Journal articles on the topic 'Public Research Funding and Research Policy - Europe'
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1
Braun, Robert, and Erich Griessler. "More democratic research and innovation." Journal of Science Communication 17, no. 03 (September 3, 2018): C04. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/2.17030304.
Abstract:
For decades the idea that scientists, policy makers and industry know best in research and innovation has been convincingly challenged. The concept of Responsible Research and Innovation [RRI] combines various strands of critique and takes up the idea that research and innovation need to be democratized and must engage with the public in order to serve the public. The proposed future EU research funding framework programme, Horizon Europe, excludes a specific program line on research in RRI. We propose a number of steps the European Parliament should take to institutionalize RRI in Horizon Europe and beyond.
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Gasser, Maximilian, Simon Pezzutto, Wolfram Sparber, and Eric Wilczynski. "Public Research and Development Funding for Renewable Energy Technologies in Europe: A Cross-Country Analysis." Sustainability 14, no. 9 (May 5, 2022): 5557. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14095557.
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The European Union recognizes the vital role that innovation in renewable energy technologies plays in accelerating the energy transition. In the largest ever transnational research and innovation program, Horizon Europe (2021–2027), the EU allocated 35% of the total budget of €95.5 billion to green technology research. This paper examines public research and development (R&D) funding for renewable energy technologies in 17 European countries from 2000 to 2020 by analyzing its extent, composition, and effectiveness. While large economies lead in the size of total available public R&D support, Nordic countries lead when it comes to available public R&D funding relative to the sizes of their respective economies. Thereby, the share of the European Union’s funding within the total public R&D support available in each country is vastly heterogeneous across countries, ranging from 13% to 63%. Furthermore, based on detailed and recent data, the effectiveness of public R&D funding is estimated through a Negative Binomial Regression model with fixed effects. Overall, public R&D funding is confirmed as an effective driver of green innovation. Like in previous studies, limitations stem from restricted data availability and temporal uncertainty of innovation. These limitations are addressed, which shall incentivize future research and policymaking.
3
Reijmerink, Wendy. "OP123 Translating Evidence To Action – The Role Of Health Research Funders." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 34, S1 (2018): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462318001472.
Abstract:
Introduction:National health research funders are accountable to the public with regard to the societal impact of the research, including health technology assessment (HTA), that they fund. Failing to do so can not only negatively affect public trust in the allocation of resources to funding agencies, but can also lead to public mistrust in science.Methods:We present the results of reducing research waste to ensure societal responsible research, both at an international and national level. In the Netherlands, the National Organization for Health Research and Development (ZonMw) developed an analytical framework to assess its research programs, including the national HTA program.Results:An evaluation of 12 national funding agencies in Australia, Europe and North America demonstrated that certain processes (e.g. how research questions are prioritized or decided) are not transparent. At the international level, health funders believe that they have a joint responsibility not just to seek to advance knowledge, but also to advance the practices of health-related research and research funding. In the Netherlands, ZonMw (HTA) research programs perform well regarding addressing societal relevance (e.g. stakeholder participation) and reasonably well on scientific quality (e.g. international cooperation and knowledge sharing). Efficiency (e.g. encouraging use of existing data and systematic reviews) appears to be less well developed, while integrity (e.g. preventing publication bias) is underexposed.Conclusions:Although ZonMw is doing reasonably well in terms of reducing research waste, it was concluded that more focus on societal impact assessment is needed. To do so funding agencies need to collaborate with all relevant stakeholders. This is especially relevant in the field of HTA where the ambition is to move from evidence to impact.
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Barcikowska, Renata, and Eliza Wawrzyn. "Selected Sources of Research Funding in Railway Transport." WUT Journal of Transportation Engineering 136 (June 1, 2023): 85–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0053.4121.
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In Horizon 2020, funding for research and innovation in the railway area was entirely channeled through the Shift2Rail Joint Undertaking (Shift2Rail). Shift2Rail was founded in 2014 as a Public-Private Partnership between the European Union (EU) and the rail industry and aimed to coordinate and manage EU research and investment in the rail sector. From the current financial perspective - Horizon Europe - the successor to Shift2Rail, is Europe's Rail Joint Undertaking (EU-Rail). The new rail partnership aims to enable the European rail network to play a vital role in the Green Deal policy for environmentally friendly and energy-efficient mobility. In 2017, the National Centre for Research and Development (NCBR) and PKP Polskie Linie Kolejowe (PLK S.A.) established a Joint Undertaking, Research and Development of Railway Infrastructure, with the acronym BRIK. The program supports research and development (R&D) work in railway infrastructure and aims at increasing the Polish railway potential. The article provides a critical-cognitive analysis of selected joint R&D projects in the railway sector at both European and national levels. The activity of the Railway Research Institute (IK) in international and national projects is also presented. The article attempts to answer the research question: Are European and national programs supporting research in the railway area an appropriate and sufficient funding source? The research methods used included source material analysis, comparative approach, data analysis of the EU, Railway Research Institute, National Centre for Development Research (NCBR), and case study.
5
McCoy, Matthew S., Karin Rolanda Jongsma, Phoebe Friesen, Michael Dunn, Carolyn Plunkett Neuhaus, Leah Rand, and Mark Sheehan. "National Standards for Public Involvement in Research: missing the forest for the trees." Journal of Medical Ethics 44, no. 12 (October 18, 2018): 801–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2018-105088.
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Biomedical research funding bodies across Europe and North America increasingly encourage—and, in some cases, require—investigators to involve members of the public in funded research. Yet there remains a striking lack of clarity about what ‘good’ or ‘successful’ public involvement looks like. In an effort to provide guidance to investigators and research organisations, representatives of several key research funding bodies in the UK recently came together to develop the National Standards for Public Involvement in Research. The Standards have critical implications for the future of biomedical research in the UK and in other countries as researchers and funders abroad look to the Standards as a model for their own policy development. We assess the Standards and find that despite offering useful suggestions for dealing with practical challenges associated with public involvement, the Standards fail to address fundamental questions about when, why and with whom public involvement should be undertaken in the first place. We show that presented without this justificatory context, many of the recommendations in the Standards are, at best, fragments that require substantial elaboration by those looking to apply the Standards in their own work and, at worst, subject to potentially harmful misapplication by well-meaning investigators. As funding bodies increasingly push for public involvement in research, the key lesson of our analysis is that future recommendations about how public involvement should be conducted cannot be coherently formulated without a clear sense of the underlying goals and rationales for public involvement.
6
Χρυσομαλλίδης, Χαράλαμπος. "Η πολιτική έρευνας και τεχνολογίας της Ε.Ε. στο νέο Πολυετές Δημοσιονομικό Πλαίσιο. Βασικά στοιχεία και προοπτικές." Region & Periphery, no. 8 (September 11, 2019): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/rp.21155.
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Funding is the core activity of EU contemporary public policy in the areas of research, technology and innovation (RTI), since the introduction of Framework Programmes (FP) in the early 1980s, as it is traditionally focused on one main aspect of relevant public policy, namely project funding. The discussion on EU RTI policy has been intensifi ed and deepened, as EU has upgraded research, technology and innovation sector in its policy agenda, trying to contribute to European economy’s transformation into a “smarter” and more knowledge intensive pattern. For that purpose, EU, has included research and innovation prominently in its growth strategies, since 2000, both in Lisbon Strategy and Strategy “Europe 2020”. On this ground, the paper highlights aspects of EU RTI policy until now, as well as towards the next Multiannual Financial Framework, 2021-2027, according to Commission’s proposal and all relevant developments, so far, referring also to the (potential) impact that EU RTI policy has had (may have) on member states, and more particularly on Greece.
7
Verbiest, Fleur, Lisa Lai-Shen Cheng, Anneloes van Iwaarden, and Maaike Verrips. "AThEME: Advancing the European Multilingual Experience." European Journal of Applied Linguistics 6, no. 2 (September 3, 2018): 337–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eujal-2018-0010.
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AbstractAThEME is a collaborative research project studying multilingualism in Europe. This 5-year research project was set up with funding from the European Commission, and it runs from March 2014 until March 2019. The main objectives of the project are: (1) to investigate cognitive, linguistic and sociological issues in multilingual Europe, (2) to assess existing public policies and practices within the areas of education and health as well as their impact on multilingualism and (3) to contribute to evidence-based policy making. AThEME uses a range of research methodology and aims to raise awareness of multilingualism among policy makers, health professionals, academics and educators.
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Hulstaert, Frank, Alric Ruether, Jacques Demotes, and Øyvind Melien. "Closing the cycle of innovation in healthcare in Europe." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 36, no. 2 (January 17, 2020): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462319003532.
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AbstractPragmatic or practice-oriented comparative effectiveness trials may be conducted to fill the evidence gaps that are revealed after the private sector has performed the trials needed for bringing their product to the market. A tool of increasing importance to identify such evidence gaps is resulting from health technology assessments (HTA) whereby the data derived from clinical research are examined in a systematic manner with reference to effect, safety, as well as additional parameters. Practice-oriented trials are informative for healthcare decision makers, practice-changing and may even be cost-saving for the healthcare payers. There are however only a limited number of funding sources for such trials. Public and private healthcare payers should stimulate the conduct of practice-oriented trials in their effort to maximize patient benefit within the limitation of the available resources. Pragmatic randomized trials can be performed at low cost when based on existing coded electronic health records and as well health registries. Public health decision makers are increasingly taking advantage of results from health technology assessments to support priority setting. In accordance with this it would appear reasonable that decision makers should get more involved in priority setting and funding also in the field of clinical research in order to provide further evidence needed for assessments, reassessments, and subsequent qualified decisions and resource allocations in health care. A closer dialogue and collaboration between the clinical research and HTA communities would facilitate a more efficient utilization of such opportunities.
9
Gore, Manisha Nitin. "The Role of Anthropology in India's Public Health." Anthropology in Action 30, no. 2 (June 1, 2023): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/aia.2023.300202.
Abstract:
Abstract Conducting research on healthcare systems, policy implementation and the impact of health programmes can systematically identify the gaps and challenges in public health service delivery in India. Anthropology is particularly useful for so doing, but the role of anthropologists in health policy and planning needs recognition in India, as they can evaluate the effectiveness of interventions through a cultural lens, informing the development of evidence-based policies. The USA and Europe are more advanced in the use of anthropology in public health, due to their established academic programmes, robust research funding and infrastructure, and effective integration into public health institutions. Anthropological analysis and intervention has the capacity to improve Indian public health practice, particularly in terms of inclusivity and diversity issues.
10
Radosevic, Slavo, and Benedetto Lepori. "Public research funding systems in central and eastern Europe: between excellence and relevance: introduction to special section." Science and Public Policy 36, no. 9 (November 1, 2009): 659–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3152/030234209x475236.
11
Christensen, Malene Vinther, Mika Nieminen, Marlene Altenhofer, Elise Tancoigne, Niels Mejlgaard, Erich Griessler, and Adolf Filacek. "What’s in a name? Perceptions and promotion of responsible research and innovation practices across Europe." Science and Public Policy 47, no. 3 (May 8, 2020): 360–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/scipol/scaa018.
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Abstract After a decade of efforts to mainstream Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) across Europe, the policy momentum is now uncertain. We explore how 217 organisations perceive responsibility in relation to their work, what mechanisms they apply to promote responsible practices, and what hindrances to promoting RRI they observe. Most organisations are unfamiliar with RRI but employ diverse perceptions of responsibility and mechanisms to promote it nonetheless. Civil society organisations are primarily outward oriented; collaborating with others and hosting science events. Private companies are more internally focussed and more likely to formalise this effort in strategies and internal guidelines. Universities resemble private companies, while private and public funders use funding-specific tools to incentivise responsible practices. Our results suggest that RRI is still poorly institutionalised and that some areas lack attention among actors in the research and innovation systems. Future policy endeavours might benefit from addressing deficits and tapping into existing perceptions of responsibility.
12
Baglioni, Simone, and Stephen Sinclair. "Introduction: Social Innovation and Social Policy." Social Policy and Society 13, no. 3 (June 3, 2014): 409–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746414000177.
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This themed section discusses the conceptual development and related empirical applications of social innovation (SI), a concept acquiring a prominent position in both academia and the world of policy. When SI started being used in the early 1990s relatively few social scientists were familiar with it, mainly those interested in urban policy. Less than two decades later, not only is SI at the heart of the largest public research funding programme in Europe (Horizon 2020), it is also constantly referred to in the discourses of senior level policy makers on both sides of the Atlantic.
13
Trimmer, Karen, and Roselyn Dixon. "The Impact of Public Policy on Support Services for Indigenous Families with Children with Special Education Needs." Australian Journal of Indigenous Education 47, no. 2 (July 3, 2017): 198–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jie.2017.17.
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In Australia and Europe, government agencies and not-for-profit organisations (NFPOs) have had long involvement in the funding and provision of community disability services. Significant change has occurred in Australia over the past two decades in the way government funds are expended, with marketplace mechanisms increasingly being used. As a consequence of economic and governance imperatives, funding of services via NFPOs has changed significantly with a move away from the provision of grants to the contracting of these organisations for the provision of services. In 2013, a new national policy, the National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS), was introduced that has impacts for the provision of disability services for children and their families. In particular, Indigenous families are likely to experience barriers in accessing services. This paper reviews the impact of international changes in policy and associated funding models and considers the impacts and research implications of Australia's initial experience of implementation of the NDIS.
14
Panteli, Christiana, Eglė Klumbytė, Rasa Apanavičienė, and Paris A. Fokaides. "An Overview of the Existing Schemes and Research Trends in Financing the Energy Upgrade of Buildings in Europe." Journal of Sustainable Architecture and Civil Engineering 27, no. 2 (November 5, 2020): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.sace.27.2.25465.
Abstract:
Financial supporting schemes for the energy upgrading of the building sector in Europe constitute one of the major policies of the European Union (EU). Since the beginning of the 2000s, dozens of funding programs and initiatives have been announced by the European Commission (EC). It is a fact that the majority of these policies have borne fruit, as the metrics on both energy savings in the building sector and the promotion of renewable energy in the built environment have turned the EU into a global pioneer. This paper attempts to give a brief overview of the main policy and financial tools for the energy upgrading of the built environment in Europe. Emphasis is placed on three major mechanisms, which concern different-scale projects: crowdfunding projects, public-private co-financing projects, and large-scale projects funded by financial institutions such as European Investment Bank (EIB). Reference is also made to recently implemented EU funded research programs in this field. This work aspires to constitute a reference study for future research activities in the field of financial supporting schemes for energy upgrading of buildings in Europe.
15
Price-Jones, Veronica, Peter M. J. Brown, Tim Adriaens, Elena Tricarico, Rachel A. Farrow, Ana Cristina Cardoso, Eugenio Gervasini, et al. "Eyes on the aliens: citizen science contributes to research, policy and management of biological invasions in Europe." NeoBiota 78 (November 11, 2022): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.78.81476.
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Invasive alien species (IAS) are a key driver of global biodiversity loss. Reducing their spread and impact is a target of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG target 15.8) and of the EU IAS Regulation 1143/2014. The use of citizen science offers various benefits to alien species’ decision-making and to society, since public participation in research and management boosts awareness, engagement and scientific literacy and can reduce conflict in IAS management. We report the results of a survey on alien species citizen science initiatives within the framework of the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action Alien-CSI. We gathered metadata on 103 initiatives across 41 countries, excluding general biodiversity reporting portals, spanning from 2005 to 2020, offering the most comprehensive account of alien species citizen science initiatives on the continent to date. We retrieved information on project scope, policy relevance, engagement methods, data capture, data quality and data management, methods and technologies applied and performance indicators such as the number of records coming from projects, the numbers of participants and publications. The 103 initiatives were unevenly distributed geographically, with countries with a tradition of citizen science showing more active projects. The majority of projects were contributory and were run at a national scale, targeting the general public, alien plants and insects, and terrestrial ecosystems. These factors of project scope were consistent between geographic regions. Most projects focused on collecting species presence or abundance data, aiming to map presence and spread. As 75% of the initiatives specifically collected data on IAS of Union Concern, citizen science in Europe is of policy relevance. Despite this, only half of the projects indicated sustainable funding. Nearly all projects had validation in place to verify species identifications. Strikingly, only about one third of the projects shared their data with open data repositories such as the Global Biodiversity Information Facility or the European Alien Species Information Network. Moreover, many did not adhere to the principles of FAIR data management. Finally, certain factors of engagement, feedback and support, had significant impacts on project performance, with the provision of a map with sightings being especially beneficial. Based on this dataset, we offer suggestions to strengthen the network of IAS citizen science projects and to foster knowledge exchange among citizens, scientists, managers, policy-makers, local authorities, and other stakeholders.
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Yngve, Agneta, Michael Sjöström, Daniel Warm, Barrie Margetts, Carmen Pérez Rodrigo, and Aulikki Nissinen. "Effective promotion of healthy nutrition and physical activity in Europe requires skilled and competent people; European Master's Programme in Public Health Nutrition." Public Health Nutrition 2, no. 3a (March 1999): 452. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980099000622.
Abstract:
AbstractScientists in basic research and epidemiology deliver messages to policy makers. Effective population based strategies then require people trained and competent in the discipline of Public Health Nutrition (PHN). Since 1997, a European Master's Programme in PHN has been undergoing planning and implementation with the aid of funding from the European Commission (DGV). PHN is used as a broad term covering Nutrition and Physical Activity as well as Health Promotion and Disease Prevention.The partners in this project are academic departments from 17 countries. The students will undertake core modules and electives for a year and a half, followed by a research project for six months. In order to set up formalised procedures for the evaluation of the quality assurance of individual modules from across Europe, a quality assurance system has been set up.The academic year 1999–2000 will allow an opportunity for Universities and Institutes to start new modules, to develop other modules, assess the movement of students between modules, tackle funding issues and allow further marketing of the programme. Future activities include strengthening of the European Network for Public Health Nutrition (ENPHN), the establishment of a consortium with universities, the co-ordination of programme activities with other European Master's Programmes in Public Health, and the incorporation of new Member States from Eastern Europe.We can look forward to a new brand of professionals, who are truly European in their training, but who also have an integrated view of nutrition and physical activity, health promotion and disease prevention and who are prepared for policy making, action planning, implementation and evaluation.
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Ibănescu, Bogdan-Constantin, Alexandru Bănică, Mihail Eva, and Alexandra Cehan. "The Puzzling Concept of Smart City in Central and Eastern Europe: A Literature Review Designed for Policy Development." Transylvanian Review of Administrative Sciences, no. 61 E (October 28, 2020): 70–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/tras.61e.4.
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The modern concept of smart city rose from a relatively ambiguous term dealing with the future of urban areas to one of the most popular contemporary fields of research. Tackling a considerable range of topics from digitalization, citizen involvement, sustainability or governance, it managed to rapidly attract both academics and policy-makers. This study reviews the research papers published on smart city concept with application to European Union, and especially to the new member states from Central and Eastern Europe. The results indicate many common features of smart cities in EU, but also some peculiarities of CEE in this regard, many deriving from their socialist inheritance. Meanwhile, it can be noticed the rather incipient status of smart cities approaches, the insufficient resources allocated by local authorities, which rely extensively on EU funding, the lack of awareness from citizens and the lack of a comprehensive and structured strategic approach. In order to tackle the abovementioned issues, our paper suggests a series of measures and directions for policy-makers, local administrations and business environment.
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Dumitraşcu, Monica, Sorin Liviu Ştefănescu, Valeriu Tabără, and Mihail Dumitru. "A Science-Policy Interface: Stakeholders’ Interactive Consultations on Soil and Land Management Research Needs, Threats and Policies." Romanian Agricultural Research 36 (2019): 231–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.59665/rar3626.
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The article describes steps taken by the Romanian National Focal Point within the EU HORIZON 2020 project „INSPIRATION” to raise awareness, contact relevant actors and national funding bodies and get formal support aiming to implement research actions complying with a set of 17 integrated and 22 thematic research themes within the frame of a EU Strategic Research Agenda. One of the main national research funders, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development is looking to an European level cooperation with regard to the topics of „Integrated Environmental Assessment and Soil Monitoring for Europe”, „Bio-Economy – unleashing potential while sustaining soils”, „Farming systems to maintain soil fertility and yields” and „Sustainable management to restore ecological and socio-economic values of degraded land”. An internal survey among the national stakeholders regarding the most challenging and worth to be financed research needs has revealed certain good overlaps with the those recorded in the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, a clear defined focus on targets related mainly to rural development prospective but also an obvious neglect of the existing urban soil and land issues. The assessment of the views of the two national stakeholder groups (decision makers/planners as well as employees of local public administration) with regard to soil and land management, carried by a questionnaire based qualitative approach, emphasize the high awareness of most respondents on the fact that the general public interest on soil issues and soil protection is negligible or even entirely absent. A much stronger commitment and shared responsibility among many stakeholders with regard to soil health and soil conservation is expected. Most of the respondents perceive the current national policies and their enforcement regarding soil protection as inconsistent. The national decision makers/planners view the issue of a Soil European Directive as an important requirement.
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RUIZ MINGUELA, PABLO, JOSE LUIS VILLATE MARTINEZ, PUI WAH WONG, DONALD NOBLE, and HENRY FORBES JEFFRE. "MEASURING PROGRESS TOWARDS OCEAN ENERGY COMMERCIALISATION." DYNA 98, no. 6 (November 1, 2023): 633–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.6036/11059.
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The EU aims to achieve climate neutrality by 2050 through the European Green Deal and its commitment to global climate action under the Paris Agreement. Transitioning to a carbon-neutral society requires increasing the share of renewable energy across different sectors. Ocean energy can contribute to job creation, economic revitalization, and grid balancing. However, public funding and financial instruments are necessary to reduce risks, advance technology, and to support demonstration and pre-commercial projects in the ocean energy sector. The SEETIP Ocean project, supported by the European Commission through the Horizon Europe framework programme, aims to accelerate the deployment of the ocean energy sector by promoting collaboration among stakeholders. As part of the project, an analysis is being conducted to assess technological progress, identify implementation gaps, and update the Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda (SRIA) for Ocean Energy. The analysis reveals reasonable progress in research and innovation, albeit with smaller project sizes compared to current SRIA recommendations, and the need for increased support from national programmes. Some topics have been covered more than proposed funding and number of projects, while others not at all. This highlights the need for effective communication and collaboration between both the European Commission and Member State funders and their programmes. In addition, public support and funding is crucial to lower investment risks and propel ocean energy technologies towards commercialisation. With appropriate funding and policy support, the European ocean energy sector could strengthen its position as a worldwide leader and harness the socio-economic benefits from the sector. Keywords: Climate neutrality, Ocean energy, Funding, Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda (SRIA), Challenge Areas, Priority Topics.
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Nyikos, Györgyi, and Zsuzsanna Kondor. "National Development Banks in Europe – A Contribution to Sustainable Finance." Central European Public Administration Review 20, no. 1 (May 30, 2022): 135–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.17573/cepar.2022.1.06.
Abstract:
Purpose: The paper explains critical changes to investment funding occurred over the past fifteen years in the European Union and explores the added value that National Development Banks create for sustainable finance. The delivery of the European Green Deal and the recovery from the Covid-19 pandemic require an unprecedented scale of resources. The need to adopt a new sustainable investment approach and adjust the operation of the financial system has become inevitable. Existing research has underlined the role national development banks play in counter-cyclical measures and promotion of the government’s public policy goals. However, their standing in the sustainable finance landscape has enjoyed less attention so far. The paper, therefore, looks at how the remit of the Banks has evolved and assesses their progress and further development needs in relation to promoting sustainable finance. Design/Methodology/Approach: The research has followed a two-phase design. The first phase has included the examination of the operational setting of National Development Banks and their impact on overcoming market failures and improving access to finance. The second phase concentrated on drawing a comparison between the new regulatory requirements, in particular the European Green Deal, the EU Taxonomy Regulation and the functioning of the National Development Banks. The methodology has included a detailed literature review, desk research, data collection and re-assessment of earlier surveys, which has been used for prescriptive comparative analysis and cluster analysis. Findings: The paper concludes that National Development Banks, despite their common goals and mandates, demonstrate important variations in terms of government involvement in strategic direction and decision-making and the Banks’ actual contribution to national policy goals. The outcome confirms the hypothesis that recent changes to the EU strategic and regulatory framework only require minor amendments to the direction of NDB investments. Their original setup and objectives are already in accordance with the new expectations and they invest mostly in economic sectors that the new taxonomy system classifies as sustainable. Practical Implications/ Originality/Value: This is important for the scholarly discourse on the essential conditions for sustainable finance. Meanwhile, the results provide usable guidance for development banks/funding agencies in Europe, too. The paper offers a solid ground for continued explorations of the European financial sector, whereas the recently adopted Digital Finance Package could further widen the agenda of the research direction.
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Drach, Iryna. "Institutional development of universities in the context of the implementation of Open Science concept." International Scientific Journal of Universities and Leadership, no. 11 (June 14, 2021): 211–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.31874/2520-6702-2021-11-1-211-225.
Abstract:
The article analyses the policy and procedures for implementing Open Science concept as a basis for the institutional development of universities. The key events and documents of the European Research Area, which determine the policies and procedures for the development of Open Science, are described. It is concluded that Open Science represents a new approach to the scientific process, based on collaboration and new ways of disseminating knowledge through digital technologies and new tools for collaboration. Open science enhances the quality and impact of research by promoting reproducibility and interdisciplinarity of knowledge; using the open and joint method of production and exchange of knowledge and data in the research process; improving the quality of research, the reliability of the results and the sensitivity of science to the needs of society.
It is determined that the goals of Open Science are: the openness of data; the development of the European Open Science Cloud as a unified ecosystem of research data infrastructures; development of a new generation of indicators for assessing the quality and impact of research, which complement the generally accepted indicators to take into account the openness of scientific practices; free access to all peer-reviewed scientific publications, encouraging an early exchange of various types of scientific results; recognition of openness of scientific activity in systems of evaluation of scientific career of researchers; compliance of all EU-funded research with generally agreed standards of research integrity; European scientists acquire the necessary skills and support to teach Open Science procedures and practices; the opportunity for the general public to make a significant contribution to the production of scientific knowledge in Europe.
The characteristics and indicators of Open Science, which determine the directions of institutional development of universities, are analysed. The characteristics of Open Science include open data; open academic communication; open access to publications. Indicators of open research data are repositories of research data; funding policy for data sharing; the researcher's attitude to data sharing; indicators of open academic communication - open expert feedback; the journal's policy on open expert feedback; use of altmetric platforms; correction and revocation; open access to publications indicators - open access publication; preprints; alternative publishing platforms; open access funding policy; the journal's open access policy; the researcher's attitude to open access.
The goals of Open Science are focused on the openness of data; the development of European Open Science Cloud as a unified ecosystem of research data infrastructures; development of new generation indicators for assessing the quality and impact of research, which complement the generally accepted indicators to take into account the openness of scientific practices; free access to all peer-reviewed scientific publications, encouragement of early exchange of various types of scientific results; recognition of openness of scientific activity in systems of evaluation of scientific career of researchers; compliance of all EU-funded research with generally agreed standards of research integrity; European scientists acquire the necessary skills and support to teach Open Science procedures and practices; the opportunity for the general public to make a significant contribution to the production of scientific knowledge in Europe.
The key provisions and promising areas of EU policy on the development of Open Science are analysed. Emphasis is laid on the importance of supporting universities at the national and European levels for the large-scale implementation of the practice of Open Science.
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Pape, Ulla, Rafael Chaves-Ávila, Joachim Benedikt Pahl, Francesca Petrella, Bartosz Pieliński, and Teresa Savall-Morera. "Working under pressure: economic recession and third sector development in Europe." International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 36, no. 7/8 (July 11, 2016): 547–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-01-2016-0010.
Abstract:
Purpose – The context conditions for third sector organizations (TSOs) in Europe have significantly changed as a result of the global economic crisis, including decreasing levels of public funding and changing modes of relations with the state. The effect of economic recession, however, varies across Europe. The purpose of this paper is to understand why this is the case. It analyses the impact of economic recession and related policy changes on third sector development in Europe. The economic effects on TSOs are thereby placed into a broader context of changing third sector policies and welfare state restructuring. Design/methodology/approach – The paper focusses on two research questions: how has the changing policy environment affected the development of the third sector? And what kind of strategies have TSOs adopted to respond to these changes? The paper first investigates general trends in Europe, based on a conceptual model that focusses on economic recession and austerity policies with regard to the third sector. In a second step of analysis, the paper provides five country case studies that exemplify policy changes and responses from the third sector in France, Germany, the Netherlands, Poland and Spain. Findings – The paper argues that three different development paths can be identified across Europe. In some countries (France and Spain), TSOs face a strong effect of economic recession. In other countries (Germany and Poland) the development of the third sector remains largely stable, albeit at different levels, whereas in the Netherlands, TSOs rather experience changes in the policy environment than a direct impact of economic decline. The paper also shows that response strategies of the third sector in Europe depend on the context conditions. The paper is based on the European project “Third Sector Impact.” It combines an analysis of statistical information with qualitative data from interviews with third sector representatives. Originality/value – The paper contributes to our understanding of the interrelation between economic recession, long-term policy changes and third sector development in Europe.
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Chatzikonstantinidou, Simela, Soultana Anna Toumpalidou, and Evaggelos Drimpetas. "Detection and prevention of risks of public and national social policies." Risk Governance and Control: Financial Markets & Institutions 13, no. 2 (2023): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/rgcv13i2p6.
Abstract:
The present research effort attempts to achieve the detection of issues involved in the exercise of public/national social policy in the region of Eastern Macedonia and Thrace in Greece. The data was collected in May–October 2019, through the Community Centers of the social services of the region’s municipalities. The main method of analysis was clustering (two-step cluster analysis). The survey will also attempt to monitor the coverage of the needs not only of vulnerable population groups but also of the general population in need of social policy services (Center for Healthy Aging, 2004). Social welfare in the countries of Southern Europe appears, as far as funding is concerned, as a neglected pillar of social protection. It is a commitment of the state to meet the needs of all population groups. These needs are not standardized, do not have a defined problem framework and have a high degree of differentiation. New social risks cannot be dealt with by passive forms of intervention. These risks create enough insecurity and uncertainty in maintaining a minimum level of decent living (Velte, 2023). The exercise of social policy means all statutory measures and applied policies or informal practices aimed at preventing and addressing the needs not only of vulnerable population groups but also of the general population of the territory, both at the reception stage with the state services and at the stage of integration or “rehabilitation” of individuals.
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Kuranda, T. K., and O. P. Kochetkova. "Status and problems of financing the scientific sphere as a result of monitoring." Science, technologies, innovation, no. 4(20) (2021): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.35668/2520-6524-2021-4-01.
Abstract:
Scientific research, new knowledge, technological innovations are the main source of economic growth of the state, ensuring its national security, competitiveness and living standards. The development of science in any country is influenced by global trends in knowledge generation, key factors influencing science and technology policy, global trends in research and development spending. Budget funding for science is a key government tool that supports the activities of public sector organizations of science, universities, regulates the development of priority areas of science and innovation. The state of scientific potential, its effectiveness for the country’s economy is determined by the adequacy of funds needed to perform competitive research and development, which are in demand in both domestic and foreign markets. The article considers the global costs of research and development in the United States, leading countries in Europe and Asia, shows trends in their change. The results of comparative assessment of financial costs of the world’s leading countries for research and development are presented. A brief analysis of current trends in the field of research is presented. Based on the results of the monitoring, the current state of indicators of financing of scientific and scientific-technical activity in Ukraine, volumes of budgetary financing of scientific researches and developments on priority directions of development of science and technology are analyzed. It is determined that neither the amount of budget funding nor the structure of expenditures on research and development do not meet the requirements of innovative economic development and building a knowledge-based society.
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Prokop, Viktor, Michaela Kotkova Striteska, and Jan Stejskal. "Fostering Czech firms? innovation performance through efficient cooperation." Oeconomia Copernicana 12, no. 3 (September 27, 2021): 671–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/oc.2021.022.
Abstract:
Research background: The business climate development and the stage of innovation systems? transformation are very similar in many Central and Eastern European countries, making it necessary to study these specific economies. These economies are at a different level of transformation, and their governments are trying to support the development of a knowledge-based economy, the creation of innovation systems, and collaboration among different types of entities. These governments need feedback in the form of research into the impacts of public funding on innovation activities through the influence of basic research and cooperation-based resources in individual countries.
Purpose of the article: This paper focuses on the examination of (i) the influence of national and European subsidies on innovation performance in manufacturing firms in the Czech Republic and (ii) impacts of knowledge- and cooperation-based resources on innovation activities in Czech manufacturing.
Methods: The latest available data from the Community Innovation Survey was used for analyses realized by different regression models. The proposed research models were gradually created to verify the influence of pro-innovation factors (expenditures on in-house and external R&D and on the acquisition of external tangible and intangible sources, cooperation with different partners and innovation) and public (national and/or European) funding of firms? innovation performance within the Czech manufacturing industry.
Findings and value added: The results have showed that there is a need to focus on direct and indirect effects of selected innovation determinants; we have also identified the crucial role of cooperation (specifically with government, public, or private research institutes) as a mediating variable within innovation processes. The results have also evidenced that public funding affects the efficiency of knowledge- and cooperation-based resources and amplifies the impact on firms? innovation performance differently. Whereas subsidies from national budgets do not significantly influence the innovation performance of Czech manufacturing firms, European subsidies, on the other hand, significantly increase firms? innovation performance. A long-term contribution of this paper is the significant completion of the theory of policy implications that may be applicable in a broad international context beyond the borders of the Czech Republic. This study significantly contributes to the ongoing discussion about (i) the significance of public financial subsidies from both national and European funds and (ii) the effects of cooperation and R&D on firms? innovation performance within ?catching-up? in Central and Eastern Europe.
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Horgan, Denis, Andres Metspalu, Marie-Christine Ouillade, Dimitrios Athanasiou, John Pasi, Oumeya Adjali, Patrick Harrison, et al. "Propelling Healthcare with Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products: A Policy Discussion." Biomedicine Hub 5, no. 3 (December 3, 2020): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000511678.
Abstract:
Recent advances in biomedicine are opening the door to new approaches, and treatment and prevention are being transformed by novel medicines based on genetic engineering, innovative cell-based therapies and tissue-engineered products, and combinations of a medical device with embedded cell or tissue components. These advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs) hold one of the keys to making a reality of genuinely personalised medicine. There are an estimated 450 companies across the globe working on the development of gene therapies and more than 1,000 clinical trials underway worldwide, and some 20–30 new ATMPs filings are expected in Europe annually over the next 5 years. But challenges confront the sector, complicating the translation from research into patient access. Scientific, clinical development and regulatory issues are compounded by limited experience with clinical and commercial use, limited manufacturing know-how, high costs, and difficulties in accessing development funding and investment. Pricing and reimbursement and market access issues are an additional challenge, particularly in Europe, where unfamiliarity with the technology and uncertainty over the use of real-world evidence induce caution among clinicians, health technology assessment bodies and payers. There is a need for a review of the suitability of the regulatory and market access framework for these products, focused development of data, public/private partnerships, and fuller collaboration governments, doctors, insurers, patients, and pharmaceutical companies. This paper makes specific recommendations for all stakeholders, ranging from early dialogue on potential products, linking of clinical data and patient registries or standardisation of control frameworks, to a comprehensive approach to evidence generation, assessment, pricing, and payment for ATMPs.
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Bevilacqua, Carmelina. "Research and Innovation Transfer in the Field of PPP Applied to Urban Regeneration Actions and Policies." Advanced Engineering Forum 11 (June 2014): 282–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.11.282.
Abstract:
The European Union has recognized the centrality of community in economic development processes by stressing the role of the cities in delivering smart, sustainable and inclusive growth. The European Commission has recently published a study on how cities use ERDF to make their cities a better place to live and work [. One of the most engaging results of the study is the variable geometry of strategies in place to achieve urban and territorial cohesion through the implementation of integrated approaches. The area-based type of intervention dominates many of the practices, especially those in deprived areas, because of social, economic and environmental factors. Physical regeneration is still a major driver in creating multi-stakeholder cooperation in the integration of policies. There are relatively few cases in which the place-based approach was combined with a people-based approach and even fewer where ERDF and European Social Fund (ESF) cross-funding was developed [2]. Even the urban dimension in the EU cohesion policy is not a new issue, the way in which the Europe 2020 intends to ensure integrated approach in the sustainable urban development is quite new because it entails both thematic concentration and involvement of the community. According to the Commissions proposals, there are several ways to support sustainable urban development with the Structural Funds: Operational programmes, Integrated Territorial Investment (ITI), Community-Led Local Development, financial instruments (like Jessica and Jeremie) by enhancing new forms of Public Private Partnership. The paper reports some interesting findings of the CLUDs project with respect the role of no-profit organization in different forms of Public Private Partnerships used to regenerate urban districts in the Metropolitan Area of Boston. The research funded by IRSES Marie Curie Actions has created an international network of 4 EU universities (Reggio Calabria, Rome, Salford and Helsinki) and 2 US universities (Northeastern University of Boston and San Diego State University) in research and innovation transfer in the field of PPP applied to urban regeneration actions and policies.
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D'Angeli, Marisa Anne, Joe B. Baker, Douglas R. Call, Margaret A. Davis, Kelly J. Kauber, Uma Malhotra, Gregory T. Matsuura, et al. "Antimicrobial stewardship through a one health lens." International Journal of Health Governance 21, no. 3 (September 5, 2016): 114–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhg-02-2016-0009.
Abstract:
Purpose – Antibiotic resistance (AR) is a global health crisis that is attracting focussed attention from healthcare, public health, governmental agencies, the public, and food producers. The purpose of this paper is to describe the work in Washington State to combat resistance and promote antimicrobial stewardship from a one health perspective. Design/methodology/approach – In 2014, the Washington State Department of Health convened a One Health Steering Committee and two workgroups to focus on AR, the One Health Antimicrobial Stewardship work group and the One Health Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance work group. The group organized educational sessions to establish a basic understanding of epidemiological factors that contribute to resistance, including antibiotic use, transmission of resistant bacteria, and environmental contamination with resistant bacteria and antibiotic residues. Findings – The authors describe the varied uses of antibiotics; efforts to promote stewardship in human, and animal health, including examples from the USA and Europe; economic factors that promote use of antibiotics in animal agriculture; and efforts, products and next steps of the workgroups. Originality/value – In Washington, human, animal and environmental health experts are working collaboratively to address resistance from a one health perspective. The authors are establishing a multi-species resistance database that will allow tracking resistance trends in the region. Gaps include measurement of antibiotic use in humans and animals; integrated resistance surveillance information; and funding for AR and animal health research.
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Henry, Colette, Frances Hill, and Claire Leitch. "Developing a Coherent Enterprise Support Policy: A New Challenge for Governments." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 21, no. 1 (February 2003): 3–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c0220.
Abstract:
The role and importance of entrepreneurship and new business creation to the economy have been the subject of increased attention in recent years. Indeed, it is now widely recognised that the promotion of entrepreneurship is not only necessary for a healthy economy, but also critical for sustaining prosperity and creating new jobs. The authors discuss the debate on intervention in the business creation process, and pay particular attention to one aspect of such intervention, namely entrepreneurship training. The issue of the effectiveness of this type of training is also addressed, and the results of a comparative study of eight enterprise training programmes in five European countries, are presented. In addition to the intercountry comparison of entrepreneurship training programmes, the research undertaken comprised a three-year longitudinal study of participants in one of these programmes (CCNEA). The combination of the analysis of the comparative study with the more in-depth case study, has highlighted a number of issues which should be of particular interest to enterprise policymakers throughout Europe. These include the need for early stage awareness-raising through the education system, and the importance of providing secure funding for programmes; for pre-programme screening; for evaluation; and the need to ensure wide access.
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Tavoletti, Ernesto. "Matching Higher Education with the Labour Market in the Knowledge Economy." Industry and Higher Education 24, no. 5 (October 2010): 361–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/ihe.2010.0007.
Abstract:
It is argued that in the knowledge economy and in the context of the current restrictions on public finance, matching the output of higher education with the needs of the labour market is not simply one of many key issues for policy makers addressing the sustainability of higher education: it is ‘the’ issue. As the sources of funding for universities are almost entirely domestic and, in most countries, primarily governmental, politicians are expected to ensure that increasing public investment in higher education is justified in terms of the benefits accruing to the domestic workforce and investors. In so doing, they must avoid disrupting the international, free community of scholars and students engaged in the pursuit of knowledge and, thus, destroying the historical source of wealth creation that academia represents. This article considers the current debate in Europe and recent research on the interactions between universities and labour markets. The reform of university governance in Italy, regarded as much-needed and overdue, is evaluated in this context; and the assumptions on which such reform might be based, and the potential for aligning higher education more closely to the labour market, are examined.
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Fanea-Ivanovici, Mina. "Filmmaking and Crowdfunding: A Right Match?" Sustainability 11, no. 3 (February 3, 2019): 799. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11030799.
Abstract:
Broadly defined, culture is deemed the fourth pillar of sustainable development and increasing attention is currently being paid to how it can access all potential financial resources. In Europe, film production benefits from public financial support; however, film projects require large amounts of money to be completed and this support may prove insufficient in comparison with the actual need. This raises the question of identifying alternative financial resources that filmmakers could benefit from. Crowdfunding has recently emerged as a funding option for all the creative-cultural industries in general and for film production in particular. However, Romania’s capacity to use this alternative financial source is one of the lowest in Europe. In this context, the aim of the article is to study Romanian filmmakers’ attitudes towards crowdfunding and its perceived suitability for financing film projects. The research method consists in a survey based on self-administered questionnaires and semi-structured interviews with Romanian film producers. Although the largest majority of film producers have not used crowdfunding due to lack of awareness or scepticism, the paper discusses, based on experts’ opinion, how this method can become a viable source of finance for the film industry.
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Allison, Taber D., Ellen Jedrey, and Simon Perkins. "Avian Issues for Offshore Wind Development." Marine Technology Society Journal 42, no. 2 (June 1, 2008): 28–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/002533208786829115.
Abstract:
Wind energy is the fastest growing source of electricity in the U. S., and the energy potential in the offshore environment is enormous. Environmental concerns have focused on effects on birds, and in this paper we briefly review these effects in the context of methods for assessing preconstruction risk and postconstruction impact. Federal statutes and legislation, including the National Environmental Policy Act, Federal Energy Act of 2005, the Endangered Species Act, and the Migratory Bird Treaty will require that prospective developers conduct some form of avian risk assessment prior to construction. Such preconstruction studies should utilize a Before-After-Control-Impact (BACI) design.Offshore wind farms pose three primary threats to birds: barrier effects due to flight avoidance, habitat loss (due to displacement), and fatalities resulting from collisions with turbine blades. All have been demonstrated at land-based and coastal wind farms, and flight avoidance and shifts in habitat use have been demonstrated in the offshore environment for a limited number of species in Europe. The additive effect of these impacts to bird populations may be trivial under current levels of development, but could become ecologically significant as offshore installations increase as projected.Interpreting the ecological significance of these effects requires additional research, especially on understanding the importance of winter foraging habitat and population delineation, particularly for waterfowl. Such research and preconstruction studies will be expensive, and we suggest public funding of these efforts and private-public partnerships as is currently underway in some states.
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Knieć, Wojciech, and Wojciech Goszczyński. "Local Horizons of Governance. Social Conditions for Good Governance in Rural Development in Poland." European Countryside 14, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 27–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/euco-2022-0002.
Abstract:
Abstract The last thirty years have radically changed the nature of local resource management in rural communities throughout Poland (as well as in some other Central and Eastern European countries). New metamorphosis, policy, and funding mechanisms related to Poland’s political transformation and accession to the European Union have radically changed the character of institutions and tools available in rural development. Local communities have evolved along with improved education levels, decline in agricultural employment rates, and increased migrations to cities and Western Europe. This article presents the social conditions for the good governance processes in a selected region of Poland. Based on their extended quantitative and qualitative research, the authors discuss a number of phenomena such as the low effectiveness of collective actions, dense networks of informal relations, and the lack of trust in public service institutions despite the deregulation of certain powers. The ethnographic study reveals that while their overall picture may seem quite uniform, local rural communities in Poland tend to differ depending on the economic structure, history, and cultural identity of their inhabitants. Finally, the article analyses difficulties in the implementation of the good governance mechanisms within the country’s local rural communities.
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CEBULLA, ANDREAS, SARAH BUTT, and NICK LYON. "Working beyond the state pension age in the United Kingdom: the role of working time flexibility and the effects on the home." Ageing and Society 27, no. 6 (October 25, 2007): 849–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x07006320.
Abstract:
ABSTRACTThe present and future security of employee-pension funding remains at the forefront of public debate across Europe and beyond. In the United Kingdom, to finance future pension entitlements it has been suggested that the state pension age be increased. This paper presents the results of analyses of four major national social surveys that have explored the working and living conditions of workers in paid employment after the state pension age. Comparing the circumstances of these workers with workers just below that age illustrates the extent to which it constitutes a break in the working and domestic lives of older people. The findings suggest that, in order to accommodate older workers in the workplace, more attention may need to be placed on informal as well as contractual arrangements of flexible working. Beyond part-time working, older workers rarely take up additional or alternative flexible working arrangements. At the same time, older workers continue to experience housework as burdensome, while in partnered households the gendered division of domestic labour prevails. Research and policy have yet to consider in depth these risks associated with working longer in life.
35
Poberezhets, O. V., and M. O. Filatova. "EFFECTIVE TAX SYSTEM AS A DRIVER OF INNOVATION PROCESSES: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF FINLAND AND UKRAINE." Market economy: modern management theory and practice 22, no. 2(54) (November 24, 2023): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.18524/2413-9998.2023.2(54).297337.
Abstract:
This article explores the theoretical and methodological aspects of a country's tax system in terms of its impact on the development of innovation processes. It identifies the role of tax revenues in the economic and innovative development of a state, serving as a primary source of funding for sectors providing public services. The study emphasizes the role of tax policy in the development of a national innovation system, focusing on elements such as startups, venture business, incubators, accelerators, and technology parks within the current business ecosystem. The tax system is defined as a key element in the functioning of a state and the regulation of its economy, considering the needs of innovative structures to facilitate national development. Ukraine and Finland are chosen for the analysis of the impact of the tax system on innovation processes, representing Eastern and Northern Europe, respectively. The study analyzes proportional taxation in Ukraine, including the option of a simplified system, and progressive taxation in Finland, where tax rates increase with income growth. The research highlights significant differences in tax payment culture between the two countries. Finland exhibits a high level of tax culture, supported by the effective use of budgetary funds to create public goods. In contrast, Ukraine has a relatively low tax culture due to the population's low trust in the government and satisfaction with their social needs. The analysis of both countries' tax systems helps determine the role of tax policy in the innovative development of a state and the support of an innovative environment, including the implementation of startup projects.
36
Arop, Arop Deng Kuol. "Public Basic Schools in Southern Sudan and the Sultanate of Oman (Comparative Study)." Journal of Education and Practice 7, no. 3 (June 7, 2023): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/jep.1300.
Abstract:
Purpose: This study aims to compare the status of public basic schools in South Sudan and that of the Sultanate of Oman (one of the Gulf countries).
Methodology: A search of the relevant literature was incorporated into the work technique. The research was carried out with consideration given to previous theoretical literature, both that which had been published and that which had not. This study focuses on conducting a literature review examining prior research on why South Sudan is left behind. At the same time, other backward countries succeed in narrowing the gap between them and the second-world countries.
Findings: The findings revealed three categories of primary schools in South Sudan. Category 1 is primary schools for children whose fathers have looted, corrupted, or stolen public treasure through illegal activities and smuggled government money to Uganda, Kenya, Australia, Europe, the U.S.A or Canada after Comprehensive Peace Agreement (C.P.A) in 2005. These children received a good education in the diaspora. They do not come home until they finish their studies and receive good jobs as stakeholders in government ministries or organizations, and they are primarily paid in hard currency. This category is excluded from our study. Category 2 is primary schools for children who left the country with their parents before or after independence and live in refugee camps in Uganda, Kenya or Egypt. They also receive a good education and enjoy free food in their centres. This category is also excluded from our research. Category 3 is primary schools for children whose parents are displaced inside the country or citizens with nowhere to go. Their children receive poor education in government primary schools and free food from organizations or World Food Program (W.F.P). However, these organizations turned South Sudan to be free nutritional zone. This primary school category is included in our study and is our concern. But in the Sultanate of Oman, the government has an evident vision and willingness to reform and develop the educational sector in the country, and a good potion is given to the development of education in the annual national budget.
Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy, and Practice: By conducting the comparative study, it seeks to improve educational circumstances and address flaws in the system. The research will provide insights to the government, donors, and international organizations, prompting support and funding to develop an organized and planned educational system in South Sudan. Ultimately, this study aims to bridge the academic gap and pave the way for positive changes in the country's schooling system.
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Nukesheva, A. ZH, and E. V. Kudryashova. "STATE SUPPORT FOR AGRIBUSINESS IN GERMANY: SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC ASPECT." Problems of AgriMarket, no. 4 (December 15, 2020): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.46666/2020-4-2708-9991.19.
Abstract:
The purpose of the study is to determine the possibilities of using mechanisms for supporting agribusiness in foreign countries and to develop recommendations for their adaptation in domestic agriculture. The current socio-demographic situation in rural areas of Germany, Kazakhstan and other states, measures of public support are considered. In the EU and Germany, agricultural policy is aimed at intensive development of the industry: increasing the level of innovation in agricultural sector and food industry; maintaining high standards of environmental and animal protection; introduction of advanced scientific developments in the branches of agro-industrial production; supporting the activities of research institutes; increasing contribution to diversifying rural economic development. It was revealed that the aggregated budget of funding sources allows you to control its implementation at all levels from planning to final use. Public administration guarantees a stable income to farmers; an appropriate standard of living comparable to the wealth of other social groups in society; the prospects for the professional activity of entrepreneurs in the countryside; conditions and directions of training of agricultural personnel. Modern challenges, among which the aging of the population employed in agriculture in Europe and Germany, is currently the most important problem, therefore, starting in 2015, a new financial instrument to help young farmers under 40 was included into the main program of assistance to the EU agricultural sector. Analysis of employment indicators in rural areas of Kazakhstan and the experience of public support in Germany made it possible to formulate measures to support agricultural producers, which will change the approach to agricultural labor, its prestige.
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NUKESHEVA, A. ZH, and E. V. KUDRYASHOVA. "STATE SUPPORT FOR AGRIBUSINESS IN GERMANY: SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC ASPECT." Problems of AgriMarket 4 (December 15, 2020): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.46666/2020-4-2708-9991.19.
Abstract:
The purpose of the study is to determine the possibilities of using mechanisms for supporting agribusiness in foreign countries and to develop recommendations for their adaptation in domestic agriculture. The current socio-demographic situation in rural areas of Germany, Kazakhstan and other states, measures of public support are considered. In the EU and Germany, agricultural policy is aimed at intensive development of the industry: increasing the level of innovation in agricultural sector and food industry; maintaining high standards of environmental and animal protection; introduction of advanced scientific developments in the branches of agroindustrial production; supporting the activities of research institutes; increasing contribution to diversifying rural economic development. It was revealed that the aggregated budget of funding sources allows you to control its implementation at all levels from planning to final use. Public administration guarantees a stable income to farmers; an appropriate standard of living comparable to the wealth of other social groups in society; the prospects for the professional activity of entrepreneurs in the countryside; conditions and directions of training of agricultural personnel. Modern challenges, among which the aging of the population employed in agriculture in Europe and Germany, is currently the most important problem, therefore, starting in 2015, a new financial instrument to help young farmers under 40 was included into the main program of assistance to the EU agricultural sector. Analysis of employment indicators in rural areas of Kazakhstan and the experience of public support in Germany made it possible to formulate measures to support agricultural producers, which will change the approach to agricultural labor, its prestige.
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Коренной, А. С. "Public-Private Partnership in the Field of Cultural Heritage Protection: Eastern European Experience and Possibilities of Its Application in Russia." Nasledie Vekov, no. 2(30) (June 30, 2022): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.36343/sb.2022.30.2.004.
Abstract:
Работа посвящена анализу правового и организационного опыта стран Юго-Восточной и Восточной Европы (Хорватия, Словения, Польша) в сфере реализации государственно-частного партнерства (ГЧП) при мероприятиях, связанных с охраной культурного наследия. Круг материалов составили нормативные документы Российской Федерации и изучаемых стран, отчеты европейской программы INTERREG и результаты изысканий отечественных и зарубежных исследователей. Указано, что опыт изученных государств в области ГЧП, несмотря на явные негативные перегибы политического характера, допускаемые в отношении культурного наследия в целом, представляет теоретическую значимость. Описаны механизмы создания и развития проектов ГЧП в этих странах. Установлено, что в российских условиях комплексное заимствование практики ГЧП рассмотренных государств невозможно и нецелесообразно в силу их подчиненности политике Евросоюза, с одной стороны, и несравнимостью их национальных экономик с экономикой России по ряду критериев – с другой. The study analyzes the legal and organizational experience gained in the countries of Southeastern and Eastern Europe (Croatia, Slovenia, Poland) in the implementation of public-private partnership (PPP) in activities related to the protection of cultural heritage. The main aim was to identify the possibilities of using this experience in relation to Russian socioeconomic realities. The range of research materials included regulatory legal documents of the Russian Federation and the countries under study, reports of the European INTERREG program, as well as the results of domestic and foreign research related to various aspects of implementing PPP in the field of heritage protection and culture in general. The research approach is based on the use of descriptive, comparative, historical genetic and formal legal methods. The author gives the definition of PPP, which the Russian legislation uses, reveals the positions of various researchers who expand the understanding of this term. He points out that the experience of the countries of Eastern Europe has not been sufficiently explored, which (despite the obvious contradictions and negative excesses inherent in the ideological aspect of their policy towards cultural heritage) could contribute to the improvement of Russian theoretical developments in this area. The author characterizes mechanisms for the creation and development of projects related to the revival of cultural monuments adopted in the European Union; studies the basics of the legalization of PPP in Croatia, Slovenia, and Poland; describes the main legislative and strategic documents defining the forms and methods of protecting cultural heritage in these countries; indicates the features inherent in the array of these objects in each of the considered countries. The author has learned that the implementation of practical PPP projects in Croatia, Slovenia, and Poland is limited by various reasons, including the incompleteness of cultural heritage registers; identified the prerequisites for the successful implementation of PPP contracts in the field of cultural heritage protection; and shown the sources of funding currently used in the studied countries. The author concludes that, under Russian conditions, a comprehensive borrowing of the PPP practice of Eastern European countries is impossible and inappropriate due to their subordination to the EU policy, on the one hand, and the fundamental incomparability of their national economies with the Russian economy in terms of total volume and the presence of large investing corporations, on the other.
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VAN GRINSVEN, H. J. M., J. H. J. SPIERTZ, H. J. WESTHOEK, A. F. BOUWMAN, and J. W. ERISMAN. "Nitrogen use and food production in European regions from a global perspective." Journal of Agricultural Science 152, S1 (November 26, 2013): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859613000853.
Abstract:
SUMMARYCurrent production systems for crops, meat, dairy and bioenergy in the European Union (EU) rely strongly on the external input of nitrogen (N). These systems show a high productivity per unit of land. However, the drawback is a complex web of N pollution problems contributing in a major way to degradation of ecosystems. European Union Directives and national policies have improved nutrient management and reduced fertilizer N use in most European countries, which has curbed the N pollution trends particularly in regions with high stocking rates of animals. However, improvement is slowing down and environmental targets for N are not within reach. Building on the 2011 European Nitrogen Assessment, the current paper reviews key features of the complex relationships between N use and food production in Europe in order to develop novel options for a more N-efficient, less N-polluting and secure European food system. One option is to relocate feed and livestock production from Northwestern to Central and Eastern Europe. This would allow a reduction of N rates and N pollution in cereal production in Northwest Europe by 30% (50 kg N/ha), while increasing total cereal production in Europe. Another option is a change towards legume-based cropping systems to produce animal feed, in order to decrease dependence on N fertilizer and feed imports. The greatest challenge for Europe is to decrease the demand for feed commodities, and thus for land and N, by a shift to more balanced (and healthier) diets with less animal protein. These drastic changes can be stimulated by targeted public–private research funding, while the actual implementation can be enhanced by smart payment schemes using, for example money from the Common Agricultural Policy, certification and agreements between stakeholders and players in the food and energy chain. Involving networks of consumers, producers and non-governmental organizations is critical. An effective strategy starts with convincing consumers with a Western diet to eat less meat and dairy by communicating the associated health benefits and smaller ecological footprints. Internalizing the cost of N pollution leading to increased prices for N-intensive food products may also enhance involvement of consumers and provide financial resources to compensate farmers for loss of income and extra costs for stricter N measures.
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Nyikos, Györgyi, Attila Béres, Tamás Laposa, and Gergő Závecz. "Do financial instruments or grants have a bigger effect on SMEs’ access to finance? Evidence from Hungary." Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies 12, no. 5 (May 8, 2020): 667–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jeee-09-2019-0139.
Abstract:
Purpose The economic situation in Europe is improving, nevertheless in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) entrepreneurs and small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are still lacking in finances. In this situation, public funding can play an important role. Besides grants, the use of financial instruments (FIs) has become increasingly popular lately in CEE as well. This paper aims to examine the micro-level effects of the different financial tools to understand which type of finance could be most recommended for policymakers in relation to improving access to finance for SMEs, and thus achieving long-term, sustainable economic growth. Design/methodology/approach The database used is a panel with firm-years as the units of analysis, the variables contain firm-level characteristics, yearly aggregated information on European Union (EU) subsidies and yearly aggregated information on credits received by the firms. The analyses are done using propensity score matching. The ultimate goal is to show whether the EU funds – grants and FIs – have contributed to the development of the Hungarian post-communist economy at micro level or not. Findings The result shows that the use of subsidies has a positive impact on employment, sales and in certain settings on productivity. It is very important to notice, that grants seem to be used effectively. However, the results also show that the provision of the FI holds more direct relevance to advanced productivity. The conclusion is that FIs have more positive impact on the Hungarian economy. Originality/value At the time of the programming for the EU 2021-2027 multiannual financial framework, the paper presents original research in the field of access to finance showing evidence and evaluating the effect of using grants versus FIs, emphasiing differences between the two development tools. It is providing an invaluable insight to the policymaker for planning policy tools and use of funds in a most effective and efficient way.
42
Sitzimis, Ioannis. "An Optimal Forecasting Method of Passenger Traffic in Greek Coastal Shipping." International Journal of Business and Economic Sciences Applied Research 14, no. 3 (January 2022): 72–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.25103/ijbesar.143.05.
Abstract:
Purpose: The main goal of this study is to exact an optimal forecasting method by answering the research question: which is the best model for capturing short-term seasonal components of passenger traffic in Greek coastal shipping? Design/methodology/approach: There are not a lot of scientific efforts in forecasting passenger traffic in Greece. In order to fill this gap, we tried to find an optimal forecasting method, by comparing Box-Jenkins ARIMA, smoothing and decomposition methods. As Greek coastal shipping consists of several concentrated submarkets (lines) we remained in fourteen popular itineraries (including total passenger traffic). Taking into consideration the high seasonality and no stationarity that characterizes those routes we limited our analysis to Winter’s triple exponential smoothing, to time series decomposition method, to simple seasonal model and to seasonal ARIMA models. Findings: The analysis results show that in fourteen popular coastal routes Winters’ multiplicative method, simple seasonal model and decomposition multiplicative trend and seasonal model have the best integration to the time series data. No coastal line led to better results by seasonal Box-Jenkins ARIMA models. Research limitations/implications: The results should be treated with caution since COVID-19 pandemic does not allow safe conclusions for the forecasting period 2020-2022 in GCS. However, the forecasting results of the first quarter of 2020, when pandemic had not fully prevailed, gave encouraging results with little deviations between predicted and actual values. Originality/value: Greek coastal shipping is one of the biggest in Europe serving a large number of passengers and having a large part of the total shipping fleet. It plays an important role for Greek economy and society, as it connects the majority of inhabited islands to mainland. The finding of an optimal forecasting method of passenger traffic is very significant for both business and government policy. Decisions on the number of routes served by shipping companies, on ships by coastal line (number and size), on companies' pricing policy, on public service obligations, on state port infrastructure policy and on the amount of state funding for barren lines are typical examples.
43
Kotvitska, Alla, Alina Volkova, Iuliia Korzh, and Iryna Surikova. "Comparative analysis of indicators that determine the effectiveness of the implementation of socio-economic determinants of health in Europe and Ukraine." ScienceRise: Pharmaceutical Science, no. 3(31) (June 30, 2021): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/2519-4852.2021.235787.
Abstract:
The introduction of national strategies aimed at improving the well-being of the population of the country is one of the current approaches to reforming the public policies of the countries of the world. It is the socioeconomic determinants of health that determine the conditions in which people are born, grow, live and getting old, as well as the spheres of influence on these conditions, such as public policy, state of economic development, demographic trends, etc.
The aim. In this way, our research has focused on a comparative analysis of macroeconomic indicators that determine the effectiveness of socioeconomic determinants of healthсare in Europe and Ukraine, that are used to provide scientific justification for the construction of humanistic models for the provision of pharmaceutical care to the population in the context of the rapid stratification of Ukrainian society according to socioeconomic indicators.
Materials and methods. The research methodology is based on the principles of systems analysis and an interdisciplinary scientific and systemic approach. The study used the empirical method, the method of comparative analysis and synthesis of statistical data, the graphical method.
Results. A comparative analysis of the socioeconomic determinants of health in the countries of the European region and in Ukraine was carried out on three levels of indicators: the level of health-care expenditure, the structure of health-care expenditure and expenditure on medicines.
The analysis revealed that in 2019, the average health expenditure of the countries analyzed was 8.2 % of GDP. Only two of the 34 countries - Ukraine and Turkey - have a rate below the 5 % that recommended by WHO.
Public health financing schemes and compulsory health insurance are the main funding mechanisms in all countries, with the exception of Cyprus. Ukraine, Russia, Greece, Latvia and Bulgaria have the largest share of direct costs to patients as a source of health care financing.
The results of the analysis of the medicine expenditure indicator as a proportion of total health expenditure showed that the highest level was in Bulgaria (35.4 %), the lowest in Denmark (6.4 %). Overall, five countries have high levels of pharmaceutical expenditures.
In most European countries, the cost of purchasing medicines has been found to range from 346 to 619 USD per person per year. The highest value of this indicator from the European region is in Switzerland (894 USD per person), and the lowest is in Ukraine (73 USD).
Based on the results of the comparative analysis, the countries were grouped according to key indicators into three categories - high, medium and low.
Conclusions. A comparative analysis of key indicators of the socio-economic determinants of health in the country of the European region has been carried out
44
Shkarupa, O., and P. Kucherenko. "STATE REGULATION OF SCALING INNOVATIONS AT THE REGIONAL LEVEL FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF UKRAINE AND THE EU." Vìsnik Sumsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu, no. 2 (2020): 146–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/1817-9215.2020.2-24.
Abstract:
The article examines the implementation of innovations in industrial enterprises, as well as their sources of funding in Ukraine and Europe. The role of innovation infrastructure as a driver of economic development of national and regional economy due to the formation of a holistic goal to scale innovation and the relationship of various stakeholders involved in innovation, the formation of the investment environment. The paper identifies problems and areas for improving innovation in the regions of Ukraine and the motives for implementing new projects. Based on the analysis of statistical data on the development of innovation in the regions of Ukraine and in order to identify strategic instruments of state regulation for the development and scaling of innovations, identified and described the shortcomings and conditions for the development of innovation infrastructure. Based on the study of statistical reporting of Ukraine and European countries, it is determined that the improvement of innovation policy and competition of enterprises is possible with the implementation of new technologies for the production and implementation of innovative services in different regions of the country. It is established that the indicators of development and scaling of innovations in the regions of Ukraine have a steady trend, which affects the destructive processes in the country, and funding such an important component of innovation development as research aimed primarily at the public sector, while in the European Union - at business sector. With effective government stimulation of the business sector and the provision of positive state, regional and local conditions, the situation regarding economic and innovation indicators in Ukraine may have a positive dynamics in the future. It is established that when forming strategies for the development of innovation infrastructure, it is necessary to pay attention to the feedback between the business sector and the interests of the country and gradually move to the European experience of innovation development. This strategy will create progressive models for coordinating the scaling up of innovation for the country's sustainable development.
45
Dederichs, Peter. "Funding policy: Europe needs research networks." Nature 480, no. 7377 (December 2011): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/480321b.
46
Goncalves, Tiago, Cristina Gaio, and Pedro Ramos. "Earnings management and impression management: European evidence." Problems and Perspectives in Management 20, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 459–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.20(1).2022.37.
Abstract:
This study explores the relationship between Earnings Management and Impression Management in the context of some European listed companies. The analysis focuses on the readability of annual reports, measured by the file size. Earnings management is assessed using the modified Jones model. The sample consists of 2,953 listed companies from 17 industries of 24 European countries between 2012 and 2018 resulting in 13,020 firm-year observations. It has been found that one standard deviation increase in financial reports file size increases discretionary accruals in around 4%. These results are robust across different sample specifications in terms of firms’ size, industry and country. The findings show that increased intensity in the use of discretionary accruals is obfuscated by the disclosure of less readable annual reports, implying that Earnings Management and Impression Management are used complementarily. The conclusions have impact both for investment management and for policy, preventing inefficient allocation of capital budgeting and providing additional information that improves regulation on financial reporting transparency. AcknowledgmentThe authors are grateful to financial support from FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (Portugal), national funding through research grant (UID/SOC/04521/2020).
47
Liukinevičienė, Laima, and Kamilė Kuodytė. "The Management of Strategic Change in the Municipal Public Library." Socialiniai tyrimai 44, no. 2 (October 21, 2021): 61–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/10.15388/soctyr.44.2.4.
Abstract:
Public libraries, which are undergoing technological and socio-cultural changes, today become centres of socialization of communities, creating social and cultural well-being, therefore, their effective management becomes the object of research. This is also relevant in the implementation of public policy: strategic documents (“Europe 2030”, “Lithuania 2030”), which guide public sector bodies to achieve a sustainable economy, also actualize the ability to anticipate the necessary changes in the organization.In addition to the usual long-term strategic goals (providing high-quality various services, programs, resources to people of all ages; developing existing collections; creating an environment that responds to community needs and promotes creativity), municipal libraries aim to strengthen the institution’s management and develop local communities. Due to COVID-19, the revised strategic plans of public libraries of the Republic of Lithuania have made the accessibility aspect of services even more relevant. Long-term goals testify to the need for strategic change, at the same time raise the problematic questions: what are the essential aspects of science in the management of strategic change in the municipal public library? What is the situation of strategic change management in Lithuanian municipal public libraries? The research aims to practically investigate the situation of strategic change management in Lithuanian municipal public libraries and to discern the aspects to be improved.Based on the scientific literature, we define strategic change as significant fundamental changes in the organization aimed at positive change: to eliminate shortcomings, negative consequences and take on new challenges inherent in the organization’s strategy. They are always linked to the strategic goals of the organization, are changing or touching the entire organization, requiring strategic and change management competencies.The strategic changes implemented in the libraries of the Republic of Lithuania in this decade are more attributable to adaptation or evolution, as there are changes in sustainable growth. According to the hierarchical structural model, strategic administrative (changes in management structures, processes) or strategic functional changes (e.g. changes in personnel, financial management strategy, etc.) are usually initiated in the municipal public libraries themselves. Strategic political and strategic changes in work are mainly driven by politicians. Strategic change requires leadership at all levels of an organization’s governance and is generally seen as a significant factor in increasing employees’ commitment to change.The management of strategic change in libraries as a process has much in common with the management of strategic change in other public sector institutions. Their management in libraries is influenced by external and internal factors, in particular public policy. Among the internal factors for municipal public libraries, the process of managing changes, in general, is important, as it was common practice in Lithuanian municipalities to work in accordance with the municipal cultural policy strategy without developing a separate strategy for the development of their own, separate institution. In the current context of increasing decentralization of governance, it is increasingly the responsibility of libraries to take the initiative and take care of the long-term goals of the organization.The public libraries of two neighbouring municipalities (Akmenė district and Mažeikiai district) were selected for the research, a strategy of mixed methods was applied, combining qualitative research methods (content analysis of documents) and quantitative research methods (total questionnaire survey of both library employees except director and deputy director using apklausa.lt, after receiving participants’ consent via e-mails).Having analysed the strategic plans and activity reports of the years 2011–2021 of public libraries in municipalities of Akmenė district and Mažeikiai district, it was revealed that the most important strategic changes in the recent period correspond to the guidelines of Lithuanian cultural policy (2010) and were mostly technological changes or technological-organizational: related to building reconstructions, renovations; with the digitization of administrative management and services; with the socialization of socially excluded groups, with the increase of digital literacy of communities through education, etc. The documents testify that the public library in Mažeikiai district, during the research, already had its own strategic plan, while the public library in Akmenė district, was developing its first strategy. Different experiences of strategic management have also led to partly different expressions of strategic change management in libraries. The library in Mažeikiai district constantly performs the analysis of external factors, while the library in Akmenė district yet only intends to do so. Among the external factors, the project activities carried out by Martynas Mažvydas National Library of Lithuania, including public libraries, are important in both cases. By strategizing activities, both libraries conduct the performance analysis using SWOT, highlighting similar weaknesses (limited funding for modernization), strengths (systematically training staff, modernized public library infrastructure, strong collaborative relationships with other public and county libraries).Wider cooperation with business is not yet visible. The library in Akmenė district sees the consideration of the needs of stakeholders and the use of social partners’ resources as an opportunity, whereas the library in Mažeikiai district is already planning more active partnership relations, also with Lithuanian and foreign libraries.After conducting the opinion research of the employees of public libraries in Akmenė district and Mažeikiai district, the following most important aspects of the management of strategic changes in the studied municipal public libraries have been revealed:Situation – libraries undergo strategic changes initiated by external institutions through programs and projects; they have experience in implementing strategic change, communicating the results of change; there is no resistance to innovations in libraries; employees begin to be involved in strategic change management through separate sub-processes, while for the time being, managers take the lead in strategic change management; organizations lack a deeper understanding of strategic change, the competencies to initiate them involving the entire library community. Potential – employees would like to be more involved in the management of strategic change: 1) relatively good internal communication about already implemented (mostly project-based) strategic changes is revealed; 2) over 10 percent of employees are already involved in managing strategic change; 3) half of the surveyed employees feel able to offer ideas for innovations and strategic changes, the other 50 percent of employees feel “not invited” to do so; 4) Most staff feel ready to take on good practice from other (including foreign) institutions.This research has confirmed the insights of scholars and cultural strategists that public libraries today are undergoing tremendous change, making long-term perspective knowledge and strategic planning a necessity in every organization. With the growth of decentralization of management as well as the uncertainty due to global changes, in the public sector this is achieved through greater involvement of the community in governance and inter-institutional cooperation. Leadership alone is not enough.This research shows that municipal public libraries have the potential to initiate and manage strategic change themselves, as they have been involved in the implementation of changes initiated by external institutions for 10 years, there is no anti-change attitude in organizations. On the other hand, there is a lack of experience and competencies to anticipate change, initiate change, motivate employees to get involved themselves. This research also raises the debate questions that require broader research:
Knowing that municipal public libraries are accustomed to working according to the programs, projects and plans coming from above, the question arises whether the current 2016-2017 legislation on improving library management approved by the Minister of Culture of the Republic of Lithuania is effective and meets today’s challenges; why there is no methodological assistance to public libraries on how to improve their management.
What governance structure of municipal public libraries would be conducive to increasing staff involvement in strategic change management? What managerial innovations would increase employee motivation to initiate change?
48
Liukinevičienė, Laima, and Kamilė Kuodytė. "The Management of Strategic Change in the Municipal Public Library." Socialiniai tyrimai 44, no. 2 (October 21, 2021): 61–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/soctyr.44.2.4.
Abstract:
Public libraries, which are undergoing technological and socio-cultural changes, today become centres of socialization of communities, creating social and cultural well-being, therefore, their effective management becomes the object of research. This is also relevant in the implementation of public policy: strategic documents (“Europe 2030”, “Lithuania 2030”), which guide public sector bodies to achieve a sustainable economy, also actualize the ability to anticipate the necessary changes in the organization.In addition to the usual long-term strategic goals (providing high-quality various services, programs, resources to people of all ages; developing existing collections; creating an environment that responds to community needs and promotes creativity), municipal libraries aim to strengthen the institution’s management and develop local communities. Due to COVID-19, the revised strategic plans of public libraries of the Republic of Lithuania have made the accessibility aspect of services even more relevant. Long-term goals testify to the need for strategic change, at the same time raise the problematic questions: what are the essential aspects of science in the management of strategic change in the municipal public library? What is the situation of strategic change management in Lithuanian municipal public libraries? The research aims to practically investigate the situation of strategic change management in Lithuanian municipal public libraries and to discern the aspects to be improved.Based on the scientific literature, we define strategic change as significant fundamental changes in the organization aimed at positive change: to eliminate shortcomings, negative consequences and take on new challenges inherent in the organization’s strategy. They are always linked to the strategic goals of the organization, are changing or touching the entire organization, requiring strategic and change management competencies.The strategic changes implemented in the libraries of the Republic of Lithuania in this decade are more attributable to adaptation or evolution, as there are changes in sustainable growth. According to the hierarchical structural model, strategic administrative (changes in management structures, processes) or strategic functional changes (e.g. changes in personnel, financial management strategy, etc.) are usually initiated in the municipal public libraries themselves. Strategic political and strategic changes in work are mainly driven by politicians. Strategic change requires leadership at all levels of an organization’s governance and is generally seen as a significant factor in increasing employees’ commitment to change.The management of strategic change in libraries as a process has much in common with the management of strategic change in other public sector institutions. Their management in libraries is influenced by external and internal factors, in particular public policy. Among the internal factors for municipal public libraries, the process of managing changes, in general, is important, as it was common practice in Lithuanian municipalities to work in accordance with the municipal cultural policy strategy without developing a separate strategy for the development of their own, separate institution. In the current context of increasing decentralization of governance, it is increasingly the responsibility of libraries to take the initiative and take care of the long-term goals of the organization.The public libraries of two neighbouring municipalities (Akmenė district and Mažeikiai district) were selected for the research, a strategy of mixed methods was applied, combining qualitative research methods (content analysis of documents) and quantitative research methods (total questionnaire survey of both library employees except director and deputy director using apklausa.lt, after receiving participants’ consent via e-mails).Having analysed the strategic plans and activity reports of the years 2011–2021 of public libraries in municipalities of Akmenė district and Mažeikiai district, it was revealed that the most important strategic changes in the recent period correspond to the guidelines of Lithuanian cultural policy (2010) and were mostly technological changes or technological-organizational: related to building reconstructions, renovations; with the digitization of administrative management and services; with the socialization of socially excluded groups, with the increase of digital literacy of communities through education, etc. The documents testify that the public library in Mažeikiai district, during the research, already had its own strategic plan, while the public library in Akmenė district, was developing its first strategy. Different experiences of strategic management have also led to partly different expressions of strategic change management in libraries. The library in Mažeikiai district constantly performs the analysis of external factors, while the library in Akmenė district yet only intends to do so. Among the external factors, the project activities carried out by Martynas Mažvydas National Library of Lithuania, including public libraries, are important in both cases. By strategizing activities, both libraries conduct the performance analysis using SWOT, highlighting similar weaknesses (limited funding for modernization), strengths (systematically training staff, modernized public library infrastructure, strong collaborative relationships with other public and county libraries).Wider cooperation with business is not yet visible. The library in Akmenė district sees the consideration of the needs of stakeholders and the use of social partners’ resources as an opportunity, whereas the library in Mažeikiai district is already planning more active partnership relations, also with Lithuanian and foreign libraries.After conducting the opinion research of the employees of public libraries in Akmenė district and Mažeikiai district, the following most important aspects of the management of strategic changes in the studied municipal public libraries have been revealed:Situation – libraries undergo strategic changes initiated by external institutions through programs and projects; they have experience in implementing strategic change, communicating the results of change; there is no resistance to innovations in libraries; employees begin to be involved in strategic change management through separate sub-processes, while for the time being, managers take the lead in strategic change management; organizations lack a deeper understanding of strategic change, the competencies to initiate them involving the entire library community. Potential – employees would like to be more involved in the management of strategic change: 1) relatively good internal communication about already implemented (mostly project-based) strategic changes is revealed; 2) over 10 percent of employees are already involved in managing strategic change; 3) half of the surveyed employees feel able to offer ideas for innovations and strategic changes, the other 50 percent of employees feel “not invited” to do so; 4) Most staff feel ready to take on good practice from other (including foreign) institutions.This research has confirmed the insights of scholars and cultural strategists that public libraries today are undergoing tremendous change, making long-term perspective knowledge and strategic planning a necessity in every organization. With the growth of decentralization of management as well as the uncertainty due to global changes, in the public sector this is achieved through greater involvement of the community in governance and inter-institutional cooperation. Leadership alone is not enough.This research shows that municipal public libraries have the potential to initiate and manage strategic change themselves, as they have been involved in the implementation of changes initiated by external institutions for 10 years, there is no anti-change attitude in organizations. On the other hand, there is a lack of experience and competencies to anticipate change, initiate change, motivate employees to get involved themselves. This research also raises the debate questions that require broader research:
Knowing that municipal public libraries are accustomed to working according to the programs, projects and plans coming from above, the question arises whether the current 2016-2017 legislation on improving library management approved by the Minister of Culture of the Republic of Lithuania is effective and meets today’s challenges; why there is no methodological assistance to public libraries on how to improve their management.
What governance structure of municipal public libraries would be conducive to increasing staff involvement in strategic change management? What managerial innovations would increase employee motivation to initiate change?
49
Myhovych, Iryna. "Institutional vector of internationalization of the Slovak Republic National Higher Education System: National Universities of Slovakia and European Union International Cooperation Programmes." Scientific bulletin of South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University named after K. D. Ushynsky 2019, no. 4 (129) (December 26, 2019): 122–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24195/2617-6688-2019-4-16.
Abstract:
Integration of the Ukrainian national higher education system into the European Higher Education Area (EHEA) has already been traditionally identified as one of the priorities of the Ukrainian national education policy determined by the XXI century. The priority character as well as the urgency of the task leave the contradiction between the public need for the Ukrainian higher education institutions to join the EHEA and insufficient scientific validity of the ways providing the solution of this task unresolved. There are also certain discrepancies between Ukrainian higher education officials' perceptions concerning the directions and scope of reforms, since a fierce competition at the international education market and the process of national higher education system internationalization might lead to the situation when particular aspects of the system at times contradict the requirements of modern social environment in which Ukrainian universities operate. The current state strategy, increased media attention, and public Q&A sessions on specific issues within the specified context indicate that the Ukrainian higher education system is gradually adapting to the current globalized conditions while diversifying management mechanisms by means of step-by-step implementation of the internationalization process. The Ukrainian context of internationalization of higher education under study is outlined through the prism of East European, where the end of the XXth – the beginning of the XXI century can be named as the period of transformations in socio-political life of the countries and as the period of convergence of national higher education systems. It has been emphasized that with the establishment of the EHEA in the context of the integration of European education systems, the internationalization is one of the priority directions for reforming national higher education systems; it promotes greater access to higher education for representatives of different countries; universalization of diverse knowledge; enhancement of international cooperation at national and institutional levels; enhancement of academic mobility; orientation of education to the realities of the globalized world of the XXI century which involves an active development of public-private partnerships in education, etc. It can be concluded that the analysis of the East European experience of national higher education internationalization aimed at further implementation of its elements into the structure of the Ukrainian higher education will facilitate the development of new ideas and approaches to training specialists and will create opportunities and mechanisms for quality improvement of the national higher education. The research states that the accession of the East European countries (such as the Slovak Republic) to the European Union (EU) has given them new opportunities to develop national higher education and has ensured theire active participation in the EU-funded international research and education programmes, the access to the EU funds for developing educational infrastructure and improving the education quality. As a result, national higher education institutions (HEIs) in Eastern Europe have experienced an influx of foreign students and have shown an increase in student and staff outcoming mobility. This situation, in turn, has created a competition in the field of international student recruitment and involvement of external funding into the fields of research and innovation. As the result of the research, the following perspective levels of the Ukrainian higher education system reforming have been identified – political, management-centred, organizational and institutional. Keywords: Higher Education System, Institution of Higher Education, Internationalization, Institutional Level of Internationalization, International Cooperation Programmes, Eastern Europe, Slovakia, European Union.
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Hautvast, Jo, Ibrahim Elmadfa, and Mike Rayner. "Policy, trade, economic, and technological aspects of improving nutrient intake and lifestyles in the European Union." Public Health Nutrition 4, no. 2a (April 2001): 325–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980001001574.
Abstract:
Summary of recommendations1.A new Nutrition Committee for the European Union1.1 A new Nutrition Committee for the European Union, should be created to give independent scientific and policy advice on nutrition, diets and physical activity to the Commission. This should be supported by a strengthened Nutritional Unit within the Commission.2.Policy development2.1 There needs to be a comprehensive and coherent nutritional policy for the EU2.2 The development of European dietary goals should continue after the completion of the Eurodiet Project.2.3 The European Commission should revise its Recommended Daily Allowances for vitamins and minerals using a systematic, evidence-based approach. Recommended Daily Allowances should be set at a level which would prevent deficiencies and lower the risk of disease.2.4 The European Commission should produce, preferably every four years, a report on the state of nutrition, diet and physical activity in the EU. This report should contain proposals for action3.Components of a nutrition policyEducation3.1 The European Commission should not be involved in the direct delivery of lifestyle advice to the public.3.2 The European Commission should continue to support networks whose members are involved in educating the public and in training professionals about nutrition, diets and physical activity.Research3.3 European Community funding of health-related research should better reflect the Community's public health priorities.3.4 The European Community should ear-mark funds for large, multi-centre studies into nutrition, diet and physical activity with a duration of up to 10 years.Consumer protectionFood labelling3.5 The European Commission should draw up proposals for the regulation of health claims.3.6 The European Community should agree rules for the use of nutrition claims along the lines agreed by the Codex Alimentarius Commission.3.7 The European Commission should review the 1990 Nutrition Labelling Directive particularly with a view to making nutrition labelling more comprehensible and it should encourage the development of other ways of providing consumers with information about the nutrient content of foods though, for example, the Internet.Food composition3.8 The European Commission should review the Novel Food Regulations, particularly with a view to ensuring that the nutritional consequences of consuming novel foods are better assessed and to making approval procedures more efficient.3.9 European Community rules on food fortification and on food supplements should be harmonised but in such a way that the interests of consumers are paramount.Agriculture policy3.10 The Common Agriculture Policy should be subject to a regular and systematic health impact assessment.3.11 Given that there are subsidies under the Common Agricultural Policy designed to increase consumption of surplus food, these should be directed towards promoting the consumption of foods for which there is strong evidence of a need for increased consumption in the EU for health reasons.Special issuesFruit and vegetable consumption3.12 The promotion of increased fruit and vegetable consumption across the EU should be a key aspect of the European Union's proposed nutrition policy.Breast feeding3.13 The European Union should review its policy on breast feeding including assessing and, if necessary, improving its legislation on breast milk substitutes and maternity leave.Physical Activity3.14 The European Union should have a policy for promoting physical activity in Europe. This should be part of, or at least closely integrated with, the European Union's proposed nutritional policy.