Journal articles on the topic 'Public lands – Valuation'

Through a focus on the acquisition of land for the railways in Delhi from 1860 to 1930, this article explores the variegated ways in which people could respond to the threat of forcible acquisition. Scholars have highlighted the extraordinary powers that had been vested in the colonial state through successive Land Acquisition Acts which had made the acquisition of land for ‘public purposes’ incontestable. Railway lines, moreover, first began to be constructed in Delhi at a time when the city was being violently reshaped in the aftermath of the revolt of 1857. The aggressiveness with which the state reorganised the city in the decades following the revolt, therefore, severely restricted the ability of Delhi’s residents to resist the acquisition of their lands, as did the growing rigidity of the legal structure meant to facilitate the acquisition of lands. In such circumstances, the valuation of land became one of the only grounds on which the state’s claims over lands could be challenged by landowners. Beginning with a discussion of some legal disputes over land valuation and compensation from Delhi in the early decades of railway construction, this article goes on to examine how, by the turn of the century, political developments at the local and national levels had begun to allow religious communities to assert collective rights that could place certain lands beyond the reach of the law of acquisition.

This study examines the issues that arise at the stage of implementation of the enforcement acts on the capitalization of public property in the public domain, especially those faced by real estate appraisers. Conceptual and defining legislative errors are exemplified and analyzed. The authors proposed some solutions in order to harmonize the legislative aspects with the executive ones related to the public patrimony, in particular the correlation of the provisions of the regulation regarding the capitalization of the state-owned lands with the regulations of the evaluation activity in the Republic of Moldova.

The purpose of the work is to study the formation of the value of the normative monetary valuation of land, as an object of the territorial community of the respective categories of land. To achieve this goal you need to solve the following tasks: to investigate the order of formation of the value of the normative monetary value; determine the main indicators of comparison of the calculation of regulatory monetary valuation. The method of work was to determine the normative monetary value for three sites for different purposes. The calculation of the normative monetary assessment was carried out in accordance with current legislation. The initial data for the calculation of the assessment were: an extract from the State Land Cadastre, cadastral plan of the land, public cadastral map, layout of the research object. To compare the results, the normative assessment was additionally calculated using normative documents that were in force until 2022. Results. It is established that the current methodology significantly reduces the regulatory assessment for these objects, so for example for industrial lands it is reduced by 41%, for water lands -17%, and most for forest lands -84%. This calculation reduces the rent and, consequently, revenues to the local budget. Scientific novelty and practical significance. The study of the current methodology for calculating the value of regulatory monetary valuation and comparative analysis with regulations that were in force until 2022. As can be seen from the calculations, the current methodology significantly underestimates the value of the normative monetary value. As a result of reduced revenues to the local budget. And given that the customer of the technical documentation for regulatory assessment will be TG, which is not profitable to conduct a new regulatory monetary assessment.

The combination of a gutted B.C. Forest Service, vast areas of not sufficiently restocked forest lands, a quirky loophole in the Kyoto Protocol and a provincial government ideologically driven to sell off public assets has created the perfect opportunity to burn down B.C.'s forests in a biofuel boondoggle and the last barriers to privatization of B.C.'s Crown forests. Interviews conducted with over a dozen ex-government foresters, industry representatives, contract foresters, silviculturalists, forest-sector round-table participants and political representatives point to this new direction that government is taking Crown forests—with no public consultation and media, like the government, that are failing to serve public interests. The voices of the whistle blowers point to a colossal failure of imagination by government that has implications to forest health, climate change mitigation and adaptation, other public interests in Crown lands from public access to biodiversity and water quality, First Nation interests, and international credibility on carbon accounting and standards and on certification. The lecture will explore the dystopic picture of what is planned and an alternative vision for Crown forests that has been put forward by the critics as a world leader in ecosystem services and valuation. The lecture notes were taken from an original longer article entitled The Big Burn, first published by Focus Magazine in August of 2010. 2

Federal agencies invest taxpayer dollars every year in conservation programs that are focused on improving a suite of ecosystem services produced on private lands. A better understanding of the public benefits generated by federal conservation programs could help improve governmental efficiency and economic welfare by providing science-based evidence for use in policy decision-making regarding targeting of federal conservation investments. Of specific concern here are conservation investments made by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). While previous research has shown that efficiency gains are possible using cost-benefit analysis for targeting conservation investments, agency-wide implementation of this approach by policy makers has been constrained by the limited availability of location-specific information regarding conservation benefits. Cost-effective opportunities for integrating location-specific ecosystem service valuation research with USDA conservation decision-making include: (1) institutionalizing funding of comparable studies suitable for benefit transfer, (2) utilizing non-traditional data sources for research complementing benefit transfer, and (3) creating a state-of-the-art program for developing and communicating research in ecosystem service valuation exemplifying the highest standards of scientific conduct.

Purpose Valuation for compensation on land and buildings compulsorily acquired for public purposes is statutory. The Land Use Act (LUA) of 1978 now cited as Laws of the Federation of Nigeria, CAP l5 LFN 2007, stipulates the use of Depreciated Replacement Cost (DRC) Method in the valuation for compensation purposes for building and installation. The purpose of this paper is to criticize the application of the DRC technique in the valuation by acquiring authority as it does not arrive at fair market value and adequate compensation in Nigeria. Design/methodology/approach The method adopted for the study was a case study of real world valuation for compensation. Data used in the study were gathered mainly from government ministries and agencies responsible for land acquisition and compensation purposes. They included the Ministry of Lands and Housing, Land Use and Allocation Committee, and Ministry of Works and Transport. Market data on rental value, sales prices and other relevant data were collected from firms of professional that deal in real property. Findings The result of the study reveals that valuation by acquiring authority using DRC methods as prescribed by the LUA does not reflect market value and it is inadequate to put the claimants in the position they were before the acquisition. As such, most victims expressed dissatisfaction with the amount paid to them, which sometimes result to crisis, conflict and prolonged litigation, resulting in delay in executing or abandonment of the intended project. Research limitations/implications The study is limited to only one case study on acquisition and compensation for land and buildings with particular reference to Akwa Ibom State. This limitation does not invalidate the result as the law is applicable to the whole country. Practical implications The implication is that the LUA needs to be review to fair market value as basis of valuation and payment for site value as well as the constitution to add “adequate” to Section 44 (1a). This will reduce the incidence of many communities and land owners protest against the decision of government or its agents to acquire their land for public purposes. Originality/value The methodology meets the requirement of the law regarding compulsory land acquisition and compensation in Nigeria: The LUA of 1978. Using three scenarios: the valuation by acquiring authority, claimant’s valuers and independent valuers to illustrate the critique of the methodology, the result shows the inadequacy of compensation.

The modern system of state cadastral assessment (SCA) in Russia is designed for mass valuation of real estate – to evaluate groups of objects, which does not allow to ensure the proper reliable level of cadastral value (CV) for each individual object which is the subject to cadastral assessment. In this regard, the task of developing scientific and methodical support for correcting the results of the SCA obtained by mass assessment methods becomes particularly relevant. First of all, this applies to land plots of the category "residential lands" (RL) – objects that are most involved in the economic turnover of the country. This topic has become the main content of this article. The scientific and methodological provision of correcting the results of the SCA, based on the expert analytical method of evaluation - the sales comparison method (SCM), the new technological decision of accounting for the factor of VIR in the assessment of the CV, as well as the principle of compliance with the balance of public and private interests – allows to correct the results of the SCA of RL, increasing their reliability within the balance of interests of the state and land users, which is confirmed by the results of the article. The development of this scientific and methodical provision was carried out in accordance with the legal and methodical frameworks of the Russian SCA RF system using decision-making methods: analysis of hierarchies and expert assessments.

Industrial activities in the Czech Republic have brought into existence many degraded and contaminated sites. Such areas are not suitable for farming, building or recreation purposes. The necessary reclamation is typically very expansive. In this study, the contingent valuation method (CVM) was used to estimate the public’s willingness to pay for soil reclamation, and also to find out the desire of habitants to live in a good environment with respect to soil quality, and generally to improve the publics awarness of soil protection. This study can help to improve understanding of the local public willingness to pay for reclamation of degradated land protection and can provide useful information for an effective land protection programme. The study was carried out on the locality of Březové Hory – a part of the old mining town Příbram. The chosen locality was used for the placement and storage of residual material after mining, but also includes different soils, which have been transported here as useless material. After the reclamation of a part of the locality, a forest park has been established. A random questionnaire survey was conducted with local resident and as well as holiday makers. The results of the survey indicated that protection of cultivated land was important to the local public. The mean willingness to contribute to reclamation of degraded and contaminated lands in Březové Hory was expressed as the following amount of money: 36.64 CZK (1.4 €) per habitant. The findings calculated suggested that the costs of reclamation of landfill soils on Březové Hory totaled 1528 CZK/m². The results of the survey also showed that the willingness to pay increased according to the dependence on income, the gender and also residential address of respondents. The results have not confirmed the dependence on education. In order to increase the hypothetical willingness to pay, an increase of public awareness of soil degradation and harmful effects on the environment is necessary. Furthermore, it was shown that the market valuation of land can not be used for soil protection purposes.

In 1967, a group of resource and environmental economists from across the nation got together under the auspices of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) to form a multistate collaborative research project. The goal of this research initiative was to bring together natural resource and environmental economists from across land grant and non-land grant institutions in order to advance natural resource benefit and cost methods, collect primary data on pertinent natural resource policies, and develop applications for extending the usefulness of primary data on the benefits and costs of natural resource policy. Initially given the USDA project identification number WM-59, the Western Regional Research Project: Benefits and Costs of Natural Resources Policies Affecting Public and Private Lands has been a productive intellectual, professional, and policymaking endeavor for more than forty-two years. While the project indentifying moniker has been changed from time to time (from WM-59 to W133 to W1133 to W2133) and there has been the loss, sometimes untimely, of project participants over the years, the group continuously provides opportunities for some of the nation's most engaged resource and environmental economists to work together, share their ideas, provide feedback and support, and advance the state-of-the art in valuation methods and applications.

As opposed to international studies, Russian scientists apply multifactorial models with specific coefficients to determine the rent for public lands. This research analyses and summarises the existing theoretical and normative approaches to coefficient calculation covered by domestic literature. We examine two types of coefficients: permitted use of land (K) and categories of land users (K 1 ). Based on the property valuation theory (income and comparative approaches), we demonstrated problems and disadvantages of the methods currently used to determine K and K 1 coefficients. Then, using the economic contract theory, we identified market and non-market (hybrid and hierarchical) regulation mechanisms and distinguished K and K 1 coefficients. Institutional differences of these indicators were theoretically substantiated. As a result, we developed economic algorithms for calculating market (K) and regulatory (K 1 ) coefficients that take into account both types of permitted use of land (for K) and categories of land users (for K 1 ) by considering preferences and restrictions in the field. The elaborated methodology was tested by performing complex calculations, which allowed us to obtain the values of K and K 1 coefficients for 18 local councils located in Pervomaysky District of Altai Krai for 112 types of permitted use of land. Proposed methodological recommendations can be applied for developing municipal programmes in Russia and abroad to increase the effectiveness and transparency of public land rent.

The paper presents the results of research on the development of a GIS database for the tasks of normative monetary valuation of lands of settlements and highlights the applied aspects of its use on the example of Lychanka village, Dmytriv territorial community, Bucha district, Kyiv region. An algorithm for developing a GIS database for normative monetary valuation of settlement lands is presented. The presented estimation algorithm allows to carry out with high accuracy normative monetary estimation of settlements, to carry out its automated updating on a certain date, to receive necessary information on request, to carry out analytical operations and construction of specialized estimation maps. The development of the GIS database involved the implementation of two stages. At the first stage of formation of the initial land assessment base, the attribute table included data from the Public Cadastral Map of Ukraine on land plots within the settlement by the following items: cadastral number of land plot, area, form of ownership, purpose and functional use of land plot , the number of the cadastral zone in which each land is located, the number of the land assessment area of the settlement, the value of the base value of land, the value of the zonal coefficient (Km2), the coefficient characterizing the functional purpose of the land (Kf), information on the location (street name). The second stage involved the calculation of the value of the normative monetary valuation of each of the 1279 land plots and was performed using the built-in Arc Map function "Calculation of numerical values". After the development of the GIS database, the testing stage of the developed land assessment database was performed, which involved the use of various query execution, geospatial analysis, the use of buffering functions, topological overlay (intersection). As a result of the analysis, the following maps were constructed: "Influence of local factors on the distance of land from the center of the settlement", "Influence of local factors on the distance of land from highways", "Influence of local factors on the environmental situation", "Influence of local factors on security electricity", "Influence of local factors on the distance from paved roads", "Influence of local factors on the provision of centralized water supply", "Influence of local factors on the provision of centralized sewerage", "Influence of local factors on the provision of centralized gas supply", "Map plots according to the results of normative monetary assessment" , "Map of the establishment of buffer zones by the value of local coefficients" , "Map of coastal protection strips around water bodies with the allocation of zones of their intersection with land". Due to the application of special functions of geospatial analysis available in the GIS environment, examples of development of highly informative cartographic materials in the form of special pricing zoning of the territory of the settlement are shown. The expediency of the application of the GIS database for the tasks of monitoring the quality of land, compliance with their legal regime and the possibility of monitoring the implementation of fiscal obligations by landowners and users.

Sari EK, Lucyana L. 2020. Economic valuation of water quality condition ogan river against the clean water in the district of Ogan Komering Ulu. Jurnal Lahan Suboptimal : Journal of Suboptimal Lands 9(2): 139-148. The existence of the Ogan River has experienced a reduction in water quality, this is caused activities from the community such as disposing household waste and dumping industrial waste into the river. This fact causes the need of protecting the quality of Ogan river water by using Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum (PDAM) and shallow wells to fulfill the needs of clean water for the community. The use of shallow wells and PDAM caused economic losses to the community. They raise extra costs or replacement costs that must be paid by the community. The purpose of this study was to determine the community's perception of the impact of river water quality and to determine the cost of replacement by using the replacement cost method that must be spent by the community around the Ogan River Basin Ogan Komering Ulu Regency. The method used descriptive analysis, and a replacement cost approach for a year. The total population of 3,329 is family head (KK). The samples in this study amounted to 149 KK. The perception of people who want to improve the quality of the river Ogan by 90.6 percent and of 88.6 percent of the public said it would remain in the vicinity of the Ogan River despite the condition change or increasingly bad. . In this study was take the reason people remain 51 percent is due to an economic factor. Regarding the economic valuation of clean water aspects, 71.8 percent of the people use PDAM, 25.5 percent use well water and 2.7 percent use river water as a source of clean water. The estimated cost of replacement costs incurred for one year is Rp102,510,000 and the need for clean water is 20,502 m3/year. The total costs incurred by the community amounted to Rp 357,852,500.

In this article, the author carried out a general analysis of land seizure for state and public needs on the basis of the legislation of national and developed countries. The author also touched upon what is meant by the state and public needs, the compensation of the owner for the property located on the seized land plot and the issues of property valuation. In addition, the article also included proposals on the development of legislation regulating this relationship.

Todo mercado cotiza expectativas, el problema es que, en el caso del suelo, esas expectativas son producto fundamentalmente de la acción de los poderes públicos (caso del suelo urbanizable) o de la esperanza en esa acción reclasificatoria (caso del suelo rústico). ¿Debe la comunidad cuando priva a un particular de la propiedad del suelo cotizar las expectativas? En caso de respuesta afirmativa: ¿Qué expectativas deben valorarse? La nueva Ley de Suelo establece que se calcula el valor por el método residual en el suelo urbanizado, y por el método de capitalización de la renta real o potencial en el suelo rural. La diferencia esencial con la legislación procedente no está tanto en el cambio de método de valoración como en el hecho de que la ley prescinde de la clasificación de suelo y, por tanto, se centra en la situación real del suelo en el momento de la valoración. Merkatu orok igurikapenak kotizatzen ditu; arazoa da, lurzoruaren kasuan, igurikapen horiek batik bat aginte publikoen (lurzoru urbanizagarriaren kasuan) edo birsailkapen-ekintza horretan dagoen esperantzaren (landa-lurzoruaren kasuan) produktu direla. Partikular bat lurzoruaren jabetzaz gabetzen duenean, komunitateak kotizatu behar ditu igurikapenak? Baiezko erantzunaren kasuan: zer igurikapen balioetsi behar dira? Lurzoruaren Lege berriak ezartzen du balio hori lurzoru urbanizatuko hondar-metodoaren bidez kalkulatu behar dela, eta errenta erreal edo potentzialaren kapitalizazioko metodoaren bidez, landa-lurzoruan. Aurreko legeriarekiko funtsezko diferentzia ez datza balioespeneko metodoa aldatzean, baizik eta beste egitate honetan: legeak albo batera uzten du lurzoruaren sailkapena, eta, beraz, lurzoruaren egoera errealean zentratzen da, balioespeneko unean duen egoeran. Every market values expectations; the problem is that in the case of land, those expectations are mainly the result of Public Authorities¿ acts (in the case of the land which may be developed) or of the hope in reclassification (in the case of rural land). Should the Community that deprives the particular from the property of rural land estimate the value of his or her expectations? If the answer is positive, which are the expectations to be valued?. The new Act on Land sets up that the value is to be determined by the residual method in the developed land, and by the capitalization of the real or potential earnings in rural land. The essential difference with previous legislation does not lie in the change of valuation methodology but in the fact that this Act dispenses with the classification of land and therefore it focuses on the real situation of land when it is effectively valued.

El autor, desde la experiencia de haber participado en la elaboración de la legislación estatal de suelo, sitúa la ordenación territorial y urbanística sobre cimientos bien ajustados al orden constitucional, de tal suerte que huye de confiar la definición de la convivencia sobre el territorio al mero resultado del libre juego de las fuerzas que operan en el mercado. La regulación del derecho de iniciativa para la actividad de ejecución de la urbanización, en ejercicio del derecho de libre empresa ¿cuando la actividad no deba o vaya a ser realizada por la Administración¿ se debe llevar a cabo mediante un procedimiento con publicidad y concurrencia y con criterios que salvaguarden una adecuada participación de la comunidad en las plusvalías derivadas de las actuaciones urbanísticas. Asimismo, destaca el nuevo régimen de valoración del suelo de conformidad con el régimen básico de la propiedad aplicable al suelo rural o urbanizado. Egileak, lurzoruari buruzko legeria estatalean prestaketan parte hartu izanaren esperientziatik, lurralde- eta hirigintza-antolamendua ordena konstituzionalari ongi doituriko zimenduen gainean kokatzen du, halako eran non, ihes egiten duen lurraldearen gaineko lankidetzaren definizioa merkatuan jarduten duten indarren joko askearen emaitza hutsean fidatzetik. Urbanizatze-lana betearazteko jarduerarako ekimeneko eskubidea araupetzea, enpresa libreko eskubideaz baliatuz ¿jarduera hori Administrazioak egin behar ez duenean edo egin behar ez duenean¿ publikotasun eta konkurrentziako prozedura baten bidez burutu behar da, bai eta hirigintzako jarduketetatik ondorioztatutako plusbalioetan komunitatearen parte-hartze egokia zaintzen duten irizpideen bidez ere. Era berean, aipatzekoa da landa-lurzoruari edo lurzoru urbanizagarriari aplikagarri zaion jabetzaren oinarrizko araubidearen arabera lurzorua balioesteko araubide berria. The author, with the experience of having participated in the drafting of the State legislation on land, places the rules on zoning and development on pillars clearly adjusted to the constitutional order and therefore avoids the definition of the management of the soil to the mere result of the free competition of market forces. The regulation of the right of initiative for the execution of urban development, within the exercise of freedom of enterprise ¿when action must not or is not to be executed by the Administration¿ has to be carried out by means of a public and competitive procedure following criteria that protect an appropriate participation of the community in the capital gain derived from that same urban development. Likewise, he underlies the new regime of land valuation in conformity with the basic provisions on property applicable to rural and developed land.

The Western Ghats, a range of ancient hills extends between 8° N and 21° N latitude, and 73° E and 77° E longitude(from the tip of peninsular India at Kanyakumari to Gujarat). The Western Ghats runs parallel to the west coast of India, covering approximately 160,000 sq. km, which constitutes less than 5% of India's geographical extent. Numerous streams originate in the Western Ghats, which drain millions of hectares, ensuring water and food security for 245 million people and hence are aptly known as the water tower of peninsular India(Ramachandra and Bharath, 2019; Bharath et al., 2021). The region is endowed with diverse ecological regions depending on altitude, latitude, rainfall, and soil characteristics. The Western Ghats are among the eight hottest hotspots of biodiversity and 36 global biodiversity hotspots with exceptional endemic flora and fauna. Natural forests of Western Ghats have been providing various goods and services and are endowed with species of 4,600+ flowering plants (38% endemics), 330 butterflies (11% endemics), 156 reptiles (62% endemics), 508 birds (4% endemics), 120 mammals (12% endemics), 289 fishes (41% endemics) and 135 amphibians (75% endemics). The Western Ghats, gifted with enormous natural resource potential, and the mandate of sustainable development based on the foundation of prudent management of ecosystems, is yet a reality. Various unplanned developmental programs, which are proclaimed to be functioning on sustainability principles, have only been disrupting the complex web of life, impacting ecosystems, and causing a decline in overall productivity, including four major sectors: forestry, fisheries, agriculture, and water (Ramachandra and Bharath, 2019).The prevalence of barren hilltops, conversion of perennial streams to intermittent or seasonal streams, frequent floods and droughts, changes in water quality, soil erosion and sedimentation, the decline of endemic flora, and fauna, etc. highlights the consequences of unplanned developmental activities with a huge loss to the regional economy during the last century. The development goals need to be ecologically, economically, and socially sustainable, which can be achieved through the conservation and prudent management of ecosystems. Sustainability implies the equilibrium between society, ecosystem integrity, and sustenance of natural resources. Water sustenance in streams and rivers depends on the integrity of the catchment (watershed), as vegetation helps in retarding the velocity of water by allowing impoundment and recharging of groundwater through infiltration (Ramachandra et al., 2020). As water moves in the terrestrial ecosystem, part of it is percolated (recharging groundwater resources and contributing to sub-surface flow during post-monsoon seasons), while another fraction gets back to the atmosphere through evaporation and transpiration. Forests with native vegetation act as a sponge by retaining and regulating water transfer between land and the atmosphere. The mechanism by which vegetation controls flow regime is dependent on various bio-physiographic characteristics, namely, type of vegetation, species composition, maturity, density, root density and depth, hydro-climatic condition, etc. Roots of vegetation help (i) in binding soil, ii) improve soil structure by enhancing the stability of aggregates, which provide habitat for diverse microfauna and flora, leading to higher porosity of the soil, thereby creating the conduit for infiltration through the soil. An undisturbed native forest has a consistent hydrologic regime with sustained flows during lean seasons. Native species of vegetation with the assemblage of diverse native species help in recharging the groundwater, mitigating floods, and other hydro-ecological processes (Ramachandra et al., 2020; Bharath et al., 2021). Hence, it necessitates safeguarding and maintaining native forest patches and restoring existing degraded lands to sustain the hydrological regime, which caters to biotic (ecological and societal) demands. A comparative assessment of people's livelihood with soil water properties and water availability in sub-catchments of four major river basins in the Western Ghats reveals that streams in catchments with > 60% vegetation of native species are perennial with higher soil moisture (Ramachandra et al., 2020). The higher soil moisture due to water availability during all seasons facilitates farming of commercial crops with higher economic returns to the farmers, unlike the farmers who face water crises during the lean season. In contrast, streams are intermittent (6-8 months of water) in catchments dominated by monoculture plantations and seasonal (4 months, monsoon period) in catchments with vegetation cover lower than 30%. The study highlights the need to maintain ecosystem integrity to sustain water. Also, lower instances of COVID 19 in villages with native forests emphasize ecosystems' role in maintaining the health of biota. The need to maintain native vegetation in the catchment and its potential to support people's livelihood with water availability at local and regional levels is evident from the revenue of Rs. Rs.2,74,658 ha-1 yr-1 (in villages with perennial streams and farmers growing cash crops or three crops a year due to water availability), Rs. 1,50,679 ha-1 yr-1 (in villages with intermittent streams) and Rs. 80000 ha-1 yr-1 (in villages with seasonal streams). Also, the crop yield (at least 1.5 to 1.8 times) is higher in agriculture fields due to efficient pollination with the prevalence of diverse pollinators in the vicinity of native forests. The study emphasizes the need for maintaining the natural flow regime and prudent management of watershed to i) sustain higher faunal diversity, ii) maintain the health of water body, and iii) sustain people's livelihood with higher revenues. Hence, the premium should be on conserving the forests with native species to sustain water and biotic diversity in the water bodies, vital for food security. There still exists a chance to restore the lost natural ecosystems through appropriate ecological restoration approaches, with location-specific conservation and management practices to ensure adequate and clean water for all. GDP (Gross Domestic Product), a measure of the current economic well-being of a population, based on the market exchange of material well-being, will indicate resource depletion/degradation only through a positive gain in the economy and will not represent the decline in these assets (wealth) at all. Thus, the existing GDP growth percentages used as yardsticks to measure the development and well-being of citizens in decision-making processes are substantially misleading, yet they are being used. The traditional national accounts need to include resource depletion or degradation due to developmental activities and climate change. The country should move toward adopting Green GDP by accounting for the environmental consequences of the growth in the conventional GDP, which entails monetizing the services provided by ecosystems, the degradation cost of ecosystems, and accounts for costs caused by climate change. The forest ecosystems are under severe threat due to anthropogenic pressures, which are mostly related to the GDP.The appraisal of forest ecosystem services and biodiversity can help clarify trade­-offs among conflicting environmental, social, and economic goals in the development and implementation of policies and to improve the management in order biodiversity.Natural capital accounting and valuation of ecosystem services reveal that forest ecosystems provide (i) provisioning services (timber, fuelwood, food, NTFP, medicines, genetic materials) of Rs 2,19,494 ha-1 yr-1, (ii) regulating services (global climate regulation - carbon sequestration, soil conservation, and soil fertility, water regulation and groundwater recharge, water purification, pollination, waste treatment, air filtration, local climate regulation) of Rs 3,31,216 ha-1 yr-1 and (iii) cultural services (aesthetic, spiritual, tourism and recreation, education and scientific research) of Rs.1,04,561 ha-1 yr-1. Total ecosystem supply value (TESV), an aggregation of provisioning, regulating, and cultural services, amounts to Rs. 6,56,172 ha-1 yr-1, and the Net Present Value (NPV) of one hectare of forests amounts to 16.88 million rupees ha-1. NPV helps in estimating ecological compensation while diverting forest lands for other purposes. The recovery of an ecosystem with respect to its health, integrity, and sustainability is evident from an initiative of planting (500 saplings of 49 native species) in a degraded landscape (dominated by invasive species) of two hectares in the early 1990s at the Indian Institute of Science campus (Ramachandra et al., 2016),and the region has now transformed into a mini forest with numerous benefits such as improvements in groundwater at 3-6 m (compared to 30-40 m in 1990), moderated microclimate (with lower temperature) and numerous fauna (including four families of Slender Loris). While confirming the linkages of hydrology, ecology, and biodiversity, the experiment advocates the need for integrated watershed approaches based on sound ecological and engineering protocols to sustain water and ensure adequate water for all. A well-known and successful model of integrated wetlands ecosystem (Secondary treatment plant integrated with constructed wetlands and algae pond) at Jakkur Lake in Bangalore (Ramachandra et al., 2018) provides insights into the optimal treatment of wastewater and mitigation of pollution. Complete removal of nutrients and chemical contaminants happens when partially treated sewage (secondary treated) passes through constructed wetlands and algae pond (sedimentation pond), undergoes bio-physical and chemical processes. The water in the lake is almost potable with minimal nutrients and microbial counts. This model has been functioning successfully for the last ten years after interventions to rejuvenate the lake. This system is one of the self-sustainable ways of lake management while benefitting all stakeholders - washing, fishing, irrigation, and local people. Wells in the buffer zone (500 m), now have higher water levels and are without any nutrients (nitrate). Groundwater quality assessment in 25 wells in the same region during 2005 (before the rejuvenation of Jakkur Lake) had higher nitrate values. Adopting this model ensures optimal sewage treatment at decentralized levels, and letting treated water to the lake also provides nutrient-free and clean groundwater. The Jal Shakti ministry,the Government of India, through Jal Jeevan Mission, has embarked on the noble and novel mission of providing tap water supply to all rural households and public institutions in villages such as schools, health centers, panchayat buildings, etc. The success of this program depends on the availability of water. The imminent threat of acute water scarcity due to climate changes with global warming necessitates implementing integrated watershed development (planting of native species in the watershed of water bodies), rainwater harvesting (rooftop harvesting at individual household levels, and retaining rainwater in rejuvenated lakes, which also helps in recharge of groundwater) and reuse of wastewater through treatment at decentralized levels (a model similar to Jakkur lake at Bangalore). These prudent management initiatives at decentralized levels throughout the country aid in achieving the goals of providing clean and adequate water to the local community.

Although the right to property is a constitutional right, the most common administrative process that terminates it is expropriation. The first condition that gives legal validity and legitimacy for the expropriation process to terminate the right to property is public benefit; The second condition is to determine the real value of the expropriated real estate and to pay this amount to the property owner in a reasonable time. Protection of the right to property can only be ensured if the fair value of the real property is determined. It is essential for the administrations to apply the procurement procedure first in expropriation. The determination of the purchase value is provided by the valuation commission formed by the administration. The valuation commissions should be based on the income to be obtained from the lands in accordance with the Expropriation Law No. 2942 in determining the land expropriation values. As a result of the fact that the valuation commissions do not include objective criteria in the valuation method with the income method, the real and fair value of the real estate cannot be reached and there is no agreement between the parties. It is important that members of the valuation commission are objective and knowledgeable in this regard. In this study, the principles regarding the application of the income method in determining the land expropriation values by the valuation commissions of the administration were examined and some suggestions were brought.

Abstract Commons provide many ecosystem services that support the livelihoods of billions around the world. However, their contribution to people and the economy are rarely estimated in economic terms. Here, we estimate the economic contribution of the land-based commons in India, which cover 66.5 million hectares. We conducted a systematic literature review of publications between 1990 and 2020 and selected 161 peer-reviewed studies to develop an ecosystem services valuation database for India. We identified 34 ecosystem services from this database. We estimate that forest commons provide ecosystem services worth $2108 per ha per year. Culturable wastelands and permanent pastures, and other grazing lands provide $861 per ha per year each, and barren and unculturable lands provide $196 per ha per year. Using the value transfer method, the average value of ecosystem services provided by land commons in India is estimated at $90.5 billion per year (range $24 – 192 billion). This broad range reflects the status and condition of those commons. Based on the trends in the decline of land-based commons, we estimate the value of ecosystem services will decline to $68 billion by 2050: $750 million worth of ecosystem services can be lost each year over the next 30 years. This will have devastating implications for rural populations that depend on the commons for livelihoods and the delivery of critical ecosystem services. We highlight the need to use ecosystem services valuation in decision-making and policy to protect and sustainably manage commons in India.

Abstract The objective of this article is to prioritize sites of environmental importance in Brazil, according to their need for protection or conservation. For this, a methodology was applied in the sites that presented geographical overlap or proximity between protected areas and ethnic communities were selected to be evaluated taking into account criteria that define their ecological, social and cultural importance, such as: area of influence, integrated areas, anthropic pressure, species conservation status, Ramsar sites, hotspot, biosphere reserve, IBA and KBA sites, natural heritage, status of recognition and relationship between indigenous lands and quilombos, historical value, archaeological sites and cultural heritage. As a result, 1651 sites were identified, 249 were selected and evaluated, obtaining 14 with high, 91 medium and 144 low priority. With this information, the objective is to generate technical support that serves as an input for the generation of public policies aimed at its protection and conservation.

This paper is mainly focused on compensation and its protection under Indian Constitution, judicial approach and development of concept of compensation, relevant principles of compensation mean general rules whose application enables us to determine the market value. The problem of valuation and determination of present market value in relation to lands and buildings under laws relating to Land Acquisition. Cases decided by the the Supreme Court in Bela Banerjee v. State of West Bengal 2 and State of West Bengal v. Subodh Gopal Bose 3 is deeply analyzed to test the law providing for acquisition or extension of interest of private owners in properties. It is observed that the power of the sovereign to take private property for public use and the consequent rights of the owner to compensation are well established. In justification of the power, two maxims are often cited Salus Populi est Supreme lex (regard for the public welfare is the highest law) and Necessities Public a major est quam Privata (Public necessity is greater than private necessity). The Land Acquisition Act seems to be very special as much legislations are based on it; facilitating awaited industrialization, giving a solution to unemployment4, widening the divide between urban and rural5, threatening environment and propagating disguised unemployment6etc. The tops-turvy journey of Indian Supreme Court has been swaying in between the idea of ‘Social Justice’, ‘Distributive Justice’, land reforms and Zamindari abolition by compensatory acquisition of land. But in doing so the achievement of Indian Supreme Court has that one size fit all type of computation formula for calculation of compensation cannot be applied to each and every case. The Judiciary has discussed all pros and cons of various types of valuation method. However due to variety of properties and allied attachments, one type cannot be applied to each case uniformly.

The article analyzes the current state of legal support for assessing the suitability of land for organic agricultural production. It is determined that in contrast to the previous legislation in the field of organic production, circulation and labeling of organic products, the current Law of Ukraine «On basic principles and requirements for organic production, circulation and labeling of organic products» from 10.07.2018 № 2496-VIII does not provide assessment of the suitability of agricultural land for the production of organic products. There are no requirements for such an assessment in the bylaws governing this area of public relations. It has been established that one of the primary steps towards regulating the process of valuation of agricultural land for organic production should be the introduction of mandatory agrochemical certification of land on which organic crop production is planned. Because it is agrochemical certification of agricultural land is one of the basic measures to determine the quality of soil composition. It is proposed, in order to operate with up-to-date data, to determine the terms of agrochemical certification of such lands not later than one year before the application for certification of organic production. For what proposals are put forward to make additions to: h. 5 Art. 37 of the Law of Ukraine «On Land Protection»; paragraph 3 of the Procedure for certification of organic production and / or circulation of organic products, approved by the resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine dated 21.10.2020 № 1032; p.p. 1.5 and 1.6 of the Procedure for maintaining the agrochemical passport of the field, land, approved by the order of the Ministry of Agrarian Policy and Food of Ukraine dated 11.10.2011 № 536. The proposed innovations will allow to objectively assess the quality of such lands and will guarantee the production of organic crop products. Keywords: soil, land plot, agricultural lands, organic products, organic agricultural production, legal support, agriculture, soil quality

The current needs in the regulation of land relations, which are due to a qualitatively new approach to the development of land use potential, land use, ownership and disposal and the conditions under which the free land market in Ukraine should be formed. The concept of transformation is considered, which means the process of replacing the features of one economic order with similar features of another order, resulting in the transformation of the economic system as a whole. The main problems of land management in rural areas of Ukraine, which provide for the revival of rural areas by optimizing their territorial organization, creating conditions for balanced use of nature and protection of natural resources, improving social conditions and living infrastructure of rural residents, improving the demographic situation in rural areas. It is emphasized that to date in Ukraine no land is classified according to suitability on the basis of taking into account (balancing) environmental opportunities and economic feasibility. It is indicated that the priority in the implementation of land policy is the development of the necessary land management and urban planning documentation, land inventory, topographic and geodetic works, land valuation, land management schemes and feasibility study of land use and protection of administrative-territorial entities, development of working projects reclamation of disturbed lands, protection of lands from erosion, flooding and other dangerous geological processes. The components of the formation of information and analytical support for monitoring the use of land resources of the united territorial communities of Ukraine are proposed. It is concluded that the functioning of the land market in Ukraine should be based on social justice, public, public and private interests, legality, efficiency, transparency, openness, ensuring the balanced development of settlements and other areas, protection and rational use of land resources potential and other natural resources. At the same time, the main generator of sustainable development of rural areas, its economic «engine» should be economic activity in rural areas, rational use of land and resource potential, focused on the multifaceted functioning of the rural economy.

The value of ecological systems to human well-being and the economy is often not estimated in contemporary economic and policy decision making processes. Estimating non-marketable and marketable values of ecosystem services from Indigenous managed land provides significant information about the role that the natural environment plays in maintaining the well-being of people. This research investigates the value of ecosystem services from an Indigenous Protected Area, the Warddeken Indigenous Protected Area—an estate managed by Indigenous people in northern Australia. It provides valuable insights for policy makers, land managers, and future development programs while informing the importance of managing Indigenous lands for the local and wider public benefits. Additionally, applying the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment framework and the standard ecological economic valuation techniques, this study presents ‘realistic’ values of marketable and non-marketable ecosystem services identified from the Warddeken Indigenous Protected Area. The total value of ecosystem services was estimated at $32.6 million per year, which are largely non-marketable (such as climate and water regulation) and these values flow to the local and wider public. This research further argues that investing in managing Indigenous estates helps in reducing welfare costs for the Australian Government worth, in the case of the Warddeken Indigenous Protected Area, $8 million per year. Overall, the value of ecosystem services and cost savings demonstrate the real benefits that Indigenous people obtain for working on their land, termed as “Country.” In addition, Indigenous land management delivers offsite ecological, social, and cultural ecosystem services (value estimated at $29 million per year for the Warddeken Indigenous Protected Area) which are typically ignored in policy decision making regarding Indigenous matters in Australia. This study highlights the importance of land managed by Indigenous people in Australia and worldwide to comprehend the real value of benefits and suggests developing appropriate stewardship arrangements to support people’s efforts.

BackgroundCompared to married mothers, mothers who are not married when they register their child’s birth are at increased risk of having a low birthweight baby and infant death. Having a partner protects women from poor pregnancy outcomes to some extent but those who are living with, but not married to, their partner still do less well than those who are married. As it does not appear to be marriage itself which is protective, other factors such as maternal education and smoking, and household characteristics, such as accommodation type and familial support in the household, need to be examined. AimTo explore the individual socio-demographic and household characteristics that are associated with low birthweight and infant death among unmarried mothers. MethodsA population based cohort study will be conducted through the Administrative Data Research Network based on all registered live births 2010-2016 to women resident in Northern Ireland (NI). General Register Office (GRO) birth records will be linked to the NI Maternity System and GRO infant death data to identify low birth weight (primary) and infant death (secondary) outcomes. Maternal individual socio-demographic and household characteristics will be provided through linkage to the 2011 census (ethnicity, highest level of education, support from family members living in the household); Enhanced Prescribing Database (maternal mental health prescriptions); 2010 NI Multiple Deprivation Measure (area level deprivation, including income and education domains, for the mother’s home address at the time of birth) and Valuation and Lands Agency Rating List (capital value of property of mother’s address). Descriptive statistics and logistic regression will be used for the analysis. ImpactIt is anticipated the findings will reduce the public health burden of low birthweight babies by directing interventions to targeted groups of mothers.