Limitations of the results were addressed and reliability and validity issues were reviewed. This study demonstrates the relevance of different types of risk factors on riders’ perception of safety on buses, bus stops, and stations. This contributes to widening the range of public transit safety solutions in Brazil.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

Henk, Russell H., and Sarah M. Hubbard. "Developing an Index of Transit Service Availability." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1521, no. 1 (January 1996): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196152100102.

Full text

Abstract:

The procedures and results associated with the development of an index of transit service availability are summarized. This index uses the factors that most effectively quantify the availability of public transit service (both bus and rail) in an urban area at a macroscopic planning level. The factors that are included in the index are based on FTA Section 15 data and information from the 1990 census. The development of the index involved the application of more than 30 prospective measures of transit service availability to 228 urban area transit systems throughout the United States. The index uses three measures that quantify transit service coverage, frequency of transit service, and transit system capacity. The index is designed to serve as a planning tool and was specifically developed to facilitate the comparison of transit service availability between urban areas with similar demographics and allow transit systems to examine service availability over time. The index is not intended for use in assessing transit system efficiency or performance.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

Ramirez, Ana I., and Prianka N. Seneviratne. "Transit Route Design Applications Using Geographic Information Systems." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1557, no. 1 (January 1996): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196155700102.

Full text

Abstract:

The design of public transportation networks is made difficult by a multitude of conflicting objectives. For example, networks designed to minimize travel time cannot be expected to maximize coverage and accessibility. Two simple methods for designing and improving public transportation routes with the aid of TransCAD, a geographic information system, are presented. The first method involves a direct demand model that uses readily available socioeconomic and demographic variables to compute a generalized impedance function, which subsequently is used to determine the best alignment for transit routes. The second uses rider origin and destination data (addresses) and TransCAD's address-matching capabilities to improve transit coverage to specific heavy-traffic locations such as universities and hospitals. The first method is illustrated using data from Logan, Utah—a newly urbanized community with a population of approximately 33,000 people and home to Utah State University, which, beginning in 1994, has had an annual enrollment of more than 16,000 students. Two alignments were determined for the same origin-destination pair. The first alignment represents the route established with the sole criterion of minimizing travel distance, and the second represents the route established with the criterion of minimizing the generalized impedance function. When the alignments are compared, the second is found to increase route coverage significantly, but at the expense of a slight increase in travel time.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

Gagnepain, Philippe, and Marc Ivaldi. "Incentive Regulatory Policies: The Case of Public Transit Systems in France." RAND Journal of Economics 33, no. 4 (2002): 605. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3087477.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

Peng, Zhong-Ren, and Oliver Jan. "Assessing Means of Transit Information Delivery for Advanced Public Transportation Systems." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1666, no. 1 (January 1999): 92–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1666-11.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Journal articles on the topic 'Public transit systems'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles