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1
Aberdeen, Douglas Alexander, and doug aberdeen@anu edu au. "Policy-Gradient Algorithms for Partially Observable Markov Decision Processes." The Australian National University. Research School of Information Sciences and Engineering, 2003. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20030410.111006.
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Partially observable Markov decision processes are interesting because
of their ability to model most conceivable real-world learning
problems, for example, robot navigation, driving a car, speech
recognition, stock trading, and playing games. The downside of this
generality is that exact algorithms are computationally
intractable. Such computational complexity motivates approximate
approaches. One such class of algorithms are the so-called
policy-gradient methods from reinforcement learning. They seek to
adjust the parameters of an agent in the direction that maximises the
long-term average of a reward signal. Policy-gradient methods are
attractive as a \emph{scalable} approach for controlling partially
observable Markov decision processes (POMDPs).
¶
In the most general case POMDP policies require some form of internal
state, or memory, in order to act optimally. Policy-gradient methods
have shown promise for problems admitting memory-less policies but have
been less successful when memory is required. This thesis develops
several improved algorithms for learning policies with memory in an
infinite-horizon setting. Directly, when the dynamics of the world
are known, and via Monte-Carlo methods otherwise.
The algorithms simultaneously learn how to act and what to remember.
¶
Monte-Carlo policy-gradient approaches tend to produce gradient
estimates with high variance. Two novel methods for reducing variance
are introduced. The first uses high-order filters to replace the
eligibility trace of the gradient estimator. The second uses a
low-variance value-function method to learn a subset of the parameters
and a policy-gradient method to learn the remainder.
¶
The algorithms are applied to large domains including a simulated
robot navigation scenario, a multi-agent scenario with 21,000 states,
and the complex real-world task of large vocabulary continuous speech
recognition. To the best of the author's knowledge, no other policy-gradient
algorithms have performed well at such tasks.
¶
The high variance of Monte-Carlo methods requires lengthy simulation
and hence a super-computer to train agents within a reasonable time. The ANU
``Bunyip'' Linux cluster was built with such tasks in mind. It was
used for several of the experimental results presented here. One
chapter of this thesis describes an application written for the Bunyip
cluster that won the international Gordon-Bell prize for
price/performance in 2001.
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Aberdeen, Douglas Alexander. "Policy-gradient algorithms for partially observable Markov decision processes /." View thesis entry in Australian Digital Theses Program, 2003. http://thesis.anu.edu.au/public/adt-ANU20030410.111006/index.html.
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Greensmith, Evan. "Policy gradient methods : variance reduction and stochastic convergence /." View thesis entry in Australian Digital Theses Program, 2005. http://thesis.anu.edu.au/public/adt-ANU20060106.193712/index.html.
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Croker, Keith L., and n/a. "Factors affecting public policy processes : the experience of the industries assistance commission." University of Canberra. Administrative Studies, 1986. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20060630.174015.
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Public policies are, at once, the means for articulation of political
philosophies and processes, the conduits for conversion of political
and bureaucratic decisions into actions and the means by which the
electorate can assess government performance. Public policy
processes offer a means of achieving social and economic change and
they are a primary justification for the existence of governmental
systems. On these counts, identification of the elements of policy
processes and the ways they interact with each other is essential to
an understanding of the relationships between public policy decisions,
systems of democratic government and their connections with wider
society.
This thesis goes behind the facade of public policy outcomes and
analyses the processes involved in arriving at policy decisions.
Linkages are traced between political theories, the processes of
public policy decisions and final policy outcomes. This involves,
first, an examination and critique of liberal-democratic theories.
Second, there is detailed examination of pluralist democratic practice,
which is the prevailing political paradigm of modern western
liberal-democratic societies. The analysis finds substantial evidence
of gross distortions in the process relative to normative theories.
Plain causes are the institutionalisation of special interests to the
exclusion of wider public interests and inadequate accountability of
governments and bureaucracies for their actions.
Policy processes in pluralist systems are examined and it is concluded
that the social environment, institutional influences and factors which
affect the behaviour of institutions are key elements explaining public
policy decisions.
The capacity for pluralism to significantly influence policy outcomes
depends largely on the degree and nature of access to the public policy
process at various points.
In examining the role of government institutions in public policy
processes, it is argued that a clear distinction between the elected
legislature and the administrative bureaucracy is artificial and
misleading. Further, there is evidence that public service bureaucrats
can become captives of their particular client groups and, thus, less
accessible to the full range of relevant interests. These problems are
exacerbated by the two-party Westminster model of representative
democracy which tends to concentrate power in cabinet government,
resulting in a decline in the importance of parliament as a deliberative
and scrutinising bodies.
This dissertation develops the view that there are significant causal
links between institutional philosophies and values and the dominant
disciplines within institutions. It is also argued that growing
professionalism in bureaucracies and a tendency for functional divisions
of public policy to be in broad symmetry with the divisions of the
professions, tends to intensify the influence of particular professional
disciplines on related areas of public policy.
The critique of liberal-democratic theories and the related discussion
of factors affecting policy processes in a pluralist system are used to
identify the essential elements of public policy processes. It is
proposed that all policy processes contain the four elements of
pluralism, access, accountability and planning which are interactively
related. Differences in emphasis given to these elements in the policy
process explains the nature of individual policy decisions. Thus, the
normative policy process datum model provides both a static and dynamic
framework for analysing policy decisions.
In order to examine the theoretical arguments in an empirical context,
the policy processes of the Australian Federal Government, in the area
of industry assistance, are analysed. This policy arena contains all
the 'raw material' of pluralist processes and is, therefore, a fertile
area for analysis. Furthermore, operating within this policy arena is
the Industries Assistance Commission [IAC], a bureaucratic institution
which is quite unlike traditional administrative structures. The IAC
has, prima-facie, all of the features of the policy process datum model;
it operates in an open mode, it encourages a range of pluralistic inputs,
it has a highly professional planning function and, because its policy
advice is published, it encourages scrutiny and accountability of
itself, other actors in the bureaucracy and the elected government. The
IAC operates in a rational-comprehensive mode.
The analysis concludes that the IAC was established in part to be a
countervailing force to restore some balance in the industry policy
arena. In this it has been partly successful - the distributive policy
decisions of governments have come under much greater scrutiny than in
the past and other areas of the bureaucracy have been forced to operate
more frequently in a rational-comprehensive mode, rather than as
advocates of sectional interests.
The IAC has itself limited its range of objectives, however, and has
tended to become a computational organisation, isolating its core
economic [planning] technology from the interactive processes of the
policy process model, i.e. pluralism, access and accountability. By
protecting its essential philosophy in this way, the IAC runs the risk
of becoming less influential in the overall policy process.
Using the policy process model as a datum, and the empirical experience
of the IAC and the policy arena in which it operates, several options
for administrative reform are examined. A summary agenda for
administrative change is proposed which revolves around ways of achieving
balanced pluralistic inputs, a greater degree of access, better
bureaucratic and government accountability and ways of exploiting but
controlling technocratic planning expertise. Emphasis is placed on the
need to achieve enriched interactive flows between each of these key
elements. If these conditions can be met, it is proposed that a revised
and improved administrative bureaucracy will emerge.
5
Brooks, Sally. "Global science, public goods? : tracing international science policy processes in rice biofortification." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.487022.
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This thesis explores initiatives in 'biofortification', a term referring to the enhancement of micronutrient levels of staple crops through biological processes, such as plant breeding and transgenics. It traces developments in i'ice bioforiification; fromtwo early initiatives. in iron rice research and 'Golden Rice', to the HarvestPlus 'Challenge Programme', launched by the CGIAR in 2003, with substantial support from the Gates Foundation. It highlights a series of transformations that have punctuated the journey of biof0l1ification research, from its modest beginnings at the outer margins of international crop research, to its re-branding as an exemplar of a new way forward identified for the CGIAR, as 'broker' in heterogeneous, global research networks,_ a.ble to guarantee the 'public goods' status of the _agendas and outputs of such networks. International biof0l1ification initiatives such as HarvestPlus emphasise three, inter-related themes: managing research collaboration through multi-organisational partnerships; tackling complex problems through i11lerdisciplinwy research; and achieving greater impact, as understood within the MDG framework that now dominates international development thinking. This research asks if these evolving modes of organisation, styles of science and framings of impact are indicative of future directions in international agricultural research. These questions have been followed through a multi-sited, ethnographic tracing of science policy processes and institutionalised practices, from the United States to the Philippines and China. Biofortification provides a lens through which to question the idea of 'global science', and the notion, built into the fabric of the CGIAR system, that it can generate generic research outputs as widely applicable, international public goods. This is particularly relevant at a time when donor attention has returned to agriculture, and to the potential of investments in science and technology to stimulate agricultural development. In practice, as biofortification research has become increasingly 'global', attention has shifted upstream, relocating the locus of decision making ever further from the beneficiary groups in whose name such substantial investments are made. These dynamics implicitly sanction a return to top down development; while restricting the space for actors located fUl1her downstream to debate unresolved technical and policy uncertainties.
6
McIntyre, Emma. "Evaluating the use of GIS by public participants in environmental decision-making processes a case study approach /." Access electronically, 2007. http://www.library.uow.edu.au/adt-NWU/public/adt-NWU20080616.132630/index.html.
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Ball, Susan. "Interest representation in land use planning policy processes : a case study." Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.290419.
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Connelly, Stephen. "Public involvement in Local Agenda 21 : the impact of local authority policy processes." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2003. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/3435/.
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The signing of Agenda 21 by the UK government committed local authorities in England to drawing up local action plans for sustainable development in partnership with their citizens. This Local Agenda 21 (LA21) initiative appeared to provide the opportunity for radical changes in the trajectory of development and in the nature of local governance. This research set out to explain why this did not take place and what happened instead. It investigated how the nature of public involvement in LA21 was shaped by the local authority policy making processes through which it was developed, based on the premise that these involved the working out of the ambiguous and contested concepts of public involvement and sustainable development in a complex policy and institutional environment. Two contrasting LA21 processes were studied in detail, primarily through interviews with key policy actors, supplemented by observation and documentary evidence. The research showed that public involvement in LA21 was the outcome of contestation between actors with differing interpretations of the key concepts, who also had a range of other policy and institutional goals which affected their attitudes towards the initiative. Outcomes were determined by which interpretations were present and the ability of actors to control policy making processes to promote their goals. This explains both the variation within the LA21 initiative as a whole and the absence of 'radical' impacts: such goals were simply not present or they were suppressed by more powerful actors. The thesis develops more practically adequate characterisations of both sustainable development and public involvement. It also challenges Agenda 21's concept of a consensual participative planning process for sustainable development. It concludes by suggesting that policy making for sustainable development is inherently conflictive, and that public involvement in it is both a tool for policy makers and a channel for democratic input into policy making.
9
GOMES, ADRIANA ALICE. "PUBLIC SOCIAL POLICY AND YOUTH: ANALYSIS OF THE PROCESSES OF CONTINUITY AND DISCONTINUITY." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2010. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=16543@1.
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COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIORA presente dissertação tem por objetivo analisar os processos de continuidade e descontinuidade dos programas sociais voltados para o segmento social da juventude, em âmbito de política social pública. Este estudo centraliza sua análise no processo de reformulação ocorrida do Programa Agente Jovem de Desenvolvimento Social e Humano (AJDSH) para o Programa Integrado de Juventude (PROJOVEM-Adolescente). O texto apresenta reflexões sobre a compreensão de política social pública, direcionando sua discussão mais especificamente para a política social pública de assistência social, na perspectiva de direito e no contexto do neoliberalismo, com a finalidade de situar a conjuntura histórica de elaboração, implementação e execução dos programas sociais. Procura discutir o atual quadro em que se encontra a juventude em situação de vulnerabilidade social e os diferentes problemas sociais enfrentados por ela, nesse quadro de grandes desigualdades sociais, que caracteriza o país. Nos últimos anos esta questão vem sendo considerada de grande importância na agenda política nacional e na sociedade em geral. Os dados deste estudo apontam que as mudanças ocorridas parecem estar diretamente relacionadas a processos políticos. Demonstram também, que o programa Agente Jovem possui algumas características de relevância e efetividade que o levam a alguma continuidade. Destaca-se que este programa não foi simplesmente abandonado, como já ocorreu com outros programas na administração pública brasileira, conforme os exemplos discutidos nesta dissertação. Embora tenha perdido sua identidade inicial e algumas ações apontadas como importantes terem sido descontinuadas, serviu de base para o atual programa ProJovem Adolescente. Os dispositivos legais impressos recentemente, como a própria Constituição Federal de 1988, o Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente (1990), Estatuto da Juventude (Projeto de Lei 4529/2004), a Política Nacional da Juventude (2005), além de constituírem num avanço para as políticas sociais públicas voltadas para juventude, as quais são concebidas enquanto direito, podem também contribuir, por meio da construção de espaços públicos para a continuidade das ações efetivas.
This dissertation aims to analyze the processes of continuity and discontinuity of social programs for the social segment of youth in the context of public social policy. This study focuses its analysis on the reformulation process occurred in the change of the Young Agent of Social Development and Human Program to the Integrated Program of Youth. The text presents reflections on the understanding of public social policy, directing the discussion closer to the politics of public social welfare from the perspective of rights and in the background of neoliberalism, in order to situate the historical context of development, implementation and execution of social programs. Discusses the current framework in which the youth is in a situation of social vulnerability and the various social problems faced by her, in this context of great inequality that characterizes the country. In recent years this issue has been considered of great importance in the national political agenda and in society in general. Data from this study indicate that changes appear to be directly related to political processes. They also show that the Young Agent Program has some characteristics of relevance and effectiveness that leads to some continuity. It is emphasized that this program was not simply abandoned as has happened with other programs in the public brazilian administration, as the examples discussed in this dissertation. Although it lost its original identity and some actions identified as important have been discontinued, was the basis for the current program ProJovem Adolescents. The legal forms recently, as the constitution of 1988, the Statute of Children and Adolescents (1990), the Statute of Youth (Law 4529/2004), the National Youth Policy (2005), as well as being a breakthrough for the political social public policies for youth, which are designed as a right, may also contribute, through the construction of public spaces for the continuity of effective action.
10
Geiselhart, Karin, and n/a. "Does democracy scale?: a fractal model for the role of interactive technologies in democratic policy processes." University of Canberra. Information Management and Tourism, 1999. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20050628.122941.
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The development of interactive communication technologies, such as email and the Internet,
has stimulated much discussion about their potential to assist in the renewal of democracy.
Globalisation, intimately connected with technological advance, has likewise led to
considerations of 'governance' that transcend the nation state. This thesis poses the general
question: Can the efficiencies and economies which drive commercial applications of
interactive technology be applied to democratic policy processes? What conditions will
facilitate this?
The perspective taken here views policy as a communication process between networks of
actors who seek to use resources and decisions to promote their value systems (Considine
1994). Democracy is also seen as a communication process, with a set of criteria which
ensure equal access to information and agenda setting among participants (Dahl 1989).
These definitions and criteria have been chosen for their generality. They apply at all levels
of analysis, and thus may be used for comparison across scales. These are aligned with
concepts from complexity theory as applied to human nonlinear systems and organisational
dynamics, drawing mostly on Kiel(1994) and Stacey (1996). The inherent unpredictability
of these systems and their capacity for complex learning and adaptive self-organisation
offers an alternative paradigm to linear, hierarchical management models.
A combination of literature analysis and case study evidence leads to three extensions of
complexity theory as applied to human systems: Firstly, interactive technology is proposed
as a technique for the potential re-pluralisation of democratic processes in complex human
systems. The possibility of adding many new non-elite voices, and of making these available
to all others, relates to both chaotic forms of self-organisation and the benefits of electronic
democracy. Secondly, evidence is presented for the existence of fractal, or self-similar
patterns in the ways information technology is applied at different levels of governance. It is
shown that instrumental approaches which emphasise efficiency dominate technology use at
the global, national and organisational levels, and these are interdependent. Alternative
patterns which encourage participation also exist at every level. Thirdly, it is argued that the
values of the dominant actors are the main determinants of whether interactive technologies
will be structured to favour democratic forms of communication at every level.
Three theory chapters in Part I develop these arguments by extensive reviews of relevant
literatures. On the global level, convergent media, telecommunications and technology
conglomerates underpin a global 'nervous system' which discourages government
intervention, promotes a global monoculture, inhibits pluralistic debate by minimising access
to alternative forms of information, and emphasises individualism and consumption. Within
nations, widespread uniformity of public sector reform is sympathetic and responsive to
these globalising pressures. Deregulation, privatisation, retreat from public broadcasting,
down-sizing and outsourcing have become standard approaches, and are reflected in
Australian information technology policy and programs. Several exceptions demonstrate
more participatory approaches. At the organisational level, instrumental approaches to
management and computerisation also prevail. In each case, a shift towards globalising
values corresponds to applications of information technology which dampen the complex
interactivity required for democratic policy processes.
Part II supplements this analysis with case study evidence. The organisational data were
collected primarily during a two year qualitative study of interactive technology use in the
Australian Department of Finance and Administration. The researcher found technology use
was inseparable from other change processes, and these were found to have strong elements
inhibiting participation in internal policy. An instrumental approach to interactive technology
use reinforced hierarchical decision processes.
Three minor case studies looked at an internal mailing list in a federal agency, a mostly
national list on Internet and telecommunications policy, and an experiment in electronic
democracy at the local level. These offered additional insights into the ways interactive
technologies can contribute to complex but adaptive policy processes, if normative
democratic values guide their design.
The researcher proposes a set of communication protocols for the use of interactive
technologies in democratic policy processes. These would enable the forms of
communication necessary to reinvigorate democracy in an information age. It is also argued
that these protocols, if applied at the organisational level, and particularly within the public
sector, could become part of a reaffirmation of industrial democracy. This is necessary to
ensure the integrity and accountability of the public sector, given the progressive
intermingling of these institutions with private enterprise. Additional suggestions are made
for research into government uses of information technology as an important focus for policy
analysts.
11
Reynolds, Abigail. "Redistricting Processes Across the States: Effects on Electoral Competition." Wittenberg University Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wuhonors1398957362.
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Gross, Perry D. "A Q methodology Analysis of Individual Perspectives of Public Decision Making Influences of Collaborative Processes." ScholarWorks, 2011. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/975.
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Suboptimal public policy formulation and implementation often result from traditional representative democratic practices. Increasing government fragmentation, eroding trust among policy actors, and an increasingly complex policy making environment contribute to this problem. Collaborative decision making is considered to be a pragmatic alternative by its advocates. The purpose of this research was to explore the claim that process dynamics lead participants to prefer collaborative approaches to decision making among local and regional transportation plans in a western state. The conceptual framework was the diversity, interdependence, and authentic dialogue (DIAD) theory-based model of collaboration in decision making. The research questions focused on collaboration participants' perspectives of public decision making, variability of views among collaboration groups, and preferences for collaborative approaches to public decision making. This study employed Q methodology and a 45-statement Q sample about public decision making structured with a 2 X 3 Fisherian research design. Fifty-four Q sorts were collected from two groups of DIAD theory-based collaborative participants and one group of collaborative support professionals. Ten first-order factors were identified among these three groups and used in a second-order factor analysis to identify the higher order views of collaborative, personal-public, and professional-public decision making. Key findings were that study participants support collaborative approaches to public decision making. Study results provide collaboration facilitators with insight into participant views of decision making. The implications for social change are the generation of the deliberative capacity fundamental for democratic societies and increasing civic capacity-building.
13
Di, Gregorio Monica. "Social movement networks, policy processes, and forest tenure activism in Indonesia." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2011. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/215/.
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This thesis aims to answer the following question: How do environmental movement networks sustain collective action in order to influence forest tenure reforms in Indonesia? In doing so, it expressly relies on a relational approach to social movement studies that recognizes the interaction between the social structure and agency and the role of culture in shaping social movement networks. It relies on a mixed methods research design to study the forms and features of networks as well as the context, the meaning and the ongoing social processes that underlie environmental networks. The first paper provides a macro-level analysis of the changing political context and of the forces internal to the environmental movement that have led to reforms in forest tenure policies in the last decade in Indonesia. The second paper presents the research design of the thesis and discusses how specific theoretical approaches to social movement networks affect the choice of analytical methods and how relational approaches call for the use of mixed methods. The rest of the thesis analyzes meso-level features of inter-organizational networking among environmental movement organizations (EMOs) and between EMOs and state actors. The third paper examines the role communication networks among EMOs in coalition work and illustrates how environmental values and common discursive practices can be important coalescing forces. The fourth paper investigates the role of external institutionalization, contention and cooperation in relational forms of activism with state actors. It analyzes how the environmental movement, despite the use of moderate tactics, has avoided co-optation. The fifth paper investigates the contingency of political opportunities at the mesolevel. It suggests that at the inter-organizational level access to the state is dependent on the type of actors involved, their behavior and experiences, and the issue of contention, and it shows that EMOs can in part shape political opportunities
14
Mauda, Aluwani. "Is Implementation still the missing link? Understanding public policy processes: Education Reform in Post-Apartheid South Africa." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsstudier (SS), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-53439.
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Implementation research in the 1970s claimed that implementation was the missing link between policy intent and policy outcomes. This led to the politics-administration dichotomy, which says that there is a boundary between those who make public policy and those who implement it. Although there have been efforts to show that this boundary does not exist, implementation research is considered to have hit a dead end. The ‘missing link’ discourse is still being used and referred to, both in research and in practice. Public policy literature lacks policy analysis frameworks that study policy processes holistically. Using a theory of change approach, this research study proposes a dynamic policy analysis framework that looks at policy context, social networks between policy actors, actors’ beliefs, influences, and their interactions with institutions; in an effort to understand how public policy processes, affect implementation, and consequently policy outcomes. As a case study this research looks at post-apartheid education policy change in South Africa, which was based on Outcomes Based Education (OBE), and judged to have failed at implementation. The research finds that implementation is affected by policy interpretation and that in the South African case; the new curriculum (Curriculum 2005) was interpreted differently by different actors, leading to a divergence of outcomes from policy objectives. This was mainly a result of poor information flow between policy actors, which in turn was facilitated by social forces underlying policy processes. The research also finds that context is important; Curriculum 2005 was designed and implemented without a proper understanding of what teachers and learners needed at the classroom level.
15
Daily, Alisia. "Social Innovation and Innovation Champions: An analysis of public and private processes." VCU Scholars Compass, 2014. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3461.
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This research intends to gain deeper insight into the social innovation processes within public and private organizations. The purpose of the study will be to determine if public and private organizations are influenced more by internal organizational factors or external organizational factors. Using Roger’s diffusion theory, Mohr’s internal determinants and Berry and Berry’s unified theory as a foundation, this research will endeavor to prove hypotheses which suggest that private organizations are influenced more by internal organizational factors and public organizations are influenced more by external organizational factors although not exclusively. The research method for this study will involve a mixed methods approach. A survey of innovation champions will be implemented online followed by a qualitative interview of a subset of those respondents. In addition to the research specific to internal and external organizational factors, this study will also seek to assess the importance of the use of innovation champions during the social innovation process. Social innovation is a new concept in the realm of innovation. This research will offer much needed insight into a process that is new and evolving.
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Baral, Jagadish Chandra. "Government intervention and local processes in community forestry in the hills of Nepal /." Richmond, N.S.W. : University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury, 1999. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030522.085631/index.html.
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Rao, Vikram Mohan. "Investigation of Decision Processes in Chemical Substitution Decision Making." Thesis, The George Washington University, 2021. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=28261055.
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In recent years, new regulatory guidance has spurred organizations to replace hazardous chemicals with safer alternatives. The factors and influences that shape decisions to transition to safer chemicals are of interest to decision scientists. Previous studies have examined the role that various factors, such as regulation, health impacts, and environmental impacts, have played in shaping such decisions. However, two key research gaps have been identified. First, existing semi-quantitative-based studies do not adequately capture the complexity of decision-making. Second, no in-depth qualitative study of a current substitution process, elucidating decision-making mechanisms at various stages of the design process, has yet been performed. The current research addresses these gaps. The first component of the study is an extensive survey of product and chemical manufacturers to elicit potential tradeoffs concerning final product design and redesign decisions. Such tradeoffs are characterized by a set of six factors affecting product design, which are further disaggregated into thirty-three attributes distributed across these factors. Statistical methods including Bayesian Dirichlet modeling and Principal Component Analysis were used to show: 1) two factors were statistically significantly different than other factors, 2) how features such as company size and time of decision affected factor weighting, and 3) that nine principal components explain 79% of the variance in the attribute scores. The second component of the study was a phenomenological assessment of a current substitution process: replacement of cadmium with Zn-Ni for aircraft components, undertaken by the U.S. Navy and Air Force. This study synthesized existing research in cognition, decision-making, and knowledge management. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with participants representing engineering, environmental, safety, and management disciplines. Qualitative analysis was used to identify and characterize the underlying mechanisms guiding the decision process, including external/internal influences, organizational structure and inertia, and innovative team problem solving. The results from this research contribute to theoretical knowledge in decision-making and cognition, as well as practical knowledge for organizations and policymakers. The broader implications of this research study include a realization that decision tradeoffs vary based on decision contexts, indicating that sector-specific future policy and guidance efforts are needed.
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Hendriks, Carolyn Maree, and C. M. Hendriks@uva nl. "Public Deliberation and Interest Organisations: a Study of Responses to Lay Citizen Engagement in Public Policy." The Australian National University. Research School of Social Sciences, 2004. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20050921.103047.
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This thesis empirically examines how lobby groups and activists respond to innovative forms of public participation. The study centres on processes that foster a particular kind
of deliberative governance including citizens’ juries, consensus conferences and planning cells. These deliberative designs bring together a panel of randomly selected lay citizens
to deliberate on a specific policy issue for a few days, with the aim of providing decision makers with a set of recommendations. While policy makers worldwide are attracted to these novel participatory processes, little consideration has been given to how well they work alongside more adversarial and interest-based politics. This doctoral research project examines this interface by studying what these processes mean to different kinds of policy actors such as corporations, advocacy groups, government agencies, experts
and professionals. These entities are collectively referred to in this thesis as ‘interest organisations’ because in some way they are seeking a specific policy outcome from the
state – even government-based groups.¶
The empirical research in this thesis is based on comparative case studies of four deliberative design projects in Australia and Germany. The Australian cases include a citizens’ jury on waste management legislation and a consensus conference on gene
technology in the food chain. The German case studies include a planning cells project on consumer protection in Bavaria, and a national consensus conference on genetic diagnostics. Together the cases capture a diversity of complex and contested policy
issues facing post-industrialised societies. In each case study, I examine how relevant interest organisations responded to the deliberative forum, and then interpret these responses in view of the context and features of the case.¶
The picture emerging from the in-depth case studies is that interest organisations respond to deliberative designs in a variety of ways. Some choose to participate actively,
others passively decline, and a few resort to strategic tactics to undermine citizens’ deliberations. The empirical research reveals that though responses are variable, most
interest organisations are challenged by several features of the deliberative design model including: 1) that deliberators are citizens with no knowledge or association with the
issue; 2) that experts and interest representatives are required to present their arguments before a citizens’ panel; and 3) that policy discussions occur under deliberative conditions which can expose the illegitimate use of power.¶
Despite these challenges, the paradox is that many interest organisations do decide to engage in lay citizen deliberations. The empirical research indicates that groups and experts value deliberative designs if they present an opportunity for public relations, customer feedback, or advocacy. Moreover, the research finds that when policy actors
intensively engage with ‘ordinary’ citizens, their technocratic and elite ideas about public participation can shift in a more inclusive and deliberative direction.¶
The thesis finds that, on the whole, weaker interest organisations are more willing to engage with lay citizens than stronger organisations because they welcome the chance to influence public debate and decision makers. It appears that powerful groups will only
engage in a deliberative forum under certain policy conditions, for example, when the dominant policy paradigm is unstable and contested, when public discussion on the issue is emerging, when policy networks are interdependent and heterogeneous, and when the broader social and political system supports public accountability, consensus and
deliberation. Given that these kinds of policy conditions do not always exist, I conclude that tensions between interest organisations and deliberative governance will be common. In order to create more cooperative and productive interfaces, I recommend
that interest organisations be better supported and integrated into citizens’ deliberations, and that steps be taken to safeguard forums from strategic attempts to undermine their
legitimacy.¶
The thesis also sends out three key messages to democratic theorists. First, the empirical research shows that different kinds of groups and actors in civil society vary in their
willingness and capacity to participate to public deliberation. Second, the deliberative design model demonstrates that partisan actors, such as interest organisations, will engage in public deliberation when they can participate as strategic deliberators. In this role
partisans are not expected to relinquish their agendas, but present them as testimonies before a group of deliberators. Third, the empirical research in this thesis should bring
home to theorists that deliberative forums are closely linked to the discursive context within which they operate.
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Kubota, Howard Teruo. "Decision Processes, Synergism, and Shared Governance in a California Community College District." ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/3794.
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Many California community colleges face difficult decisions when implementing the State's shared governance mandate on institutional planning and budgeting processes. Using Allison and Zelikow's rational, organizational, and political decision models as the foundation, the purpose of this narrative study was to explore decision processes used by a successful community college district in California to understand its success with the State's mandated institutional planning and budgeting processes. Data were collected through semistructured interviews with 10 individuals representing a board of trustees, 3 administrations, 3 academic senates, and a faculty association. Data were inductively coded and then subjected to Ollerenshaw and Creswell's narrative analysis procedure. All 10 narratives were assigned decision process scores based on Allison and Zelikow's framework and 6 specific planning and budgeting decision events. Findings indicate that elements from all 3 decision models were routinely used to create synergism of actions leading to a collaborative and strong unity of effort. In addition, favored decision-making processes may have overcome rational choice impediments in the budgeting area. The positive social change implication includes a recommendation to the academic leaders of all 72 California community college districts that they capitalize on the synergistic interactions of decision processes required for successful institutional planning and budgeting. In addition, leaders should use favored decision models sparingly to fulfill California's legislative mandate for a quality and college-educated workforce. The ultimate unity of effort for academic leaders is to correct the shortfall of a million college graduates needed by 2025 for California's workforce.
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Eppel, Elizabeth Anne. "The contribution of complexity theory to understanding and explaining policy processes : a study of tertiary education policy processes in New Zealand : a thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctof of Philosophy in Public Policy /." ResearchArchive@Victoria e-Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10063/1202.
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Pohlkamp, Elli-Katharina [Verfasser], and Robert [Akademischer Betreuer] Horres. "Public Opinion and Japanese Foreign Policy Decision-Making Processes During the Koizumi Administration / Elli-Katharina Pohlkamp ; Betreuer: Robert Horres." Tübingen : Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1162971568/34.
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Ramnath, Kalawatie. "Regime characteristics and health policy reform in the post-colonial state: a comparative case study of the influence of regime characteristics on health human resources policy and policy reform processes in Guyana, Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago, 1970-1990." Thesis, University of Hull, 1998. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:3763.
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In this dissertation, I examine and compare the influence of the following regime characteristics -strength, stability, ideology, democracy and survival/maintenance - on post-colonial health human resources policy processes within one sub-region: the Commonwealth Caribbean; with special reference to Guyana, Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago (hereinafter called Trinidad) between 1970 to 1990. As I want to comparatively assess the role of these characteristics in post-colonial policy processes, I shall in this chapter place my study within the context of colonial regime characteristics, society and reform processes, assessing its possible influences on post-colonial political developments. This forms the basis of my analysis of policy within these three `post-colonial' states during the 1970s and 1980s. Section One describes the paradox of health and health human resources status in the Commonwealth Caribbean during the 1970s and 1980s. In Section Two, I describe the area under study. In Section Three, I examine possible linkages with the nature of power and reform under colonial regimes. In Section Four, I analyse the influence of regime characteristics on policy processes by assessing health policy outcomes of postwar reform. I begin with an examination of the contradictory status of Commonwealth Caribbean health and health human resources development in the 1970s and 1980s.
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Garcilasso, Vanessa Pecora. "Análise entre processos e matérias-primas para a produção de biodiesel." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/106/106131/tde-24022015-102338/.
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A busca por alternativas ao uso de combustíveis fósseis vem se tornando cada vez mais necessária. Neste sentido, os biocombustíveis vêm se destacando por ser uma fonte de energia alternativa de grande viabilidade para o setor de transporte, maior consumidor de energia. O desafio é viabilizar a produção de biocombustíveis em larga escala, de maneira sustentável. Nesse contexto, o biodiesel apresenta-se como opção interessante para substituição/mistura ao diesel, com vantagens ambientais, pois emite menos gases como o CO, CO2 e SO2 na atmosfera. Nos últimos anos, políticas de incentivo à produção deram início à inserção do biodiesel na matriz energética nacional através do Programa Nacional de Produção e Uso do Biodiesel. Em 2005, a Lei nº. 11.097 determinou a introdução do biodiesel na matriz energética brasileira e, recentemente, fixou o valor em 7% para o percentual mínimo obrigatório de adição de biodiesel ao óleo diesel. Apesar do importante avanço proporcionado pela introdução legal do biodiesel no país, existem ainda muitas questões relacionadas à sua produção que precisam ser discutidas, tais como as diferentes condições de cultivo de matérias-primas e os diferentes processos para a obtenção do mesmo. Neste sentido o objetivo deste trabalho é analisar as matérias-primas e os processos de produção de biodiesel, bem como analisar as políticas e propor adequações para o programa de biodiesel existente, visando a sustentabilidade do biodiesel no Brasil. As análises são feitas com base no estudo de ACV da produção de biodiesel a partir das duas matérias-primas mais utilizadas no país: soja e gordura animal, contemplando as duas rotas de produção: etílica e metílica (Projeto BIOACV). Apesar da soja e da gordura animal representarem mais que 95% das matérias-primas utilizadas para a produção de biodiesel, seria importante a inserção de outras matérias-primas que possuam possibilidades de serem efetivamente incorporadas a sua produção. Entretanto, para isso, também são necessárias pesquisas adicionais e avanços tecnológicos para uma cadeia produtiva bem desenvolvida. Além disso, ainda há necessidade de resolver os gargalos na produção de biodiesel a partir de etanol. Os estímulos à pesquisa de produção de biodiesel etílico praticamente não existem mais e o uso de etanol para este fim atualmente ainda é em pequena escala. Além de apresentar dificuldades na produção, como maior consumo no processo e dificuldades na recuperação do excesso de álcool utilizado, é preciso investimentos em pesquisa e desenvolvimento para viabilizar técnica e economicamente o processo de produção de biodiesel pela transesterificação via rota etílica.The quest for alternatives to replace fossil fuels is becoming crucial. In this sense, biofuels have stood out for being an alternative energy source with high potential for the transport sector, one of the largest consumers of energy. The challenge is not only to enable biofuel production on a large scale but also to produce biofuels in a sustainable manner. In this context, biodiesel is presented as interesting option for diesel replacement and/or admixture due to its environmental advantages since emits fewer greenhouse gases such as CO2 and SOX in the atmosphere. In recent years, polices such as the National Program for Production and Use of Biodiesel fostered the biodiesel production. In 2005, the Federal Law no. 11097 came into force and established the mandate for biodiesel in the Brazilian energy matrix and, recently, set the value at 7% for the required minimum volume of biodiesel added to diesel oil. Despite the significant advances provided by the legal framework for biodiesel introduction in the country, there are still many questions related to its production system that need to be discussed, such as the different conditions of raw material cultivation and the different production processes for obtaining the same output. In this sense the objective of this study is to analyze raw materials and biodiesel production processes and to evaluate policies so as to propose adjustments to existing biodiesel program aiming at sustainability of biodiesel production and use in Brazil. The analysis conducts a LCA study based on the main raw materials used in the country for biodiesel production: soy and animal fat. The study comprises both production routes: methyl and ethyl routes (i.e. BIOACV Project). Although soy and animal fat accounted for more than 95% of raw materials used for biodiesel production, the inclusion of other raw materials that have the potential to be effectively incorporated into biodiesel production would be important. However, for doing so, the study would require additional research on technological advances and a well-developed supply chain, which were not established during the conclusion of the study. Furthermore, there was a pressing issue that is the need on solving bottlenecks in the current biodiesel production from ethanol. On the one hand, the incentives to research on ethyl biodiesel production practically no longer exist and the use of ethanol for this purpose is still on a small scale. On the other hand, the process presents difficulties during production, such as increased consumption and difficulties in recovering the excess alcohol used. In short, it is necessary investments in research and development to facilitate technical and economic production of biodiesel by transesterification process via ethyl route.
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Record, Matthew Christopher Record. "How the Policymaking Environment Influences Implementation and Outcomes: Service-delivery Processes, Mortgage Lending Access, and Loan Performance in State Housing Agencies." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1502816394549949.
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Jauk, Daniela F. "Global Gender Policy Development in the UN: A Sociological Exploration of the Politics, Processes, and Language." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1373552040.
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Anderson, Stephen John. "The politics of the welfare state in Japan : political leadership in the policy processes for social services, health care and public pensions." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/14848.
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Avenäs, Sebastian. "Why the bear kicked the hornet’s nest : Causal processes of Russian foreign policy on Syria." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-313994.
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This paper examines causal mechanisms of the process leading up to the Russian military intervention in Syria that began in September 2015. It aims to concretize the causal processes of three different hypotheses that are based on commonplace assumptions of Russian foreign policy on Syria. It thoroughly explores three different causal paths, mapping events that may have had implications to the apparent change of heart within the Russian leadership. The paper analyses the relevance of these processes through a rational choice theory framework.
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Hansson, Eva. "Walk the talk : Miljöstrategiskt arbete i praktiken inom offentlig förvaltning." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för samhälls- och livsvetenskaper, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-14450.
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Desai, Anver. "Policy agenda-setting and the use of analytical agenda-setting models for school sport and physical education in South Africa." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/3596.
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This study focused on policy agenda-setting models for school sport and physical education in South Africa. The primary objective was to assess and propose options for improved agenda-setting by focussing on the use of agenda-setting models and by applying it to physical education and school sport and the policy agenda of the national government. The study has shown that pertinent school sport and physical education policy issues, as supported by key role-players and principal actors, were initially not placed on the formal policy agenda of government during the research investigation period (2005-2009). However, during 2010 and 2011 the issue of school sport and physical education received prominent attention by authorities and these developments were subsequently included in the study. The study aimed at contributing to existing policy agenda-setting models and by recommending changes to the Generic Process Model.The study also made a contribution by informing various role-players and stakeholders in education and school sport on the opportunities in policy agenda-setting. The study showed that policy agenda-setting is a vital step in the Generic Policy Process Model. Policy agendasetting in South Africa is critical, as it is important to place new and emerging policy issues on the policy agenda and as a participative public policy process is relatively new in this young democracy. The reader should not confuse the study as one dealing with school sport and physical education primarily, but rather as a research investigation dealing with policy agenda-setting models as applied to school sport and physical education.The secondary objectives of the study included the development of a historical perspective on trends and tendencies in education and sport in South Africa. A second objective was to provide theoretical perspectives on public policy and specifically on policy agenda-setting. From these theoretical perspectives, the Generic Policy Process Model was selected to use as a model that provided guidance on the overall policy process normally followed in South Africa. The Issue Attention Cycle and Principal Actor Models on Agenda-Setting were selected to apply to the case study to specifically ascertain important factors related to policy agenda-setting such as the identification of key role players as well as key policy issues. The Generic Policy Process Model provided for both a comprehensive set of phases as well as specific requirements and key issues to be addressed during each phase of the policy process.In terms of findings the study found that a number of specific agenda-setting elements or phases needed to be added to the Generic Policy Process Model, which includes a problem stage, triggers, initiator, issue creation and actors or policy stakeholders.The Principal Actor Model to agenda-setting was selected for application to the case as different actors have different levels of success at each policy stage. In the South African experience it is important to look at who sets the policy agenda and why, who can initiate agenda-setting and the role played by these principal actors in the agenda-setting process.Issue emergence often places policy issues on the policy agenda. The public is initially involved in issues, but in the long term public interest declines. The government realizes the significant costs involved in placing policy issues back on the agenda. This leads to a decline in issue attention by policy-makers and the public. The Issue Attention Cycle Model of
agenda setting was used to analyse this phenomenon in South African Education policy.The study provides a case assessment of the South African experience. From the research findings, a set of conclusions and recommendations were developed for improved policy agenda-setting models and implications for school sport and physical education, as well as tools to place it on the national policy agenda were identified. The research findings suggest that pertinent school sport and physical education policy issues, as supported by key roleplayers,stakeholders and principal actors were not placed on the formal policy agenda of the government as a vital step in the policy process between 2005 and 2009. Ever since, principal policy actors, civil society NGOs, and government officials placed sufficient pressure on the Minister of Basic Education to place Physical Education on the agenda. Subsequently,Minister Angie Motshega has placed physical education in the school Curriculum under the subject Life Orientation and Lifeskills. It has become evident from the research that agendasetting is both necessary to, and a complex phase in, the policy-making process.This study has shown that major policy issues such as physical education and school sport were neglected during the period 2005 and 2009 despite reformed and advanced policy cycles in government. It has also shown that the role of policy agenda-setting in the overall policymaking
process was revisited by government in the subsequent period 2010/2011 and placed on the policy agenda. Specific lessons of experience emanated from this process.The study recommends that the triggers of the agenda-setting phases be added to the Generic Policy Process Model, which should include the problem stage, triggers, initiators, issue creation, actors and policy stakeholders. Principal actors in the agenda-setting model in South Africa want the issue of physical education and school sport to be part of the school curriculum, and therefore be placed back on the policy agenda by the Government on its institutional agenda. Furthermore, the study showed that actors wanted it to be compulsory in all phases of the school (Foundation, Intermediate, Senior, GET, FET) and that it should have the same legal status as other subjects.The important findings include that: Comprehensive policy process models such as that of Dunn, Wissink and the Generic Process model may need to be reviewed to incorporate more fully the policy-agenda
setting stages of the overall process; Current policy agenda setting models in use are relevant and valuable in identifying key role players as well as key issues and considerations regarding the policy process; Institutional arrangements to strengthen the role of NGOs and lower level institutions,such as schools to participate in policy agenda setting are important; and the study has shown that a number of key factors have been identified that had a key influence on policy agenda-setting in the case of physical education and school sport in South Africa. These included the influence of changing political leadership, the competency of policy capacities in government, the profile of issues in the media etc. The key findings of the study have shown that further potential exists to improve
monitoring and evaluation and policy analysis.The study made a set of recommendations to principal actors such as the Minister of Education, Minister of Sport and Recreation, non-governmental organisations, interest groups,department officials and pressure groups. A set of research topics was also identified
for future research.Philosophiae Doctor - PhD
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Engelcke, Dorthe Kirsten. "Processes of family law reform : legal and societal change and continuity in Morocco and Jordan." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:60356e5a-968d-4381-b2a4-6bb507e29176.
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The dissertation solves the empirical puzzle why similar regimes such as Morocco and Jordan vary in their engagement in family law reform between 1999 and 2013. Differences with respect to family law reform in the two monarchies are threefold: the way the reform processes were carried out, the content of the new family codes that were issued in Morocco in 2004 and in Jordan in 2010, and the way the laws were applied. Using Pierre Bourdieu's theory of practice as a theoretical framework the dissertation establishes the links between the designs of the legal systems, how reform processes are carried out, the family laws countries end up with, and the way the laws are applied. French and British colonialism had shaped the legal systems of Morocco and Jordan to different degrees, producing a legal system that was unified after independence in Morocco whereas the Jordanian one continued to be divided into regular and religious courts. As a result, Moroccan family courts are less autonomous and more subjected to political decisions than Jordanian sharia courts. The institutional design of both judicial systems affected how family law reform was carried out because those systems contain biases towards different actors who are seen as competent of reforming family law and thus came to influence the reform process. The different access criteria to the juridical fields promote different types of cultural capital, so that actors participating in the process have different preferences regarding the development of the content of family law. In Jordan, the absence of the Jordanian king allowed the sharia court administration to exploit the structural bias in its favour and come to dominate both the process and content of family law reform. For this reason the 2010 Jordanian family law reflects to a lesser extent the demands of women's groups. The absence of the Jordanian king from the reform process demonstrates that change in authoritarian states is not necessarily imposed from above nor is it predetermined from the beginning. The Jordanian reform process saw little engagement from the top-level of the regime and could be classified as a mid-level process. It was led by a government body, the sharia court administration, which however enjoyed relative autonomy from the upper echelon of the regime. By contrast, the Moroccan family law reform was a textbook example of authoritarian politics, the reform being imposed from above and the king playing a leading role during the process. In contrast to the process and content of reform, the application of the reformed law in Morocco challenges the notion of the omnipotent authoritarian regime. While the monarch could impose legislative change, the state is at best partially able to enforce this very law or to impose a consensus over its interpretation. The designs of the legal systems again had an impact here. International law occupies different places in the Moroccan and Jordanian constitutions: Jordanian sharia courts enjoy greater autonomy, reject international law, and thus were able to resist its intrusion.
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Brem-Wilson, Joshua William. "La Via Campesina and the Committee on World Food Security : a transnational public sphere? : identifying and interrogating dynamics of power and voice in transnational food and agricultural policy processes." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5706.
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The transnationalisation of economic relations and the emergence of supranational sites of policy-making and governance have been of concern both to 'affected publics' subject to the remote decisionmaking that such developments entail (and who have mobilised extensively to demonstrate their opposition to these bodies), and scholars keen to locate the possibilities for a democratic politics in the context of the state's subsequent diminishment (O'Brien et al., 2000; Scholte, 2001; Patomäki and Teivainen, 2004; Rittberger et al., 2008). One such group of scholars are public sphere theorists, who, taking up an ongoing concern with the conditions for, and criteria of, effective democratic participation in politically authoritative policy debates, and responding to these new dynamics, have begun to define a new research agenda in search of 'transnational public spheres' (Habermas, 1989; Fraser, 1991; Fraser 2007). That is, they have begun to look to the transnational for sites in which those affected by the exercise (or, indeed, absence) of political authority at this level strive to engage that authority in policy debate. In this thesis, I argue for the existence of one such transnational public sphere, which, being both provoked and constituted by the transnational peasant and small farmers social movement La Via Campesina, promises to be institutionally realised by the recently reformed United Nations Committee on World Food Security (CFS). Identifying and exploring key dynamics relevant to the CFS's aspirations for political centrality, inclusivity, and policy debate, moreover, I lay bare the challenges that confront the attainment of this promise.
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Brem-Wilson, Joshua W. "La Via Campesina and the Committee on World Food Security: a transnational public sphere? Identifying and interrogating dynamics of power and voice in transnational food and agricultural policy processes." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5706.
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The transnationalisation of economic relations and the
emergence of supranational sites of policy-making and governance have
been of concern both to ¿affected publics¿ subject to the remote decisionmaking
that such developments entail (and who have mobilised extensively
to demonstrate their opposition to these bodies), and scholars keen to locate
the possibilities for a democratic politics in the context of the state¿s
subsequent diminishment (O¿Brien et al., 2000; Scholte, 2001; Patomäki and
Teivainen, 2004; Rittberger et al., 2008). One such group of scholars are
public sphere theorists, who, taking up an ongoing concern with the
conditions for, and criteria of, effective democratic participation in politically
authoritative policy debates, and responding to these new dynamics, have
begun to define a new research agenda in search of ¿transnational public
spheres¿ (Habermas, 1989; Fraser, 1991; Fraser 2007). That is, they have
begun to look to the transnational for sites in which those affected by the
exercise (or, indeed, absence) of political authority at this level strive to
engage that authority in policy debate. In this thesis, I argue for the existence
of one such transnational public sphere, which, being both provoked and
constituted by the transnational peasant and small farmers social movement
La Via Campesina, promises to be institutionally realised by the recently
reformed United Nations Committee on World Food Security (CFS).
Identifying and exploring key dynamics relevant to the CFS¿s aspirations for
political centrality, inclusivity, and policy debate, moreover, I lay bare the
challenges that confront the attainment of this promise.
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Farshchi, Shahin, and Roy Rizk. "Prioritising Safe Trips Over Safe Policy Processes - A Pilot Study on the Appropriateness of the Participatory Value Evaluation Method for Encompassing (Feelings of) Safety (and Security) in Public Transport." Thesis, KTH, Systemanalys och ekonomi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-278991.
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It is becoming more important that transport agendas acknowledge complex social sustainability matters like feelings of safety and security. For developing knowledge in this context today, participatory descriptive assessments hold a strong position. However, quantitative methods providing popular transport appraisals, have a clearer impact focus, but struggle with encompassing social sustainability matters. Filling the methodological gap that exists between the participatory descriptive tradition and the quantitative impact tradition, can be vital in moving methods closer to public and policy demands and norms. This work uses independent interdisciplinary collaboration and assesses the appropriateness of the Participatory Value Evaluation (PVE) method for encompassing feelings of safety and security in public transport in the context of Stockholm, Sweden. The PVE method evaluates projects through participation and quantifies results without relying monetary valuation, while allowing for norms to be detected. By using in depth descriptive information as PVE input, this study aims to provide a methodological contribution by analysing the PVE method in a new complex setting with modifications made. Descriptive results from the PVE method is regarded to still advance knowledge on feelings of safety and security, while improving the impact focus of appraisals by evaluating projects. The method can benefit from a focus on transparency, attractive participation and quality in results and the amendment here called ‘re-categorisation’ was found necessary for PVE appraisals. Incentives to keep flawed processes can be found in political and policy realms and with no actor controlling the intersectoral (and interdisciplinary) issue of feelings of safety and security, traditions can have a strong impact. However, this study shows feasibility in improving appraisals given the contemporary public and policy standards.
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Agustina, VIra [Verfasser], Kerstin [Akademischer Betreuer] [Gutachter] Martens, and Michael [Gutachter] Dobbins. "PISA, Public Participation and Policy Making in Education : the Impact of Online Social Movements and the Shift in Public Involvement in the Basic and Secondary Education Decision Making Processes in Indonesia / VIra Agustina ; Gutachter: Kerstin Martens, Michael Dobbins ; Betreuer: Kerstin Martens." Bremen : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Bremen, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1143765699/34.
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Naidoo, Merle. "A situational analysis on the public participation processes in integrated water resources management in the Kat River Valley, Eastern Cape, South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005530.
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Public participation in water management processes is one of the internationally recognised and adopted principles of Integrated Water Resource Management. The South African Department of Water Affairs and Forestry aims to facilitate the decentralisation of water management powers to the local community level via the establishment of regional and local water management institutions, namely Catchment Management Agencies, Water User Associations and Catchment Forums. The National Water Act (No. 36 of 1998) acknowledges that the discriminatory laws and practices of the past have prevented equal access to water and the use of water resources. The contribution of water management institutions to social and economic development, in particular poverty eradication and food security, is mentioned in the water act. The participation of poor rural communities living in the Kat valley, an area where an elite minority reap the benefits of water use for agriculture, is the focus of this research. Their participation, perceptions and experiences are documented and explored to determine how the promulgation of post-apartheid water policy and legislation has affected their access to water. The results of this research are based on data collected from several methods including surveys, workshops and observation. Analysis of these data revealed the complicated and stagnant nature of participation from Kat valley rural communities in local water management initiatives and organisations. Existing water management organisations were not successful in stimulating poor people’s participation as they were unable to address their primary concerns, namely a secure source of potable water, employment and access to water for agricultural purposes. This thesis asserts that the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, as the custodian of South Africa’s water resources, has not taken on a supportive, accountable role in assisting marginalised communities with improving their access to water for domestic purposes and securing access to water rights for productive use. This, in turn, has led to dissatisfaction among these communities and a wariness of participatory activities that focus mainly on raising environmental awareness. The establishment of effective accountability relationships among all stakeholders, pro-poor water management structures and initiatives, as well as integrated and co-operative management of natural resources, are needed to revitalise the present participation of poor communities living in rural areas.
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Astbury, Ruth A. "What processes will support effective shared decision making when health visitors and parent are planning to improve the wellbeing of babies and children within the context of the Getting It Right For Every Child (GIRFEC) policy framework?" Thesis, University of Stirling, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/22356.
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Two key policy documents are having an impact on health visiting practice in Scotland: Getting It Right for Every Child (GIRFEC) (2013), which seeks to promote all children’s wellbeing, and The Healthcare Quality Strategy for NHS Scotland (2010) which promotes person-centred care. ‘Shared decision making’ is integral to ‘person-centred care’; however no research studies to date have linked shared decision making with health visitor practice. This thesis reports on a descriptive, qualitative research study, which was conducted in two health board areas in Scotland, in order to explore the processes that support effective shared decision making in health visiting practice within the context of implementing GIRFEC. The design was in three phases and used Elwyn’s Framework, of ‘Choice, Options and Decision Talk’ as a structure (2012). Phase 1 consisted of audio recordings of 2 x health visitor: parent encounters when decisions were being made; Phase 2 consisted of semi-structured interviews with 9 x health visitors and 9 x parents who had made decisions within the last 6 months; Phase 3 involved 3 x focus groups reviewing the findings to date and reflecting on current issues when implementing GIRFEC. The framework method was used for analysis and two additional themes were identified: ‘Issues’ and ‘Relationships’. The health visitors demonstrated that they built up trusting relationships with parents; however there was lack of understanding and application of decision making theory which supports analysis, and an outcome focused approach to person-centred planning. This thesis identifies areas for health visitor practice development.
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Ara?jo, Kaline Sampaio de. "Avalia??o de implementa??o da Educa??o Superior a Dist?ncia: o caso da Secretaria de Educa??o a Dist?ncia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte SEDIS/UFRN." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2014. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/16910.
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Previous issue date: 2014-05-19The considerable expansion of Distance Education registered in recent years in Brazil raises the importance of debate about how the implementation of this policy has been happening so that formulators and implementers make better informed decisions, maximizing results, identifying successes and overcoming bottlenecks. This study aims to evaluate the implementation process of Distance Education policy by Secretary of Distance Education of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte. For this, we sought to use an evaluation proposal consistent with this policy, and came to the one developed by Sonia Draibe (2001), which suggests an analysis called anatomy of evaluation general process. To achieve the objectives, we made a qualitative research, case study type, using documentary research and semi-structured interviews with three groups of subjects who belong to the policy: managers, technicians and beneficiaries. It was concluded that: the implementation process needs a open contact channel between the management and technicians and beneficiaries; the lack of clarity in the dissemination of information between technicians produces noises that affects the outcomes; the absence of dissemination of internal and external actions contributes to the perpetuation of prejudice in relation to Distance Education; using selection criteria based on competence and merit contributes to form a team of skilled technicians to perform their function within the policy; an institution that do not enable technicians generates gaps that possibly will turn into policy implementation failures; all subjects involved in politics need internal evaluations to contribute to improvements in the implementation process, however, a gap is opened between the subjects if there is no socialization of results; the existence of an internal structure that manipulates financial resources and balances the budget from different maintainer programs is essencial; the consortium between IES and municipalities in presential support poles are bottlenecks in the process, since beneficiaries are exposed to inconsistency and lack of commitment of these local municipalities
A consider?vel expans?o da Educa??o a Dist?ncia (EaD) registrada nos ?ltimos anos no Brasil levanta a import?ncia do debate sobre como vem sendo feita a implementa??o desta pol?tica, para que formuladores e implementadores tomem decis?es com maior conhecimento, maximizando resultados, identificando ?xitos e superando pontos de estrangulamento. Este trabalho procura avaliar o processo de implementa??o da pol?tica de EaD pela Secretaria de Educa??o a Dist?ncia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte. Para isso, buscou-se utilizar uma proposta de avalia??o compat?vel com a referida pol?tica, chegando-se ? desenvolvida por Sonia Draibe (2001), a qual sugere uma an?lise denominada anatomia do processo geral de implementa??o. Para alcan?ar os objetivos, realizou-se uma pesquisa de car?ter qualitativo do tipo estudo de caso, utilizando-se de pesquisa documental e de entrevistas semiestruturadas com tr?s grupos de sujeitos pertencentes ? pol?tica: gestores, t?cnicos e benefici?rios. Concluiu-se, principalmente, que: o processo de implementa??o carece de um canal de contato aberto da gest?o com os t?cnicos e benefici?rios; a falta de clareza na dissemina??o de informa??es entre os t?cnicos produz ru?dos que interferem nos outcomes (produtos); a aus?ncia de divulga??o das a??es interna e externamente contribui com a perpetua??o do preconceito em rela??o ? modalidade a dist?ncia; utilizar crit?rios de sele??o pautados na compet?ncia e no m?rito contribui para formar um corpo de t?cnicos habilitados para exercer a sua fun??o dentro da pol?tica; uma institui??o que n?o capacita t?cnicos gera lacunas que possivelmente ir?o se transformar em falhas de execu??o da pol?tica; todos os sujeitos envolvidos na pol?tica necessitam de avalia??es internas para contribuir com melhorias no processo de implementa??o, no entanto, abre-se uma lacuna entre os sujeitos caso n?o haja a socializa??o dos resultados; a exist?ncia de uma inst?ncia interna que gerencie os recursos financeiros e balanceie o or?amento oriundo dos diferentes programas mantenedores ? fundamental; os cons?rcios entre IES e munic?pios nos polos de apoio presencial se revelam como um ponto de estrangulamento do processo, pois os benefici?rios ficam expostos ? inconst?ncia e ? falta de compromisso das prefeituras nestes locais
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Barbosa, Rodrigo Correia. "Departamento de economia solidária do BNDES: uma proposta de melhorias na estrutura organizacional e no modelo de apoio a empreendimentos de baixa renda." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/17558.
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BNDES, throughout its history, has sought to expand the scope of its actions, using new forms of multiplication of their financial support and this relentless pursuit of innovative initiatives keeps Institution in constant transformation and consolidates its position to service needs and expectations of the Brazilian nation. The Solidarity Economy Department of the BNDES (DESOL) acts in supporting social economy enterprises, seeking employment and income generation and economic inclusion of low-income population. Historically, the performance of this Department was happening directly between BNDES and the beneficiary, following the same steps applied to the bigger companies and with intensive use of staff resources and time. Recently, in order to expand the scope of its activities, the DESOL implemented a new way of acting, with emphasis on building partnerships to ensure the expansion of the range to your target audience in a sustained way, and under a systemic which resulted in changing the process of lending to these projects, which resulted in a breakthrough in terms of scope and disbursement. However, some bottlenecks can already be perceived and this paper presents proposals for improvements in the structure and form of action that considers various constraints of the Department and provides possibilities for implementation in the short and medium term.
O BNDES, ao longo da sua história, tem buscado ampliar o alcance de suas ações, valendo-se de novas formas de multiplicação de seu apoio financeiro e essa incansável busca por iniciativas inovadoras mantém a Instituição em constante transformação e consolida sua posição de atendimento às necessidades e expectativas da nação brasileira. O Departamento de Economia Solidária do BNDES (DESOL) atua no apoio a empreendimentos de economia solidária, buscando a geração de trabalho e renda e a inclusão socioeconômica da população de baixa renda. Historicamente, a atuação deste Departamento acontecia diretamente entre o BNDES e o beneficiário, seguindo as mesmas fases operacionais aplicáveis aos grandes financiamentos, de maneira unitária, e com consumo intensivo de recursos de pessoal e tempo. Recentemente, com o intuito de em ampliar o alcance de sua atuação, o DESOL implementou uma nova forma de atuação, com ênfase na construção de parcerias que garantam a ampliação do alcance ao seu público-alvo, de forma sustentada, e sob uma visão sistêmica que implicou na mudança do processo de concessão de crédito a estes empreendimentos, o que resultou em um grande avanço em termos de alcance e desembolso. Entretanto, alguns gargalos já podem ser percebidos e este trabalho apresenta propostas de melhorias na estrutura e na forma de atuação que considere as diversas restrições do Departamento e preveja as possibilidades de implantação a curto e médio prazo.
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Cunha, Paulo Roberto. "O Código Florestal e os processos de formulação do mecanismo de compensação de reserva legal (1996-2012): ambiente político e política ambiental." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/90/90131/tde-06092013-000029/.
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Esta dissertação tem como objetivo analisar os processos político-legislativos que culminaram na criação e nas modificações do mecanismo de compensação de reserva legal, previsto no revogado Código Florestal Brasileiro (Lei Federal nº 4.771/1965) e na lei que o substituiu (Lei Federal nº 12.651/2012). A questão central que orienta esta pesquisa é a seguinte: por que, desde o seu surgimento, a compensação de reserva legal sofreu constantes modificações? As hipóteses para a pergunta formulada consideram que, no complexo jogo político de alteração do Código Florestal, prevaleceram as proposições de dois agrupamentos de atores: o agronegócio (e de outros interesses associados, como mineradoras e hidrelétricas) e a bancada ruralista do Congresso Nacional. Assim, focalizando na compensação de reserva legal, estabeleceu-se um recorte temporal de 1996 a 2012, onde se analisou os processos políticos das seguintes etapas: (i) a formação da agenda governamental em 1996, que culminou na alteração do Código Florestal por medida provisória; (ii) a criação da compensação em 1998; (iii) a modificação desse instrumento no anteprojeto de lei do Conselho Nacional de Meio Ambiente (CONAMA) (2000); e (iv) a alteração proposta pelo projeto de lei aprovado na Comissão Especial Temporária do Código Florestal (2010), instituída na Câmara dos Deputados, e sua aprovação pelo plenário daquela Casa (2011), cujo texto foi incorporado na nova lei florestal (2012). No exame dessas quatro fases, considerou-se que uma política pública é o resultado da multiplicidade de elementos e sua complexa interação. Assim, conforme as especificidades de cada etapa, o desenvolvimento do trabalho demandou a mobilização de componentes teóricos dos seguintes referenciais da ciência política: o neo institucionalismo, a hegemonia do Poder Executivo sobre o Legislativo, a articulação dos grupos de interesses econômicos, a teoria dos Múltiplos Fluxos (John W. Kingdon), o pluralismo (Robert A. Dahl) e a tipologia de Theodore Lowi. Assim, o trabalho identifica os atores chaves, especialmente aqueles relacionados ao agronegócio e à bancada ruralista, seus aspectos essenciais, suas interações, a correlação de forças, os embates, as tentativas de influenciar o jogo político em relevo. Na análise da Comissão Especial do Código Florestal (2010), o trabalho identifica os parlamentares ruralistas, os donos de terras, aqueles cujas campanhas eleitorais receberam financiamento do agronegócio/interesses associados, bem como outras características que permitam entender o peso daquela bancada suprapartidária e daquele setor econômico no abrandamento das regras alusivas à compensação de reserva legal. O trabalho colheu evidencias que corroboram as hipóteses levantadas, pois a bancada ruralista e o agronegócio/interessados associados atuaram em várias frentes, mobilizaram recursos políticos e, aproveitando-se do desenho institucional, contribuíram decisivamente para a criação e modificação da compensação de reserva legal ao longo dos anos. O estudo mostra ainda que outros fatores foram importantes nesse contexto, como a posição do governo e a formação das coalizões partidárias, especialmente no Congresso Nacional.The purpose of this dissertation is to analyze the political and legislative processes that culminated in the creation and modification of the compensation mechanism of legal forest reserve, provided for in the repealed Brazilian Forest Act (Federal Act No. 4.771/1965) and in the law that replaced it (Federal Act No. 12.651/2012). The central matter guiding this research is the following: why, since its appearance, the compensation of legal forest reserves has been suffering constant changes? The hypothesis regarding the question posed considers that in the complex political game of the Forest Act alteration, there have prevailed the propositions of two groups of actors: agribusiness (and other associated interests such as mining and hydropower companies) and the Brazilian Congressional Rural caucus members performance congressmen and senators. Thus, focusing on the compensation of the legal forest reserve, a time frame from 1996 until 2012 was established, where the political processes of the following stages were analyzed: (i) the formation of the government agenda in 1996, which culminated in the amendment of the Forest Act by provisional decree; (ii) the creation of compensation in 1998; (iii) modification of this instrument in the draft bill of the National Council of Environment (CONAMA) (2000); and (iv) the amendment proposed by the bill of law approved by the Temporary Special Commission of the Forest Act (2010), introduced in the House of Representatives, and its approval by the plenary of that House (2011), whose text was incorporated in the new forest code (2012). Examining these four stages, it was considered that a public policy is the result of multiple factors and their complex interaction. Thus, according to the specificities of each stage, the development work required the mobilization of theoretical components of the following references of political science: the new institutionalism, the hegemony of the Executive Branch over the Legislative Branch, the articulation of the economic interest group, the Multiple Stream Model (John W. Kingdon), pluralism (Robert A. Dahl) and Theodore Lowis typology. Thus, the work identifies the key actors, especially those related to agribusiness and to the rural caucus, their essential aspects, their interactions, the correlation of forces, the conflicts, and attempts to influence the political game at issue. In the analysis of the Special Committee of the Forest Act (2010), the work identifies the rural parliaments, landowners, those whose electoral campaigns received funding from associated agribusiness/interests, as well as other characteristics that allow the understanding of the weight of that bench and that economic sector in loosening the rules regarding the compensation of legal forest reserve. The work gathered evidences that corroborated the hypotheses because the caucus and agribusiness/interested members acted on several fronts, mobilized political resources, taking advantage of the institutional design, contributed decisively for the creation and modification of the legal forest reserve compensation along the years. The study further demonstrates that other factors were important in this context, as the government position and formation of party coalitions, especially in the National Congress.
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Unter, Kevin A. "The New Orleans Police Department: Melding Police and Policy to Dramatically Reduce Crime in the City of New Orleans." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2007. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/599.
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In 1996, the New Orleans Police Department implemented the COMSTAT management and accountability style of policing. Within three years of that implementation, murder was cut by over fifty percent and violent crime fell by nearly the same amount; overall crime was cut by over one-third compared to just three years ago. This dissertation seeks to explore the reasons crime declined so rapidly in New Orleans post-COMSTAT implementation, compared to crime in the rest of the country. Drawing on political and criminological theories of policing as well as sociological theories, variables unique to each set of theories were identified and tested alone and against competing explanations. Utilizing higher-ordered time series methodology, two analyses were conducted. The first utilized interrupted time-series analysis to identify the nature of COMSTAT's impact on New Orleans' crime trends, measured as changes in the current quarter compared to the same quarter of the preceding year. The results show that while COMSTAT had a significant impact on the crime trends, the effects were short-lived. The second analysis utilized traditional time series methodology to examine the impacts of the individual variables on the overall crime trends. The results show that while policing variables and sociological variables have little effect on the overall crime trends both individually and when tested together, the findings indicate policing variables play a larger role than sociological variables when included together. As another independent test of the effects of crime, public opinion data obtained via the University of New Orleans' Survey Research Center from 1986-2004 show that the public was very positive towards the NOPD's efforts in dramatically reducing crime and fear of crime in New Orleans during this period. The overall results for policy makers then indicates that reductions in crime resonate positively with city residents and future policy decisions should be made with that goal in mind.
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Kapti, Alican. "Reform and change in police education: Examining the variations in the top-down and bottom-up structures in the process of implementation." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2009. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc11028/.
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This study examines the variations in the practice of implementation in different implementation structures using the case of police education reforms that were undertaken by the Turkish National Police (TNP) in 2001 and 2003. Differentiations and similarities in the top-down and bottom-up structures while practicing the process of implementation were investigated in this study. First, the study provides a comprehensive understanding of the process of implementation and structure of implementation. Second, the study introduces TNP education reforms and explains the reasons for the reform. Third, a quantitative approach is used to measure the success of the TNP educational reforms. Specifically, multiple regression analysis, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and post hoc tests are used to clarify if police performance in the TNP has improved since the reforms. Fourth, the study uses a qualitative approach to find out how features associated with top-down or bottom up approaches were involved in the process of implementation of the educational reforms. Finally, based upon the views of the participants in the qualitative analysis, the study examines the variations in the practice of implementation between decision makers and the street level bureaucrats.
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Kuti, Morakinyo A. O. "Effects of a Policy Development Process on Implementing an Equity-Based Policy." ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/4458.
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Unstable residential and inadequate academic environments lead to poor educational outcomes for low-income students in urban areas. In 2011, Ohio enacted a law to create a college preparatory boarding school (CPBS) for low-income students by 2013. However, Ohio's CPBS has not yet been established, thereby denying these students an opportunity to attain skills needed to enter college. Using the policy feedback theory (PFT) and Fredrickson's theory of social equity (SET) as foundations, the purpose of this qualitative study was to understand the nature of implementation barriers and propose solutions by exploring 2 successful CPBS programs in Maryland and Washington, D.C. The research questions focused on identifying implementation practices from the successful CPBS programs with the aim to propose options to implement Ohio's law. Data were collected from a purposeful sample of 14 participants which included 2 Ohio legislators; public administrators, Ohio (7), Maryland (1), Washington, D.C (3); and 1 Ohio union leader, and a review of relevant public and official records. All data were deductively coded and subjected to a constant comparison analysis. Results showed that Ohio's public education administrators were excluded from the CPBS policy's design, unlike their peers. Further, Ohio's CPBS law favored a particular stakeholder involved in its design and was not executed when Ohio's education administrators and the entity disagreed over public assets ownership. The findings affirmed SET's condition for an open and inclusive policy process and PFT's claim that current policies affect resources and the paradigm for new policies. Positive social change implications from this study include recommendations to Ohio's policymakers to create a more inclusive process involving parties willing to provide an effective learning environment for economically marginalized children.
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Peixoto, Neto João. "A intervenção sanitária moderna e a quebra da confiança social sobre o risco: atores e pressupostos técnicos e políticos envolvidos na experiência de criação do modelo regulatório paraibano." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2011. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/7265.
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Previous issue date: 2011-06-08Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
This monograph is a overview discussion of the political situation of Paraíba s brazilian state in which the first Paraíba s State Health Surveillance Agency (in portuguese Agência Estadual de Vigilância Sanitária - AGEVISA-PB) was created in 2002, specially all the decision process involved in the implementation of it s Public Health. The main points studied were the decisions, the governors agents, politicians and others interested persons involved on this process. Were highlighted during this study the participation of all agents involved in the early negociation, their interests, as well as their conflicting and cooperanting relationship, the strategies to induce the decisions and the rules that had effect on the action to be made, including the relation among the Executive and Legislative powers, on the State and Federal scope. This study was conducted between the year 2001 e 2002 and followed the influence of the first State Conference of Health Surveilance related to the changes that turned the State Coordination Health Surveillance to Paraíba s State Health Surveillance Agency, besides all the Public Health problems in that age. In this context, we emphasize the discussion about the Health Surveillance and contemporary risk society, as well all the alternatives that could be possible to the State Coordination Health Surveillance to become a agency and meet the demands of the healthcare and economic scenario and political situation of the state. As a consequence, we report the technical and political ways that were followed in the institutional transformation, whose design will be defined by complex processes of negotiation and consensus. The research was funded in large documentary material and interviews with key actors, which allowed empirically unravel the power relations that in a short time, led to the creation of the Paraíba s State Health Surveillance Agency (AGEVISA-PB). As such, it constituted itself as a political-institutional improvement, the first steps toward the discussions and reflections on its implementation, that this work proposes to introduce.
O presente projeto enfoca o estudo sobre o panorama político estadual que permeou a criação da primeira Agência Estadual de Vigilância Sanitária do país, a AGEVISA-PB, em especial todo o processo decisório envolvido na fase de formulação de sua política pública, na Paraíba, quando de sua instituição, no ano de 2002. Priorizaram-se, como terreno de pesquisa, as arenas decisórias, os agentes públicos, os atores políticos e os interesses organizados envolvidos no processo. Foram ressaltados, na abordagem realizada, os registros descritivos quanto à participação dos atores envolvidos nas negociações, seus interesses, bem como as relações conflituosas e de cooperação, as estratégias para influenciar a tomada de decisão e as regras do jogo que influenciaram as alternativas de ação, incluindo as relações entre os Poderes Executivo e Legislativo, em âmbito estadual e federal. O estudo abrange o período entre 2001 e 2002, e destaca os principais aspectos referentes à influência estratégica da I Conferência Estadual de Vigilância Sanitária na trajetória de mudança da então Coordenadoria Estadual para o modelo de agência reguladora de Vigilância Sanitária da Paraíba, além dos graves problemas sanitários estaduais e nacionais que permearam a época. Nesse contexto, ressalta-se a discussão sobre a Vigilância Sanitária contemporânea e a sociedade do risco, bem como sobre as diversas alternativas que possibilitassem à coordenadoria assumir um novo formato institucional, face às exigências do cenário sanitário-econômico e da conjuntura política estadual. Como conseqüência, relata-se os caminhos técnicos e políticos que foram percorridos na transformação institucional, cujo desenho vai ser definido por complexos processos de negociação e consenso. A pesquisa foi subsidiada em amplo material documental e entrevistas com atores privilegiados, o que possibilitou desvendar empiricamente as relações de força que, em um curto espaço de tempo, levaram à criação da Agência Estadual de Vigilância Sanitária da Paraíba, a AGEVISA-PB. Como tal, constituiu-se em um processo político-institucional em aperfeiçoamento, cujos primeiros passos em direção às discussões e reflexões sobre sua implementação, o presente trabalho se propõe a introduzir.
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Araujo, Theo Lovizio de, and Camila Barretto Maia. "Que impactos esperar da participação na elaboração de políticas públicas? Proposta de um conjunto de critérios para avaliar o processo participativo do Plano Diretor de São Paulo." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/17379.
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Many positive results are normally assigned to participation, ranging from the improvement of public policies to the democratization of the State and the promotion of a culture of participation in public affairs. In Brazil, participatory arrangements were broadly institutionalized in the past decades and are now a part or the legal framework that structures public administration. Very little was done, however, to establish standards to verify the efficacy of these arrangements. This work studies the participatory process for the elaboration of the Master Plan of the city of São Paulo ('Plano Diretor Estratégico'), held between March and September 2013 by the city’s Urban Development Secretary ('Secretaria Municipal de Desenvolvimento Urbano'). With the aim of suggesting a set of criteria for the evaluation of this and of other participatory processes, this study deepens its regard over the spaces of interaction between government and society during the elaboration of the Plan. Through the analysis of documents and qualitative research based on interviews with key participants and public administrators, it identifies and applies a set of evaluation criteria to the participatory process of the Master Plan. By doing this, it also reveals a double logic behind the relationship between State and society during the process. On the one hand, it comprised broad channels for participation and innovative efforts by the local authorities to put forward a methodology based on dialogue and consent. On the other hand, it was characterized by an active role of the State in managing the conflicts between a restricted number of organized sectors, such as the housing movement, the housing market and neighbor associations from Strictly Residential Areas ('Zonas Estritamente Residenciais'), in a relationship typical of corporativism.
À participação social costumam-se atribuir resultados positivos que vão desde o aperfeiçoamento das políticas públicas até a democratização do Estado, passando pelo estímulo à construção de uma cultura participativa. No Brasil, os arranjos participativos foram amplamente institucionalizados nas últimas décadas, passando a fazer parte do arcabouço legal que rege a administração pública. Pouco se avançou, no entanto, na definição de parâmetros para a determinação da eficácia e eficiência destes arranjos. O presente trabalho estuda o processo participativo de elaboração do Plano Diretor Estratégico da cidade de São Paulo (PDE), realizado de março a setembro de 2013 pela Secretaria Municipal de Desenvolvimento Urbano (SMDU). Com o objetivo de propor um conjunto de critérios para a avaliação deste e de outros processos participativos, o trabalho aprofunda o olhar sobre os espaços de interlocução entre o poder público e a sociedade que permearam a elaboração do Plano. Tanto a seleção quanto a aplicação dos critérios de avaliação se fundamentam na análise documental e na pesquisa qualitativa realizada por meio de entrevistas com participantes-chave e com gestores. Como consequência deste exercício, o trabalho revela a dupla lógica das relações Estado-sociedade na construção do Plano Diretor de São Paulo. Por um lado, elas caracterizaram-se pela amplitude dos espaços e canais de participação e por um esforço inovador da gestão em relação à estruturação de uma metodologia participativa para o diálogo e o consenso. Por outro, foram marcadas por um papel ativo do Estado na mediação de conflitos entre setores organizados, tais como o movimento de moradia, o mercado imobiliário e as associações de moradores de Zonas Estritamente Residenciais, típico do corporativismo.
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Ingle, M. "Public policy and Batho Pele in South Africa : time to turn over a new leaf." Journal for New Generation Sciences, Vol 9, Issue 1: Central University of Technology, Free State, Bloemfontein, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/579.
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Published ArticleThis paper is concerned to show that seminal public policy principles have sometimes failed to translate into improved customer service in South Africa and to discover why this should be so. After discussing various dimensions of public policy formulation and implementation, the article cites instances whereby service levels are seen to be compromised by poor execution of policy. It is submitted that inappropriate criteria for the recruitment of office bearers, and a worrying tendency to fail to distinguish adequately between public and private goods, have contributed to degraded levels of customer service which violate the spirit of Batho Pele. It is concluded that government needs to 'walk the talk' with respect to Batho Pele by ridding its administration of officials who have shown themselves to be either incompetent or corrupt.
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Ferreira, Luiz Renato Ribeiro. "Cidades digitais : os processos e implicações politicas da introdução da tecnologia de comunicação e informação em pequenos municipios." [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/279463.
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Orientador: Thomas Patrick DwyerDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas
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Resumo: Este estudo apresenta uma reflexão sobre os processos técnicos e políticos encontrados elas administrações públicas municipais de cidades de pequeno e médio portes em suas tentativas de introduzir novas tecnologias de gestão baseadas nos ambientes da cidade digital. Com o uso de entrevistas, observações de campo e estudos bibliográficos, analisa também as relações de poder, os processos decisórios, as implicações políticas e o comportamento do corpo burocrático nesses momentos de transformações e transição do Poder Público Municipal, geradas a partir dos processos de globalização e inovação
Abstract: This dissertation presents a reflection on the technical and political processes found by public municipal administrations small-sized to medium-sized cities while trying to introduce new management technologies based on the environments of the digital city. Though the use of interviews, field observations and bibliographical studies, it also analyzes the power relations, the decision-making processes, the political implications and the behavior of the bureaucracy body in these moments of transformation and transition of the Public Municipal Power, which come from the globalization and innovation processes
Mestrado
Sociedade da Informação
Mestre em Ciência Política
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Gautier, Frédéric. "Aux portes de la police : vocations et droits d'entrée : contribution à une sociologie des processus de reproduction des institutions." Thesis, Lille 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL20013/document.
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Comment peut-on être policier ? C'est à cette question que tente de répondre cette thèse qui se propose d'analyser à la fois les processus de construction de l'attrait pour le métier de gardien de la paix et les modalités de la sélection des candidats. Elle s'intéresse d'abord aux droits d'entrée dont doivent s'acquitter les candidats. Bien que la nature et le « montant » de ces droits d'entrée fassent l'objet d'une définition officielle, le jugement des gatekeepersde l'institution est, en pratique, inapte à garantir la conformité des recrues auxexigences spécifiques du poste. En ce sens, les opérations de recrutement paraissent constituer un moment critique pour la stabilité de l'institution. Les processus qui conduisent à l'émergence et à la consolidation d'une vocation policière ont cependant pour effet de fabriquer des candidats biens disposés à l'égard de l'institution, prêts à se rendre compatibles. Ainsi, la police nationale constitue moins l'objet d'étude que le terrain d'investigation de cette thèse, qui propose une contribution à l'analyse des processus de reproduction des institutions engagées dans la mise en oeuvre de l'action publiqueHow can one be a police constable ? This thesis tries to answer this question by analysing the building process of attraction to police jobs and the procedures for selecting the candidates. It deals first with the entrance fee candidates must pay. Although the nature and the amount of this fee is officially defined, the sentence pronounced by the gate-keepers of the institution is, in fact, unable to ensure the compatility of the recruits with the requirements of the position. Recruitment actions can be seen, therefore, as a critical moment for the stability of the institution. However, the rise and consolidation of the vocation for police jobs make candidates socially prepared to comply with the institution.The police is more the inquiry field than the object of this thesis, that propounds a contribution to the analysis of the reproduction of institutions involved in public policy
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Lindsey, Erica. "The Misguided War on Processed Food: How and How Not to Reduce Obesity." Thesis, Boston College, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:108027.
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Thesis advisor: Joseph QuinnThe obesity epidemic is highly prevalent, growing and costly to the American public. The burden of obesity-related healthcare and productivity costs fall on employers, the government and the public at large, making it a cause of concern for all. Processed foods have received much of the blame for rising obesity rates in the United States, creating an "organic revolution." However, fast food giants still dominate the market. Changes such as mandated calorie labeling on menus and fat taxes have been attempted, but obesity rates are still growing. Policy action to successfully reduce and prevent obesity must target food environments, influence individual behavior, and support health services
Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2018
Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Departmental Honors
Discipline: Economics
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Mollo, Nicholus Tumelo. "A legal perspective on the establishment of anti-bullying policies in public schools." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2009. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-07212009-135205.
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Carvalho, Ariane Brum de. "Processos de desinstitucionalização em CAPSad." Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 2010. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/6028.
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This paper had the objective of tracing a cartography of deinstitutionalization processes at CAPSad (Psychosocial Attention Centre) in Aracaju referring to the period I was part of the management of this service - in 2007. To reach this goal, we used field diary as field register and mnemonic register. This is a cartographic narrative, understood as a narrative which forces a detachment from what is said, to research the conditions for its production. Focused on CAPSad micropolitical sphere, we brought up concrete situations from the service‟s routine articulating it to social and historical conditions and also with the Integral Attention to Alcohol and Other Drugs Users Policy and Psychiatric Reform. This paper is not only a description of a personal management experience, it points to a collective field of management and work processes implicated with specific political policies and also the questioning and to wonder about what is already instituted. The deinstitutionalization paradigm intended by the Psychiatric Reform gather potency when linked to real and concrete problems that appear on daily practices, which solutions are built by the people who experience and legitimate these practices.Essa dissertação buscou traçar uma cartografia de processos de desinstitucionalização no CAPSad (Centro de Atenção Psicossocial Álcool e Outras Drogas), no município de Aracaju-SE, no período em que estive compondo a gestão local deste serviço - no ano de 2007. Para tanto, utilizamos de registros escritos (diários de campo) e registros mnemônicos. Trata-se de uma narrativa cartográfica, entendida aqui como uma narrativa que força um descolamento do dito para a busca das condições de sua produção. Com foco na esfera micropolítica do CAPSad, trazemos à tona situações concretas do cotidiano do serviço articulando-as com condições sociais, históricas e políticas de formulação, implantação e implementação da Política de Atenção Integral a Usuários de Álcool e Outras Drogas e da Reforma Psiquiátrica. Mais que descrição da experiência de ocupação de um lugar de gestão, esta narrativa aponta para a construção de um espaço coletivo de gestão de processos de trabalho, comprometido com certas diretrizes políticas, mas também com o questionamento e estranhamento ao instituído. O princípio de desinstitucionalização, apregoado pela Reforma Psiquiátrica adquire potência quando articulado aos problemas reais e concretos que emergem do cotidiano das práticas, cujas soluções são construídas pelos próprios sujeitos que os vivenciam e os tornam legítimos