Academic literature on the topic 'Public Psychological aspects'

The article analyzes the methodological foundations of the study of performance management of public authorities on shaping public opinion. The Author considers various definitions of the concept of “public opinion”, considering that public opinion is an expression of certain morals and ethics of society and the attitude of social communities to the phenomena of public life, and social-psychological communicative phenomenon. Special attention is paid to strategies, concepts and approaches to the problem of public policy performance management.

The purpose of this research was to explore the psychological aspects of corruption in public administration through a combination of methods such as the non-systematic review, a semi-structured interview, a survey questionnaire, and observations of the anti-corruption court hearings. The study employed a case research design using the exploratory research strategy. It relied on a combination of data collection methods. The study was designed as a flow of three basic stages such as identification of psychological factors of corruption, validation of factors, and assessment of relative importance of every factor using the Triangular Assessment Method. It provided first-hand evidence and cases for the course in “Psychological, Behavioural and Economic Triggers of Corruption.” The IBM SPSS Statistics 25.0.0.1. Software was used to process the yielded data. The study found that civil servants’ ambitions to get rich quick, their low self-esteem, psychological dependencies, community-accepted image, sense of impunity were the major psychological aspects pushing the people to corruption in Ukraine. It was also found that the sense of impunity could be considered to be the primary psychological impact factor stimulating corruption actions by the civil servants, specifically. The self-esteem could be regarded as a second important psychological factor of corruption in public administration, which is related to the persons’ vision of their role in the community. The third important factor was ambitions driven by ‘easy money’ and status. The last two factors such as psychological dependencies, the community-accepted image were judged to be the least important ones. Further in-depth research is needed to identify the gender difference in the psychological aspects of corruption in public administration.

Psychological aspects like anxiety, injuries’ effects, professional psychological support (PPS), psychological training (PT), or athlete-coach relationships could influence shooters’ performance. This study tried to determine which aspects were critical from the shooters’ perspective. Eight elite shooters were interviewed. After using qualitative methods, the following categories were obtained: importance of PT; anxiety and competition relationship; mental preparation; PPS; stress during training; injuries’ psychological effects and coach’s influence. PT is important for shooter’s performance, being PPS a key aspect. Moreover, anxiety levels are critical, raising during the pre-competitive period and oscillating during competition. Furthermore, shooters considered more effective the stress placed on training by the coach than by themselves. Accordingly, the coach plays a key role. Surprisingly, injuries did not affect shooters psychologically, nor in their competitive performance. We conclude that the combination of PPS, shooter competitive experience and the optimal coach’s work can promote a greater performance in Olympic shooting.

Screening is generally considered a useful strategy in the prevention of chronic diseases. The notion is that early detection through the use of certain screening tests can facilitate effective preventive measures to be undertaken which can then lead to improved prognosis from or ultimate avoidance of serious clinical diseases. The enthusiasm for screening in the United States is high and can be seen by the size of public demand for it. Rapid technological advances and knowledge expansion in the past decade have further facilitated the introduction of new tests and screening opportunities. In the mean time, the concept of screening has undergone subtle changes. Previous emphasis on clear and demonstrable population health benefits has been slowly replaced by an emphasis on individual responsibility for the surveillance of personal health risks. Disease screening is frequently advocated as part of a health promotion programme. As a clinician who has worked in breast cancer screening and who is wary of the complexities and problems associated with disease screening, my contention is that the enthusiasm for screening may not ultimately be conducive to health and well-being. This thesis represents an effort to understand the popularity and enthusiasm for disease screening, how it has come about and, why it may not be conducive to health and well-being. The thesis begins with a description of the phenomenon to be followed by a detailed examination of the scientific principles behind disease screening. It then moves on to discover how the phenomenon might have come about by first considering the evolution of biomedicine over the centuries and then its present endeavour in the form of surveillance medicine as well as the latter�s relationship with today�s market economy. Using relevant case studies that involve, for example, cancer and prenatal genetic screening, this thesis explores different concerns relating to health and well-being, including such topics as the creation of health roles, the reconfiguration of human values and interpersonal relationships as well as medicalisation. A final chapter offers an account of health and well-being and sums up why the enthusiasm for screening may not be conducive to health and well-being. The enthusiasm for screening compels people to assume health as a moral virtue. Screening is turned into a ritual that people consume to attain salvation. Since diseases may lead to death, diseases must be avoided though screening. Yet health is not just about the absence of disease. Health and well-being can only be realised by the individual within the context of the individual�s life as a whole. The institution of biomedicine has undeniable responsibility to ensure that screening will not be used to the detriment of individuals� health and well-being. Without condemning disease screening as a potentially useful tool in the prevention of disease, this thesis advocates prudence in its utilisation. People must not be compelled to attend screening through programmes of promotion (commercially related or not). Rather, autonomous decisions must be facilitated as far as possible through the provision of clear, accurate and factual information.

Many researchers believe that nurses live in a dual structure, encompassing both the social and nursing worlds. They contend that these two worlds have contrasting views toward nurses. This is, while nurses are guided to establish professional status, society still expects them to remain in a dependent role. This conflict is assumed to have a negative impact on nurses’ psychological and functional states (Kalisch & Kalisch, 1983 & 1987). However, this assumption has not yet been explored sufficiently. The aim of this descriptive correlational study was therefore to investigate the relationships among the public image of nurses, nurses’ self concept, personal and collective self-esteem, job satisfaction, and performance. A total of eighty registered nursing students were invited to participate in this study by completing seven types of questionnaires (see Appendix C). The data were analysed by Pearson correlation and One-Way Analysis of Variance. The results of this study supported contention of the contemporary nursing scholars that the stereotypical public image of nurses could negatively affect nurses’ self-concept, self-esteem, job satisfaction and performance. The results, however, also demonstrated that the professional socialisation and cultivation of nurses’ personal self-esteem would help to buffer the negative effects of the public stereotypes on nursing practice. Based on these findings, this study suggests countermeasures to deal with the negative impacts of the public stereotypes. These strategies include public education, monitoring the media, changing nurses’ attitudes, encouraging professional socialisation, empowering nurses, and boosting nurses’ self-esteem. This study is expected to help nurses overcome the potential effects of the public stereotypes. The results of the study are also dedicated to nurses who have endeavoured to facilitate the process of professionalization in nursing.

Within the field of sport psychology the need for effective evaluation is now one of the most pressing requirements, yet it is a need that is often overlooked (Strean, 1998). The evaluation of the individual sport psychology consultant has been neglected in favour of the assessment and evaluation of the methods employed by these individuals. Despite this neglect, the relationship that exists between the sport psychology consultant (SPC) and the athletes they are consulting with is regarded as a significant component in successful sport psychology interventions (Petitpas, Giges & Danish, 1999). Clinical and counselling psychology literatures have demonstrated substantial evidence supporting the positive effect that an open, trusting and collaborative relationship between therapist and client has on therapeutic outcomes (e.g., Horvath, 2006). Yet little is known about the facilitative conditions needed to establish an effective collaborative relationship between the sport psychology consultant and athlete. The first purpose of this research project was to investigate SPCs, elite athletes and coaches' perceptions of the influence of SPC characteristics on the development of athletes' mental skills. The second purpose was to explore the facilitative conditions these individuals believed were necessary for establishing an effective consulting relationship. In order to accomplish these goals, four studies were conducted to assess what SPCs, athletes and coaches believed to be essential for effective consulting. The first study involved the completion of an online Consultant Effectiveness Form by 48 elite athletes; study two involved individual face-to-face interviews with nine elite athletes (6 male and 3 female, mean age = 32.67 years, SD = 11.05, mean competitive experience = 16.67 years, SD = 8.70) from a variety of sports (cricket, rugby, swimming, triathlon, dressage and wheelchair rugby) regarding their opinions of consulting effectiveness. In study three 13 accredited SPCs (9 males and 4 females, mean age = 44.8, SD = 10.6; mean years consulting experience = 11.1, SD = 4.7) were interviewed to examine their perceptions of consulting effectiveness. Finally, study four involved the interviewing of both members of four sport psychology consulting case studies regarding the effectiveness of their individual relationship. An inductive grounded theory approach was employed to analyse the interview data. Following extensive inductive content analysis the concepts and sub-categories that emerged were then organised into broader categories. Results indicated five categories important for an effective consulting relationship; (a) adopt a client-centred consulting approach, in which the SPC demonstrated trust, openness and a clear understanding of their roles and responsibilities; (b) transference and countertransference were a reality of the consulting relationship which the SPC should be aware of; (c) an informal, flexible, collaborative relationship with clear boundaries and the SPC being friendly, but not friends with the client; (d) the client contributions to the consulting relationship included commitment, openness and honesty; and (e) the SPC contributed counselling skills, enthusiasm, fitted in with team culture and worked towards creating client independence. The findings provide clear guidelines for consulting practice to promote the development of effective consulting relationships between sport psychology consultants and their clients.

Most adult smokers begin smoking during adolescence; nicotine dependence can develop relatively quickly and, once established, most smokers smoke for approximately 40 years. For adolescents dependent upon nicotine, cessation interventions are not well established. It is, therefore, essential that public health interventions focus on preventing initiation and maintenance and decreasing the prevalence of youth smoking. In spite of legislation to protect New Zealand adolescents, a large proportion continues to use tobacco at least weekly. Recent surveys have shown a slight decrease in cigarette smoking prevalence, overall, but, no reduction and marked increases have been reported within some subgroups. The overall aim of this research was to identify school and personal factors associated with secondary school students smoking. The specific research objectives included: a) identifying factors at the personal, family, peer, school and 'tobacco-genic' environment levels which were associated with regular and established cigarette smoking; b) describing the extent of smoke-free policy and health education programmes in secondary schools; and, c) evaluating the relations between cigarette smoking among students and potential protective factors, smoke-free policies and practices and health education programmes. The research was based on data from 3,434 secondary school students from 82 schools. The multi-stage sampling procedures and data analyses ensured that the results were able to be generalised to the New Zealand secondary school student population. Smoking was more prevalent amongst girls for all measures of smoking frequency and significant differences were found for smoking prevalence between ethnic groups and school decile. In terms of family influences, the smoking behaviours of parents were not associated with increased odds of smoking nor were perceived relationships between students and their parents, or exposure to SHS. In contrast, the smoking behaviour of siblings was associated with increased odds of smoking but it is likely that both student and sibling smoking are both influenced by the same processes within the family. Similarly, low levels of self-concept were not associated with increased odds for daily smoking. The smoking behaviour of a best friend was a pervasive risk factor as was a high level of disposable income, frequent episodes of unsupervised activities, and 'pro-smoking' knowledge. Being male, visiting a place of worship, and the intention to stay at school until after Year 13 reduced the odds of daily smoking among students. Multilevel models were used to identify school level effects. After adjusting for student, family and school characteristics significant between-school variance in smoking prevalence remained and this suggests that there are factors, arguably beyond the immediate control of the student or family that may influence a student�s smoking behaviour. The presence of a school effect also supports the WHO concept of 'health promoting schools' in that schools can make a difference to health outcomes. Understanding how the health promoting schools model has been interpreted and implemented in NZ schools, along with critique of the implementation of the amended legislation making all schools smoke-free, would be a pertinent 'next-step' in identifying characteristics of schools which are associated with decreased tobacco use.

Over the last decade, film location tourism has been established as a niche segment in the tourism industry. While this niche has attracted attention from both researchers and marketers alike, not much knowledge has been accumulated about the tourist encounter itself. It is the main purpose of this thesis to research on-site behavioural and experiential aspects of the film location encounter. For the overall research design, an inductive, comparative case-study approach was implemented. Three cases were selected for this research: The Lord of the Rings locations in New Zealand, The Sound of Music locations in Austria and Star Wars locations in Tunisia. The applied methods are participant observation, image-based data and semi-structured interviews. The data collection was conducted while participating in organised film location tows in order to secure access to the informants. The first fundamental outcome of this research is that there is no 'film location tourist' as such. People who travel to film locations come from different socio-economic backgrounds, comprise all age groups and possess varying degrees of fandom. The majority of film location tourists, however, have one thing in common, regardless of the underlying movie genre: the longing to connect with the imaginary world of the film by visiting the physical and thus 'real' location places. These places are consumed in two ways: as places of spectacle and as sacred places. The nature of the location consumption is dependent on a number of factors, including the degree of fandom of the consumers, the attractiveness of the encountered locations, the consistency of the interpretive community, the amount and nature of external distortions and, if applicable, the structure of the location tour. Means of consumption of film locations as spectacle are formal posing, sight recordings and shot re-creations. When experiencing film locations as sacred places, shot re-creations, mental simulations and filmic re-enactments occur. The latter form of consumption can result in a symbiosis between the imaginary and the real place component: the gazing subject becomes the previously (photographed) object. Regardless of the degree of experiential satisfaction, film location tourists want to bring some of the magic back home. This is achieved not only via mental pictures and physical photographs, but also through souvenirs. These can be off- or on-site. Regarding the latter, these souvenirs are almost holy relics, brought home from a successful pilgrimage and subsequently framed and displayed in an altar-like fashion. The benefits from this are not only self-pride and satisfaction, but also the distinction to other movie fans who have not been able to do the journey themselves. Thus, the person in possession of such a relic gains privileged status amongst peers which in turn raises the satisfaction with the location encounter. The film location experience cycle comes to a full closure by re-watching the movie. This procedure involves a renewed connection to both the imaginary filmic places as well as the real locations visited. The filmic gaze is extended, as the movie scenes are now seen as part of a real place which extends beyond the filmic sight. Keywords: Film location tourism - multiple, comparative on-site case study inquiry - film locations as spatial and temporal constructs - the film location tourist encounter - behavioural and experiential interactions with place.

Original cross discipline applied research on cognitive aspects of accrual accounting in the public sector has been reported. Literature reviewed was relevant to accrual basis and cash basis accounting for the operations of government, accounting output and user orientation, leading to decision making as seen by accountants. Decision making and problem solving as seen by cognitive science was selectively reviewed in relation to heuristics, goal directedness, representation and functional fixity, and expert novice differentiations. In the work environment. fifty employees of a Government Department from managers to sub managers were given the Watson Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal Form A and a battery of eight in context unstructured work problems cross treated to examine accrual versus cash bases of accounting, accounting jargon versus plainer English representation, and goal directedness versus no goal directedness. The population sample also permitted study of distinctions of gender, age, and expert versus novice differences at three levels, being accountants versus non accountants, managers versus potential managers and non managers, and successful problem solvers versus the rest. Trial design included unobtrusive process tracing by computer as to requests for additional data readily available at no extra cost. Results revealed gender, age, and critical thinking measures were unimportant, and problem solving was not enhanced by either accrual or cash basis accounting output when either method provided full disclosure of relevant information. Plainer English representation shortened problem solving time, but did not enhance problem solving outcomes, and was in this way more efficient but not more effective across all subjects, including accountants. Solution outcomes were enhanced only by goal directedness, showing that. when accounting output was offered to internal users of accounting to facilitate their decision making, the goal effect cognitive factor was more important than any accounting and representation issues examined. For the introduction of accrual accounting to the public sector, attention to goal directedness was the major implication inferred from the study. Collectively neither managers nor accountants showed persistent results suggestive of expert status in the domain of contemporary accounting issues in government. When expertise was identified by perfect score for a problem, experts called for more information that was available at no extra cost, and spent longer time looking at it, increasing overall problem solving time.

A crise na segurança pública brasileira direciona os olhares para as chamadas forças de segurança pública. Especialistas afirmam o isolamento e a falência das mesmas, que não estão preparadas para a democracia e as exigências do mundo contemporâneo. Os agentes de segurança pública, paradoxalmente, muitas vezes têm provocado violência, em vez de combatê-la e mesmo grupos de elite vêm protagonizando ações desastrosas. Ex-integrante da Polícia Militar do Estado de Pernambuco e partindo de uma motivação encarnada no próprio corpo, na medida em que sofreu na pele a dor imposta aos agentes de segurança pública, tanto pela natureza da função quanto pela dinâmica institucional, o autor propôs-se a lançar um olhar diferente sobre o tema, buscando uma articulação, uma triangulação entre instituição de segurança pública, prática psicológica e o termo que cunhamos como ―segurança emocional‖. A experiência como agente de segurança pública, aliada à formação psicológica e aos estudos e pesquisas desenvolvidos por diversos autores, contribuíram para a compreensão do campo a ser investigado e, para tanto, realizado entrevistas semidirigidas com doze profissionais psicólogos e doze agentes de segurança pública do Estado de Pernambuco, todos da Região Metropolitana do Recife/PE. Através de uma abordagem compreensiva e da análise dos conteúdos explicitados em eixos temáticos e núcleos de sentido, as narrativas dos entrevistados possibilitaram a compreensão de que, apesar dos esforços dos profissionais psicólogos e da percepção da necessidade por parte dos agentes de segurança pública, a ação clínica psicológica ainda é pífia em relação às necessidades, conforme afirmam ambos os seguimentos. A falta de uma percepção adequada pela instituição de segurança pública quanto à importância da dimensão psicológica tem contribuído para o sofrimento dos agentes de segurança e psicólogos, e interferido no resultado de suas práticas. Os desafios são grandes e sua superação, certamente, contribuirá significativamente com a segurança pública cidadã e o chamado pacto pela vida, adotados pelo Governo de Pernambuco. Esperamos que os resultados dessa pesquisa contribuam para a formação de uma postura crítica e reflexiva da ação dos profissionais psicólogos em instituições de segurança pública, a melhoria da qualidade dos serviços dirigidos à sociedade, pela contribuição aos atores e gestores desse segmento
The crisis in public security in Brazil looks directs calls to the security forces. Experts say the isolation and failure of those who are not ready for democracy and the demands of the contemporary world. The public security officers, paradoxically, often have provoked violence, rather than fight it, and elite groups that come starring unwholesome actions. A former member of the Military Police of Pernambuco, and starting with a motivation incarnated in the body itself, as it suffered the pain inflicted on the skin to the public security officers, both by nature and by function of institutional dynamics, the author proposed to launch a fresh perspective on the topic, seeking a joint institution of a triangulation between public safety, psychological practice and the term that we coined as "emotional safety". Experience as an agent of public safety, coupled with the psychological training and studies and research developed by several authors contributed to the understanding of the field to be investigated and, therefore, conducted interviews with twelve semidirected professional psychologists and twelve public security officers of Pernambuco State, all in the Metropolitan Region of Recife. Through a comprehensive approach and analysis of the explicit content in thematic areas and units of meaning, the narratives of respondents provided an understanding that, despite efforts by professional psychologists and the perceived need by the public security agents, the action clinical psychology is still minimum in relation to need, as claimed by both segments. The lack of an adequate perception of the institution of public security on the importance of the psychological dimension has contributed to the suffering of security officers and psychologists, and interfered in the results of their practices. The stakes are high and overcoming it certainly will contribute significantly to public safety and civic life called pact, adopted by the Government of Pernambuco. We hope the results of this research contribute to the formation of a critical and reflective action of professional psychologists in the public security institutions, improving the quality of services aimed at society, by contributing to the actors and managers that segment

The aim of this research has been the examination of the long term psychological consequences of admission to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) for critical illness. The major objectives were first, psychometric assessment at specified intervals post-discharge, using the General Health Questionnaire, Rosenberg Self Esteem scale, and the Impact of Event Scale, and secondly identification of ICU related variables which influence psychological wellbeing and recovery. The design was prospective and used survey methods. Seventy-two patients were recruited from the ICU at St James's University Hospital in Leeds. Data were collected at six weeks, six months and twelve months post-discharge. The initial analysis produced evidence of discrimination between subgroups, in particular age, length of stay in ICU, admission severity, indication for admission, communication, pre-existence of cancer, and the use of muscle relaxant drugs. Further analysis by way of a logistic regression identified four factors which may have predictive properties - age, admission severity, trauma and pre-existence of cancer. Patients from younger age groups reported more post traumatic stress symptoms than older patients; patients with pre-existing cancer also reported fewer post traumatic stress symptoms. Patients admitted following trauma reported poorer psychological outcome. Admission severity was negatively associated with psychological dysfunction, with those who were sickest on admission reporting fewer problems. Symptoms of post traumatic stress disorder were found in a number of patients; at final follow-up 27% of the surviving sample had medium levels, and 27% high levels of post traumatic stress symptoms. ICU patients form a fragile group to study and sample attrition was considerable. Nevertheless the findings are of interest to this developing research area and suggestions are made regarding their utilisation.

Abstract This chapter discusses two related lines of empirical research on Americans’ mental representations of their nation’s past and future. First, it discusses how retrieval biases for negative and positive events in collective memory and collective future thought reveal an implicit trajectory of decline in Americans’ representation of their nation across time. Second, Americans across the left–right political spectrum show systematically different moral intuitions about what sorts of events ought normatively to be remembered. However, the two dimensions on which partisans showed the most divergence—social justice values and binding values—can intersect, and events moralized on both dimensions are overrepresented in collective memory. The chapter discusses the relevance of these psychological factors for controversies surrounding public symbols of memory, such as Confederate statues and the 1619 Project.

In this address to magistrates, Winnicott discusses how crime produces public feelings of revenge. The normal child, helped by his own home, grows a capacity to control himself. In between the extremes of normal and antisocial ill children are children who can still achieve a belief in stability if a continuous experience of control by loving persons is provided. Winnicott refers to the wartime experience of belated provision of a stable environment for children deprived of home life in the hostels for evacuated children, especially those who were difficult to billet. For children deprived of home life, personal psychotherapy is directed towards enabling the child to complete his or her emotional development.

Internet use enhances one's quality of life; yet, excessive use may lead to various problems for their healthy development and wellbeing. Understanding the risk and protective factors in internet addiction has importance to promote individuals' positive development and wellbeing. Therefore, the purpose of the present chapter is to explore the role of psychological maltreatment in the development of the internet addiction. Psychological maltreatment is a significant public health problems associated with a range of short and long–term undesirable mental health and wellbeing outcomes in childhood to adulthood. Considering the outcomes supporting the significant role of child maltreatment on the development of internet addiction, it is clear that maltreated individuals are at–risk to develop internet addiction, and psychological maltreatment, as a risk factor, has a crucial role in the development of internet addiction. However, evidences here are relatively limited, and there is need further research investigated long–term impacts of psychological maltreatment on internet addiction.

The 21st century faced challenges that undermine peace and harmony among humankind on the planet earth. Apart from scary man made environmental related calamities, the 21st century emerged with the mass media era, where the internet, digital and social media based threats and terrorizing propaganda has catapulted to unspeakable and unprecedented extreme radicalization from all over the globe. The propaganda messages are spread at the lightning speed, from one end of the globe to another instantly, and impacts of the outcomes shake the core of humanity from psychological, political, and socioeconomic aspects as well. Through available literature, this chapter examines the impacts of digital media to peace and conflict resolution, and investigates the psychosocial aspects and modules or hypotheses of media and paths to terrorism behavior as well. Hypotheses suggest a strong link leading to association between digital media and pathways to terrorism and associated psychological impacts.

Nuclear safety attracts many concerns from society especially after Fukushima accident. In recent years, although nuclear safety system has been continuously improved on the aspects of design functions, safety standards and safety assessment methods, etc., the public panic has not been reduced correspondingly. In some countries and regions, the public nuclear panic has a strong impact on the sustainable development of nuclear energy, which has been widely recognized by nuclear industries worldwide. In this paper, we studied the nuclear public panic from three aspects with the analysis of psychological and sociological methods, including: (1) Discussing the source of nuclear panic in the sense of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and psychoanalysis; (2) Systemically studying the irrational behaviors in nuclear accidents and the public nuclear culture with cognitive theory; (3) Giving out the general model of public nuclear panic. In the last, some suggestions of nuclear risk perception and communication were also shown as reference, which are significant for the future work.

The diversity of approaches and explanatory concepts of psychological well-being contributes to the problem of clearly defining its essence and structure in cadets at the stage of their training in a military university, which determines the specificity of their relationship system, and satisfaction with life, which generates specific features of the experience of psychological well-being. This study was aimed at the theoretical arrangement of a structural-functional model of psychological well-being in cadets, and a programme of its empirical verification. The arranged structural-functional model of psychological well-being of cadets is represented at the component level by the following key categories: ‘satisfaction’ and ‘attitude’, whereas at the functional level it is represented as a result of the positive functioning of personality. The model is comprised of four main components and their main indicators. The empirical verification of this model involves the use of research tools to identify patterns of psychological well-being in cadets and its specific indicators. This tool comprises: the questionnaire on self-attitude (V.V. Stolin, S.R. Pantileev), diagnostics of personality orientation according to B. Bass (Smekal-Kucher’s questionnaire), amiability (in Campbell’s scale), manipulative attitude (in Bant’s scale), level of multi-communicative empathy (I.M. Yusupov), analysis of professional identity statuses according to A.A. Azbel, A.G. Gretsova, level of correlation between ‘value’ and ‘accessibility’ in different areas of life (E.B. Fantalova), scales of subjective well-being and professional stresses, recognition of psychological burnout (A.A. Rukavishnokov). ‘Adaptiveness’ is evaluated via a multi-layer personality questionnaire (MLO-AM) suggested by A.G. Maklakov and S.V. Chermyakin. The findings provide a research framework for identifying the general and specific aspects in the psychological well-being structure manifestation in cadets.

Background: Depression is the most commonly presented psychiatric disorder1 . People with low socioeconomic status are more likely to experience depression compared to those with higher socioeconomic status2 . Recent studies have revealed that people experiencing depression symptoms have a greater vulnerability to infections3 . Also, it has been shown in recent studies that there is a correlation between irregular cytokine levels and an uncontrolled inflammatory response4 . Objective: The present review addresses the relationship between the immune system response and depression. In addition to the relationship between depression and low socioeconomic status. Method: We searched PubMed for relevant studies describing the relationship between inflammatory response, depression, and low-income. Our literature survey was limited to peer-reviewed articles, written in English and published from 1990 until August 2022. Results: Different studies confirmed that psychological stress causes an alteration in the level of cytokines in multiple mechanisms4,5. Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) is a significant immunoregulatory pathway that is activated in a variety of stress circumstances, including psychological stress6,7. Chronic psychological stress results in glucocorticoid resistance due to overactivity of the HPA axis. As a result, the inflammatory response is not appropriately managed4 . (Table1) explains the changes in the level of cytokines8 . Contrastingly, antidepressant treatment may restore normal cytokine production and decrease the risk of abnormal inflammatory response9 . Conclusion: More attention should be given to the low-middle income population and their limited access to psychiatric services as they have a higher chance of experiencing mental health disorders. Depression, which is one of the most common mental health illnesses, increases the incidence of infectious diseases. Moreover, it affects the inflammatory response. Due to the shortage of clinical trials on this subject, we recommend doing more studies to identify these clinical aspects.

The article provides a theoretical analysis of the problem of psychological safety in the flight operation of highly automated aircraft based on interdisciplinary research. Scientific and technological advances in high-risk occupations aim to improve the reliability of the functioning of ergative systems, of which the human operator is the most important element. However, the problem of occupational safety for professionals in extreme situations cannot be regarded as solved. The article covers findings regarding the application of modern digital solutions such as virtual reality and augmented reality, providing an example of a formal investigation into an aircraft accident due to human error. An urgent task of aviation psychology consists of studying psychological aspects of the positive and negative influences of augmented reality on flight activity, since besides obvious options of increasing the professional reliability of a pilot, there is a risk of emergence of a psychological dependence on such a technology, and the consequent occurrence of blunders in piloting and navigation strategies. The authors conclude that the issue of safety in the flying profession shall be solved through the joint effort of all sciences of human factors. Modern digital solutions are only an essential prerequisite for ensuring the occupational safety of pilots. All stages of professionalisation of flight staff, starting with the professional selection of applicants, should be accompanied by predictive methods aimed at diagnosing and developing the individual’s ability to use the possibilities of the real and virtual world productively and synchronously in their work.

ABSTRACT Background: Mothers experienced enormous physical and emotional changes, especially during childbirth. Birth support role of husbands reassured both husband and wife about labor and birth. This study aimed to review the first-time advisory experience of husbands during labor time of primigravida wife. Subjects and Method: A scoping review method was conducted in eight stages including (1) Identification of study problems; (2) Determining priority problem and study question; (3) Determining framework; (4) Literature searching; (5) Article selection; (6) Critical appraisal; (7) Data extraction; and (8) Mapping. The search included ScienceDirect, Wiley Online Library, ProQuest, and grey literature through Google Scholar search engine databases. The inclusion criteria were English/ Indonesian-language and full-text articles in peer-reviewed journals published between 2009 and 2019. A total of 543,111 articles were obtained by the searched database. After the review process, six articles were eligible for this review. The data were reported by the PRISMA flow chart. Results: Six articles from developed countries (Australia, Sweden, Singapore, Israel, and England) met the inclusion criteria with qualitative and quantitative (cross-sectional) studies. Three main aspects discussed were support, challenges, and psychological conditions of experience of husbands during labor time of pregnancy. Support of husbands was identified as physical and moral. Challenges faced by husbands included lack of preparedness, knowledge, and encouragement from health care professionals. Psychological conditions of satisfaction and concern were found in husbands’ transition to fatherhood. Conclusion: Responsibility, emotion, experience, and barrier of husbands are related to maternal health problems. Better involvement of fathers will be able to enhance better quality of relationships and family health through understanding, experience, and assistance, especially in the childbirth process. Keywords: advisory, husbands, experience, labor, pregnancy Correspondence: Nuristy Brillian Ainindyahsari Winarna. Universitas ‘Aisyiyah Yogyakarta. Jl. Siliwangi (Ring Road Barat) No 63 Mlangi, Nogotirto, Gamping, Sleman, Yogyakarta, 55292. Email: nuristybrillian02@gmail.com. Mobile: +6285338800207. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.66

Public spaces are the places where all people can come together and spend their time without any restriction and it can be defined as the “City Living Room”. Therefore, these spaces can foster social cohesion, reduce psychological stress and provide physical activities. Public spaces have unique historic and architectural values and such places can be used to enhance the place making character of the area. Planning agencies often use revitalization, restoration, regeneration, refurbishment or redevelopment as Placemaking tools which can improve the quality of such public spaces in a city. It is often acknowledged that “revitalization” can be identified as one of the viable alternatives instead of demolition of historical buildings. “Revitalization” and “Adaptive re-use” can be identified as the tools for creating public spaces which are livable, accessible and convivial places for all. The previous studies have researched on the aspects an essential method to make places functional, attractive and convivial spaces. Although researchers studied the general functional aspects of revitalized public spaces, a few studies have focused on the quality and the barriers for such revitalized public spaces. This study attempts to fill this research knowledge gap and investigates what are the barriers and areas that need to be improved in the revitalization process within the Sri Lankan context by using three case studies in Colombo. As our framework of this study, we used access & linkages, comfort & image, uses & activities to assess the quality of revitalized places. This study further found that barriers associated with the process of revitalization are regulatory, social barriers, and technical barriers.

One of the most pressing issues in contemporary psychology is the study and analysis of the reflective aspects of the performance of police officers. This article deals with the theoretical and empirical aspects of psychological cognition of the stated topic regarding the example of future officers of investigative units of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. Different approaches to understanding occupational reflections were listed. Within the scope of this study, the authors share the view that occupational reflection is one of the structural components of the I-concept of an investigative officer. To comprehensively study the stated topic, the auhors addressed the types of problems faced by an investigative officer, and defined the contribution of occupational reflection to the proper fulfillment of duties. The aim of the study is to empirically identify the revelation of features of parameters of occupational reflection of police officers. The author summarises the results of an empirical study in a sample of students in an educational organisation of the Russian Mi nistry of Internal Affairs system. The occupational reflection technique (V.D. Shadrikov, S.S. Kurginyan) was employed. Mann-Whitney non-parametric U-test methods were used to process the results and analyse them statistically, using SPSS for Windows v.19. Male fifth-year students have been proven to lack the skills responsible for defining motives and objectives of professional activity. The range of significance of the overall level of reflexivity in both groups falls short of the norm. The results of the research will be used for the development of the author’s programme for the development of police officers’ performance reflection as well as for the comprehensive study of the image of the profession in the structure of the I-concept of the investigators of the Russian MIA system.

The design of public space and facilities in a country park aims to serve a wide scope of people with diverse needs and interests. Research on human factors should include users of different ages and capabilities. Children are often a forgotten category of users for collecting views and preferences in public design. Their voices and ideas are seldom heard and heeded. It is crucial to involve children in the design process to optimise outdoor recreational and educational experience in a country park. Playful Public Design by Children is a design research project which involved 1,023 children aged 3 to 18. They were guided to use a human factors (or ergonomics) approach to identify and solve problems in the real-life setting of Shing Mun Country Park in Hong Kong. The design research, spanning from 2019 to 2020, was conceived and co-led by a public design lab of a university and a group of art and design studios for children and teenagers. This paper reports an investigation of children’s perception of, observations on and concerns about the country park and the values underlying these concerns. Different phases engaged children in site research and visual-based design projects. For clarity and more in-depth discussion, this paper focuses specifically on children aged 8 -12. The projects allowed children to participate in observing the inadequacies of current park features such as space and facilities design. Research findings reveal children’s ability to embrace complexity in different design situations as they adopted the role as researcher, designer and change-maker. The common problem-solving strategies among their proposed design ideas reflect their concern for fun, fulfilment, adventure, action and harmony of different users (animals included) in the shared outdoor environment. Their proposed design solutions go beyond existing park design that covers only functional and physical aspects. Children’s perspective addresses other human factors such as psychological, emotional and social needs of different users resulting in an array of whimsical designs, such as zoomorphic gazebos, tree houses and observation towers for star-gazing, bird-watching, daydreaming and quiet reading. The significance of the research project is in the pedagogical practice that reveals children’s inherent creativity, design ability and potential as contributing citizens. The project changes urban children’s perception of nature, design and problem-solving strategies, and parents’ perception of design education in children’s creative development. Through the lens of children, designers can find a more well-rounded view inclusive of different human factors that can optimise users' interaction with the country park environment.

ABSTRACT Background: Stunting is a condition of growth failure among children under five due to chronic malnutrition. According to World Health Organization (WHO), stunting under five is a public health problem if the prevalence is 20% or more. In 2018, stunting in Indonesia is more than 20%, so it becomes a public health problem and needs to be addressed immediately. Stunting does not only affect physical growth but also psychosocial development. Stunting can reduce the quality of human resources (HR) because the body’s organs, especially the brain, are not able to develop optimally, and increase the risk of diseases such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, heart disease, and stroke. The low psychosocial stimulation has an impact on the subsequent growth of the child. This study aimed to analyze the association between psychosocial stimulation and stunting. Subjects and Method: A case control study was conducted in the Village Bangkok, Kediri, East Java, in August 2020. A total sample of 25 stunting children aged 24-59 months was obtained as a case group and 25 normal toddlers aged 24-59 months as a control group. The dependent variable was the incidence of stunting, while the independent variable was psychosocial stimulation. The stunting measurement was based on the height per age (converted into a Z-score). Measurement of psychosocial stimulation was using the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment Revisited (HOME) questionnaire consists of 55 statements divided into 8 aspects. The data were collected and analyzed using the Chi Square test. Results: Stunting children showed that psychosocial stimulation were low (20%), medium (64%), and high (16%). While psychosocial stimulation among not stunted children were absent (0%), medium (64%), and high (36%). Psychosocial stimulation was associated with the incidence of stunting (p= 0.031), and it was statistically significant. Conclusion: Psychological stimulation is associated with the incidence of stunting. The psychosocial stimulation provided by families for stunting toddlers is still less than that of non-stunting children. Keywords: stunting, psychosocial stimulation, children under five Correspondence: Dian Rahmawati. Academy of Midwifery of Dharma Husada. Jl. Penanggungan 41A Kediri City 64114, East Java. Email: lintangkayana31@gmail.com. Mobile: +6285645076003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.24

We review the literature on people management and performance in organisations across a range of disciplines, identifying aspects of management where there is clear evidence about what works as well as aspects where the evidence is mixed or does not yet exist. We organise our discussion by four lenses, or levels of analysis, through which people management can be viewed: (i) individual extrinsic, intrinsic, and psychological factors; (ii) organisational people management, operational management, and culture; (iii) team mechanisms, composition and structural features; and (iv) relationships, including networks, leadership, and individuals’ relationships to their job and tasks. Each of these four lenses corresponds not only to a body of literature but also to a set of management tools and approaches to improving public employees’ performance; articulating the connections across these perspectives is an essential frontier for research. We find that existing people management evidence and practice have overemphasised formal management tools and financial motivations at the expense of understanding how to leverage a broader range of motivations, build organisational culture, and use informal and relational management practices. We suggest that foregrounding the role of relationships in linking people and performance – relational public management – may prove a fertile and interdisciplinary frontier for research and practices.

Target. Currently, the development of professional values and official behavior of civil servants are relevant for training personnel for the public authority system. One of the ways to form the personality of a civil servant who is a professional is to increase the real level of his social responsibility. The article is devoted to the study of the phenomenon of social responsibility of civil servants. Method or methodology of the work. The systematic, activity-based and axiological approaches were used as methodological principles in the work. The research methods were analysis and synthesis, movement from the general to the particular, comparison and analogy, movement from the abstract to the concrete, complex generalization and classification. Results. The main results of the study include the concretization of the concept of «social responsibility of civil servants», the identification of the essential properties of social responsibility, the determination of the features of its functioning, the formulation of urgent problems for further research in this aspect. Scope of the results. The scientific results of the article can be applied when conducting psychological and pedagogical research and organizing classes in educational institutions of higher education.

Background Lung cancer is the number one cause of cancer death worldwide.(1) It is the fifth most commonly diagnosed cancer in Australia (12,741 cases diagnosed in 2018) and the leading cause of cancer death.(2) The number of years of potential life lost to lung cancer in Australia is estimated to be 58,450, similar to that of colorectal and breast cancer combined.(3) While tobacco control strategies are most effective for disease prevention in the general population, early detection via low dose computed tomography (LDCT) screening in high-risk populations is a viable option for detecting asymptomatic disease in current (13%) and former (24%) Australian smokers.(4) The purpose of this Evidence Check review is to identify and analyse existing and emerging evidence for LDCT lung cancer screening in high-risk individuals to guide future program and policy planning. Evidence Check questions This review aimed to address the following questions: 1. What is the evidence for the effectiveness of lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? 2. What is the evidence of potential harms from lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? 3. What are the main components of recent major lung cancer screening programs or trials? 4. What is the cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening programs (include studies of cost–utility)? Summary of methods The authors searched the peer-reviewed literature across three databases (MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Embase) for existing systematic reviews and original studies published between 1 January 2009 and 8 August 2019. Fifteen systematic reviews (of which 8 were contemporary) and 64 original publications met the inclusion criteria set across the four questions. Key findings Question 1: What is the evidence for the effectiveness of lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? There is sufficient evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analyses of combined (pooled) data from screening trials (of high-risk individuals) to indicate that LDCT examination is clinically effective in reducing lung cancer mortality. In 2011, the landmark National Lung Cancer Screening Trial (NLST, a large-scale randomised controlled trial [RCT] conducted in the US) reported a 20% (95% CI 6.8% – 26.7%; P=0.004) relative reduction in mortality among long-term heavy smokers over three rounds of annual screening. High-risk eligibility criteria was defined as people aged 55–74 years with a smoking history of ≥30 pack-years (years in which a smoker has consumed 20-plus cigarettes each day) and, for former smokers, ≥30 pack-years and have quit within the past 15 years.(5) All-cause mortality was reduced by 6.7% (95% CI, 1.2% – 13.6%; P=0.02). Initial data from the second landmark RCT, the NEderlands-Leuvens Longkanker Screenings ONderzoek (known as the NELSON trial), have found an even greater reduction of 26% (95% CI, 9% – 41%) in lung cancer mortality, with full trial results yet to be published.(6, 7) Pooled analyses, including several smaller-scale European LDCT screening trials insufficiently powered in their own right, collectively demonstrate a statistically significant reduction in lung cancer mortality (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.73–0.91).(8) Despite the reduction in all-cause mortality found in the NLST, pooled analyses of seven trials found no statistically significant difference in all-cause mortality (RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.90–1.00).(8) However, cancer-specific mortality is currently the most relevant outcome in cancer screening trials. These seven trials demonstrated a significantly greater proportion of early stage cancers in LDCT groups compared with controls (RR 2.08, 95% CI 1.43–3.03). Thus, when considering results across mortality outcomes and early stage cancers diagnosed, LDCT screening is considered to be clinically effective. Question 2: What is the evidence of potential harms from lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? The harms of LDCT lung cancer screening include false positive tests and the consequences of unnecessary invasive follow-up procedures for conditions that are eventually diagnosed as benign. While LDCT screening leads to an increased frequency of invasive procedures, it does not result in greater mortality soon after an invasive procedure (in trial settings when compared with the control arm).(8) Overdiagnosis, exposure to radiation, psychological distress and an impact on quality of life are other known harms. Systematic review evidence indicates the benefits of LDCT screening are likely to outweigh the harms. The potential harms are likely to be reduced as refinements are made to LDCT screening protocols through: i) the application of risk predication models (e.g. the PLCOm2012), which enable a more accurate selection of the high-risk population through the use of specific criteria (beyond age and smoking history); ii) the use of nodule management algorithms (e.g. Lung-RADS, PanCan), which assist in the diagnostic evaluation of screen-detected nodules and cancers (e.g. more precise volumetric assessment of nodules); and, iii) more judicious selection of patients for invasive procedures. Recent evidence suggests a positive LDCT result may transiently increase psychological distress but does not have long-term adverse effects on psychological distress or health-related quality of life (HRQoL). With regards to smoking cessation, there is no evidence to suggest screening participation invokes a false sense of assurance in smokers, nor a reduction in motivation to quit. The NELSON and Danish trials found no difference in smoking cessation rates between LDCT screening and control groups. Higher net cessation rates, compared with general population, suggest those who participate in screening trials may already be motivated to quit. Question 3: What are the main components of recent major lung cancer screening programs or trials? There are no systematic reviews that capture the main components of recent major lung cancer screening trials and programs. We extracted evidence from original studies and clinical guidance documents and organised this into key groups to form a concise set of components for potential implementation of a national lung cancer screening program in Australia: 1. Identifying the high-risk population: recruitment, eligibility, selection and referral 2. Educating the public, people at high risk and healthcare providers; this includes creating awareness of lung cancer, the benefits and harms of LDCT screening, and shared decision-making 3. Components necessary for health services to deliver a screening program: a. Planning phase: e.g. human resources to coordinate the program, electronic data systems that integrate medical records information and link to an established national registry b. Implementation phase: e.g. human and technological resources required to conduct LDCT examinations, interpretation of reports and communication of results to participants c. Monitoring and evaluation phase: e.g. monitoring outcomes across patients, radiological reporting, compliance with established standards and a quality assurance program 4. Data reporting and research, e.g. audit and feedback to multidisciplinary teams, reporting outcomes to enhance international research into LDCT screening 5. Incorporation of smoking cessation interventions, e.g. specific programs designed for LDCT screening or referral to existing community or hospital-based services that deliver cessation interventions. Most original studies are single-institution evaluations that contain descriptive data about the processes required to establish and implement a high-risk population-based screening program. Across all studies there is a consistent message as to the challenges and complexities of establishing LDCT screening programs to attract people at high risk who will receive the greatest benefits from participation. With regards to smoking cessation, evidence from one systematic review indicates the optimal strategy for incorporating smoking cessation interventions into a LDCT screening program is unclear. There is widespread agreement that LDCT screening attendance presents a ‘teachable moment’ for cessation advice, especially among those people who receive a positive scan result. Smoking cessation is an area of significant research investment; for instance, eight US-based clinical trials are now underway that aim to address how best to design and deliver cessation programs within large-scale LDCT screening programs.(9) Question 4: What is the cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening programs (include studies of cost–utility)? Assessing the value or cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening involves a complex interplay of factors including data on effectiveness and costs, and institutional context. A key input is data about the effectiveness of potential and current screening programs with respect to case detection, and the likely outcomes of treating those cases sooner (in the presence of LDCT screening) as opposed to later (in the absence of LDCT screening). Evidence about the cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening programs has been summarised in two systematic reviews. We identified a further 13 studies—five modelling studies, one discrete choice experiment and seven articles—that used a variety of methods to assess cost-effectiveness. Three modelling studies indicated LDCT screening was cost-effective in the settings of the US and Europe. Two studies—one from Australia and one from New Zealand—reported LDCT screening would not be cost-effective using NLST-like protocols. We anticipate that, following the full publication of the NELSON trial, cost-effectiveness studies will likely be updated with new data that reduce uncertainty about factors that influence modelling outcomes, including the findings of indeterminate nodules. Gaps in the evidence There is a large and accessible body of evidence as to the effectiveness (Q1) and harms (Q2) of LDCT screening for lung cancer. Nevertheless, there are significant gaps in the evidence about the program components that are required to implement an effective LDCT screening program (Q3). Questions about LDCT screening acceptability and feasibility were not explicitly included in the scope. However, as the evidence is based primarily on US programs and UK pilot studies, the relevance to the local setting requires careful consideration. The Queensland Lung Cancer Screening Study provides feasibility data about clinical aspects of LDCT screening but little about program design. The International Lung Screening Trial is still in the recruitment phase and findings are not yet available for inclusion in this Evidence Check. The Australian Population Based Screening Framework was developed to “inform decision-makers on the key issues to be considered when assessing potential screening programs in Australia”.(10) As the Framework is specific to population-based, rather than high-risk, screening programs, there is a lack of clarity about transferability of criteria. However, the Framework criteria do stipulate that a screening program must be acceptable to “important subgroups such as target participants who are from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, people from disadvantaged groups and people with a disability”.(10) An extensive search of the literature highlighted that there is very little information about the acceptability of LDCT screening to these population groups in Australia. Yet they are part of the high-risk population.(10) There are also considerable gaps in the evidence about the cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening in different settings, including Australia. The evidence base in this area is rapidly evolving and is likely to include new data from the NELSON trial and incorporate data about the costs of targeted- and immuno-therapies as these treatments become more widely available in Australia.