Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Public health – Research – Australia'
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1
Leon, de la Barra Sophia. "Building research capacity for indigenous health : a case study of the National Health and Medical Research Council : the evolution and impact of policy and capacity building strategies for indigenous health research over a decade from 1996 to 2006." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/3538.
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As Australia’s leading agency for funding health research (expending over $400 million in 2006), the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) has a major responsibility to improve the evidence base for health policy and practice. There is an urgent need for better evidence to guide policy and programs that improve the health of Indigenous peoples. In 2002, NHMRC endorsed a series of landmark policy changes to acknowledge its ongoing role and responsibilities in Indigenous health research—adopting a strategic Road Map for research, improving Indigenous representation across NHMRC Council and Principal Committees, and committing 5% of its annual budget to Indigenous health research. This thesis examines how these policies evolved, the extent to which they have been implemented, and their impact on agency expenditure in relation to People Support. Additionally, this thesis describes the impact of NHMRC policies in reshaping research practices among Indigenous populations.
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Leon, de la Barra Sophia. "Building research capacity for indigenous health : a case study of the National Health and Medical Research Council : the evolution and impact of policy and capacity building strategies for indigenous health research over a decade from 1996 to 2006." University of Sydney, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/3538.
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Master of PhilosophyAs Australia’s leading agency for funding health research (expending over $400 million in 2006), the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) has a major responsibility to improve the evidence base for health policy and practice. There is an urgent need for better evidence to guide policy and programs that improve the health of Indigenous peoples. In 2002, NHMRC endorsed a series of landmark policy changes to acknowledge its ongoing role and responsibilities in Indigenous health research—adopting a strategic Road Map for research, improving Indigenous representation across NHMRC Council and Principal Committees, and committing 5% of its annual budget to Indigenous health research. This thesis examines how these policies evolved, the extent to which they have been implemented, and their impact on agency expenditure in relation to People Support. Additionally, this thesis describes the impact of NHMRC policies in reshaping research practices among Indigenous populations.
3
O'Grady, Kerry-Ann. "Pneumonia in Indigenous children in the Northern Territory, Australia, and the effectiveness of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine : 1997 - 2005." Thesis, University of Melbourne, 2008. http://purl.org/au-research/grants/nhmrc/359341.
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Li, Vincy. "Health promotion in Australia: An empirical study into the approaches adopted and evidence used by practitioners in their practice." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/18849.
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Background: Health promotion is commonly defined as “the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health”. This definition was originally found in the Ottawa Charter, which was written in 1986 and has been widely considered to be the founding document for health promotion practice. The existing health promotion literature suggests that practitioners have strong commitments to the values and principles presented in the Ottawa Charter and other iconic documents, but their practice contexts may not support the translation and implementation of those values and principles. We currently lack an empirical understanding of how the values and principles underpinning health promotion are conceptualised by practitioners and translated into practice. Methods: A qualitative study was conducted with health promotion practitioners in New South Wales, Australia. 58 semi-structured interviews and 250 hours of participant and non-participant observation were conducted with 54 practitioners. Interviews were recorded and transcribed, and field notes were written during the observations; these were analysed thematically. Results: Health promotion practitioners were committed to improving people’s health effectively and fairly and, to achieve this, worked iteratively between providing people with opportunities for healthy living and enabling them to use the opportunities available to them, concentrating on disadvantaged communities. Practitioners were also committed to evidence-based practice and used different types of evidence for different practical and strategic purposes. Their ideal evidence met both substantive and procedural criteria for evaluating evidence and was primarily generated by practitioners because they found it to be the most useful and relevant to their practice. However, this evidence was lacking in the current evidence base and was not often valued by the system they worked in. Conclusion: This thesis describes practitioners’ conceptualisation of health promotion and how it is translated into their day-to-day practice. It also clarifies the way evidence is valued and used by practitioners, and offers an empirically-based contribution to the ongoing discussions on what and how evidence should be used to guide health promotion practice.
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Hallam, Adrienne Louise, and n/a. "Globalisation, Human Genomic Research and the Shaping of Health: An Australian Perspective." Griffith University. School of Science, 2003. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20040812.114745.
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This thesis examines one of the premier "big science" projects of the contemporary era - the globalised genetic mapping and sequencing initiative known as the Human Genome Project (HGP), and how Australia has responded to it. The study focuses on the relationship between the HGP, the biomedical model of health, and globalisation. It seeks to examine the ways in which the HGP shapes ways of thinking about health; the influence globalisation has on this process; and the implications of this for smaller nations such as Australia. Adopting a critical perspective grounded in political economy, the study provides a largely structuralist analysis of the emergent health context of the HGP. This perspective, which embraces an insightful nexus drawn from the literature on biomedicine, globalisation and the HGP, offers much utility by which to explore the basis of biomedical dominance, in particular, whether it is biomedicine's links to the capitalist infrastructure, or its inherent efficacy and efficiency, that sustains the biomedical paradigm over "other" or non-biomedical health approaches. Additionally, the perspective allows for an assessment of whether there should be some broadening of the way health is conceptualised and delivered to better account for social, economic, and environmental factors that affect living standards and health outcomes, and also the capacity of globalisation to promote such change. These issues are at the core of the study and provide the theoretical frame to examine the processes by which Australian policy makers have given an increasing level of support to human genomic research over the past decade and also the implications of those discrete policy choices. Overall, the study found that globalisation is renewing and extending the dominance of the biomedical model, which will further marginalise other models of health while potentially consuming greater resources for fewer real health outcomes. While the emerging genomic revolution in health care may lead to some wondrous innovations in the coming decades, it is also highly likely to exacerbate the problems of escalating costs and diminishing returns that characterise health care systems in industrialised countries, and to lead to greater health inequities both within and between societies. The Australian Government has chosen to underwrite human genomic research and development. However, Australia's response to the HGP has involved both convergences and variations from the experiences of more powerful industrial nations. The most significant divergence has been in industry and science policy, where until the mid-1990s, the Australian Government displayed no significant interest in providing dedicated research funding, facilities, or enabling agencies to the emerging field. Driven by the threat of economic marginalisation and cultural irrelevance, however, a transformation occurred. Beginning with the Major National Research Facilities Program of the Department of Industry, Science and Technology, and then the landmark Health and Medical Research Strategic Review, support for human genomic research grew strongly. Comprehensive policy settings have recently been established to promote the innovation, commercialisation, promotion and uptake of the products of medical biotechnology and genomics. As such, local advocates of a broader model of health will be forced to compete on the political and economic stage with yet another powerful new area of biomedicine, and thus struggle to secure resources for perhaps more viable and sustainable approaches to health care in the 21st century.
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Parker, Lisa Michelle. "An empirical ethics analysis of breast cancer screening in Australia." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/15596.
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Breast screening is controversial. Despite many supporters and a large evidence base, some experienced breast screening experts disagree with selected policies and practices. I sought to examine the reasoning of people who have influenced breast screening in Australia. I used an empirical ethics approach, combining empirical study with theoretical analysis. I interviewed Australians with expertise and influence in breast screening across a range of professional roles. I found that participants drew on values as well as evidence when talking and reasoning about breast screening. Participants expressed a range of interpretations and prioritisations for each value and experts’ disagreements were based, at least in part, on these differences. Experts did not always acknowledge the role of values in shaping their views or recognise different ways of conceptualising or prioritising values. I recommend including values in decision making for breast screening policy and practice. I provide guidance about formats for values based discussions. I conclude that values play an important but often unrecognised role in shaping breast screening policy and practice, and propose regular review of values to deliver breast screening in the most ethically sound manner.
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Webber, Kerry, and n/a. "The research and development of a health assessment program for secondary school students." University of Canberra. Education, 1986. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20061110.113600.
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The Field Study reports on the research and development of a
Health Assessment Program (HAP) for secondary school
students over a period of three years in the ACT.
The 'original' HAP is described, and its early
implementation methods discussed. Changes are proposed and
trialled, and further refinements made, then trialled
again. Through this process a new HAP is developed. The
'Research and Development Cycle' (Borg and Gall 1983)
provides the theoretical framework for the planning of the
field study. (See 1.4).
The 'new' HAP exhibits the characteristics of an 'education'
program. The physical components have been developed to
enable them to be administered by the teachers who are
responsible for the organisation of the HAP in their school,
and health professionals are only used for those components
which require confidential counselling. This is in contrast
to the 'original' HAP which was organised and conducted by
health professionals.
The process by which the changes took place has determined
the quality of the new HAP. The developments have been
based on the views of the teachers who used the HAP, the
students who were tested, and the health professionals who
participated. The literature has also been used to provide
the direction for, and nature of, the changes. This process
has ensured a program which is highly suitable for use in
the school environment.
It is not envisaged that the HAP has reached its final stage
of development. Each school who uses the program is
encouraged to modify and adapt it to suit the needs of their
own teachers and students.
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Gibson, Brendan John Joseph, and brendan gibson@health gov au. "From Transfer to Transformation: Rethinking the Relationship between Research and Policy." The Australian National University. National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, 2004. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20040528.165124.
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The most common and enduring explanation for the way research is used (or abused or not used) in policy is the two communities theory. According to this theory, the problematic relationship between research and policy is caused by the different cultures inhabited by policy makers and researchers. The most common and enduring types of strategies that are put forward to increase research use in policy involve bridging or linking these two communities. This study challenges this way of thinking about the relationship between research and policy. Four case studies of national public health policy in Australiabreast cancer screening, prostate cancer screening, needle and syringe programs in the community, and needle and syringe programs in prisonsare used to present the context, events, processes, research, and actors involved in policy making. Three theories are deployed to explore the relationship between research and policy in each of the cases individually and across the cases as a whole. These theories bring different determinants and dynamics of the relationship to light and each is at least partially successful in increasing our understanding of the relationship between research and policy. The Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF) understands the relationship in terms of a power struggle between competing coalitions that use research as a political resource in the policy process. The Policy Making Organisation Framework (PMOF) understands the relationship in terms of institutional and political factors that determine the way data is selected or rejected from the policy process. The Governmentality Framework (GF) understands the relationship in terms of the Foucauldian construct of power/knowledge that is created through discourse, regimes of truth and regimes of practices found in public health policy and research. This study has found that in three of the four case studies, public health policy was strongly influenced by research, the exception being NSP in prisons. In all cases, however, it is not possible to construct a robust and coherent account of the policy process or the policy outcome without considering the multifaceted role of research. When these theories are explored at a more fundamental level they support the argument that when research influences policy it is transformed into knowledge-for-policy by being invested with meaning and power. This process of transformation occurs through social and political action that mobilises ideal structures (such as harm minimisation and the World Health Organisations principles for evaluating screening programs) and material structures (such as medical journals and government advisory bodies) to resolve meta-policy problems (such as how to define complex public health problems in a way that makes them amenable to empirical research and practical action). This study provides good evidence that the notion of research transfer between two communities is a flawed way of understanding the researchpolicy relationship. Rethinking the relationship between research and policy involves building an enhanced theoretical repertoire for understanding this complex social interaction. This step is essential to the success of future efforts to make public health policy that is effective, just and emancipatory. This study makes a contribution to this task.
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Walker, Beverly C. "An action research study of strategy implementation in a not-for-profit community organisation." Monash University, Dept. of Management, 2004. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/5186.
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McCabe, Helen, and res cand@acu edu au. "The Ethical Implications of Incorporating Managed Care into the Australian Health Care Context." Australian Catholic University. School of Philosophy, 2004. http://dlibrary.acu.edu.au/digitaltheses/public/adt-acuvp48.29082005.
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AIMS Managed care is a market model of health care distribution, aspects of which are being incorporated into the Australian health care environment. Justifications for adopting managed care lie in purported claims to higher levels of efficiency and greater ‘consumer’ choice. The purpose of this research, then, is to determine the ethical implications of adapting this particular administrative model to Australia’s health care system. In general, it is intended to provide ethical guidance for health care administrators and policy-makers, health care practitioners, patients and the wider community. SCOPE Managed care emerges as a product of the contemporary, neo-liberal market with which it is inextricably linked. In order to understand the nature of this concept, then, this research necessarily includes a limited account of the nature of the market in which managed care is situated and disseminated. While a more detailed examination of the neo-liberal market is worthy of a thesis in itself, this project attends, less ambitiously, to two general concerns. Firstly, against a background of various histories of health care distribution, it assesses the market’s propensity for upholding the moral requirements of health care distributive decision-making. This aspect of the analysis is informed by a framework for health care morality the construction of which accompanies an inquiry into the moral nature of health care, including a deliberation about rights-claims to health care and the proper means of its distribution. Secondly, by way of offering a precautionary tale, it examines the organisational structures and regulations by which its expansionary ambitions are promoted and realised. CONCLUSIONS As a market solution to the problem of administering health care resources, the pursuit of cost-control, if not actual profit, becomes the primary objective of health care activity under managed care. Hence, the moral purposes of health care provision, as pursued within the therapeutic relationship and expressed through the social provision of health care, are displaced by the economic purposes of the ‘free’ market. Accordingly, the integrity of both health care practitioners and communities is corrupted. At the same time, it is demonstrated that the claims of managed care proponents to higher levels of efficiency are largely unfounded; indeed, under managed care, health care costs have continued to rise. At the same time, levels of access to health care have deteriorated. These adverse outcomes of managed care are borne, most particularly, by poorer members of communities. Further, contrary to the claims of its proponents, choice as to the availability and kinds of health care services is diminished. Moreover, the competitive market in which managed care is situated has given rise to a plethora of bankruptcies, mergers and alliances in the United States where the market is now characterised by oligopoly and monopoly providers. In this way, a viable market in health care is largely disproved. Nonetheless, when protected within a non-market context and subject to the requirements of justice, a limited number of managed care techniques can assist Australia’s efforts to conserve the resources of health care. However, any more robust adoption of this concept would be ethically indefensible.
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Merkes, Monika, and monika@melbpc org au. "A longer working life for Australian women of the baby boom generation? � Women�s voices and the social policy implications of an ageing female workforce." La Trobe University. School of Public Health, 2003. http://www.lib.latrobe.edu.au./thesis/public/adt-LTU20051103.104704.
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With an increasing proportion of older people in the Australian population and increasing health and longevity, paid work after the age of 65 years may become an option or a necessity in the future. The focus of this research is on Australian women of the baby boom generation, their working futures, and the work-retirement decision. This is explored both from the viewpoint of women and from a social policy perspective. The research draws on Considine�s model of public policy, futures studies, and Beck�s concept of risk society. The research comprises three studies. Using focus group research, Study 1 explored the views of Australian women of the baby boom generation on work after the age of 65 years. Study 2 aimed to explore current thinking on the research topic in Australia and overseas. Computer-mediated communication involving an Internet website and four scenarios for the year 2020 were used for this study. Study 3 consists of the analysis of quantitative data from the Healthy Retirement Project, focusing on attitudes towards retirement, retirement plans, and the preferred and expected age of retirement. The importance of choice and a work � life balance emerged throughout the research. Women in high-status occupations were found to be more likely to be open to the option of continuing paid work beyond age 65 than women in low-status jobs. However, the women were equally likely to embrace future volunteering. The research findings suggest that policies for an ageing female workforce should be based on the values of inclusiveness, fairness, self-determination, and social justice, and address issues of workplace flexibility, equality in the workplace, recognition for unpaid community and caring work, opportunities for life-long learning, complexity and inequities of the superannuation system, and planning for retirement. Further, providing a guaranteed minimum income for all Australians should be explored as a viable alternative to the current social security system.
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Kelly, Janet, and janet kelly@flinders edu au. "Moving Forward Together in Aboriginal Womens Health: A Participatory Action Research Exploring Knowledge Sharing, Working Together and Addressing Issues Collaboratively in Urban Primary Health Care Settings." Flinders University. School of Nursing & Midwifery, 2009. http://catalogue.flinders.edu.au./local/adt/public/adt-SFU20090324.084222.
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This collaborative qualitative research explored ways of improving Aboriginal womens health and well-being in an urban Adelaide primary health care setting. This involved respectful knowledge sharing, working effectively together and addressing issues related to colonisation, discrimination and exclusion. It was identified that while Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal professionals are committed to Closing the Gap in health disparities, many have questioned how best to do so within the current health system. Therefore, this research focused on filling gaps in knowledge about the spaces where Aboriginal community women, and Aboriginal and non Aboriginal health professionals can work collaboratively regardful and regardless of health system polices, programs and practices.
A strong commitment to local community preferences and national Aboriginal health research ethics enabled Aboriginal community women and Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal heath professional co-researchers to be actively and meaningfully involved with me in both the research processes and outcomes. A modified Participatory Action Research (PAR), with repeated cycles of Look and Listen, Think and Discuss and Take Action emerged as an effective model of collaborative practice, suitable for health care and research.
Four unique yet interconnected areas of collaboration developed, each highlighting particular aspects of culturally safe knowledge sharing and collaboration in health care. The first involved working with Aboriginal community women, acknowledging and addressing their most health and well-being priorities related to high levels of stress in their lives. Collaborative action involved creating a womens friendship group, seeking and accessing a range of services, and co-presenting our findings at conferences
The second Collaboration Area offers insights into the practicalities and difficulties experienced by staff as they tried to provide health services for Aboriginal women in a newly developing Aboriginal health organisation. The third Collaboration Area focused on the challenges and benefits of collaboration between sectors, in particular a local high school and the Aboriginal health service. We explored effective ways to work across sectors and engage young Aboriginal women in health programs. The ongoing impact of discrimination, exclusion and colonisation for this next generation of Aboriginal women was highlighted. The fourth Collaboration Area involved wider collaboration and road testing our collaborative methodology in a broader environment. A diverse group of co-researchers came together to plan, implement and evaluate a de-colonising national action research action learning conference embedded in Aboriginal preferred ways of knowing and doing.
Findings are discussed under the three central themes of knowledge sharing, working together and addressing health care access and colonisation and key recommendations for the future are proposed. This research has reinforced the need identified in Aboriginal health documents for policy, program and practice commitment to holistic and collaborative approaches such as comprehensive primary health care and participatory action research. While the National Apology and Close the Gap campaign have provided opportunities for change, these need to be followed by tangible action at all levels of health care.
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Larkin, Christine M. A., and N/A. "Social work and racism : a case study in ACT Health." University of Canberra. Education, 1994. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20060815.160708.
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A Feminist Action Research methodology was used as a
collaborative process with five ACT Health social workers
based at the Community Health Centres and four at the
Woden Valley Hospital. The primary purpose of the study
was to investigate, both through critical reflection and
action in their work setting, the participants' relevance
or otherwise to Aboriginal people in the ACT and region.
Behind this is the question of how encapsulated social
work is by racism. The impetus for the study arose from
my unresolved concerns regarding these issues, having
been a social worker in ACT Health for 6 years, to 1990.
Decisions on how to proceed involved a process of ongoing
consultation between the participant social workers and
myself. Exploratory meetings were held in March and
April, with an ongoing program being held 2-3 weekly from
June to September, followed by a review in December. Most
gatherings were specific to the Woden Valley Hospital or
Community Health settings. However two half-day workshops
were held for all the participants. All the sessions from
June were taped. Aboriginal leaders were consulted, as
were several managers in ACT Health.
The phenomena of institutional, cultural and personal
racism were addressed by the social workers through
discussion, exercises, and anti-racist initiatives in
their work setting. They found that significant time
restraints presented an example of institutional racism
working against their good intentions. Another dimension
arose from implicitly racist education in social work
courses when most of the participants undertook their
undergraduate courses in the 1960s and 1970s. Aspects
related to professionalism such as its language and
separation of a personal and professional self were
indicative of cultural racism. Stories of personal racism
were shared, in the context of raised awareness leading
to changing those attitudes and behaviours.
The fact that the study took place in 1993 - a watershed
year for Aboriginal/white relations in Australia - seemed
to lead to greater momentum for the project. The social
workers found that participation in this study increased
their knowledge of, and their confidence - both actual
and potential - in interaction with Aboriginal people.
However, they also understood these to be just small
steps towards greater justice for the indigenous people.
An outcome of the project has been involving some
colleagues in similar anti-racist actions to those the
social workers participated in during the time of the
study. The action research project has continued on in
different ways, beyond 1993, despite my withdrawal as
'the researcher' who took the initiative.
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Ranmuthugala, Geethanjali Piyawadani. "Disinfection by-products in drinking water and genotoxic changes in urinary bladder epithelial cells." View thesis entry in Australian Digital Theses Program, 2001. http://thesis.anu.edu.au/public/adt-ANU20011207.110344/index.html.
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Loff, Beatrice. "Health and human rights : case studies in the potential contribution of a human rights framework to the analysis of health questions." Monash University, Dept. of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, 2004. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/5291.
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Scaife, Wendy A. "Transforming human energy to power for change : development principles for charitable health organisations seeking to optimise community and other support of Australian medical science." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2002. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/36364/1/36364_Digitised%20Thesis.pdf.
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Petersen, Matilde Breth. "Social and Emotional Wellbeing impacts of prolonged extreme heat driven by climate change: lived experiences of public housing residents in a regional community in Victoria, Australia." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/26843.
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The increasing pace of climate change is expected to give rise to more severe and more frequent adverse climate events. Significant amongst these is the increased frequency of prolonged periods of extreme heat, with concomitant impacts on human health. The existing literature on this topic focuses predominantly on the quantifiable physical health impacts of extreme heat; much less researched is its effect on social and emotional wellbeing.
My research focuses on people residing in public housing in a community (pseudonym, ‘Sunset Country’) located in northwest Victoria, Australia, where severe heatwaves are a common occurrence. In Australia, there is no clear legislation around the provision of cooling in public housing. Hence, the health and wellbeing of public housing residents in Sunset Country are at serious risk during prolonged periods of extreme heat due to their having no means of keeping their homes cool or escaping the heat.
The overall aim of my research was to explore the lived experiences of public housing residents living on Sunset Country, to understand how prolonged extreme heat exposure impacts their social and emotional wellbeing. Employing a qualitative methodological framework based on community engagement and participatory action research principles, I conducted eight focus groups and one in-depth interview with public housing residents living on Sunset Country and the service providers who support them.
Using thematic analysis, I developed two major themes: first, that extreme heat impacts the emotional wellbeing of public housing residents (with subthemes around mood changes, inability to cope, anxiety, the exacerbation of mental health conditions and effects of insufficient sleep on school performance), and second, that extreme heat impacts the social wellbeing of public housing residents, with subthemes of social isolation, erosion of social cohesion, increased conflict and reduction in community safety).
The participants’ lived experiences contribute to three overarching theories grounded in my data. Firstly, policies are not keeping up with the changing climate; despite significant increases in the severity of heatwaves, there have been no amendments to public housing policy addressing the need for cooling legislation. Secondly, there is an apparent misalignment of governmental rhetoric and action; public housing in Sunset Country may not be fit for habitation given the lack of protection against extreme heat, and thus perpetuates inequalities in the community. Finally, bureaucratic failings contribute to the cycle of disadvantage and disempowerment experienced by public housing residents, reducing individual agency.
My research findings make a significant contribution to building knowledge around the previously underexplored relationship between extreme heat and social and emotional wellbeing. Based on the perspectives and concerns voiced by my participants, I provide several recommendations for action. These include the development of sustainable climate adaptation strategies and urgent policy action to improve public housing living standards, aligning with the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals.
Research must endeavour to give voice to people already impacted by the effects of climate change to gain deeper and more holistic understandings of these issues and their social and emotional impacts. Lived experience knowledge can then be used to urgently develop appropriate climate adaptation strategies to effectively safeguard human health and prevent societal inequities from widening.
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Beale, B. L. "Maternity services for urban Aboriginal women : experiences of six women in Western Sydney /." View thesis, 1996. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030613.161127/index.html.
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Carman, Rebecca Anne. "The impact of immunisation service delivery in general practice on Aboriginal children living in the Perth metropolitan area: An opportunity to reduce the gap?" Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2019. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/2176.
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Fleming, Brian James. "The social gradient in health : trends in C20th ideas, Australian Health Policy 1970-1998, and a health equity policy evaluation of Australian aged care planning /." Title page, abstract and table of contents only, 2003. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phf5971.pdf.
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Jeffs, Lynda Caron, and n/a. "A culturally safe public health research framework." University of Otago. Christchurch School of Medicine & Health Sciences, 1999. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070524.120343.
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The concept of cultural safety arose in Aotearoa me Te Waipounamu/New Zealand in the late 1980�s in response to the differential health experience and negative health outcomes of the first nation people of Aotearoa me Te Waipounamu/New Zealand, the New Zealand Maori. It was introduced and developed by Maori nurses initially, as they recognised the effect culture had on health and understood safety as a common nursing concept. The concept of cultural safety has developed into a disipline which is taught as part of all nursing and midwifery curricula in Aotearoa me Te Waipounamu/New Zealand. As cultural safety has developed the concept of culture has been extended to include people who differ from the nurse by reason of: age, migrant status, sexual preference, socioeconomic status, religious persuasion, gender, ethnicity, and in Aotearoa me Te Waipounamu/New Zealand, the Treaty of Waitangi status of the nurse and recipient/s of her/his care.
Nationally and internationally, health experience and health outcomes are poorer for people of minority group status than for people who are part of the dominant group. Public-health research is therefore generally conducted on, or with, people with minority group status. Public-health researchers, by education, are members of the dominant culture and may be unaware that their own and their clients; responses may relate to one/other or both cultures being diminished do not always ensure the safety of their own culture or the culture being researched.
This study�s objective was to develop a flexible, culturally safe public health research framework for researches to use when researching people who are culturally different from themselves. The study will argue that the use of such a framework will contribute significantly to improved health outcomes for people with minority status and will assist the movement towards emancipatory social change.
The methods undertaken included: gaining permission from Irihapeti Ramsden, the architect of cultural safety to undertake the research, conducting a literature review, consideration of primary sources and their key concepts, consulting widely with people in the field of public health and cultural safety, self reflecting on the writers own personal and professional experience and finally designing the culturally safe public health research framework.
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Wright, Trudy, and n/a. "Primary health care : the health care system and nurse education in Australia, 1985-1990." University of Canberra. Education, 1994. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20061110.171759.
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Primary health care as a model for the provision of health services was
introduced by the World Health Organization In the mid 1970s. Initially
viewed as a means of health promotion and advancement of wellness in
developing countries., it was soon to be adopted by industrialised countries to
assist in relieving the demand on acute care services. This was to be achieved
through education of the community towards good health practices and the
preparation of nurses to practice in the community, outside of the acute care
environment Australian nurses were slow to respond to this philosophy of
health care and this study has sought to examine why this is so. It has been
found that there are a multitude of reasons for the lack of action In the decade
or more following the Declaration of Alma Ata and the major Issues have been
identified and elaborated.
Some of the major reports of the time that were associated with and had some
Influence on health care and nurse education have been examined to identify
recommendations and how much they support the ethos of primary health
care. These include the Sax committee report of 1978 and a submission by
the Department of Employment and Industrial Relations In 1987.
As part of the investigation, nursing curricula from around Australia in the
mid 1980s have been examined to determine the degree of the primary health
care content according to guidelines recommended by the World Health
Organization. It was found that generally at that time, there was a deficit In
the preparation of undergraduate students of nursing for practice In the area
of primary health care when the world, including industrialised nations, was
making moves towards this model of health care delivery.
Factors Influencing the slow response of nursing have been examined and
finally recommendations for further studies have been put forward.
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Collier, Alan James, and not supplied. "Enhancing Australian Universities' Research Commercialisation." RMIT University. Management, 2008. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20081027.163031.
Full textAbstract:
The Australian Government expects universities to engage in technology transfer and commercialisation (TT&C) and almost all universities have established a technology transfer office (TTO) for this purpose. The primary aim of this research was to identify what would enhance the overall performance of Australian universities in research commercialisation and industry uptake of the university research commercialisation outcomes. Four research questions were enunciated: 1 What are the systemic barriers to research commercialisation within Australian universities? 2 How could Australian universities overcome the systemic barriers to the commercialisation of university research? 3 How, in particular, could Australian smaller and regional universities enhance their research commercialisation capacity and performance? 4 How could the uptake by industry of Australian university research outcomes be improved? Question 1 was answered using a qualitative content analysis on the substantial body of literature available. Questions 2 and 3 were answered using multiple-case analysis involving eight Australian university case studies and comparing Australian university practice with five benchmark universities two from the US, two from Canada, and one from New Zealand. The first major conclusion was that there are three essential criteria upon which university TT&C success is built: institutional and senior executive support for TT&C superior TTO management; and sufficient world-class research being conducted. The second major conclusion was that the same key criteria for success in TT&C apply across the board, whether a university is smaller, regional, technical, new or old, research-intensive or otherwise. Question 4 was answered using case studies developed on five SME companies in the electronics industry in one Australian State and comparing these results with the outcome of a narrative review conducted on the literature to permit methodological triangulation. The research found a rich engagement occurring between universities and industry, with the most important element involving individual personal relationships.
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Sinclair, Andrew. "The primary health care experiences of gay men in Australia." Connect to this title online, 2006. http://adt.lib.swin.edu.au/public/adt-VSWT20060713.084655/.
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Sinclair, Andrew James, and n/a. "The primary health care experiences of gay men in Australia." Swinburne University of Technology, 2006. http://adt.lib.swin.edu.au./public/adt-VSWT20060713.084655.
Full textAbstract:
The present research, consisting of two studies, was designed to examine the
primary health care experiences of gay men in Australia and assess doctors? attitudes and
training with regard to gay men and their health care. In the first study, 195 gay men were
surveyed regarding their health issues and their primary health care experiences. The
most important health concerns of gay men were stress and depression followed by
HIV/AIDS, body image disorder and other sexually transmissible infections. Including
those participants who were unsure, approximately one-half reported experiencing
homophobia and almost one?quarter reported experiencing discrimination in the
provision of health care. Despite this, respondents were generally satisfied with their
primary health care, although respondents felt that all GPs should receive additional
undergraduate medical education regarding gay men?s health. In the second study, 25
doctors (13 gay specialists and 12 non-gay specialists) were surveyed regarding their
knowledge of gay men?s health and their comfort working with gay men. Non-gay
specialist GPs were less comfortable treating gay men, reported poorer communication
and were more homophobic than their gay specialist counterparts. Further, doctors
perceived their medical education regarding gay men?s health has been inadequate.
Together, the results of the two current studies suggest that disclosure of sexuality is an
important issue for both gay men and doctors, and has the potential to impact on the
quality of health care that gay men receive. In order to improve the level of disclosure,
the pervasiveness of homophobia and discrimination in primary health care must be
reduced. Finally, the results indicate that medical education must be updated to reflect
current knowledge regarding the health issues of gay men. Failure to address these issues
will condemn gay men to continued health inequality.
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Hughes, Roger, and n/a. "Public Health Nutrition Workforce Development: An Intelligence-Based Blueprint for Australia." Griffith University. School of Health Science, 2004. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20040615.120233.
Full textAbstract:
Public health nutrition workforce development is a capacity building strategy identified as a priority in the Australian National Public Health Nutrition Strategy (Eat Well Australia). Systematic and scholarly approaches to workforce development that enhance the capacity of the health system and the broader community to effectively address public health nutrition issues, are limited in Australia. The associated lack of intelligence and a range of methodological difficulties similar to those encountered in broader public health workforce research, provide the need for, and motivation for, this study. The specific objectives of this study relate to the development of workforce development intelligence that: Fills gaps in the knowledge base to inform effective workforce development ; Provides baseline data (benchmarks) for ongoing workforce development planning, evaluation, monitoring and surveillance ; and, Contributes to international scholarship regarding public health nutrition workforce development ; and, Enables the development of a strategic framework for workforce development planning in the national context. The case study research strategy used in this study involved an emergent, multi-method design involving methodological triangulation of data and consensus development. The focus of inquiry was based on a problem-based conceptual framework developed to identify intelligence needs for workforce development strategy planning. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected using five different methods including literature review, interviews with advanced-level public health nutritionists in Australia, a national public health nutrition workforce survey, an analysis of position descriptions and consensus assessment and development via a Delphi survey of an international expert panel. The collection, analysis and interpretation of data in this study focused on developing an intelligence base on six main issues pertinent to public health nutrition workforce development, including: Definitions of public health nutrition; Workforce size and composition; Workforce practices; Core workforce functions needed; Competencies required for effective public health nutrition practice; and, Continuing competency development needs. Data from these multiple methods were used to describe and interpret the determinants of workforce capacity, assisted by triangular analysis. This analysis identified a range of determinants limiting the capacity of the Australian public health nutrition workforce including; A small designated specialist public health nutrition workforce; Workforce instability associated with unsecured funding and staff turnover; Limited collaboration and partnership building practices by the existing workforce; Disorganisation of the workforce in terms of location, accountability, service mandates and support; Workforce practices are not consistent with the required work; Limited access to, and use of, public health nutrition intelligence; A workforce practice culture that does not promote research and dissemination; A lack of practice improvement and learning systems; Limited access to public health nutrition mentors; Limited incentives for practice excellence; An absence of consensus about the required work and competencies required for effective public health nutrition practice; Barriers to continuing competency development; and, Inadequate workforce preparation. This interpretive analysis provided the basis for developing a strategic framework that addresses workforce quantity, quality and performance concerns, based on workforce development strategy categories including: Building human resource infrastructure (quantity); Organisational systems and policy (performance); Intelligence support (performance); Learning systems (quality) and; Workforce preparation. This research has also provided data that can for the basis of tools such as definitions, core function statements, position descriptions and competency standards to assist public health nutrition workforce development in Australia and internationally.
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Hughes, Roger. "Public Health Nutrition Workforce Development: An Intelligence-Based Blueprint for Australia." Thesis, Griffith University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366114.
Full textAbstract:
Public health nutrition workforce development is a capacity building strategy identified as a priority in the Australian National Public Health Nutrition Strategy (Eat Well Australia). Systematic and scholarly approaches to workforce development that enhance the capacity of the health system and the broader community to effectively address public health nutrition issues, are limited in Australia. The associated lack of intelligence and a range of methodological difficulties similar to those encountered in broader public health workforce research, provide the need for, and motivation for, this study. The specific objectives of this study relate to the development of workforce development intelligence that: Fills gaps in the knowledge base to inform effective workforce development ; Provides baseline data (benchmarks) for ongoing workforce development planning, evaluation, monitoring and surveillance ; and, Contributes to international scholarship regarding public health nutrition workforce development ; and, Enables the development of a strategic framework for workforce development planning in the national context. The case study research strategy used in this study involved an emergent, multi-method design involving methodological triangulation of data and consensus development. The focus of inquiry was based on a problem-based conceptual framework developed to identify intelligence needs for workforce development strategy planning. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected using five different methods including literature review, interviews with advanced-level public health nutritionists in Australia, a national public health nutrition workforce survey, an analysis of position descriptions and consensus assessment and development via a Delphi survey of an international expert panel. The collection, analysis and interpretation of data in this study focused on developing an intelligence base on six main issues pertinent to public health nutrition workforce development, including: Definitions of public health nutrition; Workforce size and composition; Workforce practices; Core workforce functions needed; Competencies required for effective public health nutrition practice; and, Continuing competency development needs. Data from these multiple methods were used to describe and interpret the determinants of workforce capacity, assisted by triangular analysis. This analysis identified a range of determinants limiting the capacity of the Australian public health nutrition workforce including; A small designated specialist public health nutrition workforce; Workforce instability associated with unsecured funding and staff turnover; Limited collaboration and partnership building practices by the existing workforce; Disorganisation of the workforce in terms of location, accountability, service mandates and support; Workforce practices are not consistent with the required work; Limited access to, and use of, public health nutrition intelligence; A workforce practice culture that does not promote research and dissemination; A lack of practice improvement and learning systems; Limited access to public health nutrition mentors; Limited incentives for practice excellence; An absence of consensus about the required work and competencies required for effective public health nutrition practice; Barriers to continuing competency development; and, Inadequate workforce preparation. This interpretive analysis provided the basis for developing a strategic framework that addresses workforce quantity, quality and performance concerns, based on workforce development strategy categories including: Building human resource infrastructure (quantity); Organisational systems and policy (performance); Intelligence support (performance); Learning systems (quality) and; Workforce preparation. This research has also provided data that can for the basis of tools such as definitions, core function statements, position descriptions and competency standards to assist public health nutrition workforce development in Australia and internationally.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Health Sciences
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McGuiness, Clare Frances. "Client perceptions : a useful measure of coordination of health care." View thesis entry in Australian Digital Theses Program, 2001. http://thesis.anu.edu.au/public/adt-ANU20020124.141250/index.html.
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Ramanathan, Vijayasarathi, Virginia Furner, Sarangapany Jeganathan, Katerina Lagios, Melissa Kang, and Eva Jackson. "Accessibility and Acceptability of Public Sexual Health Clinics for Adult Clients in New South Wales, Australia." Thesis, Masters in Medicine (STD/HIV) The University of Sydney, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/3573.
Full textAbstract:
The objectives of this study were to examine the accessibility of public sexual health clinics (SHCs), identify the service preferences of clients and assess whether the services delivered by public SHCs were acceptable (suitable) to users’ expectations. Participants were adult clients attending public SHCs in 4 different geographical regions of New South Wales (NSW). A self completed anonymous questionnaire survey was employed in this study and the data was collected over a two week period per clinic. The overall participation rate was 89%. Three hundred and two clients participated of which 68.2% and 31.8% were males and females respectively. Geographical proximity to residence or work was the single most common reason cited to choose a particular clinic by all clients. The main source of information about public SHCs for young and middle aged clients was their personal contacts, whereas for older individuals it was health professional’s referral. Of the total sample, nearly 59% vs. 32% of clients used private and public transport to get to the clinic. About 80% of private transport users of the city and suburban clinics had indicated some difficulty with parking facilities. For more than two thirds of clients, the time taken to get to the clinic was less than 30 minutes. Overall, more clients preferred an appointment (56%) compared to a walk-in (32%) system. Nearly 65% of all clients preferred to attend the clinic during the weekdays and about 11% preferred weekends. Of those clients who had a preference for a time to attend a clinic, 83.3% attended clinic in their preferred time. Overall, more than one third (39%) of all clients preferred a same gender health care worker (HCW) whereas 13% of clients did not prefer a same gender HCW. Among clients who had a clear preference, more than 90% of all females and nearly 80% of overseas born males preferred a same gender HCW. More females (81%) than males (59%) were actually able to have a consultation with a HCW of their preferred gender. The majority (79%) of clients preferred to consult the same doctor in the follow up visits and only a few clients (5%) preferred a separate male and female waiting room. The vast majority (97%) of clients had no difficulty with language during consultation. About 93% of clients had rated the services delivered by public SHCs to be either excellent or good. The public SHCs were found to be accessible and acceptable to the clients who currently utilise them. Designated parking spaces for the city and suburban clinic users and providing an option for female and overseas born male clients to select a HCW of their preferred gender need to be considered. Further research is required to examine accessibility and acceptability aspects of public SHCs for the potential clients who either currently use other services or do not access any form of services.
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Cullerton, Katherine B. "An exploration of the factors influencing public health nutrition policymaking in Australia." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2017. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/109095/1/Katherine_Cullerton_Thesis.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis was an exploration of the factors that influence nutrition policymaking in Australia which resulted in strategies that could be used by poorly-resourced health organisations to gain traction in public health nutrition policymaking. Insight into these strategies was gained through a social network analysis exploring the power of interest groups and their influence on nutrition policy in Australia and in-depth interviews with these key influencers.
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Cumming, Jim, and jim cumming@anu edu au. "Representing the complexity, diversity and particularity of the doctoral enterprise in Australia." The Australian National University. College of Arts and Social Sciences, 2007. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20080304.115824.
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This thesis addresses the need to reconceptualise the doctoral experience at a time when the boundaries between education, training, research, work and career development are becoming increasingly blurred. It does so by means of a detailed analysis of what candidates do and how they operate in a variety of disciplinary, employment and other contexts.¶
In order to synthesise and interpret the outcomes of that analysis a broader concept of the doctoral enterprise is developed within which the lived experience is embedded. It is argued that effective representation of the doctoral enterprise is as important as its reconceptualisation, and that both processes are required to generate in-depth understanding of the complexity, diversity and particularity of this phenomenon.¶
Case narratives incorporating the perspectives of candidatesas well as those whom they deem to be influencing their research and learningare employed to portray distinctive elements of doctoral work and its associated outcomes. Quantitative data and analysis derived from a national survey of doctoral candidates are combined subsequently with this qualitative material in order to generate further insight regarding doctoral activities and the entities that are integral to their enactment.¶
Drawing on theories of practice, an integrative model of the doctoral enterprise is then presented. This comprises two basic components, one of which is a set of doctoral practices classified in terms of curriculum, pedagogy, research and work. The other is a set of doctoral arrangements that reflect configurations of entities inclusive of the participants, the academy and the community.¶
The purpose of the model is to increase understanding of the dynamic and evolving nature of the doctoral enterprise and the interrelationships involving practices and arrangements. This model has implications for candidates and others involved directly in the doctoral enterprise, regardless of their sector, role or status.
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Watts, Christina. "Tobacco industry interference in supply-side policies in Australia." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/24682.
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Tobacco smoking rates in Australia are at a historic low, largely due to decades of tobacco control policy reforms aimed at reducing consumer demand for tobacco products. However, while some conditions have been placed on the sale of tobacco, such measures are not explicitly aimed at reducing the supply of tobacco products by restricting their sale. Tobacco therefore remains one of the most widely available consumer goods on the market in Australia, which contributes to a perception that tobacco is a normal part of everyday life. The widespread retail availability of tobacco in Australia undermines smokers quit attempts and increase impulse purchases, which ultimately increases tobacco consumption.
Regulating the supply of tobacco in Australia is an essential next step to achieving future reductions in smoking prevalence. However at present, the lack of regulation on the “supply-side” of tobacco control presents opportunities for the tobacco industry to exploit loopholes, undermine tobacco control policies and exert its power and influence. Tobacco companies and tobacco retailers both play a unique and interrelated role in the sale of tobacco in Australia and it is critical that research exploring supply-side tobacco control policies investigates the motivations and activities of both tobacco companies and retailers, and how they work together. This is particularly paramount in light of the tobacco industry’s increasing attempts to reframe its corporate image alongside efforts to undermine and influence the public health policy landscape.
This body of work will establish an understanding of attitudes, beliefs and experiences of retailers in regards to selling tobacco and uncover the ways in which tobacco companies manage relationships with retailers to covertly market their products to maximise profitability. It will also investigate the tobacco industry’s tactics to interfere with and influence policy through a corporate social responsibility agenda and explore the implications of this on tobacco retail reform in the future.
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White, Jasmin. "Oral health problems of elderly women in Australia : an holistic approach." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/4630.
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Madzokere, Eugene T. "The Current Status, Evolution and Spread of Arboviruses Circulating in Australia." Thesis, Griffith University, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/417227.
Full textAbstract:
Arboviruses circulating in Australia are of clinical importance as they cause painful, often chronic musculoskeletal arthritic or fatal dengue disease. They include Ross River virus (RRV), Barmah Forest virus (BFV), chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and dengue virus (DENV). This dissertation assessed the seroprevalence, diversity, evolution, spread and strategies for controlling infection caused by these arboviruses. The overall aim of research presented in this dissertation was to improve public health responses such as nationwide surveillance, diagnosis, and infection control.
Research undertaken in chapter 2 achieved this through systematic review and statistical synthesis of human seroprevalence data for RRV, BFV and DENV. I have shown that many factors influence the reporting of human seroprevalences for these three arboviruses. Among these factors is the choice of assay method, timeframe, and sampling strategy. I have also presented findings showing that the spatiotemporal range and median seroprevalences reported for DENV and RRV are wider and higher than those for BFV. This indicates that the risk of exposure to DENV and RRV is significantly higher and extends overseas, however this risk relates to the distribution of the transmitting vectors. My analysis highlighted that DENV presents the highest risk of exposure but its incidence in Australia is declining due to successful implementation of Wolbachia-DENV control programs which have restricted the distribution of Aedes aegypti. Most serosurveys reviewed reported a positive association between age and seroprevalence, and increasing seroprevalence with gender. However, studies reporting gender-seroprevalence data did not do statistical analysis to show the significance of outcomes. This dissertation therefore recommends streamlining, standardization and statistical synthesis of serosurveys data to better quantify risk of exposure, identify risk factors, at-risk groups/populations, associations between seroprevalence and risk factors and at-risk groups/populations.
In chapter 3, I characterised the phylogenetic relationship among 193 RRV near whole genomes sourced from multiple hosts, nationwide and the Pacific, in-between 1959-2018. Eight-six of these genomes were generated in this dissertation. My assessment revealed that the four RRV genotypes display high levels of intra-genomic diversity, as I was able to characterise the virus into eight additional sublineages within genotypes G1 (n = 2), G3 (n = 5) and G4 (n = 1). This characterisation brings the total number of known RRV sublineages to 13. Only three of these sublineages (G3D, G4A and G4B) contain viruses that have circulated in Australia within the last decade. The last sampling of genotype 1 and 2 (G1 and G2) viruses was in 1976 and 1995 from Queensland and Western Australia. These viruses may no longer be in circulation within Australia. Sublineages G4A and G4B the most dominant circulating variants of RRV in recent times but they are spatially restricted to Eastern and Western Australia. My phylogenetic analysis suggests that a human traveller likely introduced RRV into the PICTs from northern rather than eastern Australia causing the explosive 1979-80 epidemic. This hypothesis builds upon the one postulated by authors of previous studies who used genomic datasets for RRV isolates sampled from a few locations and not nationwide as I did. Future studies are required to determine differences between RRV sublineages, factors driving lineage replacement, and understand the role of positively selected codon site to RRV evolution.
For chapter 4, I studied the evolution, dissemination and phylogenetic relation between 87 BFV near whole genomes sourced nationwide and from Papua New Guinea from three hosts; humans, mosquitoes and a macropod, during 1974-2018. Fifty-four of these genomes were generated in this dissertation and were sampled throughout Australia. Despite the addition of these new genomes to the BFV phylogeny, results obtained indicate that BFV still consists of three genotypes with most new genomes generated from isolates sampled from northern, eastern, and Western Australia grouping in genotype G3. This dissertation reconstructed the most plausible and statistically supported dissemination pathways for BFV and identified the PNG as the most likely source of the virus. The impacts of nucleotide variation within repeat sequence elements and positive selection with the nsP1 Mtase-Gtase domain on virus replication and host range need to be investigated further.
For Chapter 4 and 5, I showed that BFV and RRV have a synonymous codon usage bias toward A or C at the 3rd codon position; an abundance of CA and UG, and suppression of CG and UA dinucleotides; display coincidental and antagonistic synonymous codon usage bias with their respective mosquito and vertebrate hosts. In chapter 7, I also showed that amino acid coevolution and compositional biases are prevalent within protein coding regions belonging to RRV and BFV. I found translational selection to be the most influential evolutionary force driving RRV codon usage patterns (chapter 5). Mutational pressure was a close second. I also identified host motifs associated with RRV and BFV coevolving sites. Altogether these results indicate that many factors drive RRV and BFV evolution, among them virus and host related influences. Investigation of the clinical relevance of these findings (chapters 4, 5, and 7) is required.
In chapters 6 of this dissertation, I identified five drugs [Anidulafungin (an antifungal), Fondaparinux (an anticoagulant), Rifabutin (an antibiotic), Deslanoside (a cardiac glycoside), and Temsirolimus (an antineoplastic agent)] that bind with high affinity, potency and efficiency to the RRV, BFV and CHIKV capsid. Their role as capsid inhibitors and potential treatments for RRV, BFV and CHIKV infection needs validating through functional and preclinical studies. In chapter 8, I proposed a strategy for generating integrated species distribution modelling frameworks to improve prediction of mosquito-vector habitat shifts in the future. Such modelling frameworks do not currently exist and so their generation and evaluation as an additional component to existing vector and arbovirus surveillance initiatives in Australia is required.
This dissertation has addressed its research aims and hypothesis. It has demonstrated that robust nationwide surveillance, review and synthesis of seroprevalence, genomic, host, and environmental data for RRV, BFV and DENV enhances the understanding and management of arbovirus epidemics, virus characterisation and discovery, and infection control in Australia. This research has also shown that some of the factors driving alphavirus evolution, can be exploited for vaccine development. In addition, this dissertation has also presented five approved medicines with potential for repurposing as anti-alphaviral treatments. More broadly, this dissertation has generated new strategies and concepts for improving arbovirus surveillance and infection control in Australia.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Institute for Glycomics
Griffith Health
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Stewart, Anthony Paul. "[Epidemiology : reports and papers]." Master's thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/142697.
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Lawrence, David Norman, and n/a. "Learning as Participation in Grains Research, Development and Extension in Australia." Griffith University. School of Vocational, Technology and Arts Education, 2006. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20070118.111610.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis is grounded in the introduction of participatory research, development and extension (RDE) to Australian agriculture. The emphasis on participatory processes emerged as the Transfer-of-Technology (ToT) model is no longer considered adequate to deal with complex farming systems and their diverse stakeholders (Packham 2003). However, RDE agencies are introducing participatory processes with a limited understanding of how they may work in Australia's developed agriculture sector (Vanclay 1994). Consequently, the initiation of three participatory Farming Systems RDE projects in Australia's northern grains region provides opportunity to explore and understand participatory approaches and their impact on participants. Three related themes are developed by exploring the nature of participants' diversity across these projects, the characteristics of participation in each project and the subsequent learning of participants: (i) that increased participation implicitly increases diversity in the conduct of RDE; (ii) that participatory RDE provides opportunities to integrate stakeholders' diverse experience and knowledge; and (iii) that participants' learning can improve current farming systems. Participatory action research was used to understand how participatory RDE should be enacted, and to involve project participants to help them also understand and improve their project processes and goals. The research utilised a range of qualitative and quantitative procedures including: participant and nonparticipant observation at project meetings and activities with farmers; focus groups and semi-structured interviews with project teams, their managers, and participating farmers; a team learning survey of team members; and custom-made questionnaires to quantify participants' perceptions of the projects, their processes, and impacts on learning and behaviour. These interventions identified participants' demographic, organisational and informational diversity. They also identified and elaborated their diverse aims, expectations and passions for participatory RDE, revealed individuals' preferred RDE methodologies and suggested their underlying worldviews. Indeed, ToT paradigms and positivist worldviews remained entrenched in most project staff and their managers. The teams consequently used participation to help farmers better understand technical issues, not build interdependent projects with integrated RDE processes. Farmers generally appreciated their increased participation and influence in RDE activities. While their initial consultative and functional participation did not extend to process decisions or project strategy, farmers valued the opportunity to work with the projects and influence the issues addressed. The projects consequently improved farming practices and management of issues that have long-eluded traditional RDE. For example, the widespread use of: (i) zero tillage and controlled traffic systems to control soil erosion; (ii) nitrogen fertilisers to match crop requirements; (iii) ley pastures to address soil fertility in grain and grazing systems; and (iv) new crops to diversifying grain systems away from monocultures. The projects provided farmers with opportunities for increased participation and learning over time. Functional participation developed in on-farm research that addressed issues identified with farmers, and action learning workshops provided proximal opportunities for farmers to understand existing information and use their own farm data in real decisions. In this way, the behaviourist learning of the ToT approach was supplemented by guided learning to integrate new meaning schemes with farmers' experiential knowledge. Some on-farm research and action learning activities extended to reflecting on their processes, and involved farmers in deciding the most appropriate RDE methodology and methods for subsequent activities. This opportunity to reflect on the values and assumptions of different approaches was critical in developing interactive participation and higher level learning for participants. Nevertheless, the initial participation in each project team failed to meet some team members' expectations. The expected task and process conflicts emerged, but small activity groups with shared values and RDE paradigms developed within each team. Team members' process conflict about the 'best' RDE methodologies for specific issues then developed into worldview conflicts about the relevance and rigour of these methodologies. Some smaller groups subsequently worked independently, with damaging relationship conflict developing from unresolved process issues between some individuals. Team members communicated, but their participation remained largely passive and consultative. Factors that shaped participation were identified, and a framework to support opportunities for stakeholders to plan, manage and evaluate RDE was developed. These helped increase participation in the projects. Participation within the projects' constituent activities subsequently fluxed from isolation to interactive participation. Individuals within activities now expected, and usually had, equality in content decisions (i.e. functional participation), which often extended to process decisions (i.e. interactive participation). Yet, the levels of participation between members of different activities varied across the projects. One project remained a series of parallel and relatively independent activities with passive and consultative participation. A second project had functional and interactive participation imposed for some activities, but otherwise used passive and consultative participation. The third project developed to provide functional and interactive participation in major project decisions. It then became apparent that the learning outcomes of each project varied. Individuals continued to learn from their participation in the projects, but the contributions of diverse sources and participation were major shapers of this learning. Participation within the less diverse activity groups produced mainly technical learning through participants' existing meaning schemes. Again, the level of participation between activities with diverse values, RDE paradigms, and worldviews, shaped the nature of learning. Passive and consultative participation produced mostly technical learning through existing meaning schemes. Yet, teams that embraced their diversity, and reflected on the assumptions of their different RDE methodologies, transformed their approach to learning. With high levels of diversity, the level of participation determined the level of learning. Essentially, participation became learning. This thesis confirms the potential of participatory RDE to improve farming practices. Consultation to identify priority issues, and functional participation to develop proximal opportunities for farmers to understand these issues and make their own decisions had a major impact on farming practices. Yet, participatory processes must rise above the prevailing ToT paradigms of RDE agencies to integrate participants' knowledge, and so achieve sustainable development in Australia. Three main process contributions are made to support this development. Firstly, the evaluation framework provides a challenge and structure to encourage the contributions of all participants at each stage of project activities. It provides a checklist for effective participation in Farming Systems RDE. Secondly, a typology of participation in Farming Systems RDE extends that proposed by Pretty (1995). It provides a catalyst and means to better understand and identify the most appropriate levels of participation in RDE projects. The associated checklist for assessing modes of participation allows monitoring of the participation developed in practice. Finally, the re-conceptualisation of a broader continuum of participation in Farming Systems RDE for developed agriculture is proposed. The subsequent development of the Doing successful on-farm research process is a culmination of the understandings developed in this thesis. It facilitates the development of interactive participation within the on-farm research process that is central to these projects. Recognising the technical focus of most current RDE agency staff, it guides their development of participatory on-farm research processes before reflecting on the appropriateness of different research methods to their research issues. The findings here cannot ensure the development of Australia's RDE beyond the ToT paradigm. However, this thesis provides important insights into the nature of diversity, participation, and learning in the Farming Systems projects, and a series of tools to support this development. Conceptually, it proposes that different kinds of participation will be shaped by participants' diversity from their prior experiences and their expectations that are in turn transformed through evidence of improved practice.
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Norrie, Philip Anthony. "Wine and health through the ages with special reference to Australia /." View thesis, 2005. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20060420.102152/index.html.
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Thesis (PhD.)-- University of Western Sydney, School of Social Ecology and Lifelong Learning, 2005."A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, School of Social Ecology and Lifelong Learning, University of Western Sydney." Includes bibliographical references and index.
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Schneider, Michelle. "The setting of health research priorities in South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/26613.
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The health and development of a nation are linked. Health research is a vital element helps bring about improved health and has the potential to serve as an impetus for equitable development. Generally, it is necessary to prioritise needs in order to optimise the use of scarce resources for development. The overall aim of this thesis is an analysis of the setting of health research priorities, with specific reference to South Africa. Other objectives include describing the technical approaches used for priority setting and developing a suitable framework for analysing and classifying health research. Two other objectives concern measurement for priority setting: Specifically, how burden of disease quantification fits into the process of priority setting and a thorough critique of the Disability Adjusted Life Expectancy (DALY). Another objective was to examine priority setting and Essential National Health Research (ENHR) in the South African context. A further important objective is the development of a framework for guiding the analysis of health research priorities. This framework is part of model for health research priority setting that incorporates ENHR strategy and burden of disease methodology. The methods used ranged from an extensive literature review to statistical analysis. The literature review included grey literature and draws on multiple disciplines such as economics, public health policy and economics.
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Walker, Agnes Emilia, and Agnes Walker@anu edu au. "Modelling the links between socioeconomic status and health in Australia: a dynamic microsimulation approach." The Australian National University. National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, 2005. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20060127.120857.
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This thesis concerns the modelling of individuals health over the life course, within the framework set by the now substantial international literature on the relationship between socioeconomic status and health. The focus is on people with long term illnesses and related disabilities, on inequalities in health by socioeconomic status (SES) and on the impact of health on employment.¶
The main tool of analysis is a dynamic microsimulation model of the Australian population which tracks the demographic, socioeconomic and financial characteristics of individuals and their families over the life course. Its original form, developed at the National Centre for Socioeconomic Modelling, University of Canberra, is based on a one per cent representative sample of the Australian population (around 150,000 individuals), with a series of life course events simulated for individuals and their families up to 2050 - such as births, deaths, migration, taxes, education, labour force participation, earned income, wealth accumulation and government transfers. The model is written in the C programming language and was initially used on a UNIX system. The dramatic increases in the speed and memory size of PCs over the past five years has led to a PC version now being available.¶
Despite their relatively short existence and long development phases, dynamic microsimulation models are now used in many developed countries for example, the USA, UK, Canada, France, Sweden, Norway and Italy. In recognition of their ability to analyse distributional and financial issues in considerably greater depth than what is possible with traditional methods, their use by government for policy analysis is rapidly increasing.¶
In this thesis two new modules were added to the original Australian dynamic microsimulation model namely: a Health_SES module and a Health State Transitions module. The former makes the study of health inequalities across socioeconomic groups possible. The latter provides a link between health status and the ability of individuals to carry out every day activities as the severity of their ill-health increases with age. A major advantage of adding these new modules to an existing main model is that it allows much more comprehensive studies over the life courses of individuals than the alternative would allow that is the building of two stand-alone models developed exclusively for health-SES and health state transition types of applications.¶
The main data sources used to construct the two new modules were an extract from the Australian Institute of Health and Welfares Mortality database covering the 1995-97 period, and the Australian Bureau of Statistics 1998 survey of Disability, Ageing and Carers. The analysis of the mortality data was handled using EXCEL, and that of the much larger Disability survey unit record dataset - over 40,000 individuals and 100s of variables using the SAS programming language.¶
While most of the methodologies used in constructing the new modules are in line with what became the norm for dynamic microsimulation model development, the thesis contains several innovations. The main ones are: a quantitative assessment of the suitability of different types of SES indicators for studies of health inequalities; the modelling of the progression of peoples health from illness-free status to mild and severe disability; the development of a methodology for estimating health state transition probabilities from cross-sectional data (in the absence of longitudinal data); and the linking of health status to individuals ability to stay in the labour force.¶
As with most models, there are a number of limitations. These are discussed in the thesis, together with areas of possible future improvements.¶
The thesis also presents two novel and topical though at this stage illustrative applications of the enhanced dynamic microsimulation model. The first simulates the impact of a narrowing in health inequalities in Australia as health is lifted nationally to the level currently enjoyed by the most affluent 20% of the population. The findings are that, if such a policy change were implemented, close to half a million fewer Australians would be disabled, around 180,000 life years would be saved, health care costs would be around A$1 billion lower per year and the government could save close to A$700 million on the Disability Support Pension.¶
The second application quantifies the likely impacts of longer working lives in future, which may arise from changes such as: more favourable labour market conditions; government incentives to remain in the labour force longer (eg the lifting of the pension age); and general improvements in health. This application estimates the probability that Australians aged 65-70 would work more than 15 hours per week, had such changes eventuated. The decision to retire is modelled as a function of each individuals own health, socioeconomic status, age, sex and family composition. The impacts are simulated in a world in which current patterns of health by age, sex and SES remain unchanged over time the Base case; and a world replicating the narrower health inequalities scenario of the first application. Under the Base case an additional 450,000 persons aged 65-70 years were estimated to remain in the workforce - with the related earnings totalling up to $20 billion in 1998 ($35 billion in 2018) and savings by government on the age pension of around $2 billion ($4 billion in 2018). Under the narrower health inequalities scenario the numbers working, their earnings and the related savings on the age pension were estimated to be around 7% higher.
Much of the original research carried out for this thesis has appeared, or is yet to appear, in refereed publications.¶
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Quann-Youlden, Cathy, and n/a. "Commonwealth Higher Education Policies: Their Impacts on Autonomy and Research in Australian Universities." University of Canberra. Business & Government, 2008. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20081202.151704.
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In recent years, the Australian Government's (Commonwealth) relationship to universities has become one of greater involvement as political circles recognise the escalation in the significance of higher education as a key determinant in Australia's economic, social, cultural, and intellectual development. The increasing role of the Commonwealth in Australian universities is largely a consequence of this recognition, but it is also due in part to changes in the way governments approach the public sector and publicly funded institutions.
Both the literature and extensive Commonwealth reports provide an array of details in relation to: what the Commonwealth wants from its universities; why it wants it; what it is doing to ensure that it gets what it wants; and the results of its actions-at least from the perspective of the Commonwealth. But what is missing is how universities themselves perceive the impact of the Commonwealth's increasing involvement in universities. Although academics and managers in Australian universities have much to say about how current and proposed Commonwealth policies affect their working environment they are not given much of a venue to opine. As such there is a lack of literature on how universities perceive the impact of this increasing involvement. This dissertation aims to fill the gap by providing a forum that addresses universities' perceptions of how Commonwealth policies affect their universities.
Specifically, this dissertation sets out to discover if and how Commonwealth policies change universities and focuses on how policies influence autonomy and research in Australian universities through the responses of those who work in the offices of the deputy vice chancellors of research in twelve Australian universities.
One of the most significant findings of the thesis is that the Commonwealth's increasing involvement in universities is viewed by respondents as a consequence of the Commonwealth's mistrust of Australian universities. Furthermore, the Commonwealth is seen as lacking expertise in areas relating to universities-their needs, history, purpose, mission, and how they best relate to and contribute to society-and their need for autonomy. This dissertation offers some insights into perspectives whereby policies built on the Commonwealth's mistrust and lack of expertise in university matters negatively influence autonomy and research productivity in Australian universities. The results indicate decreased productivity which leads to further mistrust that appears to decrease productivity even morea
cycle that respondents fear might be a self-propelling downward spiral. Eight hypotheses and one overarching proposition emerge from the findings. In addition, nine areas are identified as adding to the overall understanding of the affect that Commonwealth policies have on university autonomy and research productivity in Australian universities.
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Harrison, Mark. "Public health and medical research in India, c.1860-1914." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.315793.
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Burchett, Helen. "Perceptions of the usefulness of public health research in Ghana." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2010. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/682424/.
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This study aimed to explore researchers' and policy stakeholders' perceptions of the usefulness of public health research for policy, using the example of maternal health in Ghana. Sixty-nine government decisionmakers, maternal health policy stakeholders and researchers were interviewed. Concepts of research were broad. Research was dichotomised into `big', formal research and 'small', applied research such as operations research. 'Small research' was highly valued, due to its speedy completion and its focus on topics pertinent to service delivery; big research was not always considered necessary. Effectiveness research, one type of `big research', was not highly valued. Interviewees tended to feel that 'effective' policies and programmes could be designed once there was a thorough understanding of the situation. There was an implicit assumption that as long as these interventions were implemented well, they would be effective. Six dimensionso f local applicability/transferabilitwye re identified.T he most influential factors were the ease with which the intervention could be implemented, the study's congruence with interviewees' previous experiences and the perceived need for the intervention. Little attention was paid to study findings. Judgements of an intervention's potential effectiveness tended to be based on the ease of implementation or knowledge of similar projects. Adaptation was considered to be crucial, although often conceptualised not as a factor within local applicability/transferability assessments, but rather a distinct, essential step in the research use process. This study suggests that the factors of local applicability/transferability frequently cited in the literature do not reflect those considered to be most important by stakeholders in Ghana.
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Polaha, Jodi, and C. Studts. "Tidings from TIDIRH: Dissemination and Implementation Research in Public Health." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2014. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/6675.
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Duldig, Paul. "The extent of private health insurance coverage in Australia : public problem or private choice? /." Title page, contents and introduction only, 1985. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09EC/09ecd881.pdf.
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Chalmers, Jane. "The oral health of older adults with dementia." Title page, contents and abstract only, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phc438.pdf.
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Bibliography: leaves 347-361. Presents results of 2 longitudinal studies investigating the oral health of older adults with dementia, using questionnaires and clinical inspections at baseline and one year. Groups studied were nursing home residents and those living in the community, with moderate to severe dementia or no dementia diagnosis. Caries experience was related to dementias severity and not to specific dementia diagnoses. Coronal and root caries experience was higher in dementia participants with moderate-severe dementia, the socio-economically disadvantaged, more functionally dependent, taking neuroleptic medications with high anticholinergic adverse effects, with eating and swallowing problems, were not attending the dentist, who needed assistance and were behaviourally difficult during oral hygiene care and whose carers were burdened.
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Przezdziecka, Krystyna. "Profile of Australian dentistry." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/4687.
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Sofia, Gustina, and n/a. "Information needs of health researchers at the National Institute of Health Research and Development, Ministry of Health, Indonesia." University of Canberra. Information, Language & Culture, 1992. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20061109.083237.
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The present study attempted to investigate the information needs/information seeking
behaviour of health researchers at the National Institute of Health Research and
Development, Ministry of Health, Indonesia. Its objective was to identify the
relationship between information needs/information seeking behaviour and the
characteristics of those health professionals. Those characteristics include institution
to which health professionals belonged, institution geographic location, level of
appointment, level of education, and work experience.
Research was carried out through survey by using a questionnaire. This survey
obtained a response rate of 92 percent from a sample of 131 health professionals.
Their information needs/information seeking behaviour were correlated with their
characteristics to determine relationships, and the Statistical Package for the Social
Sciences (SPSS) was used to analyse the data. Frequency distribution, chi-square
analysis, and descriptive analysis were used to obtain the results.
The study found that the health information available did not match the health
professionals' needs and that there was strong demand by these personnel for automated
information services. It also found that total hours reading per week was significantly
related to level of appointment, level of education, and work experience at other
institutions. The perceived usefulness of journals as information sources was
significantly related to institution, geographic location, level of appointment, level of
education and work experience at other institutions. Government publications and
statistical data as a source of information were found to be related significantly to
institution and geographic location. There was also a relationship between the
perceived value of reference books and work experience at the current institution. The
usefulness of library catalogues as a guide to information was found to be related
significantly to institution and geographic location, as was the usefulness of abstracting
and indexing services to level of education. Frequency of visiting libraries was
significantly related to institution, geographic location and level of appointment. The
membership of professional organizations and obtaining useful information from
friends, colleagues or personal contact were found to be significantly related to level of
education.
The study concludes with recommendations and suggestions for further research.
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Mullett, Trudi, and mikewood@deakin edu au. "The ecology of Pittosporum undulatum Vent. (Puttosporaceae) an environmental weed in south east Australia." Deakin University. School of Ecology, 1999. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20050615.150347.
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Pittosporum undulatum Vent. (Sweet Pittosporum) is a densely foliaged tall shrub or small tree, native to the wet forests of south east Australia, This species now functions as a serious environmental weed in a range of habitats in Australia and on other continents and islands throughout the temperate, sub-tropical and tropical zones. This study investigated some of the ecological causes and consequences of P. undulatum invasion across a range of habitat types in south east Australia.
Key aspects of P. undulatum biology and ecology investigated in the current study include; patterns of morphological variation across the range of habitats occupied (as a measure of the species plasticity), dispersal ecology and seed germinability, population structure and spatial pattern, community relationships and the ecological impacts of invasion.
Phenotypic plasticity is considerable in P. undulatum. No clear patterns of geographic variation emerged from a study of leaf morphological attributes across the current range of this species on mainland south east Australia. The pattern of morphological variation is particularly complex in Victoria, where the invasion of this species is most advanced. The species adaptability to a range of environments and environmental conditions will likely promote further range expansion.
The abundant winter fruit crop produced by functionally female P. undulatum plants attracts a suite of generalist opportunistic frugivores, which feed on P. undulatum fruits and seeds at various stages of fruit dehiscence, thereby enhancing dispersal opportunities for this species. P. undulatum seed collected from natural and invasive populations, at two stages of fruit maturity and from the scats and pellets of dispersal agents, displayed high germinability. European Blackbirds and Pied Currawongs are implicated as the main avian dispersal agents of P undulatum in south east Australia. The broader ecological implications of developing relationships between invasive fleshy-fruited bird-dispersed plant species and adaptive frugivores are likely to be considerable.
The distribution of P. undulatutn seedlings was significantly negatively correlated with adult conspecifics and significantly positively correlated with trees and shrubs of other genera. This pattern reflects the importance of both firugivorous dispersal agents and the species germination and establishment requirements, in shaping the contagious distribution pattern typical of this species. These analyses suggest that recruitment opportunities for conspecific seedlings are limited beneath the canopy of adult conspecifics. Densities of P. undulatum were on average, 2.7 times higher in invaded populations, compared to the natural populations sampled. A male-bias was evident in all populations and no relationships between reproductive activity and the density of seedlings and juveniles were evident.
Invading populations of P. undulatum impose substantial changes on ecosystem-level properties and functions. Mean species richness and cover-abundance declined notably once P. undulatum cover-abundance exceeded 20% at the invaded sites and 60% at the natural sites sampled. The natural communities sampled displayed comparatively greater resilience to the competitive effects of P. undulatum, but community attributes were affected at high densities and cover-abundance of this species. The cover-abundance of herbs and grasses declined most substantially with increasing P. undulatum at invaded sites, whereas, at the natural sites sampled, the species structural analogues appeared to be most affected by increasing P. undulatum cover-abundance.
This study has demonstrated that the ecological consequences of P. undulatum population expansion are substantial and contribute to changes in the composition and successional trajectory of affected communities. These processes ultimately lead to the loss and simplification of biodiversity values and the homogenisation of affected habitats. P. undulatum has the potential to emerge as one of south east Australia's most serious environmental weed species.
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McGinley, Susan. "Insect Hormones and Anti-Hormones: Protecting Plants and Public Health." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/622378.
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Walker, Agnes Emilia. "Modelling the links between socioeconomic status and health in Australia : a dynamic microsimulation approach /." View thesis entry in Australian Digital Theses Program, 2005. http://thesis.anu.edu.au/public/adt-ANU20060127.120857/index.html.
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