Journal articles on the topic 'Public law – Standardization'
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Eliantonio, Mariolina. "Private Actors, Public Authorities and the Relevance of Public Law in the Process of European Standardization." European Public Law 24, Issue 3 (August 1, 2018): 473–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/euro2018027.
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The reliance on private parties is a global tendency in modern regulation. One peculiar regulatory technique which foresees a core role for private parties is that of European standardization. The employment of standards for regulatory purposes delivers enormous benefits for the harmonization process and is today a key factor in the EU’s trade policy; however, the process of European standardization raises a number of concerns from a rule of law perspective, which are linked to ‘hybrid nature’ of the process, which foresees an intertwined public and private decision-making process. The aim of this contribution is to discuss the role of public law in the process of European standardization. After discussing the legal nature of European harmonized standards, the current application and potential applicability of general principles of administrative law is discussed and the necessity and availability of judicial control is examined.
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DILTS, DAVID A. "PRIVATIZATION OF THE PUBLIC SECTOR: DE FACTO STANDARDIZATION OF LABOR LAW." Journal of Collective Negotiations in the Public Sector 24, no. 1 (March 1, 1995): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/m3rt-0e0r-pxd8-f8kr.
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Gnes, Matteo. "Do Administrative Law Principles Apply to European Standardization: Agencification or Privatization?" Legal Issues of Economic Integration 44, Issue 4 (November 1, 2017): 367–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/leie2017020.
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What is the nature of European Standardization Organizations (ESOs) and of harmonized European standards? Are ESOs public or private bodies? Are harmonized standards established by such organizations an entrustment of public powers? Standards are the prescriptions of the best way of doing things, are typically set by private parties and remain of strictly voluntary application. Also European harmonized standards, although recognized by EU legislation, seem to have a private nature, as they are non-binding and emanate from the ESOs, which are private bodies. However, such standards are a necessary implementation measure which is strictly governed by the essential requirements defined by a directive, and are initiated, managed and monitored by the Commission. Moreover, subject to prior publication of their reference in theOfficial Journal, they have certain legal effects, such as giving rise to the presumption of conformity with the essential requirements established by the directive. As a consequence of the ‘public’ nature of harmonized European standardization deriving from the peculiar relationship between the ESOs and the Commission, and from the legal status and effects of harmonized standards, such standardization activities ought to follow certain procedures and to respect certain principles of administrative activity.
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Micklitz, Hans-W., and Rob van Gestel. "European integration through standardization: How judicial review is breaking down the club house of private standardization bodies." Common Market Law Review 50, Issue 1 (February 1, 2013): 145–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/cola2013007.
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Standardization is slowly but slowly but surely marching forward into the public domain. The revision of the European standardization package is stimulating this development because the use of private standards in public policy is supposed to spur technological innovation and reduce barriers to trade. This may explain why the Commission wants to speed up the standardization process. In the meanwhile, however, a number of important legal issues remain unaddressed in recent European policy and legislation on standardization, such as: how far "delegation" of public rulemaking to private standardization bodies may go and if and when this could come into conflict with the alleged voluntary and self-regulatory nature of these standards; whether copyrights that rest on standards limit the access to pieces of legislation that refer to standards in an unlawful way, and who is responsible for the content of the standards: the state or the market? Our hypothesis is that the "club mentality" of standards makers has, until recently, worked as an effective shield against market dynamics and judicial review. However, under the influence of recent case law from the ECJ and national highest courts, the "club house" of the standards bodies is starting to show cracks.
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Adalmiro, Pereira, Silva Eduardo, and Vaz Ângela. "SNC-AP Public Administration Accounting Standardization System - An Approach to Standards." Scholars Journal of Economics, Business and Management 8, no. 8 (August 3, 2021): 197–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.36347/sjebm.2021.v08i08.001.
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The growing complexity of the business world, associated with economic and financial globalization, has led to an increase in economic activity between companies and countries, which has given rise to the need to adopt a set of internationally accepted accounting standards, in order to mitigate the different accounting practices between countries and companies. In this sense, the International Accounting Standards Board, IASB, was created, responsible for creating a set of accounting standards with a global scope. The European Union joined the IASB, in the accounting harmonization process, leading to the adoption of the IASB's international standards as from 2005, all listed companies. In Portugal, it was decided to bring the national accounting system closer to international standards. For this purpose, the Accounting Standardization System, SNC, was created by the Accounting Standardization Committee (CNC), which includes a set of accounting standards, based on the international standards of the IASB. Decree-Law No. 192/2015 of 11 September, institutes the Accounting Standardization System for Public Administration in Portugal. This introduction eliminated a problem recognized in the diploma as “fragmentation constitutes a serious problem of technical inconsistency, as it affects the efficiency of the consolidation of accounts in the public sector and entails many adjustments that are not desirable and that question the reliability of the information in headquarters of its integration." Thus, it is referred in the legislation, after “15 years since the approval of the POCP and after having considered the needs of having an accounting system that responds to the requirements of adequate planning, reporting and financial control, the Government decided, through the Decree-Law No. 134/2012, of 29 June, instructs the Accounting Standardization Committee to prepare a new accounting system for public administrations, which is consistent with the SNC and .......
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Shen, Yayun, and Michael Faure. "Private standards for the public interest? Evidence from environmental standardization in China." Review of European, Comparative & International Environmental Law 30, no. 3 (November 2021): 396–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/reel.12417.
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Икрянников, Валентин, Valentin Ikryannikov, Алексей Барыкин, and Alex Barykin. "Analysis of Standards and Regulatory Documents Being Used in Item Descriptions and Specifications within Federal State Procurement." Scientific Research and Development. Russian Journal of Project Management 7, no. 3 (November 14, 2018): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5bd6dce0468442.95882455.
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The article reports on the key finding of the study on standards and technical regulations used in item descriptions and specifications within federal public procurement in Russian Federation. Using content analysis of 2 098 public purchases conducted in the year 2017 by 15 federal public authorities 22 052 links for 2 657 standards and technical documents were identified. Documents age and structure analysis was carried out. The practical findings of the study can be applied for the development of national standardization program and perspective national standardization programs within priority areas. Research methods and approaches applied within the study can be effectively used for the purposes of law enforcement monitoring. Research was conducted under the government contract № 18401.160190019.10.002 of 17 April 2018.
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Cuccuru, Pierluigi. "The Public and Private Sides of Harmonized Standards:James Elliott Construction v. Irish Asphalt." German Law Journal 19, no. 6 (November 2018): 1399–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200023087.
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AbstractInJames Elliott v. Irish Asphalt, the Court of Justice of the Union addresses the interplay between the EU legal order and harmonized standards—i.e. non-binding technical specifications for products drafted by private bodies upon request of the Commission. The judgment offers interesting insights from the public law and the private law points of view. This Article touches upon both aspects. First, it considers that the Court extends its jurisdiction over harmonized standards under Article 267 TFEU, thus paving the way for a deeper intersection between European judiciary and technical standardization. Second, the paper highlights the Court's understanding of the interplay between harmonized standards and national private law. In this latter regard, it is argued that a rigid separation between technical standards and legal provisions might be excessively formalistic considering the use of technical standards in practice.
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Senden, Linda. "The Constitutional Fit of European Standardization Put to the Test." Legal Issues of Economic Integration 44, Issue 4 (November 1, 2017): 337–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/leie2017018.
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The adoption of harmonized standards (HSs) within the framework of the ‘New Approach’ is a long-standing phenomenon of the European decision-making process. Yet, an important question remains how their use actually fits in with the Union’s legal system, in particular in the light of the changes Regulation 1025/2012 has brought as well as the hierarchy of norms introduced by the Treaty of Lisbon and the recent case law of the European Court of Justice. In analysing this question, this article concludes that given that HSs are gaining an increasingly EU public law nature and are akin to the Commission’s exercise of implementing powers, it can be doubted whether the constitutional safeguards the Regulation provides are sufficient. The ‘constitutional fit’ of European standardization is in need of improvement as the limited constitutional safeguards for this type of delegation of powers are in sharp contrast with those that have been put into place in the Treaties for the Commission’s own exercise of delegated power.
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Zamakhsyari, Ahmad Faris, Muhamad Adji Rahardian Utama, Jihan Syahida Sulistyanti, Rasyanahla Ghaffar Baharudinsyah, and Suci Nabilla. "State Authority and Legal Action: How to Prevent the State Misconduct?" Law Research Review Quarterly 6, no. 2 (May 16, 2020): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/lrrq.v6i2.37722.
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The ideal organization is the bureaucracy whose activities and objectives rationally think and divisions of duty and authority are clearly stated. There are some expert opinions on the notion of authority. According to Philipus M. Hadjon, in constitutional law, the Authority (Bevoegdheid) is described as the rule of law (Rechtsmacht). So in the concept of public law, authority relates to power. Ferrazi defines the authority as the right to do one or more management functions, which include arrangements (regulation and standardization), Management (Administration) and supervision (supervision) or specific affairs.
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Ariandani, Sandy. "REVIEW OF THE WEB AT THE CLASS I IMMIGRATION OFFICE OF BORDER CONTROL PEKANBARU ON THE DECREE OF THE MINISTER OF LAW AND HUMAN RIGHTS NO M. HH-01TI.01.05 TAHUN 2016 ABOUT THE STANDARDIZATION OF WEB IN MINISTRY OF LAW AND HUMAN RIGHTS." TEMATICS: Technology ManagemenT and Informatics Research Journals 2, no. 2 (April 27, 2020): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.52617/tematics.v2i2.103.
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The development of the globalization era which is quite significant at this time has resulted in several innovations that are very helpful for human performance in everyday life. This innovation also develops in the field of immigration services which is formed in the use of information technology which includes the concept of good and clean governance. All forms of information that will be provided to the public have been packaged properly in the form of a website. The page-based service includes all information and services in the field of immigration at an Immigration Office. This study aims to provide a result of a review of the suitability of the immigration service page at the Immigration Office referred to by the standardization of the page as stated in the Ministry of Law and Human Rights number M. HH-01.TI.01.05 of 2016 concerning Standardization of Pages within the Ministry of Law and Human Rights of the Republic of Indonesia.
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Kallestrup, Morten. "Stakeholder Participation in European Standardization: A Mapping and an Assessment of Three Categories of Regulation." Legal Issues of Economic Integration 44, Issue 4 (November 1, 2017): 381–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/leie2017021.
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The continuum of Internal Market regulation comprises various kinds of regulatory measures, including legislation, harmonized and non-harmonized standards, and private ‘self-regulation’ of different origins. Public, as well as private actors, participate in the continuous development of European regulation. The different actors’ competences and roles vary during the processes, but it is evident that both public and private actors obtain a vital position in the collective production of European regulation. This article contributes with a mapping and categorization of the applied regulatory ‘means and measures’ related to Internal Market regulation and an assessment of stakeholder participation in three categories. Firstly, this article provides an outline of contemporary EU regulatory policies applied in the Internal Market regulation, and discusses the concepts of regulatory governance and regulation. Secondly, the different variants of regulation are allocated within three main categories: (1) public legislation; (2) co-regulation, and; (3) private selfregulation. Case examples of the different categories of regulation are explicated to illustrate the variances among the three types and of the ex-ante participatory processes. Finally, the article provides an assessment of stakeholder participation vis-à-vis the three categories of regulation.
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Szwedo, Piotr. "Water Footprint and the Law of WTO." Journal of World Trade 47, Issue 6 (December 1, 2013): 1259–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2013042.
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As 'blue gold' is becoming a scarce good, different methods for protecting the human right to water are being devised. One of these is to reduce the ways in which it is misused. In order to achieve this, the concepts of 'virtual water' and a 'water footprint' are being developed. An ecolabel with a water footprint indicator is being applied by the first representatives of agribusiness. However, its potential is much more significant. It could be used as a tool of public policy. In both cases, it could affect international trade and therefore needs to be evaluated under the law of the World Trade Organization. The International Organization for Standardization already works on a water footprint norm, which would provide public entities with a strong argument for their water-saving policies. To date, states have not been provided with any relevant international standard. Nevertheless, they must comply with the norms of international trade. The aim of this article is to provide clarification on the existing and developing legal framework on the matter. It also argues that even if the concept of a water footprint were to remain a private standard, states would still be under a 'best effort' obligation to ensure the transparency of its elaboration and application.
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Vito Russo, Tommaso, and Gianluca de Donno. "The Choice of the Shari’a as Governing Law in Arbitration Proceedings." European Business Law Review 33, Issue 6 (October 1, 2022): 881–914. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eulr2022037.
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The paper aims at offering an understanding of Shari’a as an evolving legal system and the challenges that are posed to scholars by the choice of Shari’a as governing law. In particular, after having provided a critical overview of the UK case law concerning the enforceability of the reference to Shari’a in cross-border Islamic financial transactions, the Authors problematize the argument of the refusal to apply Shari’a on the assumption that non-State laws cannot be incorporated into an agreement as lex contractus by highlighting how it seems flawed by the lack of reliance upon a hermeneutical method able to promote the interpreting activity as a unitary procedure of joint interpretation of facts and legal principles in both an axiological and a systematic perspective. Islamic law, Islamic finance law, interpretation, standardization, enforceability, arbitration, Riba, Shari’a, public order, comparative law
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Cigler, Beverly A. "Fighting COVID-19 in the United States with Federalism and Other Constitutional and Statutory Authority." Publius: The Journal of Federalism 51, no. 4 (August 1, 2021): 673–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/publius/pjab021.
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Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic challenges a workable American federalism. The Tenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution reserves plenary responsibilities to states for promoting health and well-being; but states and their local governments suffer from a significant lack of resources and interjurisdictional competition during major emergencies. In this article, I argue that a president has significant constitutional and statutory authority for pandemic preparedness and, by law, is responsible for leading a coordinated national response necessary to a pandemic. The article outlines the constitutional and statutory authorities available to President Trump and assesses how he used those powers to address the pandemic. It is argued that early, decisive national coordinative systems for containing and mitigating the virus; testing, tracing, contacting, and isolation protocols; data collection standardization; procurement and distribution of supplies; and planning vaccine eligibility and distribution could have reduced the state and local government disadvantages early in the pandemic, saving lives and boosting the economy.
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Neuner, Fabian G. "Public Opinion and the Legitimacy of Global Private Environmental Governance." Global Environmental Politics 20, no. 1 (February 2020): 60–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep_a_00539.
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The rise of global private environmental governance has inspired substantial research assessing whether organizations like the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) are legitimate. These organizations address global challenges and help overcome collective action problems, but public opposition can severely curb their effectiveness. Yet, we do not know whether the public supports such organizations and perceives them as legitimate. This article draws on diverse political science literatures to outline why a focus on public opinion is important. The article tests two competing arguments explaining potential opposition toward organizations like the ISO and the FSC: accounts centered on the role of sincere preferences over the legitimate locus of authority and on the influence of domestic elite rhetoric. Results suggest that public opinion is generally positive and that elite rhetoric about a potential democratic deficit rather than simple information about the bodies’ governance structures decreases favorability.
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Stummvoll, Günter. "Governance through norms and standards: The normative force behind design-led crime prevention." Criminology & Criminal Justice 12, no. 4 (July 31, 2012): 377–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748895812452280.
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Crime prevention standards in housing have for a long time been limited to target hardening, and in that respect European Norms were developed as guidelines for ‘burglar resistant’ doors, windows and shutters (EN1630). Recent developments include a set of supplementary crime prevention standards in the building sector, which are not limited to technical products but focus on the layout and management of urban environments and their impact on public safety. This article focuses on the problem of systematic Europe-wide implementation of crime prevention standards in urban planning. The attempt to implement common guidelines for design-led crime prevention through the development of a European Norm has failed. In this article I will first introduce the system of standardization and then examine the particular European Standard for Crime Prevention by Urban Planning and Building Design (CEN/TR14383). Instead of a harmonious application of that standard in Europe, a variety of policies have been negotiated, including national standardization, consulting schemes and liaison systems based on rewards. Moreover the standard has been re-interpreted in some jurisdictions as ‘gender mainstreaming’, and it has been adopted by police to organize national training for local governments. I will present and compare examples from Denmark, the UK, the Netherlands, Austria and Poland to show the divergent ways of interpretation and practical implementation of guidelines in design-led crime prevention.
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Zhagyparova A.O., Tulegenova Zh., Bekbusinova G.K., Solovyova I.A., and Baeva D.A. "GROWTH FACTORS OF QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE STATE AUDIT." BULLETIN 6, no. 388 (December 15, 2020): 120–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2020.2518-1467.191.
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The article analyzes the fundamentals of standardization in the field of state audit and its role in the activity of the supreme financial control bodies. The importance of standardization was confirmed in the preparation of proposals and recommendations, based on the results of control and expert-analytical activities by the supreme financial control bodies, with the aim of improving the management of public resources. Expert-analytical activities significantly increase the efficiency of internal state auditors. It is one of the most important tools in the implementation of the functions and powers assigned to internal auditors under the Law. Today, there are many types and methods of audit and analytical procedures. In addition to them, computerized techniques were added, that help auditors to automate the analysis process and make it less costly and time-consuming. Expert-analytical activities for bodies of internal state audit are not regulated by law. This means that the bodies of internal state audit do not conduct an expert-analytical event separately from the audit, as an independent event, in contrast to the bodies of external state audit. Expert-analytical activity for internal state audit bodies is one of the analysis tools for conducting audits, fixed in accordance with the functions of the state body under the Law.
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Smernytskyi, Demian, Kostiantyn Zaichko, Yurii Zhvanko, Malvina Bakal, and Tetiana Shapochka. "Comparative analysis of the legislative support for law enforcement agencies in the post-soviet space and Europe." Cuestiones Políticas 39, no. 70 (October 10, 2021): 524–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.3970.31.
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The aim of the study was to determine the most effective model for regulating law enforcement in Europe and the post-Soviet space, as well as to formulate recommendations for the unification and standardization of legislation in this area. The empirical background was statistics on crime rates, premeditated murders by country; provisions of legislation governing the law enforcement activities of 13 countries and international regulations. Methods of system approach, descriptive statistics, descriptive analysis, generalization and prognosis, system selection, comparative method was used. The activities of law enforcement agencies are aimed at ensuring public order, national security and the protection of human rights, freedoms, and interests. Each state has its own law enforcement system, which is clearly regulated. The main indicator of the effectiveness of law enforcement is the crime rate and the level of security in the country. It is concluded that the most effective is the law enforcement model with its fundamental principles of decentralization of law enforcement agencies.
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Kolomoiets, Tatiana, Oleksii Makarenkov, and Georgiy Samoylenko. ""QUALITY" OF STANDARDIZATION OF ADMISSION TO MUNICIPAL PASSENGER TRANSPORTATION AS A CORRUPTION RISK "FILTER" IN ACTIVITY OF PUBLIC SERVANTS." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 6, no. 5 (December 2, 2020): 106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2020-6-5-106-112.
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Relevance. In terms of revising the provisions of legal regulation of relations in the field of transport with the borrowing of competitive principles of the European institutes to ensure the integration of transport into European and world transport area, with revision of models of relations between relevant public administration entities and private entities, ensuring balance of their interests , including in the context of national and supranational threats and focus on expanding the implementation of rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of the latter in the field of transport, strengthening of the principles of decentralization of power in the system of public authorities occurs, resulting in a significant increase in the number and diversity of regulatory and legal acts aimed at settling the above relations. Unfortunately, at the same time the processes of "growth" and a variety of forms of corruption in the activities of public servants, whose professional sphere is directly related to transport relations with the involvement of municipal transport, are also active. Analysis of law enforcement activities of anti-corruption entities in all its manifestations shows a fairly steady trend towards an increase in the number of detected acts of corruption committed by public servants directly related to the exercise of their authority over the procedure for admission to municipal passenger transportation. The specifics of the legislative regulation of the latter presupposes the presence of many "defects", which create the basis for variable manifestations, including illegal, of the activities of public servants with a subjective arbitrary interpretation of the latest provisions of the law. "Low-quality" regulation of the provisions of the activity of public servants to exercise power over the admission to municipal passenger transportation has a negative impact not only on the implementation of passenger rights (of various categories), but also provision of the public interest, and contributes to the formation of a national threat with a "corrosive" sign of power within administrative and territorial units, especially the country in general. An integrated approach to clarifying the problems of "municipal passenger transportation" with an emphasis on eliminating corruption risks in the activities of public servants at the stage of exercising their power to admit to transportation, which will contribute to the "quality" of such entities and will form an effective regulatory framework for the relevant component of transport in general, its effective existence, the realization of the public interest and its correlation with the interests of individuals. The purpose of the paper is the justification of the relationship of the "quality" of standardization of the procedure for admission of entities to municipal passenger transportation and corruption risks in the professional activities of public servants, which is related to this area, formulating proposals for their multi-balance ratio to minimize these risks and "qualitative" standardization of the relevant component of passenger transportation and transport relations in general based on the analysis of various sources. The objects of the article are public relations directly related to municipal passenger transportation. The subject of the article is the "quality" of standardization of relations in admission to municipal passenger transportation and its connection with corruption risks in activity of public servants connected with the specified sphere of relations. Methods of research. Both general legal and special methods of scientific cognition were used in research. As the basis, the dialectic method was used, which allowed to reveal problematic issues in dynamics; juridical and logical method allowed to form options for borrowing positive and avoiding negative experience of relevant rulemaking and law enforcement in foreign countries; forecasting and modeling were used for making proposals to strengthen "quality" of standardization of the procedure of admission to municipal passenger transportation in order to eliminate corruption risks in the activities of public servants. Results. Admission to municipal passenger transportation should be considered as a form of public procedure, the subjects of which are servants of local public authorities. Given the specifics of municipal transport in general, any activity associated with its use, objectively anticipates the risks of possible, including illegal, priority satisfaction of private interests of public servants and the interests of relatives during the exercise of the public authority, which causes "corrosion" of public authority. The procedure of admission to the relevant transportation, the "corruption freedom" of which depends on the "quality" of normalization of its provisions, is not an exception. The relationship between the "quality" of legislation and the "corruption risk" of professional activity of public servants, which is associated with the procedure of admission to the services mentioned, is interdependent (the lower the quality of legislation, the higher the risks of "corrosion" of professional activity of public servants and vice versa). In order to improve the "quality" of standardization of the procedure for admission to the transportation and minimize corruption risks in the professional activities of public servants associated with the above procedure, it is appropriate to strengthen the provisions of certainty of the content of relevant legislation, their systematization (including in the form of codification), streamlining the thematic definition series, meaningful consolidation of the principles of transparency, publicity, participation, public-private partnership, guarantee of all elements and admission procedures in general.
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McAleavy, Tony. "Interoperability and standardization: lessons from the fruit-bowl." Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal 30, no. 4/5 (October 8, 2021): 480–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dpm-12-2020-0359.
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PurposeThis study hypothesizes the limitations of standardization as an interoperability development tool within emergency management.Design/methodology/approachPragmatism and Morgan's seminal organizational metaphors inform the conceptualization of the Interoperability Orange metaphor using symbolic logic and visual imagery.FindingsThe essence of standardization is homogeneity. Within emergency management, it is commonplace to develop legislation to standardize policies, procedures, training, equipment and terminology to engender interoperability among first responder and associated organizations. Standardization is achievable with similar or a small number of organizations. However, it is unlikely, if not impossible, in the context of disasters and catastrophes, given the broad range of organizations, groups and individuals typically involved. This diversity of cultures, subcultures, norms, values and indigenous and technical languages intimates that standardization is counterintuitive, particularly in disasters and catastrophes. The posited Interoperability Orange metaphor demonstrates that standardization as a policy, though desired, is theoretically unobtainable in enlarging multiorganizational environments. Thus, new perspectives, policies and solutions for interoperability are needed.Originality/valueThe posited theory builds on the growing body of metaphor-based emergency management research. The Interoperability Orange provides an accessible and easy-to-use communicative tool that aids theoretical cognition – notably within multicultural English as a Second Language environments – as it enables a deeper more critical and explicit understanding of the limits of standardization expressed via metaphor, symbolic logic and imagery.
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O’Brien, Alice, and Catherine Banet. "De-Risking the Hydrogen-CCS Value Chain Through Law." European Energy and Environmental Law Review 30, Issue 2 (April 1, 2021): 24–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eelr2021004.
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The integration of hydrogen (H2) and carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies within common value chains can contribute to the effective decarbonization of the energy system and hard-toabate sectors where electrification may not be possible or cost-effective. The H2-CCS chain is taken as an example of strategic value chains in the process towards a low carbon and increasingly integrated energy system. The successful realization of H2-CCS integrated chains requires the mobilization of vast quantities of domestic and international private capital. This article looks at how legislation and contracts, separately and in combination, can be used to manage and mitigate risks and incentivise private sector investment along the H2-CCS value chain in Europe. First, it discusses the role of national governments and the EU in developing legislative measures such as climate change targets, market design, liability regimes and how those could remove some of the risks preventing private sector investments. Second, it considers how the design and standardization of contracts can mitigate risks faced by the private sector by allocating, transferring and sharing risks between private and public parties. The article concludes that the law has an important role in de-risking investments and that further policy steps are necessary to refine the legislative and contractual regimes needed for the successful deployment of such strategic value chains. CCS, climate change, hydrogen, de-risking, legislation, contract, risk mitigation, risk allocation, risk transfer, public-private partnerships.
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Bélanger, Michel. "Une nouvelle branche du droit international : Le droit international de la santé." Études internationales 13, no. 4 (April 12, 2005): 611–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/701420ar.
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International health law is a soft law which is now reaching full maturity. It has gradually taken root since the middle of the 19th century, and it represents a synthesis of several disciplines (international work law, international social law, international humanitarian law, international medical law, international environment law, ...) International health law must be linked to international economic law and particularly to international development law. Moreover, it is mostly a Third-world law, especially since the World Health Organization (W.H.O.) caters first of all to the needs and demands of the developing nations. Thus it offers both an ideological and technical aspect which is very present in the concepts of New International Health Order and of Primarian Health Cares. W.H.O. must be considered as the main organization in the field of international public health, though, an international sanitary division has been established with both world organizations (mainly the United Nations System organizations), trans-regional, regional or sub-regional organizations, all with sanitary competence, as well as many non-governmental organizations with a sanitary purpose. The standardization process (general standards and ordinary standards) of international health law is nevertheless very advanced, and make international health law a half proclamatory and half executory law.
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Rahman, Yahya Noviko, Rizal Maulana Hadi, Mursyidatun Nabilah, Muhammad Hanif Waskito, and Nur Aini Rakhmawati. "ANALISIS PENGGUNAAN FRAMEWORK WEBSITE JDIH KHUSUS PERATURAN KEMENTERIAN REPUBLIK INDONESIA." JURNAL TEKNOLOGI DAN OPEN SOURCE 3, no. 1 (June 14, 2020): 78–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.36378/jtos.v3i1.528.
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The development of website technology is currently very rapidly developing. In general, the use of websites in government agencies is not new and has become common in government agencies, one of which is in the realm of the ministry. The website is used for various purposes, ranging from information for the public to operational activities. Website about Jaringan Dokumentasi dan Informasi Hukum (JDIH) is a form of implementation of regulations that state that all things about law are public information, so the public must be able to access information related to legal products from the ministry. For this reason, we are trying to identify the framework of each Ministry’s JDIH website using Wappalyzer to analyze how the website distributes its legal products in terms of appearance and features. From this analysis, there is no standardization used on the Ministry's JDIH website.
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Huskey, Michael G., and Nadine M. Connell. "Preparation or Provocation? Student Perceptions of Active Shooter Drills." Criminal Justice Policy Review 32, no. 1 (January 29, 2020): 3–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0887403419900316.
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Several highly publicized incidents of school violence in the past two decades have highlighted the importance of school safety and crisis preparation for students, parents, and school administrators. Although prior research has focused on the effectiveness of various security and crisis preparation measures, few studies have analyzed student perceptions of these policies. This study utilizes survey data collected from students at a public university in the southwestern United States to evaluate whether active shooter drills experienced in high school were related to negative student outcomes. Results show that experiencing an active shooter drill in high school was associated with significant increases in student fear, inflated perceptions of risk, and a decrease in perceptions of school safety. Implications for future research and policy initiatives regarding active shooter drills are discussed, specifically the need for increased transparency, standardization of drills, and addressing effective methods of implementing active shooter drills in schools.
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Er Riyanto, Djalal, Panji Wisnu Wirawan, and Kabul Kurniawan. "E-Government Interoperability: Architecture Model for Public Information Services of Sub-District Governments." MATEC Web of Conferences 218 (2018): 03008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201821803008.
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Sub-District Government as a Public Bodies is such a state administrator in accordance to the law required to apply disclosure, either by publishing information proactively, and or providing information application services. Implementation of e-Government is one solution that can be used to improve performance in running the mandate of the law. E-Government requires collaboration from various Public Bodies, especially in data exchange, information sharing, and processes. E-Government Interoperability is the development of inter e-Government systems for sharing and integrating information using shared standards. The success of e-Government Interoperability is determined by strategies, policies, and architectures that enable data, information technology systems, business processes, and service lines to integrate precisely and efficiently. The architectural model generated from this study illustrates the structure of e-Government Interoperability, the basic organization of system components, the relationship of one component with other components and the environment. Model validation uses result approach/theory analysis for data standardization, solid platforms, easier access to information, and efficient administration and services. The architectural model can serve as a guide for design and evolution, in an effort to create a system for public information services, especially at the sub-district level. It was concluded that the model was able to realize the development of sub-district vertical database integration and single-sign-on.
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Pereira, Adalmiro Andrade. "NCP 5 – Tangible Fixed Assets." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 8, no. 9 (September 18, 2021): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.89.10802.
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2015 saw an important step in the accounting reform in Portugal. On September 11, 2015, the Accounting Standardization System for Public Administrations (SNC-AP) was approved through Decree-Law No. 192/2015, which revokes the Official Public Accounting Plan (POCP) and establishes an accounting standard aligned with international accounting standards.
The development of this work is based on content analysis focused on Public Accounting Standard 5, NCP 5, which was broken down into the respective chapters of the regulations.
In this way, to reach the objective of the study, work was developed on several themes, which are essentially based on the chapters of NCP 5. In this way, the topics covered are: Objectives, Scope and Definitions, Measurement, Recognition and Derecognition; and, in order to better contextualize and exemplify the practical application of the standard, we will find, at the end of this work, some practical situations.
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Sipos, Anna Magdolna. "Summum bonum az európai könyvtárügyben? Az európai integráció és a könyvtárak jogi szabályozása." Jelenkori Társadalmi és Gazdasági Folyamatok 5, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2010): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/jtgf.2010.1-2.21-27.
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As a survey which was examining law regulations of public libraries led by UNESCO delegated Frank Gardner in the middle of 1960s pointed, the laws governing library's op-eration are similar in several countries of the European continent but at the same time they are also aligning to the national specialities. In the recent past European council and EBLIDA analysed the same in the standardizing Europe. This survey came to the same conclusion, but showed even more similarities. The study introduces the factors determin-ing the recent standardization processes of the Library case in Europe, line up the pros and contras against standard legal regulation and highlights similarity and diversity.
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Čech, Vladimír, Peter Chrastina, Bohuslava Gregorová, Pavel Hronček, Radoslav Klamár, and Vladislava Košová. "Analysis of Attendance and Speleotourism Potential of Accessible Caves in Karst Landscape of Slovakia." Sustainability 13, no. 11 (May 24, 2021): 5881. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13115881.
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Caves represent natural phenomena that have been used by man since ancient times, first as a refuge and dwelling, and later as objects of research and tourism. In the karst landscape of Slovak Republic in Central Europe, more than 7000 caves are registered in a relatively small area, of which 18 are open to the public. This paper deals with the analysis of the speleotourism potential of 12 of these caves, administered by the Slovak Caves Administration. Based on the obtained data, we first evaluate the number of visitors in 2010–2019. Using a public opinion survey among visitors, we then evaluate the individual indicators of quality and each cave’s resulting potential. We use a modified standardization methodology and standardization of individual evaluation criteria weights for individual evaluation indicators. The resulting values of the potential of caves for speleotourism point to the great importance of these sites for domestic and foreign tourism and the protection of nature and landscape, as 5 of these caves have been part of the UNESCO World Natural and Cultural Heritage List since 1995.
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Genschel, Philipp, and Raymund Werle. "From National Hierarchies to International Standardization: Modal Changes in the Governance of Telecommunications." Journal of Public Policy 13, no. 3 (July 1993): 203–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x00001045.
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AbstractThe emergence of large technical systems like railroads, telecommunication networks or power grids was closely associated with hierarchical governance. Despite the success of hierarchical structures in promoting the development of these systems they have recently come under strain. They are suspected of being too slow, too cumbersome, and too unimaginative to deal with the complexity and turbulence of modern technology. Practical people as well as academics look for functional alternatives. One of the alternatives is the decentralisation of technical control via standards. The paper investigates this alternative by analysing the role that standards have achieved in telecommunications after the hierarchical order was eroded by globalisation and deregulation. It discusses how the demise of hierarchy has boosted the ‘demand’ for standards and how the institutional infrastructure for standardisation was adapted to meet this demand.
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Gaveika, Artūrs. "LEGAL PRINCIPLES OF THE CREATION OF THE INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL BORDER OF THE EUROPEAN UNION." Latgale National Economy Research 1, no. 4 (June 23, 2012): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/lner2012vol1.4.1827.
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The proposed theme is topical from the perspective of state and public security as well as the perspectives of the law enforcement institutions tasks in regard to the Schengen Area. Tasks of law enforcement institutions should be based on harmonized international legislation as well as the Latvian and the European Union legislation. Taking into account the socio–economic development level, the small size and quantity of the population in the Republic of Latvia, law enforcement institutions can not afford to tolerate any mistakes in the control of migration process. Such mistakes are not permissible since in 2012 Latvian law enforcement institutions will have to prove the Schengen evaluation committee the ability to implement the Schengen acquis requirements on free movement of persons. The research was done during 2007 and 2012. The research emphasizes the fact that further strengthening of the status of Latvia in the European Union and the Schengen Area is possible upon the improvement of legislation, harmonization of basic concepts in legislation and terminology, standardization of the practice of law according to uniform internationally accepted principles in the context of internal and external borders legislation.
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Domínguez de la Rosa, Laura, and Francisco Manuel Montalbán Peregrín. "La construcción social de la homoparentalidad: ámbito académico, medios de comunicación y ámbito profesional-legislativo." Anales de Psicología 33, no. 1 (December 28, 2016): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/analesps.32.3.225791.
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<p>This work aims to analyze the discursive strategies from which we are constructing the phenomenon of gay and lesbian parenting in different public scopes , such as: academic, media and law field. We use a qualitative research method, specifically, the discourse analysis as Potter and Wetherell propose concerning interpretive repertoires. Thus, we can see that defensive standardization strategies are favoured against the risk of homophobia and the attacks on the family diversity.</p><p>There is a risk of confusing resources and experiences that could contribute to a richer collective construction of the phenomenon, reflecting its progress on the legislative, social and political field.</p>
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Civinskas, Remigijus, Natalja Gončiarova, and Saulius Pivoras. "The Application of Customer Service Standards and Street-Level Bureaucrats’ Discretion in Lithuanian State Agencies." Baltic Journal of Law & Politics 13, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 109–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bjlp-2020-0013.
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Abstract The main purpose of this article is to explore how standardization of the public service provision and introduction of customer service standards affect the de facto discretion of civil servants. The study uses a qualitative case study approach. Two main research methods were used to gather data – semi-structured interview and document analysis. Analysis of the empirical data revealed that written standards only partially affect the de facto discretion of civil servants. The customer interaction standards define only a few civil servants’ actions, and do not cover all aspects of the communication between civil servants and customers. Application of written standards is flexible especially in non-typical situations. Customer service standards do not restrict the actions of civil servants when they focus on customer problems, which is especially important when dealing with socially vulnerable customers. This study explores the use of customer service standards as a public management tool. The research data can be useful for understanding and improving customer interaction standards and its practical application.
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Zeng, Haibin, Zhaohong Liu, and Ziming Ji. "On the Prevention and Control of Public Security and the Modernization Construction of Police Organizational form in the Pearl River Delta." International Journal of Education and Humanities 5, no. 3 (November 11, 2022): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ijeh.v5i3.2447.
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With the deepening development of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, the water security situation is becoming increasingly tense and causing frequent illegal and criminal incidents on the water, which has brought great harm to the economy and people's lives in the Bay Area. On the surface of the public security analysis, the public security organs to the importance of the water police is the direct reason of the deterioration of the water security situation. The deep factors include the existing problems in the form of police organization form in the Pearl River Delta, the lack of police talents in foreign-related waters, the formation of mass prevention and mass governance network by unrelated people, the urgent need of water-related laws, and the fuzzy police organization form in water waters. The prevention and control of public security in waters should start from strengthening the legal standardization and unity construction of water area public security law enforcement, developing the academic education of water area police officers, cultivating professional water area police talents and strengthening the joint prevention and cooperation mechanism of public security in the Pearl River Delta region.
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Partiti, Enrico. "The Appellate Body Report in US Tuna II and Its Impact on Eco-Labelling and Standardization." Legal Issues of Economic Integration 40, Issue 1 (February 1, 2013): 73–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/leie2013005.
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The Appellate Body of the World Trade Organization (WTO) released to the public its final Report on the dispute United States - Measures Concerning the Importation, Marketing and Sale of Tuna Products (hereinafter 'US - Tuna II') on 16 May 2012.The dispute was object of a growing interest because of its impact on the debate between trade and environment. Specifically, the case addressed substantial issues of scope for the application of the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (hereinafter 'TBT Agreement'), like the proper legal characterization of state measures and the application of the Agreement to non product-related process and production methods (hereinafter 'npr-PPMs'). Furthermore, the ruling clarified other crucial provisions such as the requirements 'international standardizing organizations' have to comply with. This contribution will review the Appellate Body's findings that are the most relevant for the practice of environmental labelling and sustainability standardization, and it will assess the implications for WTO Member States' regulatory autonomy and the possibility of employing market-based instruments of regulation.
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Salet, Renze, and Jan Terpstra. "Criminal justice as a production line: ASAP and the managerialization of criminal justice in the Netherlands." European Journal of Criminology 17, no. 6 (February 25, 2019): 826–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477370819828332.
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Since the 1990s criminal justice systems in West European countries have increasingly been affected by the process of managerialization. The managerialization of criminal justice may result in fundamental tensions between different sets of values: efficiency and cost-effectiveness against values such as the rule of law or careful decision-making. This article concentrates on one example of the managerialization of criminal justice: the policy programme ASAP (As Soon As Possible) in the Netherlands, aimed at making the settlement of cases of high-volume petty crime both faster and more efficient. The introduction of ASAP has resulted in a strong standardization of work processes and strict time limits, for both the police and the public prosecution service. In this article we analyse how ASAP operates in practice and to what degree the policy goals of ASAP are realized. This analysis shows that the introduction of ASAP has transformed an important part of the Dutch criminal justice system into an assembly or production line. This example of the managerialization of criminal justice has resulted in important tensions between, on the one hand, managerial values and, on the other, the values of occupational (legal) professionalism.
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Liu, Jianwen. "Problems Existing in the Construction of Urban Smart Communities in China." International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Invention 9, no. 07 (July 25, 2022): 7105–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsshi/v9i07.05.
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Abstract: At present, with the acceleration of the Internet informatization process, the rapid development of intelligent equipment, and the development of smart city, the construction of smart community has become an essential link.However, although network information technologies such as big data can easily build smart communities, it also bring unprecedented challenges to the construction of smart communities.Using the new public management theory, the new public service theory and the governance theory, this paper deeply analyzes and discusses the current situation and causes of the intelligent community construction in China, and puts forward its own feasible countermeasures.At present, the intelligent community construction has made great progress, mainly reflected in: community infrastructure construction, community planning increasingly standardization, systematic, management more refined, intelligent, community evaluation mechanism increasingly scientific, democratization, etc., but also exist the urban intelligent community construction system support, information security law does not reach the designated position, intelligent construction and professional construction needs to be strengthened.
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Liu, Jianwen. "Improvement measures of Urban Smart Community Construction in China." International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Invention 9, no. 08 (August 25, 2022): 7179–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsshi/v9i08.08.
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At present, with the acceleration of the Internet informatization process, the rapid development of intelligent equipment, and the development of smart city, the construction of smart community has become an essential link.However, although network information technologies such as big data can easily build smart communities, it also bring unprecedented challenges to the construction of smart communities.Using the new public management theory, the new public service theory and the governance theory, this paper deeply analyzes and discusses the current situation and causes of the intelligent community construction in China, and puts forward its own feasible countermeasures.At present, the intelligent community construction has made great progress, mainly reflected in: community infrastructure construction, community planning increasingly standardization, systematic, management more refined, intelligent, community evaluation mechanism increasingly scientific, democratization, etc., but also exist the urban intelligent community construction system support, information security law does not reach the designated position, intelligent construction and professional construction needs to be strengthened.
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Da Cunha Soares Junior, Wolney. "The plain packaging of tobacco products and its recognition by the WTO as a legitimate policy measure for the protection of public health." CADERNOS IBERO-AMERICANOS DE DIREITO SANITÁRIO 9, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 29–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17566/ciads.v9i2.581.
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Introduction: the adoption by the WTO DSB of the Panel Reports that resolved the disputes against the Australian tobacco plain packaging scheme unveil important aspects of international health law intertwined with international trade law. Objectives: this paper aims at understanding the concept of plain packaging and the scope of the WTO decision for countries envisaging the adoption of similar measures in policymaking. The research questions are descriptive and encompass how the position expressed by the WTO DSB affects the WHO FCTC and what legal reasoning the referred decision used. Methodology: a historical method is employed to identify the origins of plain packaging and the main concerns and challenges surrounding it, whilst a discursive analysis of the Panel Reports allows an interpretation of its basic principles and possible implications for public health policies. Results and discussion: from a microeconomic policy analysis, the standardization of tobacco packets is a reasonable regulatory approach at a government’s disposal for addressing welfare losses due to externalities and internalities. Although there is no consensus on the empirical evidence supporting plain packaging, its assessment by the WTO Panel played a vital role in the decision rendered, notably with respect to Article 2.2 of the TBT Agreement and Article 20 of the TRIPS Agreement. Conclusion: Honduras and Dominican Republic have appealed and consequently a final ruling is still pending. Nonetheless, the decision is so far a recognition under WTO law of a State’s regulatory autonomy to implement the necessary measures on behalf of public health.
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Almatrooshi, Saeed, Matloub Hussain, Mian Ajmal, and Muhammad Tehsin. "Role of public policies in promoting CSR: empirical evidence from business and civil society of UAE." Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society 18, no. 6 (December 3, 2018): 1107–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cg-08-2017-0175.
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PurposeThis paper aims to explore the intermediary roles that public policies play in stimulating government agencies, businesses and civil society to engage in a corporate social responsibility (CSR) agenda.Design/methodology/approachIssues related to decision-making of public policies are increasingly complex. Therefore, analytical hierarchy process has been used to prioritize public policy practices for CSR in the UAE. Data were collected from experts working in businesses and civil society organizations.FindingsFindings suggest that businesses and the civil society confirm the importance of standardization and law enforcement public policy practices in issues related to CSR in developing countries. The endorsing style of public policies was the least important approach to encouraging CSR implementation in the UAE.Research limitations/implicationsResults are derived from a limited amount of empirical data only in one country; therefore, these cannot be generalized. Future research from other countries is needed.Practical implicationsOutcomes from this study will help the government enhance its role as mediator among all agents and help with designing public policies that encourage adoption of CSR by business firms while maintaining competitiveness in the economy.Originality/valueA framework consisting of five public policy categories – mandating, facilitating, partnering, endorsing and empowering roles – and 29 sub-policy practices is introduced. This study provides an important technique for analyzing the importance of public policies in promoting CSR. It offers insights into a population that shapes a CSR agenda.
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Kharitonova, Y. S., and V. S. Savina. "ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TECHNOLOGY AND LAW: CHALLENGES OF OUR TIME." Вестник Пермского университета. Юридические науки, no. 49 (2020): 524–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/1995-4190-2020-49-524-549.
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Introduction: the article deals with the issues concerning the protection of the rights to digital content created with the use of artificial intelligence technology and neural networks. This topic is becoming increasingly important with the development of the technologies and the expansion of their application in various areas of life. The problems of protecting the rights and legitimate interests of developers have come to the fore in intellectual property law. With the help of intelligent systems, there can be created not only legally protectable content but also other data, relations about which are also subject to protection. In this regard, of particular importance are the issues concerning the standardization of requirements for procedures and means of storing big data used in the development, testing and operation of artificial intelligence systems, as well as the use of blockchain technology. Purpose: based on an analysis of Russian and foreign scientific sources, to form an idea of the areas of legal regulation and the prospects for the application of artificial intelligence technology from a legal perspective. Methods: empirical methods of comparison, description, interpretation; theoretical methods of formal and dialectical logic; special scientific methods (legal-dogmatic and the method of interpretation of legal norms). Results: analysis of the practice of using artificial intelligence systems has shown that today intelligent algorithms include a variety of technologies that are based on or related to intelligent systems, but not always fall under the concept of classical artificial intelligence. Strictly speaking, classic artificial intelligence is only one of the intelligent system technologies. The results created by autonomous artificial intelligence have features of works. At the same time, there are some issues of a public law nature that require resolution: obtaining consent to data processing from the subjects of this data, determining the legal personality of these persons, establishing legal liability in connection with the unfair use of data obtained for decision-making. Standardization in the sphere and application of blockchain technology could help in resolving these issues. Conclusions: in connection with the identified and constantly changing composition of high technologies that fall under the definition of artificial intelligence, there arise various issues, which can be divided into some groups. A number of issues of legal regulation in this area have already been resolved and are no longer of relevance for advanced legal science (legal personality of artificial intelligence technology); some issues can be resolved using existing legal mechanisms (analysis of personal data and other information in course of applying computational intelligence technology for decision-making); some other issues require new approaches from legal science (development of a sui generis legal regime for the results of artificial intelligence technology, provided that the original result is obtained).
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Lutfi, Mustafa, and Asrul Ibrahim Nur. "Reconstruction of norm in selection system of Constitutional Court judge candidates from the perspective of the paradigm of Prophetic Law." Legality : Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum 30, no. 1 (April 15, 2022): 116–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/ljih.v30i1.20744.
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This article aimed to discuss the selection system of Constitutional Court Judges in Indonesia. The standardization of the recruitment system in the selection of candidates for Constitutional Court judges performed by DPR, the President, and the MA has varied due to multi-interpretations of the provisions of Article 20 (1) & (2) of Constitutional Court Law, contrary to the fact that the Third Amendment to Constitutional Court Law sets forth the mandate to selection committees. The model of the recruitment system has not been constitutionally optimal, while the process mechanism should meet transparency (involving public knowledge), participation (getting the public involved in every process), objectivity (competency-based), and accountability. However, several recruitment practices have overlooked those principles, urging further evaluation of the recruitment to take place comprehensively. One gate system in the recruitment with the assistance of the selection committees seems to be inevitable and simultaneously serves as the solution to reconstruct the system into a more standardized one in the time to come. Moreover, the selection committees must be true statesmen since they hold the authority to verify and select other statesmen as the candidates for the recruitment. The involvement of credible, professional, objective, transparent, and participative selection committees is expected to help achieve legal objectives and intent as wished by the constitution and to bring about the spirit of the prophetic law that serves as the core of the subject matter.
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Nagornykh, Roman V. "On the Improvement of the Administrative Law Regulation in the Economy Digitization Conditions." Legal education and science 3 (March 25, 2021): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/1813-1190-2021-3-39-44.
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The purpose of this article is to identify the main directions for improving administrative and legal regulation in the field of digital technologies application. The article notes that the development of information technologies will lead to a significant transformation of the entire array of legal regulation and law enforcement practice in our country, which will affect both traditional areas of legal regulation (civil circulation, intellectual property, antitrust regulation, special legal regimes, standardization, labor legislation, security , countering terrorism, extremism, corruption, etc.), and will lead to the emergence of a number of new areas in law (change management, ‘LegalTech’, integration regulation, digital environment of trust, financial technology, big data, cyber-physical systems, etc.). The methodological basis of the work is formed by general scientific and specific scientific (logical-legal, comparativelegal, descriptive, content-analysis) methods of cognizing legal reality. Conclusions. All the above directions of development of legal regulation will affect the institutions of modern public administration and will lead to a systemic change of the existing administrative and legal superstructure, which necessitates the development and implementation of measures to comprehensively protect the rights and freedoms of man and citizen from possible threats associated with the expansion of opportunities for illegal use information technologies. The scientific and practical significance of the work lies in the substantiation of practical proposals for improving the current administrative legislation in the field of creating the administrative and legal foundations of e-government, the formation of administrative and legal tools for communication processes of public administration entities, the adoption of administrative legal acts in the development of a system of digital services for citizens and organizations.
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Giancotti, Monica, Valeria Ciconte, and Marianna Mauro. "Social Reporting in Healthcare Sector: The Case of Italian Public Hospitals." Sustainability 14, no. 23 (November 29, 2022): 15940. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142315940.
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Social reporting has become a critical area of interest in healthcare systems, and it has also become increasingly important for the academic community and practitioners in recent decades. Recent studies have found the existence of a slow spread of social reporting initiatives in public hospitals and a lack of guidelines and homogeneity in social reporting documents. This study aims to contribute to the literature, offering updated evidence from Italy. Through a document analysis, we (a) assessed the trends of social reporting initiatives in the Italian public hospital sector; (b) analyzed the current forms, contents, and quality, of social reporting documents, in order to isolate common elements, differentiation and emerging trends; (c) analyzed the informational power of social reporting documents for public hospitals stakeholder. Data were extracted from the public hospital website. The results confirm the scarce dissemination and homogeneity of social reporting documents and highlight the need for non-financial reporting standardization in public hospitals.
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John Louie A. de Guzman, Jayvee, and Claire R. Reginalde. "Financial Literacy, Perspectives, and Practices of Public Secondary Teachers in Urban Municipalities of Nueva Vizcaya." BOHR International Journal of Advances in Management Research 1, no. 1 (2022): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.54646/bijamr.003.
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Financial literacy is one of the biggest problems facing government employees, especially teachers. Based on the Salary Standardization Law 1, public teachers have better compensation than any other government employees, considering their basic salary and all of the benefits. However, teachers were financially challenged in understanding and managing their own finances. Therefore, the study focused on the level of financial literacy, financial perspectives, and financial practices of the public junior high school teachers who are permanent for at least two years in their respective schools in the urban municipalities (Bayombong, Bambang, and Solano) of Nueva Vizcaya. Moreover, the concept of the study was drawn from the theories of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, areas of personal finance, financial literacy identifiers and core competencies, top-down processing theory, and behavioral finance. In addition, the study used a descriptive-inferential research design, and data were analyzed using several statistical tools. The result of the study showed that public secondary teachers have a high level of financial literacy and financial perspectives. But this is in contrast to the level of financial practices, which yield a low result. Based on the result of the study, the researchers recommend a personal finance model for improving the level of financial literacy and the perspectives and practices of public secondary teachers.
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John Louie A. de Guzman, Jayvee, and Claire R. Reginalde. "Financial Literacy, Perspectives, and Practices of Public Secondary Teachers in Urban Municipalities of Nueva Vizcaya." BOHR International Journal of Advances in Management Research 1, no. 1 (2022): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.54646/bijamr.03.
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Financial literacy is one of the biggest problems facing government employees, especially teachers. Based on the Salary Standardization Law 1, public teachers have better compensation than any other government employees, considering their basic salary and all of the benefits. However, teachers were financially challenged in understanding and managing their own finances. Therefore, the study focused on the level of financial literacy, financial perspectives, and financial practices of the public junior high school teachers who are permanent for at least two years in their respective schools in the urban municipalities (Bayombong, Bambang, and Solano) of Nueva Vizcaya. Moreover, the concept of the study was drawn from the theories of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, areas of personal finance, financial literacy identifiers and core competencies, top-down processing theory, and behavioral finance. In addition, the study used a descriptive-inferential research design, and data were analyzed using several statistical tools. The result of the study showed that public secondary teachers have a high level of financial literacy and financial perspectives. But this is in contrast to the level of financial practices, which yield a low result. Based on the result of the study, the researchers recommend a personal finance model for improving the level of financial literacy and the perspectives and practices of public secondary teachers.
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Rosalen, David L. "The impact of the law 10,267/2001 in the brazilian rural registration." Engenharia Agrícola 34, no. 2 (April 2014): 372–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-69162014000200018.
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The publication of the Law 10,267 of 08/28/2001 changed the paradigm of rural registration in Brazil, because this law known as the "Law of Georeferencing" has created the National Registration of Rural Property, that unifies in a common basis different registrations present in several government agencies, such as the National Institute for Colonization and Agrarian Reform (INCRA), the Secretariat of Federal Revenue, the Brazilian Institute of Environment and Natural Resources, and the National Indian Foundation. Also, this new registration system has a graphical component which has not existed until such date, where the boundaries of rural property are georeferenced to the Brazilian Geodetic System. This new paradigm has resulted in a standardization of the survey and its representation of rural properties according to the Technical Standard for Georeferencing of Rural Properties, published by INCRA in compliance with the new legislation. Due to the georeferencing, the creation of a public GIS of free access on the Internet was possible. Among the difficulties found it may be observed the great Brazilian territory, the need for specialized professionals, and especially the certification process that INCRA has to perform for each georeferenced property. It is hoped that this last difficulty is solved with the implementation of the Land Management System that will allow automated and online certification, making the process more transparent, agile and fast.
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Sergeev, V. V., and I. A. Shmelev. "The combination of moral and law norms in regulation of medical activity." Problems of Social Hygiene, Public Health and History of Medicine 31, no. 1 (December 15, 2023): 88–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.32687/0869-866x-2023-31-1-88-92.
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The article considers proposals developed according results of the study and targeted on improving social regulation of medical activities on basis of complex institutional approach. The complexity of approach lies in the fact that in regulation of public relations in health care opposition between norms of law and norms of morality is not allowed because in medicine they inter-condition and inter-complement each other. The institutional aspect of approach is reflected in tight interaction of moral and legal foundations, as well as in mechanisms of implementation of social standardization of specific sphere of medical activity. The formalized model of integrated institutional approach is presented. The importance of bioethics, in which principle of inter-complementarity of morality and law is realized to its maximum extent is emphasized. The significance of structural principles of bioethics that characterize totality of stable relationships of subjects of medical intervention is highlighted. The emphasis is made on interrelation between principles of bioethics and medical ethics, on norms of medical ethics, that largely determine content of professional duty of physician. The norms of medical ethics are grouped into three systems: “doctor-patient”, “doctor-colleague” and “doctor-society” that are contained in international ethical documents and “The Code of Professional Ethics for Physicians” of the Russian Federation. The importance of internal and external mechanisms of implementation of complex social regulation of medical activity is marked.
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Přibyl, Pavel, Aleš Janota, Juraj Spalek, and Vladimír Faltus. "Knowledge System Supporting ITS Deployment." Sustainability 13, no. 11 (June 4, 2021): 6407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13116407.
Full textAbstract:
Intelligent transportation systems are one of the most rapidly evolving areas, requiring an appropriate response from standardization bodies and adequate support from EU regulations. This results in a high and ever-expanding volume of technical standards, which makes their practical use difficult and the harmonization process unsustainable. Therefore, standardization bodies are officially required to supply public information, based on which potential users can decide whether they need to buy or use a particular standard or not. The authors demonstrate how to solve this problem and achieve sustainability in terms of operating in a more intelligent and efficient manner. The proposed solution relies on the creation of standard extracts using a hybrid method that combines syntactic and semantic analysis and assumes human expert involvement. The paper presents the practical experience and results obtained from a long-term national project. A practical example is included so that the reader can comprehend a basic idea of the achieved results. The authors believe the proposed method can be adopted across other professional domains and other European countries.
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Llamas Covarrubias, Jersain Zadamig, and Irving Norehem Llamas Covarrubias. "Different types of government and governance in the blockchain." Journal of Governance and Regulation 10, no. 1 (2021): 8–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/jgrv10i1art1.
Full textAbstract:
This research work, a study was carried out on blockchain technology and its types, as well as the creation of new models of government and governance from the scope of an organization, infrastructure and platform. Governance and commercial models were addressed, based on standardization of data and legal frameworks. On the other hand, it showed how operational governance causes consequences in business models, whether with transactions, multi-signature, forks, consensus mechanism, smart contracts, tokenization, online dispute resolution and decentralized application (World Economic Forum, 2020, pp. 97 196). It was discovered that at least in current business models, private blockchain networks are more useful than public networks because they have greater operational flexibility and data governance, without exempting that public networks must also have mechanisms of governance since sometimes a human consensus must be reached to make updates to protocols and technical rules (The Law Society, 2020, pp. 24-61). This paper shows the basic principles that must be observed about governance and regulation in the implementation of blockchain technologies in systems created by governments, corporations and/or organized civil societies.