Journal articles: 'Public health Victoria History 19th century'

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Cooper, R. G., and P. D. Reid. "Sexually transmitted disease/HIV health-care policy and service provision in Britain." International Journal of STD & AIDS 18, no. 10 (October 1, 2007): 655–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/095646207782193777.

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The objective of this paper was to discusses historical developments of sexually transmitted disease (STD)/HIV sexual health policies in Britain, principally from the 19th to the 21st century. Repeating trends were identified and a consideration of how history addresses today's urgent need for better management of sexual health is discussed. In January 1747, the first venereal disease (VD) treatment was established at Lock Hospital, London. As the 19th century passed, sexuality emerged from a conspiracy of silence and became part of social consciousness. In Victorian times, prostitution was regarded with revulsion. Renewed medical interest in VD was brought about by improvements in medical knowledge from 1900–10. In the period 1913–17, there was a significant change in sexual health policy. From 1918, treatment centres increasingly recognized the difficulties in persuading attendees to return for a complete course of treatment. AIDS in Britain wrecked havoc in the period 1981–86 with incidences of infection in several widely differing groups and public alarm fuelled by the media. In conclusion, education, advertising and public health counselling need to be moulded effectively so that the public recognize the real risks associated with unprotected sexual intercourse.

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King, D. Brett, Brittany L. Raymond, and Jennifer A. Simon-Thomas. "History of Sport Psychology in Cultural Magazines of the Victorian Era." Sport Psychologist 9, no. 4 (December 1995): 376–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.9.4.376.

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The 19th century can be characterized as a time of avid public interest in team and spectator sports. As diverse and challenging new sports were developed and gained popularity, many articles on a rudimentary sport psychology began to appear in cultural magazines in the United States and Great Britain. Athletes, physicians, educators, journalists, and members of the public wrote on topics such as profiles and psychological studies of elite athletes, the importance of physical training, exercise and health, and the detrimental effects of professional sports to the role of age, gender, and culture in sports. Although a scientific foundation for such observations was largely absent, some of the ideas expressed in early cultural magazines anticipate contemporary interests in sport psychology.

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SCHONHERR, W. "History of veterinary public health in Europe in the 19th century." Revue Scientifique et Technique de l'OIE 10, no. 4 (December 1, 1991): 985–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.20506/rst.10.4.581.

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Beaudry, Mary C. "Public aesthetics versus personal experience: Worker health and well-being in 19th-century Lowell, Massachusetts." Historical Archaeology 27, no. 2 (June 1993): 90–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03374175.

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Gagan, Rosemary R. "Mortality Patterns and Public Health in Hamilton, Canada, 1900–14." Articles 17, no. 3 (August 5, 2013): 161–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1017629ar.

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In recent years a wide-ranging debate has focused on the origins and extent of the decline in mortality rates in Britain in the 18th century and in North America during the closing decades of the 19th century. Some historians suggest that the decrease was tied to a general improvement in living standards and in particular to better nutrition while others point to municipal public health measures carried out by vigilant medical health officers. This paper examines the experience of Hamilton, Ont., during a period of extreme urban and industrial expansion, 1900-14. The evidence, both qualitative and quantitative, suggests that these years were not a ''golden age" of public health: the health of Hamiltonians did not improve, and, in fact, mortality rates increased. Moreover, infants and children of the working class were the most obvious casualties of an inhospitable environment that hurt those least able to exert any degree of control over their circumstances. Public health was not a popular cause in the city, and as a consequence, much of the minimal progress that did occur was either fortuitous or the result of the exertions of one man, Dr James Roberts, the crusading medical health officer.

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Meng, Aaron, Roland Segal, and Eric Boden. "American juvenile justice system: history in the making." International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health 25, no. 3 (September 1, 2013): 275–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijamh-2013-0062.

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Abstract The original theory behind separating juvenile offenders from adult offenders was to provide care and direction for youngsters instead of isolation and punishment. This idea took hold in the 19th century and became mainstream by the early 20th century. In the 1950s and 1960s, public concern grew because of a perceived lack of effectiveness and lack of rights. The Supreme Court made a series of rulings solidifying juvenile rights including the right to receive notice of charges, the right to have an attorney and the right to have charges proven beyond a reasonable doubt. In the 1980s, the public view was that the juvenile court system was too lenient and that juvenile crimes were on the rise. In the 1990s, many states passed punitive laws, including mandatory sentencing and blanket transfers to adult courts for certain crimes. As a result, the pendulum is now swinging back toward the middle from rehabilitation toward punishment.

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Honkavuo, Leena. "The history of ideas of Nordic midwives’ excursions from the early 19th century to the millennium." Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences 34, no. 1 (June 17, 2019): 190–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/scs.12720.

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Yuginovich, Trudy. "A POTTED HISTORY OF 19TH-CENTURY REMOTE-AREA NURSING IN AUSTRALIA AND, IN PARTICULAR, QUEENSLAND." Australian Journal of Rural Health 8, no. 2 (April 2000): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1584.2000.00223.x.

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CARSON, SCOTT ALAN. "INEQUALITY IN THE AMERICAN SOUTH: EVIDENCE FROM THE NINETEENTH CENTURY MISSOURI STATE PRISON." Journal of Biosocial Science 40, no. 4 (July 2008): 587–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932007002489.

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SummaryThe use of height data to measure living standards is now a well-established method in economic history. Moreover, a number of core findings in the literature are widely agreed upon. There are still some populations, places and times, however, for which anthropometric evidence remains thin. One example is 19th century African-Americans in US border-states. This paper introduces a new data set from the Missouri state prison to track the heights of comparable black and white men born between 1820 and 1904. Modern blacks and whites come to comparable terminal statures when brought to maturity under optimal conditions; however, whites were persistently taller than blacks in the Missouri prison sample by two centimetres. Throughout the 19th century, black and white adult statures remained approximately constant, while black youth stature increased during the antebellum period.

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Garðarsdóttir, Ólöf, and Loftur Guttormsson. "Public health measures against neonatal tetanus on the island of Vestmannaeyjar (Iceland) during the 19th century." History of the Family 14, no. 3 (August 25, 2009): 266–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hisfam.2009.08.004.

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Butler, Paul M. "Henry Ingersoll Bowditch (1808–82): American physician, public health advocate and social reformer." Journal of Medical Biography 19, no. 4 (November 2011): 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/jmb.2010.010027.

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Henry Ingersoll Bowditch, a Bostonian physician from the mid-19th century, lived a passionate life full of commitment and devotion to various noble causes – he was a champion of public health, an advocate for inclusion of women in medicine and a staunch abolitionist, all unpopular social perspectives at that time in medical and political history. Seemingly difficult personality traits including his stubbornness and moralistic outlook were likely ‘adaptive’ as he confronted the political reality of major institutional change. His interest in statistical trends and environmental influences and his inductive reasoning led to a deeper understanding of consumption (tuberculosis), the widespread diagnostic use of the stethoscope and thoracocentesis.

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FOX, DANIEL M. "Policy Commercializing Nonprofits in Health: The History of a Paradox From the 19th Century to the ACA." Milbank Quarterly 93, no. 1 (March 2015): 179–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0009.12109.

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Vuorinen, H. S., P. S. Juuti, and T. S. Katko. "History of water and health from ancient civilizations to modern times." Water Supply 7, no. 1 (March 1, 2007): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2007.006.

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This paper examines the influence of water on public health throughout history. Farming, settling down and building of villages and towns meant the start of the problems mankind suffers from this very day – how to get drinkable water for humans and cattle and how to manage the waste we produce. The availability of water in large quantities has been considered an essential part of a civilized way of life in different periods: Roman baths needed a lot of water as does the current Western way of life with water closets and showers. The importance of good quality drinking water was realized already in antiquity, yet the importance of proper sanitation was not understood until the 19th century.

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Robertson, David. "Of Mice and Schoolchildren: A Conceptual History of Herd Immunity." American Journal of Public Health 111, no. 8 (August 2021): 1473–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2021.306264.

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This article explores a tension at the core of the concept of herd immunity that has been overlooked in public and scientific discussions—namely: how can immunity, a phenomenon of individual biological defenses, be made relevant to populations? How can collectives be considered “immune”? Over the course of more than a century of use of the term, scientists have developed many different understandings of the concept in response to this inherent tension. Originating among veterinary scientists in the United States in the late 19th century, the concept was adopted by British scientists researching human infectious disease by the early 1920s. It soon became a staple concept for epidemiologists interested in disease ecology, helping to articulate the population dynamics of diseases such as diphtheria and influenza. Finally, though more traditional understandings of the concept remained in scientific use, in the era after World War II, it increasingly came to signal the objective and outcome of mass vaccination. Recognizing the complexity of scientific efforts to resolve the paradox of herd immunity may help us consider the best distribution of immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).

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Linder, Marc, and Charles L. Saltzman. "A History of Medical Scientists on High Heels." International Journal of Health Services 28, no. 2 (April 1998): 201–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/ga2m-fla2-17fb-v5pe.

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For 250 years medical scientists have propagandized about the health hazards of high-heeled shoes, which originated four centuries ago. Physicians, however, largely unaware of their own profession's tradition, keep reinventing the diagnostic wheel. This professional amnesia has held back the momentum of the process of educating the public. Consequently, despite these warnings, millions of women continue to wear high-heeled shoes. This article describes the history of the medical profession's recognition of this worldwide health problem and the current understanding of the deleterious and often irreversible biomechanical effects of high-heeled shoewear. The article emphasizes that the reemergence of high heels and of medical interest in them in the third quarter of the 19th century, following their disappearance in the wake of the French Revolution, was associated with increasing pressure by employers to wear such shoes for long hours at work. Although medical scientists have recognized this specifically occupational phenomenon for more than a century, full-scale epidemiological studies may be necessary to bring about substantial social-behavioral change.

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Arminjon, Mathieu. "The American Roots of Social Epidemiology and its Transnational Circulation. From the African-American Hypertension Enigma to the WHO’s Recommendations." Gesnerus 77, no. 1 (November 6, 2020): 35–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.24894/gesn-en.2020.77002.

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In 2008, the Commission on Social Determinants of Health at the World Health Organisation published a report demonstrating the existence of a socio-economic gradient for health. Though health inequalities had been apparent since at least the 19th century, the report introduced a bio-psycho-social aetiological model that was absent from 19th century social medicine, as well as from former WHO documents. To bio-psycho-social epidemiologists stress associated with social status is the main cause of morbidity and death. Here I begin by noting that the history social epidemiologists have written for their fi eld tends to inscribe their work in continuity with 19th century social medicine. This contributes towards minimizing the epistemological and contextual transformations that led bio-psycho-social epidemiology to initiate a profound transformation in international health policy. Adopting an epistemological and transnational perspective, I fi rstly argue that bio-psycho-social epidemiology emerged from René Dubos’ historical and epistemological critique of the foundation of 19th century social medicine. I secondly show how the political and epistemological research program elaborated by Dubos developed in the US context, which was characterized both by a growing concern for chronic diseases and for racial inequalities. Finally, I show that through its transnational circulation in the United Kingdom, bio-psycho-social epidemiology was “de-racialized”. This step was a prerequisite for its aetiological model to be integrated into international public health strategies and to transform them.

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Rodrigo, A., René van der Veer, Harriet J. Vermeer, and Marinus H. van IJzendoorn. "From foundling homes to day care: a historical review of childcare in Chile." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 30, no. 3 (March 2014): 461–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x00060613.

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This article discusses significant changes in childcare policy and practice in Chile. We distinguish four specific periods of childcare history: child abandonment and the creation of foundling homes in the 19th century; efforts to reduce infant mortality and the creation of the health care system in the first half of the 20th century; an increasing focus on inequality and poverty and the consequences for child development in the second half of the 20th century; and, finally, the current focus on children’s social and emotional development. It is concluded that, although Chile has achieved infant mortality and malnutrition rates comparable to those of developed countries, the country bears the mark of a history of inequality and is still unable to fully guarantee the health of children from the poorest sectors of society. Recent initiatives seek to improve this situation and put a strong emphasis on the psychosocial condition of children and their families.

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Turk, Theresa. "Joseph Landsberger (1848–1933): Medical Man in a Time of Change." Journal of Medical Biography 13, no. 2 (May 2005): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096777200501300207.

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Joseph Landsberger was a Jewish doctor in Germany in the second half of the 19th and much of the first half of the 20th century. He was involved in the scientific advances of his time, especially in the fields of antisepsis and asepsis, bacteriology, surgical technique, public health and therapeutics.

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Hochman, Gilberto, Tânia Salgado Pimenta, and Ricardo Cabral de Freitas. "From Independence to Empire: health and disease in Brazil in the nineteenth century." Ciência & Saúde Coletiva 27, no. 9 (September 2022): 3375–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232022279.08812022en.

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Abstract As a presentation of the dossier “From Independence to Empire: health and disease in Brazil in the nineteenth century,” the article contrast “modern Brazil” imagined by the medical and political elites on the occasion of the First Centenary of Independence in 1922 with the numerous problems and challenges in the field of health that the republic, in its third decade, had inherited from the colonial and Imperial periods. In addition, it highlights issues in the history of health in the 19th century that allow the readers of the dossier to reflect on the unfulfilled civilizational promises of 1822-1922 in light of the immense challenges of the year 2022 when Brazil completes two hundred years of political sovereignty.

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Sukamto, Amos. "The Role of Missionaries from the Nederlandsche Zendingsvereeniging (NZV) in the Development of Public Health in Cirebon Residency 1864–1899." Church History and Religious Culture 102, no. 2 (July 4, 2022): 250–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18712428-bja10041.

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Abstract In the second half of the 19th century, there was an outbreak of Malaria and Cholera in the Nederlandsch Indie region, including the Cirebon Residency. As a result, during epidemics, people died like rats. This was the situation faced by NZV missionaries. How did the NZV missionaries respond to this problem? By using the historical method, I found several facts that the NZV missionaries, especially Verhoeven, had contributed greatly to developing public health in the Cirebon Residency. Verhoeven through medical services was also able to arouse the philanthropic spirit of European entrepreneurs to establish an auxiliary hospital in Cideres and support monthly operational costs so that health services were provided free of charge.

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Mikhel, Dmitriy. "Quarantinism and Sanitarism as Strategies for Social Order’s Management and Epidemic Control in 19th-Century Europe." ISTORIYA 13, no. 9 (119) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840022919-9.

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The history of social order’s management and epidemic control in nineteenth-century Europe provides a wealth of evidence for understanding how and why different countries responded to the challenges of dangerous infectious diseases. The two most significant preventive strategies used in the nineteenth century were quarantinism, which consists in limiting active economic activities, and sanitarism, which involves improving the sanitary conditions of the population. In 1947, the German physician and medical historian Erwin Ackerknecht, for the first time analyzed these strategies and thus initiated a discussion of the determinants of medical knowledge and public health. This debate is still ongoing and has been reinvigorated in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. Familiarity with some of the points made in that debate may be very useful today, as it will not only give a fuller impression of how some areas of historical science have developed, but also shed new light on the question of how humanitarians make their judgments about such a significant area as the field of public health. The article examines three plots: 1) the explanatory model of quarantinism and sanitarism proposed by Ackerknecht, 2) use of his model by a new generation of scholars who entered this debate in the last quarter of the twentieth century, and 3) the experience of reinterpreting this model to reflect new approaches, in particular the expansive model proposed by Peter Baldwin.

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Gruber, F. "Skrljevo disease-two centuries of history." International Journal of STD & AIDS 11, no. 4 (April 1, 2000): 207–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/0956462001915651.

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Skrljevo disease, also called Rijeka (Fiume) or Grobnik disease, by some physicians was first identified in the village of Skrljevo in Croatia in 1790. From texts dating back to the beginning of the 19th century it is clear that it was a nonvenereal (endemic) form of syphilis and represented a great calamity for the local people and a problem for the physicians. The disease was considered by some to be lepra, scurvy, scabies or others. The occurrence of the disease in the region around Rijeka was closely associated with the poor socioeconomic conditions present at that time in the region. It is interesting to note that many of the greatest physicians of the time such as Alibert, Frank, Hebra, Sigmund were acquainted with the disease and dealt with it in their writings. This paper gives a brief chronology of the major political events in the region since that time, underlying the measures used in fighting the disease.

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Wells, Emily. "Thomas Hodgkin (1798–1866)." Journal of Medical Biography 25, no. 4 (December 7, 2015): 222–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967772014525100.

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Thomas Hodgkin was a diligent, selfless and benevolent man whose name is instantly recognisable in the medical field due to his description of a type of the lymphoma that is named after him, ‘Hodgkin’s Lymphoma’. Based at Guy’s Hospital, London, he created a vast catalogue of specimens in their Medical Museum and facilitated teaching at the establishment. He was dedicated to education, public health and social reform in the 19th century.

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Castro Henriques, Filipa, Teresa Ferreira Rodrigues, and Maria Fraga O. Martins. "Ageing, Education and Health in Portugal: Prospective from the 19th to the 21st Century." Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for the History of Public Health 8, no. 1 (December 18, 2009): 81–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/hygiea.1403-8668.098181.

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Berkhout, S. "37. Unlikely bedmates: A critical look at the history of public health and prostitution." Clinical & Investigative Medicine 30, no. 4 (August 1, 2007): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.25011/cim.v30i4.2797.

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The trope of the prostitute as a vector of sexually transmitted disease is longstanding, though not as old as the profession itself. The regulation and control of sex work also boasts of an incredibly long history; the practices that have developed into the field of public health in particular have been an important source of the ideology suffusing sex work, as well as the social identities associated with sex workers. A general form of a ‘medical police’ (to borrow from Foucault) emerged rather abruptly in the 18th Century, gaining greater support with the advent of positivism in the early 19th Century. The developing methods of epidemiology were intertwined with the uncovering of correlations between poverty, class, and disease, providing both a methodological and ethical foundation for public health interventions and social control, including the legal regulation and sequestering of women thought to be prostituting, forced medical examinations, as well as moral rehabilitation campaigns directed toward sex workers. The breadth of interventions justified by the interests of public health demonstrates that the relationship between public health and prostitution is far deeper than the use of population statistics and outbreak investigations to curb the spread of disease. In this paper, I consider some of the various ways in which prostitution has been constructed through norms regarding class, gender, and sexuality, and how aspects of the historical relationship between public health practices and prostitution have influenced, and been influenced by, these understandings. Appreciating the historical context of sex work and public health is of significance, given that current ideas about appropriate interventions and regulations continue to be informed by this type of politics of health. Bell S. Reading, Writing, and Rewriting the Prostitute Body. Indiana University Press, 1994. Brock D. Making Work, Making Trouble: Prostitution as a Social Problem. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998. Lupton D. The Imperative of Health: Public Health and the Regulated Body. Sage Publications, 1995.

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Wolf, Jacqueline H. "“They Lacked the Right Food”: A Brief History of Breastfeeding and the Quest for Social Justice." Journal of Human Lactation 34, no. 2 (March 15, 2018): 226–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0890334418757449.

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In the late 19th-century United States and Europe, infants died at high rates from diarrhea. Physicians and social justice advocates responded to the public health crisis with attempts to clean up the water and cows’ milk supplies, as well as social welfare legislation and assorted educational efforts to help mothers better care for their children. Most visible among the educational efforts were breastfeeding campaigns. A century later in developing countries, physicians and activists were confronted with a similar problem—infants dying from diarrhea due to the unethical advertising and marketing practices of formula companies. I argue in this article that crusades for social justice at the most basic level—to ensure that children will live to adulthood—have long been connected with efforts to safeguard mothers’ ability to adequately breastfeed their children.

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Marques, Rita de Cassia, and Anny Jackeline Torres Silveira. "The enfermeiro-mor (head-nurse) in Santas Casas in the province of Minas Gerais: between care and administration." Ciência & Saúde Coletiva 27, no. 9 (September 2022): 3419–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232022279.04652022en.

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Abstract This article focuses on the perception of nursing as a low-prestige occupation in the 19th century. The history of nursing produced by professionals in the area supported this understanding. However, the profile of the enfermeiro-mor (head nurse), a position in the Santas Casas, demonstrates that the nursing profession was present throughout a broader social spectrum. The authors support the hypothesis that the typical negative assessment is based only on the more visible patient care activities. The presence of the enfermeiro-mor exemplifies the limits of a generalization of the social undervaluation of nursing. The conclusion is that the generalized assumption that nursing was only about basic health care is not acceptable.

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Hoon Shin, Dong, and Jong Ha Hong. "A historical approach to syphilis infection in Korea." Acta medico-historica Adriatica 16, no. 2 (2018): 185–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.31952/amha.16.2.1.

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From the end of the 15th century, syphilis spread worldwide, posing a serious threat to public health. Venereal syphilis has been a major research topic, not only in clinical medicine but also in paleopathology, especially because it is a disease of questionable origin and of high prevalence until the discovery of antibiotics. Syphilis in history has been studied extensively in Europe and the Americas, though less so in Asia. In this review, based on extant historical documents and available paleopathological data, we pinpoint the introduction and trace the spread of venereal syphilis in Korea to the end of the 19th century. This review provides

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León Sanz, Pilar. "Professional Responsibility and the Welfare System in Spain at the Turn of the 19th Century." Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for the History of Public Health 5, no. 1 (November 17, 2006): 75–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/hygiea.1403-8668.065175.

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Jarvela, Stephen, Kevin Boyd, and Robert Gadinski. "TRANGUCH GASOLINE SITE CASE HISTORY." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2003, no. 1 (April 1, 2003): 637–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2003-1-637.

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ABSTRACT A team, consisting of the United States Environmental Protection Agency; Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection; Pennsylvania Department of Health; Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry; United States Coast Guard and United States Army Corps of Engineers, has completed major steps to provide a safe and healthy environment for the residents of Laurel Gardens, Hazleton, PA. What started as a simple underground gasoline leak took on more serious dimensions when gasoline vapors were found in nearby homes. The investigation and mitigation expanded to include over 400 properties. The remediation consists of a ground water treatment system and a soil vapor extraction system. This paper and its presenters look at the critical aspects of this case as the investigation went from subsurface soil and ground water contamination impacting surface water to the contamination of indoor air. It examines the impact of preferential pathways that include sanitary and storm sewers as well as a 19th century abandoned coal mine. In addition to the technical aspects, this examination looks at the public health and community issues that have surrounded this case.

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Khristenko, Dmitrii Nikolaevich, and Yuliya Vladimirovna Krasovskaya. "Collectivization and public health system formation in rural Russia." Samara Journal of Science 8, no. 4 (November 29, 2019): 200–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201984215.

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Collectivization in the USSR, without any doubt, became one of the most difficult and tragic pages in the history of our country. Not denying the devastating results of the socialization of agriculture in the 1930s, some positive consequences, nevertheless, should be noted, especially in the public health service. In this paper the authors analyze changes in the public health service for rural residents from the late 19th century to the end of the 1930s. They use various types of historical sources, such as statistical data, studies of Zemstvo leaders, government officials and memoirs of contemporaries. The state policy in the public health, the availability of medical care and the provision of medical personnel, the attitude of the population towards doctors and official medicine and the sanitary and hygienic living conditions of the rural residents are examined in detail. It is concluded that the depressing situation in the public health service for the rural population in pre-revolutionary Russia, aggravated by ignorance, numerous superstitions and distrust of doctors, changed dramatically only after the establishment of the Soviet government. In the process of collectivization in rural areas, an extensive network of hospitals, medical sites, maternity hospitals and pharmacies appeared. As a result, in spite of numerous problems in rural public health, it can be argued that it was in the 1930s that general medical care became an integral part of rural life.

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Morley, Ian. "Recovering the Urban Past for Equitable Present and Future Social Recovery." Journal of Public Space, Vol. 5 n. 3 (November 30, 2020): 147–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.32891/jps.v5i3.1283.

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A multitude of determinants influence the urban planning process. Yet, in the contemporary context of an ongoing pandemic causing infirmity and death in more than 1,500 cities, how can examples of urban planning from history, namely ones that sought to boost public health, (re)shape the current urban planning paradigm? Is there a need in the light of the global impact of Covid-19 to re-evaluate the value of past planning models and so, in accordance, rethink present-day urban density management and public space creation? In consequence, this paper puts forward an overview of how city planning and public health have historically interlinked, albeit with reference to 19th century Britain and the establishment of public parks. Used communally by assorted social groups such green spaces were considered to be crucial for physical and mental health. Crucially too, these open areas are still a fundamental element of the 21st century British cityscape and, arguably, as part of the present and future social recovery from Covid-19, will play a vital role in public life and well-being.

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Birn, Anne-Emanuelle. "Child health in Latin America: historiographic perspectives and challenges." História, Ciências, Saúde-Manguinhos 14, no. 3 (September 2007): 677–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-59702007000300002.

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Patterns of child health and well-being in Latin America's past - have been assumed to be delayed and derivative of European and North Americanexperiences. Through an examination of recent historiography, this essay traces a more complex reality: interest in infant and child health in Latin America arose from a range of domestic and regional prerogatives. This attention was rooted in preColumbian cultures, then relegated to the private sphere during the colonial period, except for young public wards. Starting in the 19th century, professionals, reformers, and policy-makers throughout the region regarded child health as a matter central to building modern societies. Burgeoning initiatives were also linked to international priorities and developments, not through one-way diffusion but via ongoing interaction of ideas and experts. Despite pioneering approaches to children's rights and health in Latin America, commitment to child well-being has remained uneven, constrained in many settings by problematic political and economic conditions uch.

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Hostiuc, Sorin, Oana-Maria Isailă, Octavian Buda, and Eduard Drima. "From Monastic Benevolence to Medical Beneficence: The Inception of Medical Ethics in Wallachia and Moldavia before the Second Half of the 19th Century." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 16 (August 17, 2022): 10229. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191610229.

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In Middle Ages, in Moldavia and Wallachia, the healthcare system was almost non-existent, medical practice being the attribute of old women, midwives, charmers, and later monastic personnel. The first elements of medical ethics are identifiable in written texts from the 17th century, associated with a process of laicization of medicine and the appearance of the first combined civil and penal codes (Vasile Lupu’s Law from 1646 and Matei Basarab’s Law from 1652). In the next 150 years, elements of medical ethics were rarely identified, usually in legal regulations, personal letters, or literary works. Starting with the end of the 18th century, associated with the emergence of the position of public physician, detailed regulations regarding the healthcare system associated with an increased number of ethical norms began to emerge. The purpose of this article is to increase awareness to an international audience about the history of Romanian medical deontology and the roots of concepts appertaining to medical ethics in the territories of Moldavia and Wallachia.

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James, Norman McI. "On the Perception of Madness." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 27, no. 2 (June 1993): 192–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00048679309075768.

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Since the beginning of recorded history, mental illness has been recognised as being primarily in the province of the healing profession. This view has continued, despite the fact that psychiatry left the mainstream of medicine with the development of asylums during the 19th century. With the advent of deinstitutionalisation however, psychiatrists, particularly in Australia, have increasingly left public practice. As result, the treatment of the severely and chronically mentally ill, especially those with behavioural disorder, has become neglected. It is argued that moves toward the mainstreaming of acute psychiatry to general hospitals offer new opportunity for the profession to reassert itself in this essential but difficult area of psychiatric practice.

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Aguilera Serrano, Carlos, Carmen Heredia Pareja, and Antonio Heredia Rufián. "El impacto de la Beneficencia en la gestión, tratamiento y cuidado de los dementes alcalaínos en el s. XIX." Nº 9 Diceimbre de 2019, no. 9 (December 12, 2019): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.35761/reesme.2019.9.04.

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During the 19th century, in Spain, different laws and orders for the establishment and organization of the Charity Public took place, being the public authorities who were to exercise social charity to the most vulnerable. In this context, further influenced by the emergence of Moral Treatment, a new philosophical and action concept was activated in management, treatment and care for the mentally ill, considered then insane and/or madness. Health care placed a greater emphasis on occupational activity as therapy, as well as improving healthiness and hygienic conditions. However, many factors made it impossible to consummate change, leading to the emergence of new asylum institutions with a marked asylating and custodial character. The aim of this historical study is to try to know the situation in health care to the demented of Alcalá la Real (Jaén) of the time. In the sources used, two fundamental pillars stand out in our study: the Municipal Archive of Alcalá la Real and the Archive of the Provincial Council of Granada. Fromthe data collected it is outlinedhowin the first two decades of the second half of the nineteenth century the madmen alcalaínos were transferred to the Hospital of Madness of Granada, section of the Royal Hospital. The absence of a hospital for these patients in Jaén justified such transfers. The latter were accompanied by a long bureaucratic process that began on the Municipal Board of Charity and ended with the approval of the governor of Jaén. Keywords: historiography, psychiatry, history, 19th century, madness, charity policy, nursing care.

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Lal, Maneesha. "Fractured States: Smallpox, Public Health and Vaccination Policy in British India, 1800–1947; Health and Society in Bengal: A Selection from Late 19th-Century Bengali Periodicals." Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 38, no. 3 (September 2010): 502–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03086534.2010.503403.

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Majori, Giancarlo. "SHORT HISTORY OF MALARIA AND ITS ERADICATION IN ITALY." Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases 4, no. 1 (March 10, 2012): e2012016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4084/mjhid.2012.016.

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In Italy at the end of 19th Century, malaria cases amounted to 2 million with 15,000-20,000 deaths per year. Malignant tertian malaria was present in Central-Southern areas and in the islands. Early in the 20th Century, the most important act of the Italian Parliament was the approval of laws regulating the production and free distribution of quinine and the promotion of measures aiming at the reduction of the larval breeding places of Anopheline vectors. The contribution from the Italian School of Malariology (Camillo Golgi, Ettore Marchiafava, Angelo Celli, Giovanni Battista Grassi, Amico Bignami, Giuseppe Bastianelli) to the discovery of the transmission’s mechanism of malaria was fundamental in fostering the initiatives of the Parliament of the Italian Kingdom. A program of cooperation for malaria control in Italy, supported by the Rockefeller Foundation started in 1924, with the establishment of the Experimental Station in Rome, transformed in 1934 into the National Institute of Public Health. Alberto Missiroli, Director of the Laboratory of Malariology, conducted laboratory and field research, that with the advent of DDT brought to Italy by the Allies at the end of the World War II, allowed him to plan a national campaign victorious against the secular scourge.

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van der Wateren, Jan. "National Library Provision for Art in the United Kingdom: The Role of the National Art Library." Alexandria: The Journal of National and International Library and Information Issues 6, no. 3 (December 1994): 173–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095574909400600303.

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From its beginnings in 1836 as the library of the Government School of Design, the National Art Library (NAL) in the UK was intended to have an impact on design in the country. After the Great Exhibition of 1851 it former part of what was to become known as the Victoria and Albert Museum (V & A). By the 1850s it had already adopted the title of National Art Library, although it was called the V & A Museum Library between 1908 and 1985. By 1853 collections aimed to cover the arts and trades comprehensively, and by 1869 the NAL aimed also at comprehensive access to individual objects created in the course of history. By 1852, the library was open to all, although a charge was made at first. Various forms of subject indexing have been used; from 1877 to 1895 subject lists were prepared for internal use and sold to the public, and from 1869 to 1889 a remarkable Universal catalogue of books on art was produced. The present mission statement of the NAL focuses on collecting, documenting and making available information on the history and practice of art, craft and design, and the library aims its services at both the national and international community. However, its great 19th century contribution to published subject control of art materials has been almost completely absent in the 20th century. During 1994 the NAL will contribute records to the British Library (BL) Conspectus database, though there is little formal cooperation between the two libraries. As a specialist library it can organize its collections and index them in ways that are impossible for a comprehensive library such as the BL, and it therefore has an important part to play in the national library scene.

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Mabika, Hines. "Histoire de la santé publique et communautaire en Afrique. Le rôle des médecins de la mission suisse en Afrique du Sud." Gesnerus 72, no. 1 (November 11, 2015): 135–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22977953-07201008.

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It was not Dutch settlers nor British colonizers who introduced public and community health practice in north-eastern South Africa but medical doctors of the Swiss mission in southern Africa. While the history of medical knowledge transfer into 19th–20th century Africa emphasises colonial powers, this paper shows how countries without colonies contributed to expand western medical cultures, including public health. The Swiss took advantage of the local authorities’ negligence, and implemented their own model of medicalization of African societies, understood as the way of improving health standards. They moved from a tolerated hospital-centred medicine to the practice of community health, which was uncommon at the time. Elim hospital’s physicians moved back boundaries of segregationist policies, and sometime gave the impression of being involved in the political struggle against Apartheid. Thus, Swiss public health activities could later be seen as sorts of seeds that were planted and would partly reappear in 1994 with the ANC-projected national health policy.

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Davidovitch, Nadav, and Avital Margalit. "Public Health, Racial Tensions, and Body Politic: Mass Ringworm Irradiation in Israel, 1949–1960." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 36, no. 3 (2008): 522–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2008.300.x.

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The BiDil affair brought once again to the fore questions of race and medicine. As discussed in other essays in this collection, the emergence of BiDil as the first medication approved and marketed for treating specific racial groups raises important questions for medicine and society: How are race and ethnicity framing our understanding of health and illness? Should treatment decisions be based on the race and ethnicity of patients? Should we encourage the development of race-specific medical treatments in order to reduce health disparities? Or is this approach dangerous, and can it lead to unwanted consequences including racial stigmatization? These questions are not new, and since the introduction of race as a scientific construct in the late-19th century, race has played an important part in the history of medicine, most notoriously during World War II and the Holocaust. Yet the identification of race medicine with Nazi science tends to obscure the vast use of race as a medical construct by a wide range of medical scientists and practitioners across the political spectrum. In many instances, racial minorities were preoccupied with race medicine in order to promote the health of their own communities. One such group was that of Jewish physicians.

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BELOVA, Gabriela, Gergana GEORGIEVA, and Sergiusz LEOŃCZYK. "Международное сотрудничество в области здравоохранения между Первой и Второй мировыми войнами – уроки истории в борьбе с эпидемиями = Mezhdunarodnoye sotrudnichestvo v oblasti zdravookhraneniya mezhdu Pervoy i Vtoroy mirovymi voynami – uroki istorii v bor." Historia i Świat 11 (September 8, 2022): 251–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.34739/his.2022.11.15.

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Since the middle of the 19th century, a period of real progress in the field of public health began, government obligations towards health expanded; quarantine, isolation and other measures were introduced by the international community aimed to ensure in the first place safe trade, but also the health of the population of large Western European cities. The article examines the three new international structures in the field of health created before and after the First World War. The first in time was the Office international d’hygiène publique (OIHP), created in 1907. Shortly before the war in 1913, the International Department of Health (IHD) of the Rockefeller Foundation was founded in the United States, and straight after the war in 1920, the League of Nations Health Organization (LNHO) appeared. Despite the cooperation at certain points, the relationship between the LNHO and the OIHP was largely marked by rivalry and the reluctance of the OIHP to become part of the League of Nations. In 1920 the Epidemic Commission was founded and its first head became a well known Polish medical scientist Ludwik Rajchman. The authors also pay attention to the first epidemiological actions in Bulgaria, made possible by the activities of the Rockefeller Foundation in South-Eastern Europe.

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A Kumosani, Taha, Abdulrahman L Al-Malki, Syed S Razvi, Maha J Balgoon, Mohammed Kaleem, Etimad A Huwait, Maryam A Alghamdi, et al. "Hemorrhagic fever in Saudi Arabia: challenge to public health, effective management and future considerations." African Health Sciences 20, no. 3 (October 7, 2020): 1153–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v20i3.17.

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Background: Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHF) refers to a group of febrile illnesses caused by different viruses that result in high mortality in animals and humans. Many risk factors like increased human-animal interactions, climate change, increased mobility of people and limited diagnostic facility have contributed to the rapid spread of VHF. Materials: The history of VHFs in the Saudi Arabian Peninsula has been documented since the 19th century, in which many outbreaks have been reported from the southwestern region of Saudi Arabia. Despite presence of regional network of experts and technical organizations, which expedite support and respond during outbreaks, there are some more challenges that need to be addressed immediately. Gaps in funding, exhaustive and inclusive response plans and improved surveillance systems are some areas of concern in the region which can be dealt productively. This review primarily focusses on the hem- orrhagic fevers that are caused by three most common viruses namely, the Alkhurma hemorrhagic fever virus, Rift valley fever virus, and Dengue fever virus. Conclusion: In summary, effective vector control, health education, possible use of vaccine and concerted synchronized efforts between different government organizations and private research institutions will help in planning effective out- break-prevention and response strategies in future. Keywords: Viral fever; hemorrhagic fever (VHF); Saudi Arabia; challenges; management; future considerations.

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Bilavych, Halyna V., Inna M. Tkachivska, Iryna I. Rozman, Iryna Ja Didukh, Nadiya O. Fedchyshyn, Larysa Ya Fedoniuk, and Borys P. Savchuk. "VOLUNTEER MOVEMENT OF UKRAINIAN STUDENTS IN THE FIELD OF MEDICAL AID, EDUCATION, HEALTH CARE FOR CHILDREN AND ADULTS (END OF THE XIX – 30S OF THE XX CENTURY)." Wiadomości Lekarskie 75, no. 11 (2022): 2855–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/wlek202211223.

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The aim is to analyze the leading directions of volunteer activity of Ukrainian students in the field of medical, social assistance, education of children, youth and adults in Galicia (end of the 19th – 30s of the 20th century). Materials and methods: The study uses a number of scientific methods: chronological, historical, specific search, content analysis – provide selection, analysis of the source base, allow to identify general trends, directions of development, achievements and gaps of the Ukrainian student movement in Galicia in the field of medical, social care, education and enlightenment of children and adults in the late XIX – 30s of the XX century; extrapolation and actualization – focus on creative thinking, adaptation and use of this historical experience under the current conditions. Conclusions: Voluntary activity of Ukrainian students (end of the 19th – 30s of the 20th century) is an interesting peculiar phenomenon not only in national, but also in European history, which has real achievements and deserves a scientific and theoretical understanding from the standpoint of today. Student volunteer experience in the field of social and medical protection of children and adults, education, cultural development, promotion of a healthy lifestyle, dissemination of sanitary and hygienic knowledge, medical counseling can be useful and instructive now, when Ukraine is fighting against the Russian aggressor. We outline the volunteer activity of students who belonged to the “Medychna hromada” society (1910-1944) as a national phenomenon of the organization of public medical care of the population of Galicia, which has no analogue in the history of Ukrainian medicine. It is primarily about a high degree of civic self-awareness, patriotism, self-sacrifice for the benefit of the Ukrainian people, the provision of medical services to low-income sections of the population, widows, orphans, disabled people, veterans of the Great War, medical care of children and youth, etc. – all this inspires modern doctors who provide assistance to soldiers of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, wounded in hospitals, internally displaced persons, etc.

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Koterov, A. N., O. A. Tikhonova, L. N. Ushenkova, and A. P. Biryukov. "History of controlled trials in medicine: real priorities are little-known. Report 1. Basic concepts, terms, and disciplines that use medical experiment: historical and philosophical sources." FARMAKOEKONOMIKA. Modern Pharmacoeconomic and Pharmacoepidemiology 14, no. 1 (April 29, 2021): 72–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.17749/2070-4909/farmakoekonomika.2021.059.

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The three-report review was aimed at describing the historical development of clinical trials, controlled trials (CT) and randomized controlled trials (RCT), and the inclusion of these experimental approaches in disciplines related to both the health of individuals and populations (medicine and epidemiology). In Report 1, the authors consider the terminology issues applied to CT and RCT, the sources of the involved concepts, and relevant disciplines. It was shown that the terms ‘control’ and ‘trial’ appeared in experimental literature only at the end of the 19th century, ‘CT’ appeared in the first third or quarter of the 20th century, and the term ‘RCT’ appeared only in 2000s. It was found that approaches with CT and RCT were often included even in classical epidemiology, and this fact eliminates the specificity of differences between observational and experimental disciplines and blurred the difference between inductive and deductive methodologies. Scientific, philosophical, conceptual, and historical aspects were also considered for three areas that included CT and RCT: epidemiology, clinical epidemiology and evidence-based medicine (EBM). It was concluded that classical epidemiology, using predominantly inductive approaches, was not the scope of real medical experiments, in the first place, and, secondly, its prognosis was not aimed at the individual. At the same time, both clinical epidemiology and EBM, which mainly use deductive approaches, involve experiments, making it possible to make prognosis for a particular patient. The proposed summarizing scheme of the historical origins and philosophical foundations of disciplines aimed at finding and proving health effects using observational and experimental approaches reflects the problems considered and covers individual time milestones, which, as a rule, are not named in modern epidemiology textbooks and textbooks of other disciplines.

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BOËTSCH, GILLES, MICHEL PROST, and EMMA RABINO-MASSA. "PROFESSIONS, GENERATIONS AND REPRODUCTIVE DYNAMICS OF A FRENCH ALPINE POPULATION (16th–20th CENTURIES)." Journal of Biosocial Science 37, no. 6 (March 30, 2005): 673–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932005007194.

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As part of a survey of the biological history of Alpine populations, the lineages of all the families of the Vallouise valley (a French ‘department’ of the Hautes Alpes) have been reconstructed over several centuries. The genealogies have been included in a computerized population record, known as ‘Vallouise in the Briançon area (14th–20th centuries)’, using the French–Canadian programme Analypop. Most of the professions of the family heads were included in the files. In this study, various profession groups were identified and their descents determined over successive generations. In this mountain area, where over 92% of marriages took place among relatives during the 19th century, the profession groups modulated their descents according to chosen strategies, sometimes with considerable differences among groups but with a remarkable consistency of behaviour. Moreover, there was weak interpenetration in the descents of each profession at both the 2nd and 3rd generations.

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Bell, Alan W. "Animal science Down Under: a history of research, development and extension in support of Australia’s livestock industries." Animal Production Science 60, no. 2 (2020): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an19161.

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This account of the development and achievements of the animal sciences in Australia is prefaced by a brief history of the livestock industries from 1788 to the present. During the 19th century, progress in industry development was due more to the experience and ingenuity of producers than to the application of scientific principles; the end of the century also saw the establishment of departments of agriculture and agricultural colleges in all Australian colonies (later states). Between the two world wars, the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research was established, including well supported Divisions of Animal Nutrition and Animal Health, and there was significant growth in research and extension capability in the state departments. However, the research capacity of the recently established university Faculties of Agriculture and Veterinary Science was limited by lack of funding and opportunity to offer postgraduate research training. The three decades after 1945 were marked by strong political support for agricultural research, development and extension, visionary scientific leadership, and major growth in research institutions and achievements, partly driven by increased university funding and enrolment of postgraduate students. State-supported extension services for livestock producers peaked during the 1970s. The final decades of the 20th century featured uncertain commodity markets and changing public attitudes to livestock production. There were also important Federal Government initiatives to stabilise industry and government funding of agricultural research, development and extension via the Research and Development Corporations, and to promote efficient use of these resources through creation of the Cooperative Research Centres program. These initiatives led to some outstanding research outcomes for most of the livestock sectors, which continued during the early decades of the 21st century, including the advent of genomic selection for genetic improvement of production and health traits, and greatly increased attention to public interest issues, particularly animal welfare and environmental protection. The new century has also seen development and application of the ‘One Health’ concept to protect livestock, humans and the environment from exotic infectious diseases, and an accelerating trend towards privatisation of extension services. Finally, industry challenges and opportunities are briefly discussed, emphasising those amenable to research, development and extension solutions.

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Stănescu, Mihai. "From Daguerreotype to Autochrome: An Incursion in European, Colonial and Romanian Pharmaceutical and Medical Photography." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Historia 66, no. 1 (February 2022): 159–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbhist.2021.1.08.

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"Pharmacists have the ability to be chemists and that is the reason they possess the knowledge to make photographs. For that purpose, especially in the 19th century, some pharmacists were photographers, so the two professions are related to a certain extent. The daguerreotype was an invention that was brought to the attention of the public in the summer of 1839 in Paris by Louis Daguerre. Although it was a French invention, it enjoyed a huge success in the United States, and for that purpose the most numerous daguerreotypes derive from the American continent. Some daguerreotypes from the pharmaceutical and medical domain will be presented in this work: a picture of the pharmacist Martin (Gamas), of the physician Charles Abadie and of the physician Gustave Adolphe Raichon. The description of the daguerreotypes will include some other particular examples of empirical restoration from the collection of the author. Another type of photography, important for the history of photography, is the autochrome, one of the first colour photographic process available to the public. It was invented by the Lumière brothers. An example of medical photography from colonial France (Morocco), portraying a case of leprosy, will be presented as well. In the end, some examples from the European and Romanian photography will illustrate the role of the pharmacy and of the pharmacist in the 19th century-early 20th century, as a snapshot of the health professional of that period. In conclusion, the picture speaks for itself and somehow, it can be a vivid time machine for the reconstruction of the past, not only in the fields of pharmacy and medicine, but in any other field as well. Keywords: Daguerreotype, autochrome, pharmacy, medicine, old photography, photography collection. "

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Canadelli, Elena. ""Scientific Peep Show" The Human Body in Contemporary Science Museums." Nuncius 26, no. 1 (2011): 159–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/182539111x569801.

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AbstractThe essay focuses on the discourse about the human body developed by contemporary science museums with educational and instructive purposes directed at the general public. These museums aim mostly at mediating concepts such as health and prevention. The current scenario is linked with two examples of past museums: the popular anatomical museums which emerged during the 19th century and the health museums thrived between 1910 and 1940. On the museological path about the human body self-care we went from the emotionally involving anatomical Venuses to the inexpressive Transparent Man, from anatomical specimens of ill organs and deformed subjects to the mechanical and electronic models of the healthy body. Today the body is made transparent by the new medical diagnostics and by the latest discoveries of endoscopy. The way museums and science centers presently display the human body involves computers, 3D animation, digital technologies, hands-on models of large size human parts.

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Ehrhardt, John D., and J. Patrick O'Leary. "The Clandestine Operations Performed on President Grover Cleveland and the Rationale for Surgical Secrecy." American Surgeon 84, no. 9 (September 2018): 1484–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313481808400955.

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The 1893 operations to remove a maxillofacial tumor from President Grover Cleveland aboard a private yacht remained a secret until long after his unrelated death from heart disease. Many historical studies have suggested that Cleveland kept his health and surgical care confidential because of the fragility of the economy during the Panic of 1893. Although that observation is true, it does not fully address the underlying reason for why the public would react poorly to news about an operation on the president. The death of Ulysses S. Grant eight years prior unearthed the denial, stigma, and fear of cancer felt by many Americans. Despite revolutionary 19th century advances in anesthesia, pathology, and surgery, the social history of “cancerphobia” ran deep.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Public health Victoria History 19th century'

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