Journal articles: 'Public lands – Ontario – Toronto'

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Reimer, Gwen. "British-Canada’s Land Purchases, 1783-1788." Ontario History 111, no. 1 (May 23, 2019): 36–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1059965ar.

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This article examines several of the earliest land purchases in Ontario as phases in a single strategic plan by the British Crown to secure settlement lands and safe communication routes in the aftermath of the American War of Independence. Between 1783 and 1788 British colonial authorities executed a series of right-of-way and land cession agreements with Indigenous nations for lands extending from the St. Lawrence River, westward along the north shore of Lake Ontario, and northward along the historic carrying places linking Toronto, Lake Simcoe and Lake Huron. Viewing the Crawford, Gunshot, Toronto and Matchedash purchases as contiguous in time and space offers both clarity and context to a period of colonial treaty-making in Canada from which few records have survived. Archival holdings contain scant records of proceedings, deeds, maps or boundary descriptions for these treaties. For decades, Indian Affairs officials were concerned about the lack of documentation to validate the terms and extent of these land purchases and it was not until 1923 that the Gunshot and Matchedash surrenders were supposedly confirmed and the boundaries of those tracts encompassed within the terms of the Williams Treaties. For historical researchers, the determination of dates, geography and terms of early colonial treaty agreements remains a challenge. This article contributes both a broader context and greater detail about four such transactions between British authorities and Indigenous nations in southern Ontario in the eighteenth century.

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Williams, Robert J. "“If you build it …” Business, Government and Ontario's Electronic Toll Highway." Canadian Journal of Political Science 39, no. 1 (March 2006): 185–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423906239994.

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“If you build it …” Business, Government and Ontario's Electronic Toll Highway, Chandran Mylvaganam and Sandford Borins, Toronto: University of Toronto Centre for Public Management, 2004, pp. ix, 164.This monograph analyzes an extraordinary tale of public policy making in Ontario: the construction and management of an innovative toll highway now known as the 407/ETR (Express Toll Route).

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Howie, Alison. "Tackling environmental health: From research to government." Health Science Inquiry 11, no. 1 (August 10, 2020): 21–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/hsi311.

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MacLellan, Duncan. "FAITH-BASED SCHOOLING AND THE POLITICS OF EDUCATION: A CASE STUDY OF ONTARIO, CANADA." POLITICS AND RELIGION JOURNAL 6, no. 1 (June 1, 2012): 37–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.54561/prj0601037m.

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This paper examines the political intersection of religion and education in Ontario, Canada, from1840 to 2011. Currently, Ontario is Canada’s most ethno culturally diverse province, and Toronto, its capital city, is one of the most multicultural cities in the world. The issue of public funding of religious education in Ontario has emerged at varying times in the province’s history. In particular, selective Ontario provincial election campaigns are discussed in relation to exploring the degree to which public funding of religious education and religious accommodation emerged as political issues. Social mobilization theory provides a rich and varied conceptual lens through which to examine decisions that have led to the current place of state funding of religious education in Ontario.

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Milne, Robert J., Lorne P. Bennett, and Paul J. Harpley. "Contributions of landscape ecology, multifunctionality and wildlife research toward sustainable forest management in the Greater Toronto Area." Forestry Chronicle 82, no. 3 (May 1, 2006): 403–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc82403-3.

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Forested lands in southern Ontario are threatened by a myriad of demands. In order to capture the multi-scale, multi-use and multifunction reality of forests within such intense human-nature interdependent landscapes, an integrative approach to sustainable forest management is necessary. Such forest management may be possible by combining the framework of landscape ecology with an understanding of forest multifunctionality. Within the Greater Toronto Area, the management of forests is provided by several agencies; some are responsible for 1) geological landscapes (e.g., the Niagara Escarpment), 2) for watersheds (e.g., Conservation Authorities) and 3) for political regions (e.g., York Region). In this paper, case studies reflecting important management issues are introduced. Wildlife research is then presented to link these issues to landscape ecology and forest multifunctionality in order to illustrate a means of enhancing sustainable forest management. Key words: landscape ecology, multifunctionality, multifunctional approach, sustainable forest management, Greater Toronto Area, wildlife function, integrative forest management

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CORREA, Hércules Tolêdo. "Entrevista com o professor Christopher Snow, do Toronto District School Board." Signo 45, no. 84 (September 1, 2020): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17058/signo.v45i84.15352.

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Entrevista com professor premiado da educação básica da província de Ontario, no Canadá. Christopher Snow é professor da Huron Public School, uma escola de ensino fundamental situada na região central de Toronto, na província de Ontario, Canadá. Pelo trabalho que tem desenvolvido junto às suas turmas, foi agraciado com um prêmio concedido pelo Primeiro-Ministro Justin Trudeau pelo seu Ensino de Excelência (ver https://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/pmate-ppmee.nsf/eng/wz02308.html).

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Bissonnette, Meghan. "Review of Frida & Diego: Passion, Politics and Painting, Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto." Public 24, no. 47 (July 1, 2013): 242–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/public.24.47.242_5.

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van Dijk, Adam, Emily Dawson, Kieran Michael Moore, and Paul Belanger. "Risk Assessment During the Pan American and Parapan American Games, Toronto, 2015." Public Health Reports 132, no. 1_suppl (July 2017): 106S—110S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033354917708356.

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During the summer of 2015, the Pan American and Parapan American Games took place in the Greater Toronto area of Ontario, Canada, bringing together thousands of athletes and spectators from around the world. The Acute Care Enhanced Surveillance (ACES) system—a syndromic surveillance system that captures comprehensive hospital visit triage information from acute care hospitals across Ontario—monitored distinct syndromes throughout the games. We describe the creation and use of a risk assessment tool to evaluate alerts produced by ACES during this period. During the games, ACES generated 1420 alerts, 4 of which were considered a moderate risk and were communicated to surveillance partners for further action. The risk assessment tool was useful for public health professionals responsible for surveillance activities during the games. Next steps include integrating the tool within the ACES system.

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Goldhar, Jodeme, Clare Adie, Nancy Webb, and Laurie Harrison. "The Baycrest SARS experience: the human side." Australian Health Review 26, no. 3 (2003): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah030014.

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Toronto, in the province of Ontario, Canada was one of the cities severely impacted by Severe Acute RespiratorySyndrome (SARS). SARS required the health care system to respond quickly and efficiently. This paper describes thesituation and response at a large public academic aged care centre.

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Hull, James P. "Raising Standards: Public Works and Industrial Practice in Interwar Ontario." Scientia Canadensis 25 (June 23, 2009): 7–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/800426ar.

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Abstract Public works and the bodies which build them or contract for their building are important to the history of standards for a variety of reasons. The sheer size, significance and ubiquity of such works, make standards practice important in and of itself. The rigour used in enforcing those standards on contractors and suppliers, while exerting a force for the improvement of industrial practice, also had the secondary effect of favouring those firms which were familiar with and could meet such standards. Public agencies had not just contractual means to enforce their ideas about standards but often regulatory ones as well. Public works standards helped define the state's relationship with the geographical space in which it acted. These issues will be explored using four case studies from Ontario: public roads and buildings, public health regulation and standards for municipal water works, the Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario and finally the City of Toronto.

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Johnson*, (Alyn) James. "The Toronto Municipal Election: Judicial Failure to Protect the Structure of the Canadian Constitution." Constitutional Forum / Forum constitutionnel 29, no. 3 (June 2, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21991/cf29404.

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In Toronto (City) v Ontario (AG),1 a recent decision on the legality of legislative interference in the Toronto 2018 municipal election, the Ontario Court of Appeal makes an alarming attempt to rewrite the Canadian Constitution. The subject of this revision is the legitimate role of unwritten principles in constitutional interpretation. Robin Elliot maintains, in a leading scholarly treatment of the subject, that unwritten principles can inform constitutional interpretation in two main ways: first, they can provide an independent basis on which to overrule impugned legislation; second, they can assist in interpreting constitutional text.2 Elliot qualifies the former usage by limiting it to those principles that “can fairly be said to arise by necessary implication from provisions of the text of the Constitution … since they have the same legal status as the text.”3 The Court of Appeal, however, states that unwritten principles cannot be used as a stand-alone basis on which to overrule legislation.4 In this article, I draw on numerous Supreme Court of Canada decisions to argue that the Ontario Court of Appeal’s view of the Constitution is, with respect, fundamentally flawed. Unwritten principles inform the structure of a democratic constitution and thereby provide legislation with its claim to legitimacy. Legislation that violates foundational unwritten principles is, of necessity, subject to judicial challenge. I also argue that the Court of Appeal’s doctrinally unsustainable approach to unwritten principles led to a flawed ruling on the legality of Ontario’s interference in the 2018 Toronto election. In Reference re Senate Reform, the Supreme Court of Canada unanimously states that “constitutional interpretation must be informed by the foundational principles of the Constitution.”5 The Court of Appeal failed to provide any detailed consideration of the democratic principle, and thereby failed to recognize the constitutional imperative that protects the integrity of the electoral process. *PhD in Constitutional and Administrative Law, Queen’s University. Principal of Public Law Solutions, a research firm in Toronto.[1] 2019 ONCA 732 [Toronto v Ontario (CA 2019)].[2] “References, Structural Argumentation and the Organizing Principles of Canada’s Constitution” (2001) 80 Can Bar Rev 67 at 83-86, 141-42, and generally 86-98.[3] Ibid at 95. See also 83-84.0[4] Toronto v Ontario (CA 2019), supra note 1 at para 89.[5] 2014 SCC 32 at para 25 [Senate Reference].

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Merrens, Roy. "Port Authorities as Urban Land Developers." Articles 17, no. 2 (August 6, 2013): 92–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1017654ar.

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Port authorities have been important presences in Canada's port cities, playing major roles in determining the physical form and land-use functions of urban waterfront lands. Their formative roles warrant attention from scholars concerned with the city-building process in Canada. This study focuses upon one such body, The Toronto Harbour Commissioners, and how and why it has functioned as a land development agency. An analysis of the commissions Outer Harbour project between 1912 and 1968 shows the commissions central concern with land development: ostensibly presented as a harbour facility, the project was actually intended to be a key component in the commissions proposed redevelopment of Toronto's central waterfront for profitable commercial and residential use. The project also reveals the significance of landfilling in the commissions urban development role, and, incidentally, explains the existence of the three-mile artificial headland projecting out into Lake Ontario from Toronto's waterfront. The role of the commission as a development agency is explained in terms of its original 1911 mandate, which in turn reflects the intentions of the Toronto Board of Trade, the body that had led the drive to create the commission.

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Omisakin, Oluyemisi, and Ian Young. "Compliance of bathers to showering before swimming in a public pool in Toronto, Ontario." Environmental Health Review 63, no. 4 (December 2020): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5864/d2020-025.

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Bathers at public swimming pools should shower prior to entering the pool deck to remove organic material (e.g., sweat, lotions, fecal matter) that can increase the risk of recreational water illness and the formation of disinfection by-products. However, little research has been conducted to evaluate bathers’ pre-swimming showering practices. We conducted a cross-sectional study of bathers aged 18 years or older at a public swimming pool in Toronto, Ontario, to evaluate their showering habits. An in-person questionnaire was administered in October and November 2019. Bivariate associations were examined between selected variables and participants’ self-reported showering frequency prior to swimming (often or always vs. never, rarely, or sometimes). A total of 110 bathers agreed to participate. Most participants (63%) were aged 18–34, 56% identified as male, and 78.2% reported always or often showering before swimming. Of these individuals, only 34% reported using soap when showering. Participants that identified as male (vs. female) and an ethnicity other than white were more likely to report often or always showering, as were those that reported reading the pool rules and that observed other bathers taking a shower. Additional efforts are needed to educate bathers about the importance of showering prior to swimming in public pools.

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Barrett, Suzanne. "Lake Ontario's Waterfront: Realizing a decade of regeneration." Ekistics and The New Habitat 71, no. 424-426 (June 1, 2004): 123–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.53910/26531313-e200471424-426237.

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The author was the principal author of A Decade of Regeneration: Realizing a Vision for Lake Ontario's Waterfront, in collaboration with editor Ron Reid of Bobolink. She was Director of the Lake Ontario Program Waterfront Regeneration Trust from 1992-2002, leading its work on the Waterfront Trail, Greenway Strategy and Toronto and Region Remedial Action Plan. She is currently a freelance consultant specializing in environmental planning, waterfront revitalization and public engagement. The text that follows was originally published in the Ontario Planning Journal, March/April 2002.

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Damme, Laird Van, and Kenneth M. Brown. "The Ontario Advanced Forestry Program." Forestry Chronicle 68, no. 5 (October 1, 1992): 607–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc68607-5.

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Foresters use continuing professional education to keep abreast of new developments and adapt to changing job responsibilities. The demand for continuing professional education has grown recently in response to a public demand for forest management plans based on sound scientific principles and, as the level of involvement by diverse stakeholder groups has grown, foresters feel the need to increase their interpersonal effectiveness in complex, multi-perspective situations. In 1988, the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources invited the School of Forestry at Lakehead University and the Faculty of Forestry at the University of Toronto to collaborate to design and implement a program of two-week intensive courses for mid-career foresters and other resource managers. The program has been successful during its first three years at reaching its target client base and there are positive indications that the program's educational objectives are being fulfilled. This article details the design and early track record of the Ontario Advanced Forestry Program (OAFP) that resulted from that collaboration.

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Winton, Sue. "Coordinating Policy Layers of School Fundraising in Toronto, Ontario, Canada: An Institutional Ethnography." Educational Policy 33, no. 1 (October 23, 2018): 44–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0895904818807331.

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In this article, I report findings from an investigation into the politics and coordination of school fundraising in the Toronto District School Board (TDSB) in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Theoretically grounded in institutional ethnography and critical policy analysis, the study began from the standpoint of parents asked to give money to their children’s school(s). I show how provincial and TDSB funding, parent involvement, fundraising, and school council policies organize parents’ experience of school fundraising. I also explore how participating in fundraising enables parents to meet neoliberal expectations of a “good parent” and how through their efforts to secure advantages for their children, fundraising parents are accomplices in the privatization of public education. I conclude by discussing possibilities for intervention into the social organization of school fundraising in TDSB schools.

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Mbuagbaw, Lawrence, Wangari Tharao, Winston Husbands, Laron E. Nelson, Muna Aden, Keresa Arnold, Shamara Baidoobonso, et al. "A/C study protocol: a cross-sectional study of HIV epidemiology among African, Caribbean and Black people in Ontario." BMJ Open 10, no. 7 (July 2020): e036259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-036259.

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IntroductionAfrican, Caribbean and Black (ACB) communities are disproportionately infected by HIV in Ontario, Canada. They constitute only 5% of the population of Ontario yet account for 25% of new diagnoses of HIV. The aim of this study is to understand underlying factors that augment the HIV risk in ACB communities and to inform policy and practice in Ontario.Methods and analysisWe will conduct a cross-sectional study of first-generation and second-generation ACB adults aged 15–64 in Toronto (n=1000) and Ottawa (n=500) and collect data on sociodemographic information, sexual behaviours, substance use, blood donation, access and use of health services and HIV-related care. We will use dried blood spot testing to determine the incidence and prevalence of HIV infection among ACB people, and link participant data to administrative databases to investigate health service access and use. Factors associated with key outcomes (HIV infection, testing behaviours, knowledge about HIV transmission and acquisition, HIV vulnerability, access and use of health services) will be evaluated using generalised linear mixed models, adjusted for relevant covariates.Ethics and disseminationThis study has been reviewed and approved by the following Research Ethics Boards: Toronto Public Health, Ottawa Public Health, Laurentian University; the University of Ottawa and the University of Toronto. Our findings will be disseminated as community reports, fact sheets, digital stories, oral and poster presentations, peer-reviewed manuscripts and social media.

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Bowley, Patricia. "Farm Forestry in Agricultural Southern Ontario, ca. 1850-1940: Evolving Strategies in the Management and Conservation of Forests, Soils and Water on Private Lands." Scientia Canadensis 38, no. 1 (April 7, 2016): 22–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1036041ar.

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Early settlers in southern Ontario aspired to become prosperous land-owning farmers; they began by cutting trees. Within a few decades, wind and water, unimpeded by forest cover, devastated soil and crops. Farmers were encouraged by groups such as the Ontario Fruit Growers’ Association to reforest some of their land. Farm forestry, as part of scientific agriculture, had a strong beginning in the early 1900s with the Ontario Agricultural and Experimental Union, but that movement was poorly supported until the 1930s, when the relationship between deforestation and water supplies reached a crisis. The Ontario Conservation and Reforestation Association (OCRA) and the Ontario Crop Improvement Association (OCIA) were created in agricultural southern Ontario in 1937-8 after a disastrously hot dry summer. Each organization interpreted the conservation of natural resources in profoundly different ways: the OCRA as a movement to create forest resources on public property, and the OCIA as management of privately-owned farmlands to improve crop production.

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Gorey, K. M., E. J. Holowary, G. Fehringer, E. Laukkanen, A. Moskowitz, D. J. Webster, and N. L. Richter. "An international comparison of cancer survival: Toronto, Ontario, and Detroit, Michigan, metropolitan areas." American Journal of Public Health 87, no. 7 (July 1997): 1156–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.87.7.1156.

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Le, Annie N. "Serious Games for Public Safety: How Gamified Education Can Teach Ontarians Emergency Preparedness." Frontiers in Education Technology 5, no. 4 (November 29, 2022): p1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/fet.v5n4p1.

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According to the Canadian Emergencies act, a national emergency is an urgent, critical situation that threatens the health and safety of Canadians (Department of Justice of Canada, 2022). Emergencies can also take on many forms: pandemics, natural disasters, civil unrest, or armed conflict. Currently, the Provincial Emergency Response Plan implemented by the Chief of Emergency Management Ontario is the framework that keeps Ontarians safe, allowing for organizations and municipalities to organize disaster relief, send out emergency alerts, and educate Ontario residents on emergency preparedness (PERP, 2019). This paper explores how serious games can prepare the public for emergencies based on response frameworks currently in use in metropolitan Ontario, Canada (cities such as Toronto, Ottawa, and Hamilton). This example was selected because it represents modern urban settings that require response plans and provides a framework that can be used to elaborate on. This paper will present the positive features of serious game applications concerning public safety and emergency management education. Case studies of serious game applications currently used for public health and safety purposes will be examined. Serious games may be a useful instrument for public safety education to enhance existing emergency preparedness and public safety education frameworks.

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Rivers, Ray. "The price of sprawl in Ontario, Canada." Ekistics and The New Habitat 71, no. 424-426 (June 1, 2004): 52–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.53910/26531313-e200471424-426222.

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The author is an environmental economist who provides consulting services to a wide range of clients from private industry, environmental interest groups and the federal and provincial governments. He has worked with the federal departments of Environment, Agriculture and Fisheries and Oceans and the Ontario Ministry of the Environment; lectured at Concordia, the University of Ottawa and Wilfred Laurier University in Public Administration and Sustainable Development; and written widely on a range of environmental topics. Ray Rivers was the Canadian co-author of the Land Use sections in the 1996/1998 State of the Lake Ecosystem Conferences. The text that follows is an edited and revised version of a paper presented at the international symposion on "The Natural City," Toronto, 23-25 June, 2004, sponsored by the University of Toronto's Division of the Environment, Institute for Environmental Studies, and the World Society for Ekistics.

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Greenberg, Ken. "Toward the green city through revitalizing major obsolescent urban lands." Ekistics and The New Habitat 71, no. 424-426 (June 1, 2004): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.53910/26531313-e200471424-426218.

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The author, an architect and urban designer, has played a leading role on a broad range of assignments in highly diverse urban settings in North America and Europe. Much of his work focuses on the rejuvenation of downtowns, waterfronts, neighborhoods, and campus master planning. His projects include the award-winning Saint Paul on the Mississippi Development Framework, the Brooklyn Bridge Park on the East River in New York, the East River waterfront in Lower Manhattan, the Fan Pier in Boston, the Southwest and Southeast Waterfronts in Washington, DC, the Vision Plan for Washington DC, Kendall Square and North Point/Lechmere Square in Cambridge, the Downtown Hartford Economic and Urban Design Action Strategy and the Downtown Master Plan for Fort Lauderdale. Current efforts include the " Big Picture for the Big Dig": the Rose Kennedy Greenway in Boston, the renewal of Regent Park, a major public housing project in Toronto; the implementation of the Convention District Master Plan in San Juan, P.R., and Urban Design advice for the Cincinnati Center City Development Corp (3CDC). In each city, with each project, his strategic, consensus-building approach has led to coordinated planning and a renewed focus on urban design. The text that follows is an edited and revised version of a paper presented at the international symposion on"The Natural City, " Toronto, 23-25 June, 2004, sponsored by the University of Toronto's Division of the Environment, Institute for Environmental Studies, and the World Society for Ekistics.

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Wang, Fei. "Social Justice Leadership—Theory and Practice: A Case of Ontario." Educational Administration Quarterly 54, no. 3 (February 21, 2018): 470–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013161x18761341.

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Purpose: This study is to investigate how principals promote social justice to redress marginalization, inequity, and divisive action that are prevalent in schools. Research Method: This study employs a qualitative research design with semistructured interviews. Twenty-two elementary and secondary school principals were interviewed in the Greater Toronto Area, Ontario, Canada. Research Findings: Principals who are social justice advocates exercise their influence by focusing on people in an effort to build a socially just community. Their people-centered leadership practice focuses on: putting students at the center, positioning as a social justice leader, developing people for social justice, building school climate through social justice, and fostering positive relationships with families and communities. Social justice leadership is grounded in a very proactive way in bringing about the changes that such a paradigm demands. Implications: This study generates discussions among participants on the dynamics associated with social justice practice and helps practitioners navigate tactically entrenched power structures for the well-being of their students. It also deepens our understanding of social justice leadership by providing empirical evidence how social justice advocates take risks and innovative approaches to social change that embraces the value of democracy, inclusion, representation, and difference.

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Baker, G. Blaine. "Testamentary Archeology in Late-Victorian Ontario: William Martin's Little, Posthumous Legal System." Canadian Journal of Law and Society / Revue Canadienne Droit et Société 30, no. 03 (September 29, 2015): 345–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cls.2015.28.

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AbstractThis is a 'will-in-context' study of a Toronto bequest of the 1880s that shows how a testator's ideological commitment to freedom of willing and his retention of high-powered legal talent to actualize that commitment were derailed by a hapless or avaricious executor, unpredictable real-estate markets, a lethargic court, and eccentric beneficiaries. It also suggests that self-made private law like contracts, trusts, and wills may be as doctrinally, textually, or administratively contradictory, indeterminate, or unpredictable as state-made public or regulatory law has often been shown to be.

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Helferty, Natalie. ""Localization": A means to reduce negative transportation impacts in the "natural city"." Ekistics and The New Habitat 71, no. 427-429 (December 1, 2004): 233–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.53910/26531313-e200471427-429193.

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The author runs "Natural Heritage Consulting" in Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada. She is a former Adjunct Professor at Ryerson University having taught Applied Ecology as a joint program between the School of Occupational and Public Health and the School of Urban and Regional Planning. She has provided environmental policy input on government initiatives such as the formation of the Greenbelt around the City of Toronto in her capacity as a member of the Province of Ontario's Greenbelt Task Force. The text that follows is a revised and edited version of a paper presented by the author at the Natural City conference - "Success Stories" - organized by the Centre for Environment, University of Toronto from 31 May to 2 June, 2006.

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Scheim, Ayden I., Ruby Sniderman, Ri Wang, Zachary Bouck, Elizabeth McLean, Kate Mason, Geoff Bardwell, et al. "The Ontario Integrated Supervised Injection Services Cohort Study of People Who Inject Drugs in Toronto, Canada (OiSIS-Toronto): Cohort Profile." Journal of Urban Health 98, no. 4 (June 28, 2021): 538–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11524-021-00547-w.

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AbstractThe Ontario Integrated Supervised Injection Services cohort in Toronto, Canada (OiSIS-Toronto) is an open prospective cohort of people who inject drugs (PWID). OiSIS-Toronto was established to evaluate the impacts of supervised consumption services (SCS) integrated within three community health agencies on health status and service use. The cohort includes PWID who do and do not use SCS, recruited via self-referral, snowball sampling, and community/street outreach. From 5 November 2018 to 19 March 2020, we enrolled 701 eligible PWID aged 18+ who lived in Toronto. Participants complete interviewer-administered questionnaires at baseline and semi-annually thereafter and are asked to consent to linkages with provincial healthcare administrative databases (90.2% consented; of whom 82.4% were successfully linked) and SCS client databases. At baseline, 86.5% of participants (64.0% cisgender men, median ([IQR] age= 39 [33–49]) had used SCS in the previous 6 months, of whom most (69.7%) used SCS for <75% of their injections. A majority (56.8%) injected daily, and approximately half (48.0%) reported fentanyl as their most frequently injected drug. As of 23 April 2021, 291 (41.5%) participants had returned for follow-up. Administrative and self-report data are being used to (1) evaluate the impact of integrated SCS on healthcare use, uptake of community health agency services, and health outcomes; (2) identify barriers and facilitators to SCS use; and (3) identify potential enhancements to SCS delivery. Nested sub-studies include evaluation of “safer opioid supply” programs and impacts of COVID-19.

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Read, Jennifer. "“Let us heed the voice of youth”: Laundry Detergents, Phosphates and the Emergence of the Environmental Movement in Ontario." Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 7, no. 1 (February 9, 2006): 227–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/031109ar.

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Abstract This paper uses the 1960s detergent debate to examine the shift to environmental attitudes in Ontario. The first phase of the detergent issue began in 1963 and addressed excessive foaming in the province's water created by detergent residues. The Ontario Water Resources Commission ignored protest from municipal governments and allowed the manufacturers to resolve the problem on their own. In 1969, the environmental phase of the issue began when phosphate-based detergents were blamed for the dwindling quality of Great Lakes water. The appearance of strong advocacy groups, especially Pollution Probe from the University of Toronto, marked this stage. Pollution Probe used science and strong media relations to mobilise public support to ban phosphate-based detergents. The paper assesses the success of strategies employed during both phases of the debate and ties that to the emergence of environmental attitudes among the public.

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Bowal, Peter. "The New Ontario Judicial Alternative Dispute Resolution Model." Alberta Law Review 34, no. 1 (October 1, 1995): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr1107.

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The author introduces the new ADR Pilot Project currently being tried in the Ontario Court of Justice (General Division). Taking place in Toronto, the project is aimed at avoiding civil litigation. It involves ADR referral and management after filing of the Statement of Defence. First, the parties must meet. If the dispute remains unsettled, statements are submitted by the parties. The parties and counsel then attend an ADR session, which can be a mediation, mini-trial, or neutral evaluation. The advantages and disadvantages of the project are then detailed, for the parties, the public interest, and otherwise. The author notes that the pilot project stresses many of the same values that are dominant in provincial arbitration legislation. However, there are also significant differences between the schemes. In the end, the author is optimistic for the success of the project, but cautions that more time must pass before any meaningful assessments can be made.

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Callaghan, Russell C., Joey Tavares, and Lawren Taylor. "ANOTHER EXAMPLE OF AN ILLICIT CIGARETTE MARKET: A STUDY OF PSYCHIATRIC PATIENTS IN TORONTO, ONTARIO." American Journal of Public Health 98, no. 1 (January 2008): 4–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2007.121954.

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Lam, Destiny, Melissa Moos, and Richard Meldrum. "Surface microbiology of the electronic menu in all-you-can-eat sushi restaurants in Toronto, Ontario." Environmental Health Review 63, no. 1 (April 2020): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5864/d2020-003.

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The use of electronic menus within the food industry is rapidly expanding. Currently, the role of electronic menus as a vehicle for pathogens has not been explored within the restaurant setting. This preliminary study was conducted to assess the hygienic cleanliness of electronic menus and identify if their use in all-you-can-eat (AYCE) sushi restaurants may pose a public health hazard. Five AYCE sushi restaurants in Toronto, Ontario, with electronic menus were randomly selected and were visited twice by the researcher and a public health inspector. A total of 30 electronic menus were sampled using 3M hydrated sponges with buffered peptone water broth and tested for E. coli and total coliforms. All electronic menus tested negative for E. coli although four electronic menus showed presence of total coliforms. The findings from this study suggest the current use of tablets as electronic menus in AYCE sushi restaurants may be less threatening to the safety of the public than previously thought. However, it is important for restaurants to be aware of the potential for electronic menus to serve as a fomite, and proper sanitation procedures should be monitored and enforced to maintain cleanliness.

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Bell, F. Wayne, Douglas G. Pitt, and Monique C. Wester. "Is Intensive Forest Management a misnomer? An Ontario-based discussion of terminology and an alternative approac." Forestry Chronicle 82, no. 5 (September 1, 2006): 662–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc82662-5.

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The term forest management refers to the science and business of operating a forest property, which, on Crown lands in Ontario, is typically a forest management unit. Silviculture is a component of forest management that refers to the suite of stand-level activities used to control stand composition and growth. Intensive forest management (IFM) is a concept that has been discussed and considered in Ontario for at least 30 years. Originally, it referred to an intensively managed forest in which most stands are subject to relatively intensive silvicultural practices. Over time, both professional foresters and stakeholders began using the term IFM as if it were synonymous with intensive silviculture. As a result, IFM has been inappropriately used to reference stand-level activities in several published definitions and key policy documents, creating confusion among the science community, professionals, and the public. This confusion has made it difficult to implement aspects of the 1999 Ontario Forest Accord, which calls for the use of IFM (meaning intensive silviculture) to increase forest growth and productivity in some areas to offset the withdrawal of lands for parks and protected areas. We call on forest managers to refer to the term IFM correctly and to portray forest management to stakeholders as consisting of a portfolio of natural and/or anthropogenic disturbance regimes. With this approach, forest managers could more meaningfully define the intensity of forest management and silviculture on their landbase.Key words: forest policy, land use planning, intensive silviculture, portfolio concept of forest management, triad principle of land-use zoning, Forest Research Partnership, NEBIE Plot Network

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Hosang, Stephanie, Natasha Kithulegoda, and Noah Ivers. "Documentation of Behavioral Health Risk Factors in a Large Academic Primary Care Clinic." Journal of Primary Care & Community Health 13 (January 2022): 215013192210744. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21501319221074466.

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Objective: To determine the prevalence of alcohol, smoking, and physical activity status documentation at a family health team in Toronto, Ontario, and to explore the patient characteristics that predict documentation of these lifestyle risk factor statuses. Design: Manual retrospective review of electronic medical records (EMRs). Setting: Large, urban, academic family health team in Toronto, Ontario. Participants: Patients over the age of 18 that had attended a routine clinical appointment in March, 2018. Main Outcome Measures: Prevalence and content of risk factor status in electronic medical records for alcohol, smoking, and physical activity. Results: The prevalence of alcohol, smoking, and physical activity documentation was 86.4%, 90.4%, and 66.1%, respectively. These lifestyle risk factor statuses were most often documented in the “risk factors” section of the EMR (83.7% for alcohol, 88.1% for smoking, and 47.9% for physical activity). Completion of a periodic health review within 1 year was most strongly associated with documentation (alcohol odds ratio [OR] 9.79, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 2.12, 45.15; smoking OR 1.77 95% CI 0.51, 6.20; physical activity OR 3.52 95% CI 1.67, 7.40). Conclusion: Documentation of lifestyle risk factor statuses is strongly associated with having a recent periodic health review. If “annual physicals” continue to decline, primary care providers should final additional opportunities to address these key determinants of health.

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Linovski, Orly. "Shifting Agendas: Private Consultants and Public Planning Policy." Urban Affairs Review 55, no. 6 (February 6, 2018): 1666–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1078087417752475.

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Despite concerns about the privatization of urban planning practices, there is little known about the professional actors involved in this restructuring. Private-sector consultants, though beholden to the same professional standards as public-sector employees, face competing pressures of an entrepreneurial fee-for-service business model. This article examines the role of planning consultants in shaping public policy agendas, by analyzing the redevelopment of Downsview Park in Toronto, Ontario. Drawing from interview and archival data, I find that private-sector planning consultants had influence in prioritizing policy agendas by propagating the need for sped-up processes and allowing landowners to “pay for priority.” The fluidity of professionals between firms, sectors, and projects reinforced the perceived value and neutrality of consultant expertise. These strategies worked to erode the differences between public- and private-sector planning processes, resulting in a high degree of influence for development interests.

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Macdonald, Noni E., Beth Halperin, Enrique Beldarrain Chaple, Jeff Scott, and John M. Kirk. "Infectious Disease Management: Lessons from Cuba." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology 17, no. 4 (2006): 217–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2006/351919.

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Over the past decade in Canada, infectious disease outbreaks have repeatedly been in the public spotlight. TheEscherichia colioutbreak in Walkerton, Ontario (1), the severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak in Toronto, Ontario (2) and theClostridium difficilehospital outbreak in Montreal, Quebec (3), have cost lives, grabbed headlines and stressed local health care systems. Each outbreak raised questions about our ability to prevent outbreaks, detect outbreaks early, and respond efficiently and effectively to infectious disease crises; these outbreaks also highlighted gaps in Canada's preparedness for managing major infectious disease problems when multiple jurisdictions are involved (4). Canada's poor track record of tuberculosis control in the north (5) raises the concern that this problem is not limited to crisis situations, but rather has deeper implications for the management of infectious diseases in Canada.

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McCradden, Melissa D., Tasmie Sarker, and P. Alison Paprica. "Conditionally positive: a qualitative study of public perceptions about using health data for artificial intelligence research." BMJ Open 10, no. 10 (October 2020): e039798. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039798.

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ObjectivesGiven widespread interest in applying artificial intelligence (AI) to health data to improve patient care and health system efficiency, there is a need to understand the perspectives of the general public regarding the use of health data in AI research.DesignA qualitative study involving six focus groups with members of the public. Participants discussed their views about AI in general, then were asked to share their thoughts about three realistic health AI research scenarios. Data were analysed using qualitative description thematic analysis.SettingsTwo cities in Ontario, Canada: Sudbury (400 km north of Toronto) and Mississauga (part of the Greater Toronto Area).ParticipantsForty-one purposively sampled members of the public (21M:20F, 25–65 years, median age 40).ResultsParticipants had low levels of prior knowledge of AI and mixed, mostly negative, perceptions of AI in general. Most endorsed using data for health AI research when there is strong potential for public benefit, providing that concerns about privacy, commercial motives and other risks were addressed. Inductive thematic analysis identified AI-specific hopes (eg, potential for faster and more accurate analyses, ability to use more data), fears (eg, loss of human touch, skill depreciation from over-reliance on machines) and conditions (eg, human verification of computer-aided decisions, transparency). There were mixed views about whether data subject consent is required for health AI research, with most participants wanting to know if, how and by whom their data were used. Though it was not an objective of the study, realistic health AI scenarios were found to have an educational effect.ConclusionsNotwithstanding concerns and limited knowledge about AI in general, most members of the general public in six focus groups in Ontario, Canada perceived benefits from health AI and conditionally supported the use of health data for AI research.

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Kidd, Scott, and A. John Sinclair. "The urban public and forest land-use planning: Tapping into the majority." Forestry Chronicle 83, no. 2 (April 1, 2007): 221–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc83221-2.

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Canadians desire involvement in forest management at normative or early planning phases. One way of accomplishing this is through meaningful public involvement in land-use planning efforts. The Provinces of Ontario and Manitoba have, respectively, completed or are completing the development of land use plans for large areas of forested landscapes. Both governments identified public participation as being an integral part of these processes. This paper examines how well these processes promoted participation by the general public, the vast majority of which resides in urban areas located outside the respective planning regions. It is determined that in both cases this was poorly done. Reasons are given for why and how increased participation by the urban public should be pursued. Key words: public involvement, land-use planning, forest management, urban centres, Lands for Life, East Side Planning Initiative, Canada

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Konstantelos, Natalia, Ahmad Shakeri, Daniel McCormack, Anabel Campos-Meade, Tara Gomes, Michelle Murti, Valérie Pierre-Pierre, and Mina Tadrous. "Regional differences in access to direct-acting antiviral treatments for hepatitis C across Ontario: A cross-sectional study." Canada Communicable Disease Report 48, no. 4 (April 6, 2022): 170–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.14745/ccdr.v48i04a08.

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Background: Direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) are curative treatments for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, a condition affecting over 100,000 Ontarians. Although DAAs are covered under the public drug programs in Ontario, receiving prescriptions depends on access to healthcare. The aim of this study is to understand the relationship between DAA treatment rates and distance to prescriber in Ontario, Canada. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study and identified patients who filled a DAA prescription through the Ontario Drug Benefit (ODB) in 2019. We calculated crude (per 100,000 ODB recipients) and adjusted (by a regional HCV infection rate) DAA treatment rates by public health unit (PHU). We reported median distances to provider for all visit types, in-person visits, virtual visits, and proportions of visits that were virtual. Results: In 2019, the crude DAA treatment rate for Ontario is 83.0 patients per 100,000 ODB recipients. The HCV-adjusted DAA treatment rate ranges from 28.2 (Northwestern Ontario) to 188.5 (Eastern Ontario) per 100,000. In our primary analysis, patients in rural PHUs, including Northwestern and Porcupine, were among the highest median distances to prescriber for all visit types (1,195 km and 556 km, respectively). These PHUs also had the highest proportions of virtual visits (greater than 60%). Urban PHUs, such as Toronto and Ottawa, had smaller median distances for all visit types, with smaller proportions of virtual visits (10.8% and 12.4%, respectively). Conclusion: We observed heterogeneity in treatment rates, distance to DAA prescribers and use of virtual care in the management of HCV. Increasing use of telemedicine in regions with limited utilization of DAAs may improve access.

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Stratton, J., D. L. Mowat, R. Wilkins, and M. Tjepkema. "Income disparities in life expectancy in the City of Toronto and Region of Peel, Ontario." Chronic Diseases and Injuries in Canada 32, no. 4 (September 2012): 208–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.24095/hpcdp.32.4.05.

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Introduction To understand the lack of a gradient in mortality by neighbourhood income in a previous study, we used individual-level data from the 1991–2001 Canadian census mortality follow-up study to examine income-related disparities in life expectancy and probability of survival to age 75 years in the City of Toronto and Region of Peel. Methods We calculated period life tables for each sex and income adequacy quintile, overall and separately for immigrants and non-immigrants. Results For all cohort members of both sexes, including both immigrants and non-immigrants, there was a clear gradient across the income quintiles, with higher life expectancy in each successively richer quintile. However, the disparities by income were much greater when the analysis was restricted to non-immigrants. The lesser gradient for immigrants appeared to reflect the higher proportion of recent immigrants in the lower income quintiles. Conclusion These findings highlight the importance of using individual-level ascertainment of income whenever possible, and of including immigrant status and period of immigration in assessments of health outcomes, especially for areas with a high proportion of immigrants.

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Paszat, Lawrence, Linda Rabeneck, Lori Kiefer, Verna Mai, Paul Ritvo, and Terry Sullivan. "Endoscopic Follow-Up of Positive Fecal Occult Blood Testing in the Ontario FOBT Project." Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology 21, no. 6 (2007): 379–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2007/569689.

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BACKGROUND: The Ontario FOBT Project is a pilot study of fecal occult blood testing (FOBT) for colorectal cancer screening conducted among age-eligible volunteers (50 to 75 years) in 12 of 37 public health regions in Ontario.METHODS: Volunteers responded to invitations from primary care practitioners (PCPs) in six regions, and from public health programs in the remaining regions. FOBT collection kits were distributed from routine laboratory specimen collection sites, to which completed kits were returned. Results were sent to PCPs in all 12 regions, with copies sent to the study office at Cancer Care Ontario (Toronto, Ontario). Follow-up of positive results was at the discretion of the PCPs. The study files contained the unique Ontario Health Insurance Numbers, the date of the analyses, the number of satisfactory slides and the results for each slide. The Ontario Health Insurance Numbers were encrypted for each participant, and along with the study file, were linked to medical billing claims, hospital records and aggregate demographic data.RESULTS: Among participants with positive results (men 3.5% and women 2.2%), the median time from date of FOBT analysis to date of colonoscopy was 121 days among men and 202 days among women. At the end of follow-up, after positive FOBT (six to 17 months), 73% of men and 56% of women had proceeded to colonoscopy.CONCLUSION: Although colonoscopy appeared to be acceptable to the majority of participants with positive FOBT, accessibility problems was the likely explanation for lengthy intervals between the date of positive FOBT and its performance. Differences between the experiences of men and women require further investigation.

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McDougall, Andrew. "Comparing Quebec and Ontario: Political Economy and Public Policy at the Turn of the Millennium Rodney Haddow Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2015, pp. 392." Canadian Journal of Political Science 51, no. 1 (November 16, 2017): 193–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423917001081.

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Badgley, Kerry. "Ontario - Yours to DiscoverLooking for Old Ontario: Two Centuries of Landscape Change. Thomas F. Mcilwraith. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1997.Ninety Fathoms Down: Canadian Stories of the Great Lakes. Mark Bourrie. Toronto: Hounslow Press, 1995.Free Books for All: The Public Library Movement in Ontario, 1850-1930. Lome Bruce. Toronto: Dundurn Press, 1994.Property and Inequality in Victorian Ontario: Structural Patterns and Cultural Communities in the 1871 Census. Gordon Darroch and Lee Soltow. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994.Public Men and Virtuous Women: The Gendered Language of Religion and Politics in Upper Canada, 1791-1850. Cecilia Morgan. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996.Inventing the Loyalists: The Ontario Loyalist Tradition and the Creation of Usable Pasts. Norman Knowles. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1997." Journal of Canadian Studies 34, no. 4 (November 2000): 168–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jcs.34.4.168.

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Bassil, K. L., D. C. Cole, R. Moineddin, W. Lou, A. M. Craig, B. Schwartz, and E. Rea. "The relationship between temperature and ambulance response calls for heat-related illness in Toronto, Ontario, 2005." Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 65, no. 9 (November 21, 2010): 829–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.2009.101485.

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Wilkins, Catherine E. "Services of the Central Education Library of the Peel Board of Education serving graduates at Brock University and the Extension Campus of the Ontario Institute of Studies in Education : A Survey." Education Libraries 16, no. 1 (September 5, 2017): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.26443/el.v16i1.20.

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The setting for this study was the J.A. Turner Professional Library which is the central corporate Professional Library for the Peel Board of Education which is the largest Public School Board in Canada located west of Toronto encompassing Mississauga, Brampton and Caledon. The library also provides library services for educators in graduate programs at Brock University, St. Catharines, and the extension campus Park Royal, the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education at the University of Toronto, York University, Toronto, and the Faculty of Education University of Toronto to support their professional development and continuing education needs. The focus for the study were the Peel and Brock consumer groups to allow for comparison. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the services and resources of the J.A. Turner Professional Library by aseertaining the views and opinions of these two consumer groups. The data collection consisted of a self-reporting questionnaire and selected interviews. The results indicate that there is a high level of support for the J.A. Turner Professional Library. The interviews provided future directions for the development of the J.A. Turner Professional Library. The study closes with a series of recommendations to enhance the operation of the J.A. Turner Professional Library within the organizational context of the Peel Board of Education.

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McMullin, Richard Troy, Katherine Drotos, David Ireland, and Hanna Dorval. "Diversity and conservation status of lichens and allied fungi in the Greater Toronto Area: results from four years of the Ontario BioBlitz." Canadian Field-Naturalist 132, no. 4 (July 11, 2019): 394–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v132i4.1997.

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Bioblitzes are typically 24-hour biological surveys of a defined region carried out by taxonomic specialists, citizen scientists, and the general public. The largest in Canada is the Ontario BioBlitz, an annual event held in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA). Between 2013 and 2016, we examined the feasibility of including lichens and allied fungi in the Ontario BioBlitz. These taxa are often overlooked, understudied, and taxonomically difficult. We completed a bioblitz in each of the four major watersheds in the GTA and recorded 138 species in 72 genera which, combined with all previous collections, totals 180 species in 88 genera in the area. Thirteen of the species we collected are provincially ranked as S1 (critically imperilled), S2 (imperilled), or S3 (vulnerable). We collected Lecanora carpinea for the first time in Ontario. Our results provide a baseline list of GTA lichens that can be used for monitoring. This is one of the first detailed lichen surveys of a major North American urban area and it demonstrates that rapid bioblitz surveys are proficient in capturing lichen diversity despite their inconspicuous nature and the advanced microscopy and chemical analyses required for their identification.

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Chin, Anchor, Andy Lai, and Joseph Y. J. Chow. "Nonadditive Public Transit Fare Pricing Under Congestion with Policy Lessons from a Case Study in Toronto, Ontario, Canada." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2544, no. 1 (January 2016): 28–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2544-04.

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Bates, Michael. "Media Frames of the Ontario Safe Streets Act: assessing the moral panic model." SURG Journal 5, no. 1 (December 23, 2011): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21083/surg.v5i1.1320.

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This paper assesses the “moral panic” framework of Stanley Cohen with reference to panhandling and squeegeeing in Ontario. There are four general tenets of the moral panic model, three of which can be said to have been documented in the case of panhandling in Ontario: a recognized threat (panhandling), a rise in public concern, and punitive control mechanisms established to eliminate the threat. This paper argues that the fourth tenet, a stereotypical presentation of the moral threat to the social order, has not been systematically analyzed, and therefore that is the task of this paper. Specifically, this paper examines the framing used by the mainstream print media in Ontario to construct the panhandling/squeegeeing problem. Articles and letters to the editor were sampled from two mainstream Ontario newspapers, the Toronto Star and the Ottawa Citizen, to examine the mainstream media’s framing of panhandling and squeegee cleaning. This sample was taken between 1995 and 2005, a timeframe which revolves around the implementation of the Ontario Safe Streets Act 2000, which is recognized as the punitive control mechanism designed to eliminate the threat of panhandling. The findings of this paper lead to the conclusion that panhandling in Ontario during the implementation of the Ontario Safe Streets Act does not constitute a classic moral panic by virtue of the role the media played. However, the evidence that punitive control mechanisms were established absent the support of the mainstream media suggests that a deeper understanding of the role of mainstream media as well as political interests is required with respect to framing moral panics.

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Zeuli, Kimberly, Austin Nijhuis, Ronald Macfarlane, and Taryn Ridsdale. "The Impact of Climate Change on the Food System in Toronto." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 11 (October 24, 2018): 2344. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112344.

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As part of its Climate Change and Health Strategy, in 2017, Toronto Public Health engaged stakeholders from across the food system to complete a high-level vulnerability assessment of the impact of climate change on the food system in Toronto. Using the Ontario Climate Change and Health Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment Guidelines, the City of Toronto’s High-Level Risk Assessment Tool, and a strategic framework developed by the Initiative for a Competitive Inner City, Toronto Public Health identified the most significant extreme weather event risks to food processing, distribution and access in Toronto. Risks associated with three extreme weather events that are the most likely to occur in Toronto due to climate change were analyzed: significant rain and flooding, an extended heat wave, and a major winter ice storm. The analysis finds that while extreme weather events could potentially disrupt Toronto’s food supply, the current risk of an extended, widespread food supply disruption is relatively low. However, the findings highlight that a concerted effort across the food system, including electrical and fuel providers, is needed to address other key vulnerabilities that could impact food access, especially for vulnerable populations. Interruptions to electricity will have food access and food safety impacts, while interruptions to the transportation network and fuel will have food distribution and access impacts. Actions to mitigate these risks could include addressing food access vulnerabilities through ongoing city-wide strategies and integrating food access into the City’s emergency response planning. The next steps will include engaging with multiple partners across the city to understand and strengthen the “last mile” of food distribution and develop community food resilience action plans for vulnerable neighbourhoods.

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Ta, Martha, and Ketan Shankardass. "Piloting the Use of Concept Mapping to Engage Geographic Communities for Stress and Resilience Planning in Toronto, Ontario, Canada." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 20 (October 19, 2021): 10977. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010977.

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The physical and social characteristics of urban neighborhoods engender unique stressors and assets, contributing to community-level variation in health over the lifecourse. Actors such as city planners and community organizations can help strengthen resilience in places where chronic stress is endemic, by learning about perceived stressors and assets from neighborhood users themselves (residents, workers, business owners). This study piloted a methodology to identify Toronto neighborhoods experiencing chronic stress and to engage them to identify neighborhood stressors, assets, and solutions. Crescent Town was identified as one neighborhood of interest based on relatively high levels of emotional stress in Twitter Tweets produced over two one-year periods (2013–2014 and 2017–2018) and triangulation using other neighborhood-level data. Using concept mapping, community members (n = 23) created a ten-cluster concept map describing neighborhood stressors and assets, and identified two potential strategies, a Crescent Town Residents’ Association and a community fair to promote neighborhood resources and build social networks. We discuss how this knowledge has circulated through the City of Toronto and community-level organizations to date, and lessons for improving this methodology.

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Jardine, Claire M., Nicol Janecko, Mike Allan, Patrick Boerlin, Gabhan Chalmers, Gosia Kozak, Scott A. McEwen, and Richard J. Reid-Smith. "Antimicrobial Resistance in Escherichia coli Isolates from Raccoons (Procyon lotor) in Southern Ontario, Canada." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 78, no. 11 (March 23, 2012): 3873–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00705-12.

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ABSTRACTWe conducted a cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in fecalEscherichia coliisolates from raccoons (Procyon lotor) living in Ontario, Canada. From June to October 2007, we trapped raccoons in three areas: one primarily urban site around Niagara, one primarily rural site north of Guelph, and one at the Toronto Zoo. In addition, we conducted a longitudinal study at the Toronto Zoo site to investigate the temporal dynamics of fecalE. coliand AMR in raccoons. Reduced susceptibility to ≥1 antimicrobial agent was detected inE. coliisolates from 19% of 16 raccoons at the urban site, 17% of 29 raccoons from the rural site, and 42% of 130 samples collected from 59 raccoons at the zoo site. Raccoons from the zoo site were significantly more likely to shedE. coliwith reduced susceptibility to ≥1 antimicrobial agent than animals from the rural site (odds ratio [OR], 3.41; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.17 to 12.09;P= 0.02). Resistance to expanded-spectrum cephalosporins (and the associatedblaCMY-2gene) was detected in two animals from the zoo site and one animal from the rural site. Serotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis show that raccoons on the zoo grounds harbor a diverse assemblage ofE. coli, with rapid bacterial turnover within individuals over time. Our study indicates that raccoons may shed resistant bacteria of public health significance and that raccoons have the potential to disseminate these bacteria throughout their environment.

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Bielska, Iwona A., Derek R. Manis, Connie Schumacher, Emily Moore, Kaitlin Lewis, Gina Agarwal, Shawn Mondoux, et al. "Health Sector responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario, Canada – January to May 2020." Zdrowie Publiczne i Zarządzanie 18, no. 1 (2020): 106–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20842627oz.20.010.12664.

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The first positive case of COVID-19 in Canada was reported on January 25, 2020, in the city of Toronto, Ontario. Over the following four months, the number of individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in Ontario grew to 28,263 cases. A state of emergency was announced by the Premier of Ontario on March 17, 2020, and the provincial health care system prepared for a predicted surge of COVID-19 patients requiring hospitalization. The Chief Medical Officer of Health and the Minister of Health guided the changes in the system in response to the evolving needs and science related to COVID-19. The pandemic required a rapid, concerted, and coordinated effort from all sectors of the system to optimize and maximize the capacity of the health system. The response to the pandemic in Ontario was complex with some sectors experiencing multiple outbreaks of COVID-19 (i.e. long-term care homes and hospitals). Notably, numerous sectors shifted to virtual delivery of care. By the end of May 2020, it was announced that hospitals would gradually resume postponed or cancelled services. This paper explores the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on multiple health system sectors (i.e., public health, primary care, long-term care, emergency medical services, and hospitals) in Ontario from January to May 2020. Given the scope of the sectors contributing to the health system in Ontario, this analysis of a regional response to COVID-19 provides insight on how to improve responses and better prepare for future health emergencies.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Public lands – Ontario – Toronto'

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