Journal articles: 'Public safety – Afghanistan – Kabul'

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Hugelius, Karin, and Lisa Kurland. "Medical Experiences from a Consular Repatriation and Evacuation Operation from Afghanistan in August 2021: A Field Report." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 37, no. 1 (November 18, 2021): 139–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x21001205.

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AbstractFollowing the Taliban influx in August 2021, several Western countries repatriated nationals and evacuated others from Kabul Airport in Afghanistan. This report aimed to describe medical experiences from the consular repatriation and evacuation operation.Memos from personal conversations with seven professionals involved in these operations formed the basis for this report.Minor trauma, gastrointestinal symptoms, dehydration, fever, and mental distress were common. Bandages, oral rehydration solution, and the administration of paracetamol were needed, in addition to medical evaluation of acuity. In consular repatriation and humanitarian evacuations, medical attendance should be prioritized to manage medical needs of individuals being evacuated, but also from a public health perspective. The medical needs covered a broad specter of infection disease symptoms, trauma, and mental health problems among patients of all ages. Since the nature of consular repatriations and evacuations can be challenging from safety and infrastructural aspects, general medical emergency awareness with an ability to effectively evaluate and manage both somatic and mental health emergencies on the ground and in the air, among both children and adults, is needed.

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Yasa, Abdul Rahman. "Shrinking Civic Space for Human Rights Defenders in Afghanistan Following the U.S. Military Drawdown in 2014." Journal of Strategic Security 14, no. 3 (October 2021): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/1944-0472.14.3.1941.

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Civic space, an imperative to a democratic society where citizens can exercise their basic rights, is now under attack in Afghanistan. The fall of the Islamic Emirate in 2001 by a coalition of the U.S.-led military intervention grounded the rise of a vibrant environment for civil society and human rights defenders (HRDs). Promoting and safeguarding democratic values, mainly freedom of speech, assembly, and association, enshrined within a progressive constitutional framework, had turned to the topic of the day. The heavy presence of foreign troops with the money influx put strong support behind the nascent Afghan CSOs, HRDs, and democracy advocates to speak up for the many repressed Afghans. However, the drawdown of foreign troops proceeded by protracted political infighting between Afghan leaders over power-sharing, shaped a grim milestone for civic space and human rights in 2014. The Afghan security forces had learned but not enough to take full security responsibility. Meanwhile, the Afghan leaders were wrestling over power in Kabul while an emboldened Taliban was threatening civic space by making more territorial gains in provinces. Consequently, the security situation deteriorated dramatically, triggering widespread public protests. To respond, the government resorted to the use of force against protesters, and democratic advocates and introduced legal restrictions to prevent any prospective unrest. Finally, the U.S. military withdrawal has doubled concerns over the loss of the rights under civic space. Therefore, the United States should stay, not forever, but until the Afghan peace negotiations succeed.

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Nemat, Arash, Farah Yasmin, Mohammad Yasir Essar, Nahid Raufi, Shoaib Ahmad, Abdullah Asady, and Qingchun Zeng. "Public Perception and Preparedness to Fight Against the Third Wave of COVID-19 in Kabul, Afghanistan." INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing 59 (January 2022): 004695802211177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00469580221117743.

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The avalanche of Corona Virus 2019 (COVID-19) cases has placed an unprecedented load on Afghanistan’s government and public health authorities, putting the country in jeopardy. The primary goal of this research was to shed light on the country’s capital, Kabul, and to examine the existing preparedness and perceptions of its population in the midst of COVID-19’s third wave, which could result in decentralization and fragmentation of the already overburdened health-care system. An online, cross-sectional survey was conducted by the lecturers of the Kabul University of Medical Sciences between April 15, 2021 and April 25, 2021, to evaluate the preparedness of the Kabul citizens amidst the third wave of COVID-19. About 1736 citizens from Kabul participated in the survey. Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25. All categorical variables were reported using frequencies and percentages. The findings revealed that the most common source of COVID-19-related information was social media (74.8%). In addition, 34.4% of subjects had previously been infected with COVID-19. It was reassuring to see that 78.4% of residents said they knew more about COVID-19 than they did about prior COVID-19 waves. A majority (81.5%) expressed willingness to resist the third wave, but 89.4% said that the country’s government would be unable to develop an effective COVID-19 vaccine within the next 6 months. The findings of this present study indicates that citizens of Kabul are active in obtaining accurate information and disseminating it in the community. The citizens also reported sufficient COVID-19 related knowledge; however, they were more motivated to fight against the third wave of COVID-19. In regards to vaccination, they believed that the government could not vaccinate the public anytime soon. Hence, the enactment of non-pharmaceutical measures is important in the fight against the pandemic.

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Tanha, Mohammad, Beate Riebe, Atsushi Ikeda-Ohno, Marie Schulze, Fazal R. Khalid, Abobaker Storai, and Clemens Walther. "Environmental radioactivity studies in Kabul and northern Afghanistan." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 318, no. 3 (October 6, 2018): 2425–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10967-018-6242-1.

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Mushkani, Rashid A., and Haruka Ono. "Spatial Equity of Public Parks: A Case Study of Kabul City, Afghanistan." Sustainability 13, no. 3 (February 1, 2021): 1516. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031516.

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Accessibility, the size of the land area, the design and build quality, and the number of parks and their correlation with population density are key elements in fostering ecological spatial equity within cities. This study analyzed different spatial equity attributes of existing parks in Kabul City using onsite observations, measurement analyses, and mapping and buffering of satellite imagery using computer-aided design methods. The results revealed that, presently, 309 ha of urban land is covered by parks, which accounts for 0.78% of the total land area of 394.78 km2. On average, a quarter of city residents can access a park with basic amenities within 300 to 600 m of their residence, and parks currently provide a land coverage distribution per resident of 0.69 m2. However, the majority of parks lack certain amenities like playground and sports facilities desired by different user groups. This article also explored the inequitable distribution of parks at the city scale, underlining the scarcity or concentration of parks in certain areas and stressing the importance of allocating additional land for park provision.

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Niayesh, H., and M. Aagard. "COMPLEMENTARY FEEDING PRACTICES IN AFGHANISTAN." International Journal of Advanced Research 8, no. 10 (October 31, 2020): 259–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/11852.

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Background: Children in Afghanistan are at greater risk of malnutrition. Over 50% of children were suffering from malnutrition in Afghanistan in 2012, which has a long-lasting physical, mental, social, and impact on children. Study purpose: The purpose of this research study was to explore the association between parents knowledge, attitudes, and practices about complementary feeding and stunting in children in Afghanistan. The predictor variables were mothers knowledge, attitudes, and practices about complementary feeding and the outcome variable was stunting status of children aged 6 to 24 months. Research methods:A quantitative cross-sectional survey was conducted with randomly selected participants who were living in Kabul, Afghanistan. Logistic regressionmodels were used to analysethe data. Research setting: This research was conducted in 6 hospitals in Kabul, Afghanistan. Study participants: The study participants included 306 mothers who had children aged between 6-24 months. Results: Mothers knowledge, attitudes, and practices were significant predictors of stunting in children, χ2 (9, N = 306) = 45.33, p < .001 χ2 (9, N = 306) = 26.71, p < .01 and χ2 (9, N = 306) = 56.97, p <.001.Mothers who did not practice responsive feeding were 7.1 times more likely to have stunted children than mothers who practiced responsive feeding. Social and policy implications: The social and policy implications of this research study include reviewing nutrition policies, investing in nutrition programs, and increasing public education and awareness in promoting appropriate complementary infant feeding practices in Afghanistan.

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Panikkar, Bindu, Asim Zia, Susan Sgorbati, Michael Cohen, Muhammand Abid, Muhammad Fayyaz, Nadia Hashimi, et al. "Transboundary Water Governance in the Kabul River Basin: Implementing Environmental and Public Diplomacy Between Pakistan and Afghanistan." Complexity, Governance & Networks 5, no. 1 (October 24, 2019): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.20377/cgn-80.

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This research highlights the outcomes of the environmental diplomacy workshop held between members of civil society from Afghanistan and Pakistan on water cooperation in the Kabul River Basin, one of the most heavily conflicted transboundary river basins in the world. Lack of trust among these upstream and downstream riparian partners and persistent failures of Track 1 diplomacy initiatives has led to an absence of governance mechanisms for mitigating the water security concerns in the region. This research shows that science and public diplomacy, democratic participation, and social learning may pave a way to clear local misconceptions, improve transboundary water cooperation, and increase ecological stewardship in the Kabul River Basin.

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Haqbeen, Jawad, Sofia Sahab, Takayuki Ito, and Paola Rizzi. "Using Decision Support System to Enable Crowd Identify Neighborhood Issues and Its Solutions for Policy Makers: An Online Experiment at Kabul Municipal Level." Sustainability 13, no. 10 (May 13, 2021): 5453. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13105453.

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Planning a city is a systematic process that includes time, space, and groups of people who must communicate. However, due to security problems in such war-ravaged countries as Afghanistan, the traditional forms of public participation in the planning process are untenable. In particular, due to gathering space difficulties and culture issues in Afghanistan, women and religious minorities are restricted from joining male-dominated powerholders’ face-to-face meetings which are nearly always held in fixed places called masjids (religious buildings). Furthermore, conducting such discussions with human facilitation biases the generation of citizen decisions that stimulates an atmosphere of confrontation, causing another decision problem for urban policy-making institutions. Therefore, it is critical to find approaches that not only securely revolutionize participative processes but also provide meaningful and equal public consultation to support interactions among stakeholders to solve their shared problems together. Toward this end, we propose a joint research program, namely, crowd-based communicative and deliberative e-planning (CCDP), a blended approach, which is a mixture of using an artificial-intelligence-led technology, decision-support system called D-Agree and experimental participatory planning in Kabul, Afghanistan. For the sake of real-world implementation, Nagoya Institute of Technology (Japan) and Kabul Municipality (Afghanistan) have formed a novel developed and developing world partnership by using our proposed methodology as an emerging-deliberation mechanism to reframe public participation in urban planning processes. In the proposed program, Kabul municipality agreed to use our methodology when Kabul city needs to make a plan with people. This digital field study presents the first practical example of using online decision support systems in the context of the neighborhood functions of Gozars, which are Kabul’s social and spatial urban units. The main objective was to harness the wisdom of the crowd to innovative suggestions for helping policymakers making strategic development plans for Gozars using open call ideas, and for responding to equal participation and consultation needs, specifically for women and minorities. This article presents valuable insights into the benefits of this combined approach as blended experience for societies and cities that are suffering long-term distress. This initiative has influenced other local Afghan governments, including the cities of Kandahar and Herat as well as the country’s central government’s ministry of urban planning and land, which has officially expressed its intention to collaborate with us.

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Qarani, Wais Mohammad, Rafat Jan, Khwaja Mir Islam Saeed, and Laila Khymani. "Challenges on-the-way of nursing administration at public hospitals in Kabul, Afghanistan." Journal of Nursing Management 26, no. 4 (October 25, 2017): 420–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12558.

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Deglow, Annekatrin, and Ralph Sundberg. "To Blame or to Support? Large-scale Insurgent Attacks on Civilians and Public Trust in State Institutions." International Studies Quarterly 65, no. 2 (March 31, 2021): 435–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqab021.

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Abstract While there is a substantial body of literature on the consequences of terror attacks on public attitudes toward state institutions in Western democracies, little is known about the impact that such events have in the context of armed conflict. We address this gap by exploring the attitudinal effects of a 2012 Taliban attack on civilians in Kabul City, Afghanistan. We test two competing hypotheses: the “rally-effect” hypothesis according to which individuals increase their trust in incumbent institutions in the aftermath of violent attacks and the “accountability” hypothesis according to which individuals punish state institutions for their inability to provide security by withdrawing trust. Leveraging a quasi-experiment that compares individuals interviewed before the attack to individuals interviewed thereafter, we find that the attack—in line with the rally-effect hypothesis—increased trust in several state institutions among residents of Kabul City.

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Farda, Wais, and Ahmad Bashir Nawazish. "EMERGENCY LAPAROTOMIES UNDER SPINAL ANESTHESIA: A RETROSPECTIVE, FACILITY BASED OBSERVATIONAL STUDY, IN KABUL, AFGHANISTAN." International Journal of Advanced Research 9, no. 06 (June 30, 2021): 751–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/13072.

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Background: Laparotomy is most commonly performed under general anesthesia, but spinal anesthesia (SA) is considered an alternative to in the context of limited resources. The safety and efficacy of using SA as substitute for general anesthesia(GA) has not been explored in Afghanistan. Methodology: We conductedan observational study in the general surgery department of Isteqlal hospital in Kabul, Afghanistan on 196 adult patients undergoing emergency laparotomy under spinal anesthesia betweenApril 2018-April 2020. Results: The mean age of patients was 41.5 years (SD=19.4), the ratio of males to females was 1.9:1 and almost half (44.4%) had comorbidities. 21% were classified as ASA grade III and IV with a similar pattern among males and females. A total of 11 (5.6%) cases were converted to GA. Conversion pattern to GA was similar amongmales and females(P=0.71), ASA grade (P=0.432) and age group (P=0.642). The mean length of stay after operation was 6.5 days (SD=4.1). 32 (16.3%) patients suffered SA complications with no significant difference in terms of sex (P=0.134). Hypotension and headache accounted for 97% of complications. Complication rates were similar in terms of intervertebral level (P=0.349), type of abdominal incision (P>0.1) and average length of stay (P=0.156). 18 patients (9.2%) died due to MOF, sepsis, respiratory failure, thromboembolism and cardiogenic shock. Conclusion: Spinal anesthesia is considered a safe and effective anesthesia for emergency laparotomies, even for those with comorbidities. Based on our findings we would recommend spinal anesthesia as an alternative to general anesthesiain emergency laparotomy in Afghanistan.

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FEROZI, Seyawash, and Yongjin CHANG. ""TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE: FOCUS ON PUBLIC EMPLOYEES IN AFGHANISTAN"." Transylvanian Review of Administrative Sciences 63 E (June 30, 2021): 49–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/tras.63e.3.

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"This study examines the relationship between transformational leadership and employee performance based on a survey conducted on 150 employees in low and middle level management positions in the Ministry of Public Works in Kabul, Afghanistan. The survey questionnaire consisted of questions about employee performance, transformational leadership (6 dimensions), pay satisfaction, job security, and demographic control variables. The result of OLS regression analysis concludes that two dimensions of transformational leadership – identifying and articulating a vision, and intellectual stimulation – are statistically significant and positively related to employee performance. In addition, job security is highly significant and related to employee performance."

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Sharma, Rajiv, Qudratullah Soofizada, Mohammad Hashim Azmatyar, and Elias Mohmand. "Three New Maize Hybrids for Afghanistan." Journal of Agricultural Science 10, no. 6 (May 6, 2018): 349. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n6p349.

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Afghanistan grows maize in about 0.15 m ha with an annual production hovering around 300,000 tonnes. The country does not have any officially released commercial maize hybrid and relies only on open pollinated varieties for cultivating maize. The countries in region enjoy much higher productivity levels ranging from 3.5 to 5.00 tonnes per ha compared to 2.2 tonnes per ha of Afghanistan. Several maize hybrids were introduced from CIMMYT to test them for adaptation and yielding ability in Afghanistan for the purpose of releasing them in the country. The three public sector maize hybrids described in this communication were tested at several locations viz., Nangarhar province, Kabul, Baghlan and Helmand in Afghanistan during 2012 to 2014 crop seasons. The hybrids/inbreds bred by CIMMYT were tested against the currently grown open pollinated (OP) varieties and they yielded on an average 31 to 38% higher than the currently popular open pollinated maize varieties. The hybrids were released for commercial cultivation in 2014.

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Khan, Abdul Baseer. "Socio-economic barriers to children’s education in Afghanistan." Journal of Business and Management Revolution 1, no. 1 (June 6, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.37357/1068/jbmr/1.1.01.

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Having been a war zone for the last four decades, Afghanistan is one of the developing countries where affordable access to quality education is still a dream for many of its people. According to the 2017 UNICEF Annual Report, over 40% (3.7 million) of school-age children were out of school in Afghanistan. In order to better design projects and programs that are working towards reducing this number, it is necessary first to understand the root causes of the issue. The objective of this research is to assess and analyze some of the various social and economic barriers that keep children out of school in Kabul City and hence, offer additional key information and recommendations for limiting this critical issue. Primary data of 300 children were collected through a survey conducted randomly in Kabul City. The target population of this survey were working children (between the ages of 5 and 18) and parents from households of different ethnic, linguistic, and regional backgrounds. Poverty and cultural limitations were found to be the most common factors preventing Afghan children from going to school. Other factors like access, physical disability, guardian’s type and education level, lack of infrastructure, child labor, and gender discrimination may also contribute to this issue. Results of the analysis suggest that government agencies can play a significant role in facilitating affordable access to quality education for all children by extending coverage of public schools, offering reasonable financial grants for poor families in order to avoid the need for ...

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Naseri, Mohammad Kazem, and Dongshik Kang. "A Primary Assessment of Society-Based Earthquake Disaster Mitigation in Kabul City, Afghanistan." Journal of Disaster Research 12, no. 1 (February 1, 2017): 158–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2017.p0158.

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A questionnaire-based survey was carried out in the 13th district of Kabul, the capital city of Afghanistan. For this purpose, 10 high schools, both private and public, were selected randomly. A total of 324 participants responded to the questions in the questionnaire. From the total respondents, 127 (39.2%) were female and 197 (60.8%) male; all were in the 15 to 25 age range. Most of the students (75%) had experienced an earthquake, but their perceptions and knowledge about earthquake mitigation were not good as over 50% did not know what to do during an earthquake. Regarding the current situation, 64% responded that disaster education had not been included in their school curricula. The wide participation and strong interest of the students in this survey are expected to foster further research and investigation, as the majority of them (70%) were in a position to transfer their knowledge about earthquake disaster mitigation to their families. Based on the survey findings, despite the contribution of students who had already experienced disaster education outside of Afghanistan, students’ disaster mitigation knowledge was undeniably poor. There is a clear need to establish and plan for the disaster prevention education system in Afghanistan. There is a lack of understanding regarding effective behaviors, attitudes, and knowledge. This problem was probably caused by the absence of disaster education, teaching materials, and expert staff. Therefore, it is highly recommended to integrate disaster prevention education into school curricula, reduce the earthquake risk by sharing disaster information through students’ parent council meetings at schools, and improve public awareness in order to create a society that is resilient to earthquakes.

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Green, Nile. "The Trans-Border Traffic of Afghan Modernism: Afghanistan and the Indian “Urdusphere”." Comparative Studies in Society and History 53, no. 3 (June 30, 2011): 479–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417511000223.

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In October 1933, two motorcars drove out of Peshawar towards the Khyber Pass carrying a small delegation of Indian Muslims summoned to meet the Afghan ruler Nadir Shah in Kabul. While Nadir Shah had officially invited the travelers to discuss the expansion of the fledgling university founded a year earlier in Kabul, the Indians brought with them a wealth of experience of the wider world and a vision of the leading role within it of Muslim modernists freed of Western dominance. Small as it was, the delegation could hardly have been more distinguished: it comprised Sir Muhammad Iqbal (1877–1938), the celebrated philosopher and poet; Sir Ross Mas‘ud (1889–1937), the former director of public instruction in Hyderabad and vice-chancellor of Aligarh Muslim University; and Sayyid Sulayman Nadwi (1884–1953), the distinguished biographer and director of the Dar al-Musannifin academy at Azamgarh. The three were traveling to Kabul at the peak of their fame; they were not only famous in individual terms but also represented India's major Muslim movements and institutions of the previous and present generations. Ross Mas‘ud, grandson of the great Muslim modernist Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan (1817–1898), had fifteen years earlier been the impresario behind the foundation of Osmania University in the princely state of Hyderabad. A decade earlier, Sulayman Nadwi, the heir of the reformist principal of the North Indian Nadwat al-‘Ulama madrasa Shibli Nu‘mani (1857–1914), had been among the leading figures of the pan-Islamist, Khilafat struggle to save the Ottoman caliphate. And eighteen months earlier, Muhammad Iqbal had represented India's Muslims at the Round Table Conference in London that would shape India's route to independence.

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Moorthy, Ravichandran, and Sumayya Bibi. "Water Security and Cross-Border Water Management in the Kabul River Basin." Sustainability 15, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 792. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15010792.

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This paper investigates the collaborative and benefit-sharing approaches to conflict management in the management of cross-border water resources for the sustainable development of the Kabul River Basin riparian states of Afghanistan and Pakistan. The study offers an understanding of water management strategies concerning peace, progress and development, and sustainability. Using an interpretative social science approach, this paper investigates the impacts of water scarcity and stress, hydro-politics, water diplomacy, and water issues among co-riparian countries. It also investigates how cross-border river management impacts river water sustainability and sustainable cross-border water management strategies. The paper finds that the most significant factor in resolving and managing cross-border water disputes is to employ a collective and combined method of water management based on cooperation and benefit-sharing. This is in addition to providing an immediate cost-effective benefit of improving water supply, hydroelectric generation, and agricultural production, as well as future communal and monetary benefits for the public who reside and work the river basin. The paper proposes establishing a combined cross-border basin authority for both Afghanistan and Pakistan in order to effectively realize the benefits of the Kabul River Basin.

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Qadir Sarwari, Abdul. "A Study of the Art of Painting in Kabul." Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science and Humanities 8, no. 2 (October 1, 2020): 16–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/sijash.v8i2.3422.

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Today, in most countries, painting has made great progress, along with science and technology. Recently, relative attention have been paid in the scientific, cultural, and social fields in Afghanistan, especially in Kabul, but little progress in the field of painting. In this research, an attempt was made to study the art of painting in Kabul, which its result would be important for those who are interested in the art of painting.Both library and field research methods have been used for collecting data. In the background section, some authoritative books, articles, and magazines have been used. In the field research method, some observations and interviews were used to collect data. The aim of the study was to study the art of painting in Kabul from the perspective of experts, professors of the Kabul College of Fine Arts, and directors of painting galleries in Kabul. It is summarized as follows:Painting in Kabul is relatively stagnant due to insecurity, war, religious prejudice, the irresponsibility of the Ministry of Information and Culture, and the lack of public awareness. Only from a specialist, slight changes can be seen in the works of painters. These changes have taken place in the field of painting since 2002, due to the movement of artists abroad, and have opened up new perspectives. Some of the painters’ works represent their efforts in search of having a unique and new method. However, most of the paintings are portraying the same method and repetitive subjects as in the past.

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Belaňová, Petra, Martina Ohlídalová, and Ľubomír Novák. "Exhibition Afghanistan – Rescued Treasures of Buddhism in Náprstek Museum of Asian, African and American Cultures." Muzeum: Muzejní a vlastivedná práce 54, no. 1 (September 1, 2016): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mmvp-2017-0007.

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Abstract In February 2016, a valuable collection of objects was presented to the public in the Náprstek Museum of Asian, African and American Cultures through the exhibition Afghanistan - Rescued Treasures of Buddhism. The collection was transported to the Czech Republic all the way from the heart of Asia. The relics on display, dating mostly to the period between the 1st to the 9th century A.D., come mainly from archaeological explorations on the Mes Aynak locality and have been loaned out to the Náprstek Museum by the National Museum of Afghanistan in Kabul. Based on a mutual agreement, most of the objects have been restored and conserved by experts in the restoration workshops and laboratories of the National Museum. The objects were also subjected to natural scientific research.

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Panah, Abdul Masood, and Y. Muniraju. "DEMONETIZATION AND IMPROVISATION OF VALUE CHAIN DYNAMIC IN AFGHANISTAN: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY." International Journal of Accounting & Finance Review 5, no. 4 (November 17, 2020): 23–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.46281/ijafr.v5i4.880.

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Demonetization is the elimination of the backing of the money granted by law to the notes is, therefore, legal tender. On Wednesday_ September 2002, the new president of the transition government announced from television to the people of Afghanistan that the decision had been reached in response to Afghan and foreign experts. They had advised the new Government to replace the currency and reform Afghanistan’s banking system. “This will help in controlling the massive inflation and stabilize the economy. A survey was conducted with a pre-tested questionnaire among the common public in Kabul and Parwan’s main two provinces to collect their views on factors associated with demonetization in Afghanistan. PCA (Principal component analysis) technique has been used for factor extraction and dimension reduction using the Varimax orthogonal rotation. The top key factors related to the implementation of demonetization have been identified as socio-economic factors, public hardships, challenges, and implementation challenges. The survey data’s descriptive analysis shows that most survey respondents either ‘strongly agree’ or ‘agree’ with the 19 measures on perception and opinion of the common man (general public) on demonetization in Afghanistan.

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Shah, Sayed Nasir, and Yoshitaka Kajita. "Investigation of human-centered transportation (walking and biking) for low-income workers in Kabul, Afghanistan." Academic Research Community publication 6, no. 1 (July 31, 2022): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21625/archive.v6i1.879.

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Human-centered transportation (walking and biking) has been the cheapest, healthiest, and most convenient mode of transportation throughout history. In the new global economy, walking and biking have become common modes of transportation for low-income groups of people. Kabul is the biggest city in Afghanistan with scattered space organizations and currently is unfavorable for walking and biking due to insufficient attention to pedestrian and bicycle routes in city planning and poor road network and sidewalk conditions, which are among the issues that affect this 4-5 million population city. The purpose of this research is to analyze the current traffic situation in Kabul and identify the role and share of citizens' use of human-centered transportation (walking and biking) for transportation. This research also aims to investigate the relationship between the economic scope of low-income workers and the use of walking and biking for transportation. The statistical population of the current study was selected from three municipal districts as travel zones. Using cluster sampling, a sample participant of 929 people was obtained. It was observed that in the broad context, due to increasing cost and insufficient public transportation, low-income workers use bicycles and walking as a reliable mode of transportation. Finally, it is suggested that the spatial organization of Kabul is redefined and designed based on the new space organization, and the local organization and formulation of urban transportation strategies in urban strategic plans for pedestrian and bicycle transportation systems are strengthened, especially for roads leading to employment locations. Furthermore, in planning, priority is to be shifted to human-centered transportation (walking and biking).

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Shah, Sayed Nasir, and Yoshitaka Kajita. "Investigation of human-centered transportation (walking and biking) for low-income workers in Kabul, Afghanistan." Academic Research Community publication 6, no. 1 (July 31, 2022): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21625/archive.v6i1.879.

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Human-centered transportation (walking and biking) has been the cheapest, healthiest, and most convenient mode of transportation throughout history. In the new global economy, walking and biking have become common modes of transportation for low-income groups of people. Kabul is the biggest city in Afghanistan with scattered space organizations and currently is unfavorable for walking and biking due to insufficient attention to pedestrian and bicycle routes in city planning and poor road network and sidewalk conditions, which are among the issues that affect this 4-5 million population city. The purpose of this research is to analyze the current traffic situation in Kabul and identify the role and share of citizens' use of human-centered transportation (walking and biking) for transportation. This research also aims to investigate the relationship between the economic scope of low-income workers and the use of walking and biking for transportation. The statistical population of the current study was selected from three municipal districts as travel zones. Using cluster sampling, a sample participant of 929 people was obtained. It was observed that in the broad context, due to increasing cost and insufficient public transportation, low-income workers use bicycles and walking as a reliable mode of transportation. Finally, it is suggested that the spatial organization of Kabul is redefined and designed based on the new space organization, and the local organization and formulation of urban transportation strategies in urban strategic plans for pedestrian and bicycle transportation systems are strengthened, especially for roads leading to employment locations. Furthermore, in planning, priority is to be shifted to human-centered transportation (walking and biking).

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Hewitt, Sean, Hugh Reyburn, Richard Ashford, and Mark Rowland. "Anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Kabul, Afghanistan: vertical distribution of cases in apartment blocks." Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 92, no. 3 (May 1998): 273–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0035-9203(98)91007-0.

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Kakar, Faizullah, Abdul Hamid Ahmadzai, Najibullah Habib, Asadullah Taqdeer, and A. Frederick Hartman. "A successful response to an outbreak of cholera in Afghanistan." Tropical Doctor 38, no. 1 (January 2008): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/td.2006.006336.

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Although postconflict Afghanistan has some of the worst health indicators in the world, the government is working hard to rebuild the health infrastructure, extend services to underserved areas and improve the quality of health services. An outbreak of cholera El Tor O1 that struck Kabul and spread nationwide in 2005, prompted a collaborative response from the Afghan Ministry of Public Health, partner agencies, and the system established to provide the Basic Package of Health Services, of which diarrhoeal disease control is an essential component. This response illustrates that, with good preparation, it is possible to respond to an outbreak of cholera effectively. The very low mortality rate during the outbreak (0.1%) shows how a resource-poor country can succeed in providing high-quality health services with government commitment, coordinated action by partners, proper case management and treatment and expanded access to services.

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Sharkey, Jessica M., Joseph H. Abraham, Leslie L. Clark, Patricia Rohrbeck, Sharon L. Ludwig, Zheng Hu, and Coleen P. Baird. "Postdeployment Respiratory Health Care Encounters Following Deployment to Kabul, Afghanistan: A Retrospective Cohort Study." Military Medicine 181, no. 3 (March 2016): 265–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.7205/milmed-d-14-00690.

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Bashaar, M., and M. A. Hassali. "Assessment Of Physicians' Knowledge And Perceptions Towards Medicine Quality And Prices In Kabul, Afghanistan." Value in Health 16, no. 3 (May 2013): A241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2013.03.1227.

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O’SULLIVAN, MICHAEL B. "‘The Little Brother of the Ottoman State’: Ottoman technocrats in Kabul and Afghanistan's development in the Ottoman imagination, 1908–23." Modern Asian Studies 50, no. 6 (April 15, 2016): 1846–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x15000244.

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AbstractBy charting the activities of Ottoman experts in Afghanistan from 1908–23, this article demonstrates how their arrival precipitated a series of state-building practices rooted in the particular historical experience of Ottoman reform projects. The country thus became the object of an Ottomanmission civilisatriceand the beneficiary, in the eyes of certain figures within the Ottoman Committee of Union and Progress, of an avowedly Ottoman-Turkish modernity. Sharing this conviction were members of the Afghan royal family and its chief ministers, especially Maḥmūd Ṭarzī, who first invited the Ottoman advisers to Kabul. The provision of Ottoman technical assistance took a variety of forms, but is most evident in military, educational, and public health reforms enacted in Kabul in this period. Through the study of previously unexamined Ottoman, Afghan, and British sources, the aim here is to incorporate these events into discussions of Ottoman informal empire, Afghan developmentalism, and pan-Islam.

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Rahmany, Nisar Ahmad, and Mohammad Hamed Patmal. "Impact of solar heating technology installation on reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in Kabul city." International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies 4, no. 2 (March 30, 2021): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.53894/ijirss.v4i2.56.

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The increasing trend of air pollution in Kabul listed this city, one of the most polluted in the world. The air pollution in Kabul contrasting to other polluted cities in the world is seasonal pollution. According to some reports during the winter season as the demand for heating increases, the majority part of the households and industries in cities use biomass and low-quality fossil fuels to meet their energy demand. The increase of greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions due to the use of conventional energy resources, especially raw coal considered a serious threat to people's lives in Kabul. Due to the abundance of solar energy radiation and the simplicity of technologies, Solar Heating (SH) installation on the rooftop of houses is one of the most prominent solutions to minimize environmental impacts and air pollution related diseases in Kabul. The primary objective of this paper is to assess the potential of GHG reduction with the use of SH technologies in houses. Additionally, the impact of SH installation on non-renewable energy consumption and electricity bill reduction is deliberated in this paper as well. This study is supported by a public web-based survey, which is designed for municipal planned and nonplanned areas in Kabul city. The results of the study indicate, due to poor reliability of electric energy supply, most of the population in Kabul city rely on polluted energy sources to meet their primary demand. The study also points; housing sector in Kabul has the biggest portion of energy consumption, which is mainly used for heating purposes. Employing solar thermal technologies in households can significantly decline the utilization of coal and firewood, which in turn leads to a substantial reduction in GHG emissions. This study could be a good reference for the policymakers and investors in the field of green energy in Afghanistan.

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Crews, Robert D. "Mourning Imam Husayn in Karbala and Kabul: The political meanings of ʿAshura in Afghanistan." Afghanistan 3, no. 2 (October 2020): 202–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/afg.2020.0056.

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This article explores Afghan Twelver Shiʿi commemoration of the martyrdom of Imam Husayn at the Battle of Karbala. It shows how the rites of remembrance and mourning celebrated on ʿAshura in Afghanistan has evolved in important ways from the late nineteenth century to the recent past. More than a pivotal event in the ritual calendar of Shiʿism, ʿAshura has served as an index of Afghan politics—and a field of contestation among state officials, clerical authorities, and the Shiʿi faithful. It has thus been at the center of struggles over the identity of the Afghan nation, the status of the Shia, and ritual practices in public life. Drawing on representations of ʿAshura produced by government authorities, state media, clerics, and lay people, this article examines how different actors have competed to give ʿAshura meaning and to develop distinctively Afghan forms of commemoration.

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Waheed, Abdul, Shabana Gul, Muhammad Khan Riaz, and Muhammad Naeem. "Prevalence of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Its Impact on Job Satisfaction and Perceived Job Performance: Evidence from Afghanistan." Jinnah Business Review 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.53369/pqez7188.

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The study investigated the prevalence of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder PTSDand its impact on job satisfaction and perceived job performance in faculty members of private universities in Kabul, Afghanistan. The country has been affected by wars since 1979 USSR invasion, then civil war and now by ongoing war on terror. Utilizing questionnaires as data collection tool, 126 complete responses were received from six universities. Using a threshold score with help from literature, it was found out that in 65.08% respondents PTSD prevailed. The results showed that PTSD has significant negative impacts on job satisfaction and perceived job performance. Conclusively, the study suggests some recommendations for policy makers, especially the concerned institutions of the government of Afghanistan and the management of universities. These recommendations would help the concerned authorities to come up with certain solution plans, policies and strategies to cope up with the problem and reduce the level of PTSD and enhanced the psychological wellbeing of the faculty. This in return would help them attract some experienced professionals from across the globe and retain the current pool of talent for providing quality education to the citizens of Afghanistan which can help in paving the way to an educated and developed Afghanistan. Facilitating their safety and security can lead to a safe and secure mind without PTSD that can lead to increased productivity, loyalty and commitment which ultimately contribute to achieving organizational short and long run goals

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Fayaz, Said Hafizullah, Michiyo Higuchi, Tomoya Hirosawa, Mohammad Abul Bashar Sarker, Zakhro Djabbarova, and Nobuyuki Hamajima. "Knowledge and practice of universal precautions among health care workers in four national hospitals in Kabul, Afghanistan." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 8, no. 04 (April 15, 2014): 535–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.4143.

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Introduction: This study aimed to assess the knowledge and practice of health care workers (HCWs) towards universal precautions (UPs) and to look into any associations between knowledge and practice. Methodology:A cross-sectional study was undertaken between August and October 2012, involving 300 HCWs from four national public hospitals in Kabul, Afghanistan. A self-administered questionnaire assessing the knowledge and practice of UPs was used. Results: Among the 300 respondents, the mean knowledge score was 5.2 with a standard deviation (SD) of 1.5. On the practice score, the mean was 8.7 (SD = 2.2). A total of 90.6% and 70.8% of HCWs believed that UPs were necessary in contact with urine/feces and tears, respectively, although UPs are not necessary in these cases. On the other hand, 57.8% reported that they always recapped the needle after giving an injection, and 31.8% did not always change gloves in between patients. There were no associations between the knowledge and self-reported practice of UPs. Conclusions: The HCWs in Kabul had inadequate knowledge and poor practice of UPs. Training for HCWs is needed to encourage them to adhere to practice based on improved knowledge.

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Reyburn, Hugh, Mark Rowland, Mohammmed Mohsen, Bismulla Khan, and Clive Davies. "The prolonged epidemic of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Kabul, Afghanistan: ‘bringing down the neighbourhood’." Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 97, no. 2 (March 2003): 170–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0035-9203(03)90111-8.

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Saeedzai, Sayed Ataullah, Mohammad Nadir Sahak, Fatima Arifi, Eman Abdelkreem Aly, Margo van Gurp, Lisa J. White, Siyu Chen, et al. "COVID-19 morbidity in Afghanistan: a nationwide, population-based seroepidemiological study." BMJ Open 12, no. 7 (July 2022): e060739. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-060739.

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ObjectiveThe primary objectives were to determine the magnitude of COVID-19 infections in the general population and age-specific cumulative incidence, as determined by seropositivity and clinical symptoms of COVID-19, and to determine the magnitude of asymptomatic or subclinical infections.Design, setting and participantsWe describe a population-based, cross-sectional, age-stratified seroepidemiological study conducted throughout Afghanistan during June/July 2020. Participants were interviewed to complete a questionnaire, and rapid diagnostic tests were used to test for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. This national study was conducted in eight regions of Afghanistan plus Kabul province, considered a separate region. The total sample size was 9514, and the number of participants required in each region was estimated proportionally to the population size of each region. For each region, 31–44 enumeration areas (EAs) were randomly selected, and a total of 360 clusters and 16 households per EA were selected using random sampling. To adjust the seroprevalence for test sensitivity and specificity, and seroreversion, Bernoulli’s model methodology was used to infer the population exposure in Afghanistan.Outcome measuresThe main outcome was to determine the prevalence of current or past COVID-19 infection.ResultsThe survey revealed that, to July 2020, around 10 million people in Afghanistan (31.5% of the population) had either current or previous COVID-19 infection. By age group, COVID-19 seroprevalence was reported to be 35.1% and 25.3% among participants aged ≥18 and 5–17 years, respectively. This implies that most of the population remained at risk of infection. However, a large proportion of the population had been infected in some localities, for example, Kabul province, where more than half of the population had been infected with COVID-19.ConclusionAs most of the population remained at risk of infection at the time of the study, any lifting of public health and social measures needed to be considered gradually.

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Patmal, Mohammad Hamed, and Habiburrahman Shiran. "Public awareness and their attitudes toward adopting renewable energy technologies in Afghanistan." International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies 4, no. 2 (March 30, 2021): 82–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.53894/ijirss.v4i2.61.

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This research investigates the factors that potentially affect public attitudes and their adoption of renewable energy technologies for electrical energy production in Afghanistan. The study is carried out with a survey from Kabul and its neighboring provinces including Logar, Maidan Wardak, Nangarhar, Ghazni, Parwan & Kapisa provinces. We used a random sampling process to collect data using a web-based questionnaire. The survey was well designed to highlight conveniently the public understanding, willingness, and attitudes toward adopting renewable energy technologies (RETs). The outcome of the survey is then evaluated to discover the most potential factor affecting public acceptance of RETs. The results declared that the educational level, expertise in RETs, and income of respondents are positively related, while the age of respondents is negatively related to the public willingness on the use and investment in RETs. The majority of respondents have used one type of RETs, however, 23 % of respondents have not used any type of RETs. Study shows that the RETs use and access to grid electricity are reversely related, where the access is lower, the RETs use is higher and vice versa. Most of the respondents were not well informed and most disagreed with the government policies on RETs, therefore, public awareness programs on RETs and government policies are recommended. The majority of respondents were willing to invest in RETs, therefore, the government should commit itself and support private sectors to invest in RETs and take part in its development.

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Samadi, Assadullah, Ahmad Bahram Esmati, M. M. K. Ababneh, M. Amiri, and Mohammad Sardar Ahmadi. "Descriptive epidemiology of Crimean – Congo hemorrhagic fever cases admitted to Kabul main hospitals during 2015 to 2018." Veterinary Medicine and Public Health Journal 2, no. 1 (January 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.31559/vmph2021.2.1.1.

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Crimean – Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a deadly viral disease which is transmitted to humans by tick bites and contact with infected animal and humans’ fluids. This is a retrospective study designed to identify the descriptive epidemiology of registered CCHF cases and their related fatalities in Kabul’s 12 public and private hospitals during 2015 - 2018. Totally, 521 CCHF cases and 71 deaths have been registered in two public hospitals only (mainly in Antani hospital). These cases were from 28 out of 34 provinces of Afghanistan, with more than half of the cases (50.3%) from Kabul. More than 75% of cases were male and 24.8% were female (p <0.001). The median age of the CCHF patients was 29 years old (range = 3 – 95), where majority of cases (74.8%) occurred in the patients between 15 – 45 years old. CCHF cases have been recorded in all four seasons of the year, where the cases were 11.9% (61), 55.85% (291), 27.1% (141) and 5.4% (28) (p <0.05) in spring, summer, autumn and winter, respectively. Results of this study indicate that CCHF is a recurrent disease in Afghanistan and the prevalence of the disease has increased dramatically in recent years. Active surveillance to detect infected and infested animals with CCHF virus and hard ticks, and combat against ticks are essential to control and prevent the disease in human populations.

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Qaderi, Shohra, Hossein Hatami, and AhmadMurad Omid. "Investigation of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in patients admitted in Antani Hospital, Kabul, Afghanistan, 2017–2018." International Journal of Preventive Medicine 10, no. 1 (2019): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_391_18.

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Gabrielli, A. F., M. Ramsan, C. Naumann, D. Tsogzolmaa, B. Bojang, M. H. Khoshal, M. Connolly, J. R. Stothard, A. Montresor, and L. Savioli. "Soil-transmitted helminths and haemoglobin status among Afghan children in World Food Programme assisted schools." Journal of Helminthology 79, no. 4 (December 2005): 381–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/joh2005316.

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AbstractIn recent years there have been major socio-economic changes within Afghanistan such that the present public health burden of soil-transmitted helminths (STH), especially that within school-aged children, remains to be determined. A baseline parasitological survey was therefore carried out in four defined areas of Afghanistan to better assess the distribution, prevalence and intensity of STH infections prior to a nationwide de-worming campaign beginning within World Food Programme assisted schools. A cross-sectional examination of 1001 children aged between 8 and 15 years old revealed that approximately half (47.2%) were infected with at least one STH. Infections with Ascaris lumbricoides were most widespread (40.9%) and elevated prevalences were detected in urban environments; for example, schoolchildren in Kabul were more likely to be infected (OR=2.2, 95% CI 1.6–3.0) than elsewhere and these infections were often of higher intensity (OR=7.6, 95% CI 4.9–11.8). Trichuris trichiura (9.9%) and hookworms (0.7%), previously unknown from Afghanistan, were encountered. The blood haemoglobin concentration of surveyed children was also assessed: 4% resulted to be anaemic (Hb<11 g dl−1), and 0.4% to be severely anaemic (Hb<7 g dl−1).

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Ishchenko, Nikita S. "Ethno-Political Structure of Taliban-led Afghanistan." Asia and Africa Today, no. 11 (2022): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s032150750022936-1.

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With the seizure of power by the Taliban on August 15, 2021 a new page in the political history of Afghanistan had been opened. The Taliban, which for 20 years led a guerrilla war against the authorities of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan and their Western patrons, had to come out of hiding and start operating openly within the framework of a new state system. On September 7, Taliban spokesman Zabihullah Mujahid announced the formation of the government of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. A year after these events, it seems important to trace the process of building government by the Taliban, characterize the current political system of Afghanistan and analyze the basic principles for the inclusion of certain groups in the state system. In the history of Afghanistan, the aspect of ethnicity has always been a key point that has determined one’s position in political and social system of the country. As a result of studies, the author concludes that the Taliban during its first year in power created a Pashtun-centric state, where the struggle between the main Pashtun tribal associations in relation to the foreign policy guidelines of each of them plays a decisive role in the configuration of domestic political forces. At the same time, despite the entry into the public field of the main Taliban functionaries who have taken positions in the leadership of various departments in Kabul, traditional for the Taliban hidden form of top management is preserved.

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Killick-Kendrick, R., M. Killick-Kendrick, and Y. Tang. "Anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Kabul, Afghanistan: the low susceptibility of Phlebotomus papatasi to Leishmania tropica." Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 88, no. 2 (March 1994): 252–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(94)90320-4.

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Killick-Kendrick, R., M. Killick-Kendrick, and Y. Tang. "Anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Kabul, Afghanistan: the high susceptibility of Phlebotomus sergenti to Leishmania tropica." Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 89, no. 5 (September 1995): 477. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(95)90072-1.

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Safi, Najibullah, Gary D. Davis, Mohammed Nadir, Hamida Hamid, Leon L. Robert, and Alan J. Case. "Evaluation of Thermotherapy for the Treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Kabul, Afghanistan: A Randomized Controlled Trial." Military Medicine 177, no. 3 (March 2012): 345–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.7205/milmed-d-11-00161.

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Azimi, Mohammad Naim, and Mohammad Reza Farzam. "Paradigm Shift: Robust Response of Reinventing Government Movement to New Public Administration Using Econometrics." Journal of Management and Sustainability 9, no. 2 (November 29, 2019): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jms.v9n2p191.

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This paper focuses on the paradigm shift from a traditional government into a new public administration using quantitative economics in testing the robust response of the shift. Though, we follow the conception of Frederickson (1991); Behn (1995) and Kirlin (1996), we are not concerned of the body of knowledge in such transformation, rather we are concerned on how to offer foundational base of quantitative literature for planning and implanting of the new public administration in Afghanistan for the purpose of which, we use a set of cross –sectional data obtained through an objective questionnaire from 221 targeted public employees in Kabul City and using a set of statistics and econometric models in testing the competing hypotheses. The results show that all the identified proxies in measuring the variables associated with the shift process are highly significant and support the robust response towards the stated shift to the new public administration in the country.

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Monir, Tawfeeq. "Effects of opium inhalation on physical and biochemical parameters of stray dogs in Kabul city, Afghanistan." Open Veterinary Journal 12, no. 4 (2022): 426. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/ovj.2022.v12.i4.1.

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Abstract Background: Afghanistan is one of the biggest opium producing country in the world. There are more than a million drug addicts in the country, which most of them are living in public places. Stray dogs who lives with drug addicts are at highest risk of inhaling drugs Aim: Aim of this study is to evaluate changes in physical and biochemical parameters of stray dogs inhaling drugs. Methods: Total of 12 dogs were assigned into two groups of healthy and infected (stray dogs who inhale drugs) dogs. Physical and biochemical parameters of both groups were evaluated. Results: Subjective evaluation showed clinical changes such as congestion of conjunctiva in infected group. Biochemical examination showed significantly higher level of glucose (P<0.05) and total protein (P<0.01) in infected group compared to healthy group. The ratio of other biochemical parameters was slightly decreased as compare to healthy dogs. Conclusion: Drug inhalation can alter biochemical parameters like glucose and total protein in dogs. Keywords: Addicts, Biochemical parameters, Opium, Physical parameters, Stray dogs

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Porta, Carolyn M., Erin M. Mann, Rohina Amiri, Melissa D. Avery, Sheba Azim, Janice M. Conway-Klaassen, Parvin Golzareh, et al. "Higher Education Institution Partnership to Strengthen the Health Care Workforce in Afghanistan." International Journal of Higher Education 9, no. 2 (January 7, 2020): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijhe.v9n2p95.

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Despite ongoing insecurity, Afghanistan has demonstrated improvement in health outcomes. Reasons for this success include a strategic public-private health service delivery model and investment in Afghan health care workforce development. Afghan universities have the primary responsibility for ensuring that an adequate health care workforce is available to private and public health care delivery settings. Most entry-level health care providers working in Afghanistan are educated within the country. However, university constraints, including faculty shortages and limited access to professional development, have affected both the flow of the health care workforce pipeline and the skill levels and competencies of those who do enter the workforce. Aware of these constraints and workforce needs, the administration at Kabul University of Medical Sciences (KUMS), working in collaboration with the Ministry of Higher Education, prioritized investment in strengthening technical and academic capabilities within four faculties (anesthesiology, dentistry, medical laboratory technology, and midwifery). KUMS partnered with the University of Minnesota in 2017 with United States Agency for International Development support through the University Support and Workforce Development Program. Together they established a unique training-of-trainers (TOT) faculty development program to improve faculty knowledge and skills specific to their technical expertise, as well as knowledge and skills in instructional design and research methods. In this article, we describe the successes and challenges associated with partnership development, implementation, and sustainability.

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Zaryab, Abdulhalim, Hamid Reza Nassery, and Farshad Alijani. "Identifying sources of groundwater salinity and major hydrogeochemical processes in the Lower Kabul Basin aquifer, Afghanistan." Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts 23, no. 10 (2021): 1589–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1em00262g.

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The origin of groundwater salinity and major hydrogeochemical processes in the LKB aquifer were investigated using hydrogeochemical and HCA methods. The results indicate that evaporitic lacustrine deposits are the major source of salinity in the aquifer.

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Todd, Catherine S., Abdullah M. S. Abed, Paul T. Scott, Naqibullah Safi, Kenneth C. Earhart, and Steffanie A. Strathdee. "A Cross-Sectional Assessment of Utilization of Addiction Treatment among Injection Drug Users in Kabul, Afghanistan." Substance Use & Misuse 44, no. 3 (January 1, 2009): 416–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10826080802347669.

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Joffre-Eichhorn, Hjalmar Jorge. "The Memory Box-Initiative: Nonextractivist Research Methodologies and the Struggle for an Architecture of Remembrance in Kabul, Afghanistan." Cultural Studies ↔ Critical Methodologies 20, no. 4 (July 25, 2019): 358–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1532708619863008.

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Over the past 10 years, the Afghanistan Human Rights and Democracy Organization (AHRDO), a Kabul-based civil society organization and arts-activism platform, together with various self-organized, local war victims associations, has fought an uphill battle to challenge Afghanistan’s entrenched culture of impunity and make a contribution to a more just, democratic and peaceful country from the bottom-up. The current article critically describes, theorizes, and poeticizes one particular aspect of this decade-long struggle, the so-called Memory Box-Initiative, inspired by Augusto Boal’s Aesthetics of the Oppressed. Challenging the fact that in many urban centers of Afghanistan, and in particular in the capital Kabul, a great number of public monuments and buildings are dedicated to war criminals, a veritable architecture of impunity, the aim of the initiative is the creation of a counter-hegemonic, victims-centered architecture of remembrance, taking place in a context of a highly contested Transitional Justice process. The main sections of the article address the following three issues: (a) the attempt by Afghanistan’s political, religious, and military elites to undermine the efforts of the country’s war victims to challenge the current culture of impunity by promoting a cityscape in the image of what they consider to be war heroes; (b) the response by the Afghan community of war victims in the form of the Memory Boxes and subsequent advocacy efforts in the public sphere; and (c) the embedding of the Memory Boxes within the larger framework of what is currently being theorized as “nonextractivist methodologies” as part of what is known as the Epistemologies of the South, as proposed by Boaventura de Sousa Santos. The article will conclude with a call for increased epistemological and methodological insubordination and the need for further research and, above all, experimentation in combining the Memory Boxes and the Epistemologies of the South in the global struggle for social and cognitive justice.

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Khalid, Sayed Mohammad Naim. "How and Why to Implement HACCP in Food Businesses in Developing Countries? Suggestions to Afghan Government and Private Sector." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 3, no. 6 (April 5, 2015): 459. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v3i6.459-465.330.

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In Afghanistan food safety is managed by several ministries including Ministry of Public Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Commerce and municipalities. There is no food law but multiple ministerial decrees which ensure if GMP is implemented well. There is no legal requirement to get food safety certification. Hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) is recognized as a key part of food safety management practice in the global food industry and can be applied at any stage of the food supply chain. This article discusses accepted approaches to the application of HACCP principles for the development, implementation, and maintenance of HACCP plan. It is intended as an introduction to food safety system in Afghanistan, giving propositions to government on how to apply the principles in a stepwise approach, and showing how HACCP benefit public and private sector and also suggesting ways how to adapt this approach in the food businesses.

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Tamara, Ajeng Pancar, and Muhammad Rifqi. "AMIR’S ANXIETY AND MOTIVE IN KHALED HOSSEINI’S THE KITE RUNNER." LITE: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, dan Budaya 16, no. 2 (February 26, 2021): 212–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.33633/lite.v16i2.4157.

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This paper discusses Amir’s anxiety and motive in Khaled Hosseini’s “The Kite Runner". The library research method was applied in this research. In analyzing the data, the structural approach was used to scrutinize the intrinsic elements such as character, conflict, setting, and plot, while the psychological approach was used to examine extrinsic elements such as anxiety and motive of Amir as the main character in “The Kite Runner”. The results show that Amir, as the main character, is a caring, inferior, coward, optimistic, anxious, selfish, careless, sly, and patient person. It also indicates that Amir is a round static character since he has complex traits but his character as a caring person remains the same from the beginning to the end of the story. Besides, as the main character, Amir experienced both internal and external conflicts. The settings of time, social, and place showed the period in Afghanistan between 1975 and 2001 and the social stratum, Pashtun and Hazara in Kabul. Dealing with the plot, it starts from Amir’s effort to get Baba’s recognition and respect, Amir’s anxiety after betraying Hassan, Amir efforts to take Sohrab out from Kabul, the liberation of Sohrab from Assef, the Sohrab suicide trial, up to Amir’s effort to get back Sohrab trust. Also, Amir’s anxiety deals with realistic, neurotic, and moral anxiety, while the motives are safety and security need, belongingness and love need, and self-esteem needs.

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Faizy, Habibullah, Abdulmomin Azimi, Sayed Alam, Zahir Shah Safari, and Ashuqullah Atif. "Food Safety Status on Poultry Meat and Egg in Afghanistan." AgroTech Food Science, Technology and Environment 1, no. 1 (March 30, 2022): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.53797/agrotech.v1i1.8.2022.

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Foodborne illness is one of the most widespread health problems in the world. In addition, the food safety of poultry products remains a severe problem in many countries around the world. Like in many other countries, the government handles the development of food safety standards in Afghanistan. The poultry industry in Afghanistan has been under dynamic and progressive development. Despite the advances in the poultry industry in Afghanistan, the issues of foodborne pathogens, drug and chemical residues remain. Meat inspection at poultry processing plants has been successful but has certain limitations. More importantly, drugs, pesticides, mycotoxins and other chemical residues must be monitored in poultry meat and eggs. This work must be carried out in close collaboration with human and environmental health professionals, analysts, epidemiologists, food producers, processors and traders. Poultry veterinarians and the Afghanistan Veterinary Organization, International Veterinary Organization (IVO) should play a decision-making role in developing the poultry industry. Poultry veterinarians and IVO have a dual responsibility; epidemiological surveillance of poultry diseases and ensuring the safety of meat and eggs. Through their presence on farms and appropriate collaboration with farmers, poultry veterinarians play a crucial role in ensuring that birds are kept under hygienic conditions, especially conditions with public health significance. Slaughterhouse inspection of live birds (ante mortem) and the carcass (post-mortem) plays a key role in the surveillance network for poultry diseases and zoonosis and ensures the safety of poultry meat.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Public safety – Afghanistan – Kabul'

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