Journal articles on the topic 'Public health – Political aspects'
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Jayaram, Athmeya, and Michael Kates. "Political Liberalism and Public Health." American Journal of Bioethics 21, no. 9 (August 17, 2021): 45–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2021.1952341.
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Krishnamurthy, M. "Political Solidarity, Justice and Public Health." Public Health Ethics 6, no. 2 (July 1, 2013): 129–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/phe/pht017.
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Dawson, A. "Editorial: Political Philosophy and Public Health Ethics." Public Health Ethics 2, no. 2 (July 1, 2009): 121–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/phe/php020.
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Bernstein, Justin, and Pierce Randall. "Against the Public Goods Conception of Public Health." Public Health Ethics 13, no. 3 (August 27, 2020): 225–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/phe/phaa021.
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Abstract Public health ethicists face two difficult questions. First, what makes something a matter of public health? While protecting citizens from outbreaks of communicable diseases is clearly a matter of public health, is the same true of policies that aim to reduce obesity, gun violence or political corruption? Second, what should the scope of the government’s authority be in promoting public health? May government enact public health policies some citizens reasonably object to or policies that are paternalistic? Recently, some theorists have attempted to address these questions by arguing that something is a matter of public health if and only if it involves a health-related public good, such as clean water or herd immunity. Relatedly, they have argued that appeals to the promotion of public health should only be used to justify the provision of health-related public goods. This public goods conception of public health (PGC) is meant to enjoy advantages over its rivals in three respects: it provides a better definition of public health than rival views, it respects moral disagreement, and it avoids licensing objectionably paternalistic public health policies. We argue, however, that the PGC does just as poorly, or worse, than its rivals in all three respects.
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Hodge, James G., Lawrence O. Gostin, Kristine Gebbie, and Deborah L. Erickson. "Transforming Public Health Law: The Turning Point Model State Public Health Act." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 34, no. 1 (2006): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2006.00010.x.
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Protecting the public's health has recently regained prominence in political and public discussions. Threats of bioterrorism following September 11, 2001 and the deliberate dissemination of anthrax later that fall, the reemergence of novel or resurgent infectious diseases, (such as the West Nile Virus, SARS, influenza, avian flu) and rapid increases in diseases associated with sedentary lifestyles, poor diets, and smoking (e.g., heart disease, diabetes, cancer) have all raised the profile of public health. The U.S. government has responded with increased funding, reorganization, and new policies for the population's health, safety, and security. Politicians and the public more clearly understand the importance of law in improving the public's health. Recognizing that many public health laws have not been meaningfully reformed in decades, law- and policy-makers and public health practitioners have focused on the legal foundations for public health. Laws provide the mission, functions, and powers of public health agencies, set standards for their (and their partners’) actions, and safeguard individual rights.
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Martsolf, Grant R., and Teresa H. Thomas. "Integrating Political Philosophy Into Health Policy Education." Policy, Politics, & Nursing Practice 20, no. 1 (January 2, 2019): 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1527154418819842.
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Twenty-first century America is marked by deep and seemingly incommensurable divisions in terms of public policy solutions to our most intractable issues. Health policy challenges are not immune to these deep divisions, as the debate during and since the passage of the Affordable Care Act illustrates. Positions on key public policy issues are driven by largely implicit and unarticulated philosophical presuppositions that guide individuals’ notions of the nature of government, individuals’ moral obligations to each other, how society assesses quality of life, and what it means to be a community. If faculty in schools of nursing are to prepare graduate nurses to enter into these heated public policy debates, we must help students understand, identify, and articulate the philosophical presuppositions that undergird reasoning related to health policy issues. In this article, we present a working taxonomy that can help faculty members provide students with a basic understanding of core philosophical principles. We attempt to categorize all of western political philosophy into four distinct traditions or “impulses,” describing each of these four traditions in detail. We illustrate each tradition’s approach to political reasoning using a specific health policy case study. We conclude with some guidance about how to implement this content within a doctoral-level public policy curriculum.
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Phillips, Adrian, and Andy Baker. "Housing and health – a public health perspective." Journal of Integrated Care 22, no. 1 (February 11, 2014): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jica-08-2013-0035.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a viewpoint on homelessness and health gained from a practical public health perspective. Design/methodology/approach – Views derived from local review as well as other national epidemiology and research. Findings – That housing has real impacts upon health especially for those who are homeless. Research limitations/implications – This is a viewpoint from a major city in England. Practical implications – Homelessness leads to extreme vulnerability. There are other aspects of the home environment that impact elsewhere in the public sector, especially the health service. Vulnerable individuals are more likely to become homeless which can lead to exacerbation of vulnerability. Originality/value – This is a viewpoint derived solely from local practice.
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Emmelin, M. "Political and ethical aspects. Pol-ethical considerations in public health. The views of Swedish health care politicians." European Journal of Public Health 9, no. 2 (June 1, 1999): 124–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/9.2.124.
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Traina, Gloria, Pål E. Martinussen, and Eli Feiring. "Being Healthy, Being Sick, Being Responsible: Attitudes towards Responsibility for Health in a Public Healthcare System." Public Health Ethics 12, no. 2 (June 24, 2019): 145–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/phe/phz009.
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Abstract Lifestyle-induced diseases are becoming a burden on healthcare, actualizing the discussion on health responsibilities. Using data from the National Association for Heart and Lung Diseases (LHL)’s 2015 Health Survey (N = 2689), this study examined the public’s attitudes towards personal and social health responsibility in a Norwegian population. The questionnaires covered self-reported health and lifestyle, attitudes towards personal responsibility and the authorities’ responsibility for promoting health, resource-prioritisation and socio-demographic characteristics. Block-wise multiple linear regression assessed the association between attitudes towards health responsibilities and individual lifestyle, political orientation and health condition. We found a moderate support for social responsibility across political views. Respondents reporting unhealthier eating habits, smokers and physically inactive were less supportive of health promotion policies (including information, health incentives, prevention and regulations). The idea that individuals are responsible for taking care of their health was widely accepted as an abstract ideal. Yet, only a third of the respondents agreed with introducing higher co-payments for treatment of ‘self-inflicted’ conditions and levels of support were patterned by health-related behaviour and left-right political orientation. Our study suggests that a significant support for social responsibility does not exclude a strong support for personal health responsibility. However, conditional access to healthcare based on personal lifestyle is still controversial.
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Rothstein, Mark A. "Rethinking the Meaning of Public Health." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 30, no. 2 (2002): 144–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2002.tb00381.x.
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Public health is a dynamic field. Outbreaks of new diseases, as well as changing patterns of population growth, economic development, and lifestyle trends all may threaten public health and thus demand a public health response. As the practice of public health evolves, there is an ongoing need to reassess its scientific, ethical, legal, and social underpinnings. Such a reappraisal must consider the disagreement among public health officials, public health scholars, elected officials, and the public about the proper role of public health and the distinctions, for example, between public health and clinical care, and public health and health promotion.In this article I will attempt to characterize the main points of contention as well as offer my own views regarding the proper scope of public health. Greater clarity and consensus on the meaning of public health are likely to lead to more efficient and effective public health interventions as well as increased public and political support for public health activities.
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Gamlath, Sharmila, and Radhika Lahiri. "Health expenditures and inequality: a political economy perspective." Journal of Economic Studies 46, no. 4 (August 5, 2019): 942–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-05-2018-0178.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore the manner in which the degree of substitutability between public and private health expenditures contributes towards the distribution of wealth and political economy outcomes in the long run.Design/methodology/approachAn overlapping generations model with heterogeneous agents where a person’s probability of survival into old age is determined by a variable elasticity of substitution (VES) health production function with public and private expenditures as inputs is developed. Public expenditure on health is determined through a political economy process.FindingsAnalytical and numerical results reveal that higher substitutability between private and public expenditures at the aggregate level and a higher share of public spending in the production of health lead to higher long run wealth levels and lower inequality. In the political equilibrium, higher aggregate substitutability between public and private health expenditures is associated with more tax revenue allocated towards public health. For most parameter combinations, the political economy and welfare maximising proportions of tax revenue allocated towards public health care converge in the long run.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper is a theoretical investigation of how substitutability between public and private health expenditures affect transitional and long run macroeconomic outcomes. These results are amenable to further empirical investigation.Practical implicationsThe findings indicate that policies to improve institutional aspects that yield higher substitutability between public and private health expenditures and returns to public health spending could lead to better long run economic outcomes.Social implicationsThe results provide a political economy explanation for the low investments in public health care in developing countries, where aggregate substitutability between public and private health expenditures is likely to be lower. Furthermore, comparing the political economy and welfare maximising paradigms broadens the scope of the framework developed herein to provide potential explanations for cross-country differences in health outcomes.Originality/valueThis paper adopts an innovative approach to exploring this issue of substitutability in health expenditures by introducing a VES health production function. In an environment where agents have heterogeneous wealth endowments, this specification enables a distinction to be made between substitutability of these expenditures at the aggregate and individual levels, which introduces a rich set of dynamics that feeds into long run outcomes and political economy results.
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Lock, Margaret, Susan Cox, and Lori d’Agincourt-Canning. "Social, Political, and Epistemological Aspects of Genetics and Genomics." Public Health Genomics 9, no. 3 (2006): 137–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000092649.
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Bonnie, Richard J., and Bernard Guyer. "Injury as a Field of Public Health: Achievements and Controversies." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 30, no. 2 (2002): 267–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2002.tb00393.x.
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The mission of public health is to assure the conditions in which people can be healthy and to reduce the occurrence of death and disability attributable to disease and injury. From the distinctive perspective of public health, the target is the health of the population as a whole, with a particular concern for vulnerable populations within the whole. Although public health is grounded in science, the mission and perspective of the field are shaped by the ever-evolving values of the society. Ethics and law are therefore constituent disciplines of public health policy and practice. One of the major challenges confronting contemporary practitioners of public health is the need to broaden and deepen their understanding of legal and ethical aspects of their work. This special issue of the Joumal of Law, Medicine & Ethics responds to this challenge. This article describes how the mission of public health has come to encompass the prevention and treatment of injury and highlights some of the political and ethical controversies now confronting the field.
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Macrow, Peter J. "Political, Economic and Ethical Aspects of Use of Medical Abortifacients." PharmacoEconomics 5, no. 4 (April 1994): 269–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00019053-199405040-00001.
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Gorovitz, Eric. "Public Health and Politics: Using the Tax Code to Expand Advocacy." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 45, S1 (2017): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073110517703313.
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Protecting the public's health has always been an inherently political endeavor. The field of public health, however, is conspicuously and persistently absent from sustained, sophisticated engagement in political processes, particularly elections, that determine policy outcomes. This results, in large part, from widespread misunderstanding of rules governing how, and how much, public advocates working in tax-exempt organizations can participate in public policy development.This article briefly summarizes the rules governing public policy engagement by exempt organizations. It then describes different types of exempt organizations, and how they can work together to expand engagement. Next, it identifies several key mechanisms of policy development that public health advocates could influence. Finally, it suggests some methods of applying the tax rules to increase participation in these arenas.
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Croke, Kevin, Mariana Binti Mohd Yusoff, Zalilah Abdullah, Ainul Nadziha Mohd Hanafiah, Khairiah Mokhtaruddin, Emira Soleha Ramli, Nor Filzatun Borhan, Yadira Almodovar-Diaz, Rifat Atun, and Amrit Kaur Virk. "The political economy of health financing reform in Malaysia." Health Policy and Planning 34, no. 10 (September 28, 2019): 732–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czz089.
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Abstract There is growing evidence that political economy factors are central to whether or not proposed health financing reforms are adopted, but there is little consensus about which political and institutional factors determine the fate of reform proposals. One set of scholars see the relative strength of interest groups in favour of and opposed to reform as the determining factor. An alternative literature identifies aspects of a country’s political institutions–specifically the number and strength of formal ‘veto gates’ in the political decision-making process—as a key predictor of reform’s prospects. A third group of scholars highlight path dependence and ‘policy feedback’ effects, stressing that the sequence in which health policies are implemented determines the set of feasible reform paths, since successive policy regimes bring into existence patterns of public opinion and interest group mobilization which can lock in the status quo. We examine these theories in the context of Malaysia, a successful health system which has experienced several instances of proposed, but ultimately blocked, health financing reforms. We argue that policy feedback effects on public opinion were the most important factor inhibiting changes to Malaysia’s health financing system. Interest group opposition was a closely related factor; this opposition was particularly powerful because political leaders perceived that it had strong public support. Institutional veto gates, by contrast, played a minimal role in preventing health financing reform in Malaysia. Malaysia’s dramatic early success at achieving near-universal access to public sector healthcare at low cost created public opinion resistant to any change which could threaten the status quo. We conclude by analysing the implications of these dynamics for future attempts at health financing reform in Malaysia.
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Davidson, Brent, Susan Sherman, Leila Barraza, and Maria Julia Marinissen. "Legal Challenges to the International Deployment of Government Public Health and Medical Personnel during Public Health Emergencies: Impact on National and Global Health Security." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 43, S1 (2015): 103–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jlme.12229.
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In an increasingly interconnected global community, severe disasters or disease outbreaks in one country or region may rapidly impact global health security. As seen during the responses to the earthquakes in Haiti and Japan, Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines, and the current Ebola outbreak in West Africa, local response capacities can be rapidly overwhelmed and international assistance may be necessary to support the affected region to respond and recover and to protect other countries from the spread of disease. For example, President Obama stated on September 16, 2014, that “if the [Ebola] outbreak is not stopped now, we could be looking at hundreds of thousands of people infected, with profound political and economic and security implications for all of us…. [T]his…is not just a threat to regional security — it’s a potential threat to global security if these countries break down…. And that’s why…I directed my team to make this a national security priority.”
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Frattaroli, Shannon, Keshia M. Pollack, Jessica L. Young, and Jon S. Vernick. "State Health Department Employees, Policy Advocacy, and Political Campaigns: Protections and Limits under the Law." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 43, S1 (2015): 64–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jlme.12219.
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State health departments are at the core of the United States (U.S.) public health infrastructure. Surveillance to monitor trends in disease and injury; the development, coordination, and delivery of services; and public education are some of the core functions health department employees oversee every day. As such, agencies and their employees are well positioned to inform policy decisions that affect the public’s health. However, little is known about the role of health department staff — a sizeable proportion of the public health workforce — as advocates for public health policies, independent of their agency roles. Anecdotally, some health department employees with whom we have spoken expressed reluctance to engage in policy advocacy for fear of violating little known or understood agency or state rules.
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Frader, Joel E. "Political and interpersonal aspects of ethics consultation." Theoretical Medicine 13, no. 1 (March 1992): 31–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00489218.
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Hardcastle, Lorian E., Katherine L. Record, Peter D. Jacobson, and Lawrence O. Gostin. "Improving the Population's Health: The Affordable Care Act and the Importance of Integration." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 39, no. 3 (2011): 317–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2011.00602.x.
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Heath care and public health are typically conceptualized as separate, albeit overlapping, systems. Health care’s goal is the improvement of individual patient outcomes through the provision of medical services. In contrast, public health is devoted to improving health outcomes in the population as a whole through health promotion and disease prevention. Health care services receive the bulk of funding and political support, while public health is chronically starved of resources. In order to reduce morbidity and mortality, policymakers must shift their attention to public health services and to the improved integration of health care and public health. In other words, health care and public health should be treated as two parts of a single integrated health system (which we refer to as the health system throughout this article). Furthermore, in order to maximize improvements in health status, policymakers must consider the impact of all governmental policies on health (a Health in All Policies Approach).
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Stuart, Ian. "The Māori public sphere." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 11, no. 1 (April 1, 2005): 13–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v11i1.826.
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At this moment in New Zealand’s history there is a need for healthy political debate on a range of issues. Specifically, the foreshore and seabed issue has created division and fears between Māori and Pakeha and brought the Treaty of Waitangi to the fore again. As well, settlements of historic grievances with Māori have added to growing Pakeha unease. In this climate there is a need for wide-ranging public discussion of these issues, and the news media seem the obvious site for those discussions. But how well are the New Zealand news media fulfilling that role? This commentary takes the public sphere to be the sum total of all visible decision-making processes within a culture and uses this concept as an analytical tool to examine aspects of the health of New Zealand’s democracy. It uses discourse analysis approaches to show how the mainstream media are in fact isolating Māori from the general public sphere and, after outlining some general aspects of the Māori public sphere, argues that the news media’s methodologies, grounded in European-based techniques and approaches, are incapable of interacting with the Māori public sphere. I am arguing that while there is an appearance of an increased awareness and discussion of cultural issues, the mainstream media are, in reality, sidelining Māori voices and controlling the political discussion in favour of the dominant culture. They are therefore not fulfilling their self-assigned role of providing information for people to function within our democracy.
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Montgomery, Edith. "Refugee children’s mental health and development - A public health problem in Europe." Torture Journal 32, no. 1-2 (June 13, 2022): 163–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/torture.v32i1-2.131756.
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Knowledge about refugee children’s mental health has developed considerably during the last 30 years. From believing that children’s reactions largely depend on their parents, it has become clear that children are influenced both by their own experiences, by the reactions of their caregivers and by the social environment in which they live. While psychological problems are frequent in children close to arrival in exile, follow-up studies have shown that the magnitude of the problems is reduced over time. Aspects of social life as well as stressful events in exile seem to be of paramount importance for children’s ability to recover from early traumatization. Prolonged asylum procedures, temporary residence permits, delayed family reunifications, many school-moves and xenophobic attitudes is counteracting healthy development. The results of research on refugee children and youth indicate the existence of a large public health problem which calls for policy change and political action.
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Jos, Philip H., Martin Perlmutter, and Mary Faith Marshall. "Substance Abuse during Pregnancy: Clinical and Public Health Approaches." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 31, no. 3 (2003): 340–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2003.tb00098.x.
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The treatment of pregnant women addicted to drugs provides an especially important and illustrative example of how political and popular demands can successfully challenge professional ethical norms associated with clinical medicine — norms such as confidentiality, patient autonomy, and the right to consent to and to refuse treatment. One increasingly popular policy approach is to limit patient autonomy by coercing women in an attempt to change their behavior, either by involuntary civil commitment or by imprisoning them for drug abuse or child neglect. Thirty-five states have criminally prosecuted women for substance abuse or alcohol use during pregnancy. Other states aggressively use involuntary civil commitment as a means to protect the yet-to-be-born from harm during pregnancy. Medical professionals have been forced to participate in these programs by mandatory reporting requirements.
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Feder, Judith. "Crowd-Out and the Politics of Health Reform." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 32, no. 3 (2004): 461–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2004.tb00158.x.
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Critics of the gaps in our nation’s health insurance decry the absence of a health insurance “system” and the resulting “patchwork” of private and public insurance that leaves so many Americans unprotected. There is no question that these gaps are unconscionable; but they are also no accident. They are the result of policy and political choices with substantial consequences for those who remain uncovered. In my view, (based on experience as well as the excellent scholarship of others) the fundamental political barrier to universal coverage is that our success in insuring most of the nation’s population has “crowded out” our political capacity to insure the rest. This paper will explain how we arrived at the mix of private and public insurance we now have, how that mix impedes efforts to achieve universal coverage, and how “crowd-out” affects strategy for improving coverage in the future.
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Rosenbaum, Sara. "New Directions for Health Insurance Design: Implications for Public Health Policy and Practice." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 31, S4 (2003): 94–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2003.tb00767.x.
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National attention on issues of public health preparedness necessarily brings into sharp focus the question of how to assure adequate, community-wide health care financing for preventive, acute care, and long-term medical care responses to public health threats. In the U.S., public and private health insurance represents the principal means by which medical care is financed. Beyond the threshold challenge of the many persons without any, or a stable form of, coverage lie challenges related to the structure and characteristics of health insurance itself, particularly the commercial industry and its newly emerging market of consumer-driven health plans. States vary significantly in how they approach the regulation of insurance and in their willingness to support various types of insurance markets. This variation is attributable to the size and robustness of the insurance market, the political environment, and regulatory tradition and custom. Reconciling health insurance markets with public health-related health care financing needs arising from public health threats should be viewed as a major dimension of national health reform.
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May, Thomas. "Political Authority in a Bioterror Emergency." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 32, no. 1 (2004): 159–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2004.tb00461.x.
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The events of September 11, 2001 have prompted significant concern to protect against future terror attacks, especially attacks that would involve the use of biological weapons - the most dangerous weapons of massdestruction considered accessible to terrorist groups and organizations. This concern, in turn, has led to a re-evaluation of the public health system and its preparedness to meet the challenges of treating a large number of people in circumstances of public fear and significant demand for resources. One important result of this re-evaluation has been the development of a Model State Emergency Health Powers Act (MSEHPA) that is designed to grant state officials the authority necessary to coordinate an effective response to biological tenor. The Model Act was first publicized in late October, 2001,and a revised version was publicized December21, 2001.As of October 1,2002,legislation based on the Act had been introduced in thirty-six states, and versions of the Act had been enacted in twenty states and the District of Columbia.
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Blank, Robert H. "Alzheimer's Disease — Perspective from Political Science: Public Policy Issues." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 46, no. 3 (2018): 724–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073110518804234.
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The paper outlines the policy context and summarizes the numerous policy issues that AD raises from the more generic to the unique. It posits that strong public fears of AD and its future prevalence projections and costs, raise increasingly difficult policy dilemmas. After reviewing the costs in human lives and money and discussing the latest U.S. policy initiatives, the paper presents two policy areas as examples the demanding policy decisions we face. The first focuses on the basic regulatory function of protecting the public from those who would exploit these fears. The second centers on the well-debated issues of advance directives and euthanasia that surround AD. Although more dialogue, education and research funding are needed to best serve the interests of AD patients and families as well as society at large, this will be challenging because of the strong feelings and divisions AD engenders.
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Bart, Thomas N. "Parallel Trade of Pharmaceuticals: A Review of Legal, Economic, and Political Aspects." Value in Health 11, no. 5 (September 2008): 996–1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4733.2008.00339.x.
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Lee, Lisa M. "Public Health Ethics Theory: Review and Path to Convergence." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 40, no. 1 (2012): 85–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2012.00648.x.
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For over 100 years, the field of contemporary public health has existed to improve the health of communities and populations. As public health practitioners conduct their work – be it focused on preventing transmission of infectious diseases, or prevention of injury, or prevention of and cures for chronic conditions – ethical dimensions arise. Borrowing heavily from the ethical tools developed for research ethics and bioethics, the nascent field of public health ethics soon began to feel the limits of the clinical model and began creating different frameworks to guide its ethical challenges. Several public health ethics frameworks have been introduced since the late 1990s, ranging from extensions of principle-based models to human rights and social justice perspectives to those based on political philosophy. None has coalesced as the framework of choice in the discipline of public health. This paper examines several of the most-known frameworks of public health ethics for their common theoretical underpinnings and values, and suggests next steps toward the formulation of a single framework.
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Odone, Anna, Stefan Buttigieg, Walter Ricciardi, Natasha Azzopardi-Muscat, and Anthony Staines. "Public health digitalization in Europe." European Journal of Public Health 29, Supplement_3 (October 1, 2019): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckz161.
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Abstract Background As digitalization is progressively permeating all aspects of society, how can be it fruitfully employed to sustain the public health goals of quality, accessibility, efficiency and equity in health care and prevention? In this paper, we reflect on the potential of applying digital tools to public health and discuss some key challenges. Methods We first define ‘digitalization’ in its broader sense, as well as applied to public health. We then build a conceptual framework where key public health domains are associated to available digital technologies in a matrix that help to identify digital features that bolster public health action. We also provide illustrative data and evidence on the application of digital solutions on selected public health areas. In the second part, we identify the strategic pillars for a successful European strategy for public health digitalization and we outline how the approach being pursued by the European Public Health Association (EUPHA) applies to digital health. Results From a public health perspective, digitalization is being touted as providing several potential benefits and advantages, including support for the transition from cure to prevention, helping to put people and patients at the center of care delivery, supporting patient empowerment and making healthcare system more efficient, safer and cheaper. These benefits are enabled through the following features of digital technologies: (i) Personalization and precision; (ii) Automation; (iii) Prediction; (iv) Data analytics and (v) Interaction. Conclusion A successful European strategy for public health digitalization should integrate the following pillars: political commitment, normative frameworks, technical infrastructure, targeted economic investments, education, research, monitoring and evaluation. EUPHA acknowledges digitalization is an asset for public health and is working both to promote the culture of “public health digitalization”, as well as to enable its planning, implementation and evaluation at the research, practice and policy level.
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Whyte, R. E., H. E. Watson, and J. B. McIntosh. "Political aspects of the attempts to reduce tobacco consumption." Journal of Substance Misuse 1, no. 1 (January 1996): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/14659899609094719.
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Bloche, M. Gregg, and Elizabeth R. Jungman. "Health Policy and the WTO." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 31, no. 4 (2003): 529–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2003.tb00121.x.
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Critics of international trade agreements often cast them as threats to human health, and they can point to some sobering warnings from world history. Infectious diseases have swept across political boundaries, carried by traders, colonists, and other agents of globalization. Transnational epidemics have laid economies low, undermining political stability. The spread of viruses and bacteria to peoples previously unexposed and therefore lacking immunity has decimated populations and changed the political course of continents. Trade, exploration, and warfare have repeatedly produced encounters between peoples at different levels of agricultural and technological development. Often, the results have been devastating for the disadvantaged group — economic marginalization, loss of sovereignty and culture, and collapse of public health. Yet the rise of civilization — plant and animal domestication, division of labor, technology, and resulting prosperity — was powered in large part by movement of products and knowledge along routes of trade and migration.
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Bellomo, Antonello, Loreta Notarangelo, Domenico De Berardis, Julio Torales, João Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia, and Antonio Ventriglio. "Psychosocial Aspects of Pandemics: An Historical Perspective." RIVISTA SPERIMENTALE DI FRENIATRIA, no. 2 (September 2021): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/rsf2021-002002.
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Abstract: It is largely recognized that the Covid-19 pandemic has a global impact on public mental health and on the psychosocial balance. The authors analyze critically a number of psychosocial factors (behaviors, beliefs, theories, social adjustment, etc.) related to pandemics, throughout history. They describe how social reactions to pandemics can be similar, over time and across cultures, and how strategies of social adjustment are based on the socio-cultural contexts. The authors argue that a historical analysis of pandemics and of their psychosocial factors could indicate political strategies and social interventions, and help promote social adjustment to the present-day global health and economic emergencies.
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Hiesmayr, Michael, Silvia Tarantino, Sigrid Moick, Alessandro Laviano, Isabella Sulz, Mohamed Mouhieddine, Christian Schuh, Dorothee Volkert, Judit Simon, and Karin Schindler. "Hospital Malnutrition, a Call for Political Action: A Public Health and NutritionDay Perspective." Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 12 (November 22, 2019): 2048. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm8122048.
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Disease-related malnutrition (DRM) is prevalent in hospitals and is associated with increased care needs, prolonged hospital stay, delayed rehabilitation and death. Nutrition care process related activities such as screening, assessment and treatment has been advocated by scientific societies and patient organizations but implementation is variable. We analysed the cross-sectional nutritionDay database for prevalence of nutrition risk factors, care processes and outcome for medical, surgical, long-term care and other patients (n = 153,470). In 59,126 medical patients included between 2006 and 2015 the prevalence of recent weight loss (45%), history of decreased eating (48%) and low actual eating (53%) was more prevalent than low BMI (8%). Each of these risk factors was associated with a large increase in 30 days hospital mortality. A similar pattern is found in all four patient groups. Nutrition care processes increase slightly with the presence of risk factors but are never done in more than 50% of the patients. Only a third of patients not eating in hospital receive oral nutritional supplements or artificial nutrition. We suggest that political action should be taken to raise awareness and formal education on all aspects related to DRM for all stakeholders, to create and support responsibilities within hospitals, and to create adequate reimbursement schemes. Collection of routine and benchmarking data is crucial to tackle DRM.
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Luty, Jason. "Alcohol policy and public health." BJPsych Advances 22, no. 6 (November 2016): 402–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.bp.115.015081.
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SummaryAlcohol is the most commonly used recreational drug in the world and the third leading cause of preventable death. Alcohol consumption and alcohol problems have increased steadily over the past six decades. Methods likely to reduce alcohol problems (e.g. minimum pricing, restricting licensing hours and increasing the availability of alcohol treatment) tend not to be supported by the drinks industry. Methods favoured by the industry (e.g. public education, industry self-regulation and product warning labelling) are less effective or do not work. The recent history of alcohol policy clearly demonstrates how the financial power of industry can influence governments and undermine effective public health measures, for instance by lobbying, political donations, confusion marketing and creating fnancial vested interests by grants from industry-sponsored 'social aspect organisations'.
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Dawes, Daniel E. "The Future of Health Equity in America: Addressing the Legal and Political Determinants of Health." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 46, no. 4 (2018): 838–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073110518821976.
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There is much discourse and focus on the social determinants of health, but undergirding these multiple intersecting and interacting determinants are legal and political determinants that have operated at every level and impact the entire life continuum. The United States has long grappled with advancing health equity via public law and policy. Seventy years after the country was founded, lawmakers finally succeeded in passing the first comprehensive and inclusive law aimed at tackling the social determinants of health, but that effort was short-lived. Today the United States is faced with another fork in the road relative to the advancement of health equity. This article draws on lessons from history and law to argue that researchers, providers, payers, lawmakers and the legal community have a moral, economic and national security imperative to address not only the negative outcomes of health disparities, but also the imbalance of inputs resulting from laws and policies which fail to employ an equity lens.
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Parmet, Wendy E., and Anthony Robbins. "A Rightful Place for Public Health in American Law." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 30, no. 2 (2002): 302–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2002.tb00397.x.
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The practice of law has changed greatly since the days when judges based decisions on the maxim salus populi suprema lex, and Oliver Wendell Holmes disagreed, noting that “experience” has been the “life of the law.” In the intervening years, the profession has followed Holmes and the legal realists in recognizing that the law does not exist in a vacuum. It is a human endeavor, molded by experiences and filled with human consequences. Today, lawyers, jurists, and legal scholars everywhere on the political spectrum recognize the importance of social context, history, and a variety of non-legal disciplines, and non-legal insights to the intelligent practice of the law Unfortunately, in rejecting the old maxims, the legal profession also lost sight of the fundamental truth of salus populi suprema lex, Latin for “the health of the people is the highest law” - namely, it has lost sight of the truth that a population’s health is a critical part of law’s social context. One of the consequences of this is that the profession has failed to include public health - the study of the causes and prevention of disease, disability, and death in populations - among the non-legal disciplines regularly incorporated into legal analysis and routinely taught to all would-be lawyers. It is time to correct this oversight.
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Karkee, Rajendra. "Globalisation, Public Health and COVID-19." Journal of Health and Allied Sciences 10, no. 1 (May 28, 2020): 69–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.37107/jhas.171.
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Public Health is the collective action for sustained population-wide health improvement. There are various factors that can affect the health of a population. These factors are often summarised as social, economic, political, cultural, and environmental factors. Along with these classical factors, there is another emerging factor in 21st century; that is globalisation. Globalisation and ‘Global Health’ has become an important aspect of public health to be known by a public health graduates Not only transmissions of diseases across borders are threat but also economic policies, politics, trade treaties, expansion of multination companies and consumption of foods affect health worldwide.
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Wildgen, Adam, and Keith Denny. "Health Equity’s Missing Substance: (Re)Engaging the Normative in Public Health Discourse and Knowledge Making." Public Health Ethics 13, no. 3 (July 22, 2020): 247–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/phe/phaa019.
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Abstract Since 1984, the idea of health equity has proliferated throughout public health discourse with little mainstream critique for its variability and distance from its original articulation signifying social transformation and a commitment to social justice. In the years since health equity’s emergence and proliferation, it has taken on a seemingly endless range of invocations and deployments, but it most often translates into proactive and apolitical discourse and practice. In Margaret Whitehead’s influential characterization (1991), achieving health equity requires determining what is inequitable by examining and judging the causes of inequalities in the context of what is going on in the rest of society. However, it also remains unclear how or if public health actors examine and judge the causes of health inequality. In this article, we take the concept of health equity itself as an object of study and consider the ways in which its widespread deployment has entailed a considerable emptying of its semantic and political content. We point toward equity’s own discursive productivity as well as the quantifying imperative embedded within evidentiary norms that govern knowledge making, and performance management regimes that govern public health practices. Under current conditions of knowledge making and performance evaluation, a range of legitimate action and inaction is produced at the same time that more socially transformative action is legitimately curtailed—not merely by politics, but by the rules of the field in which public health actors work. Ultimately, meaningful progress on a normative ethical idea like health equity will require both substantial philosophical content and an analysis of what is going on in the rest of society.
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Unger, Jean-Pierre, Monique Van Dormael, Bart Criel, Jean Van der Vennet, and Paul De Munck. "A PLEA for an Initiative to Strengthen Family Medicine in Public Health Care Services of Developing Countries." International Journal of Health Services 32, no. 4 (October 2002): 799–815. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/fn20-agdq-gycp-p8r6.
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An analysis of standards for the best practice of family medicine in Northern European countries provides a framework for identifying the difficulties and deficiencies in the health services of developing countries, and offers strategies and criteria for improving primary health care practice. Besides well-documented socioeconomic and political problems, poor quality of care is an important factor in the weaknesses of health services. In particular, a patient-centered perspective in primary care practice is barely reflected in the medical curriculum of developing countries. Instead, public sector general practitioners are required to concentrate on preventive programs that tackle a few well-defined diseases and that tend to be dominated by quantitative objectives, at the expense of individually tailored prevention and treatment. Reasons for this include training oriented to hospital medicine and aspects of GPs' social status and health care organization that have undermined motivation and restricted change. A range of strategies is urgently required, including training to improve both clinical skills and aspects of the doctor-patient interaction. More effective government health policies are also needed. Co-operation agencies can contribute by granting political protection to public health centers and working to orient the care delivered at this level toward patient-centered medicine.
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Smith, Michael J. "‘Public psychiatry’: a neglected professional role?" Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 14, no. 5 (September 2008): 339–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.bp.105.001818.
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The importance of mental health to our social, financial and physical well-being has gained better recognition in recent years. The work of psychiatry is to understand, prevent and treat mental illness, and should therefore be of compelling interest to the public. Yet few care about the profession or practice of psychiatry other than psychiatrists themselves. The public and the profession would both benefit from a ‘conversation’ about practical, moral and political aspects of contemporary mental health. This should be a dialogue of equals, distinct from didactic approaches to ‘public education’ or from a ‘media psychiatry’ that exists primarily to entertain. This discourse would help to improve care, diminish stigma, promote recovery and improve the status of the profession itself. This article proposes that this kind of ‘public psychiatry’ should take its place as one of four interdependent professional domains.
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Stellmach, Darryl, Isabel Beshar, Juliet Bedford, Philipp du Cros, and Beverley Stringer. "Anthropology in public health emergencies:what is anthropology good for?" BMJ Global Health 3, no. 2 (March 2018): e000534. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000534.
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Recent outbreaks of Ebola virus disease (2013–2016) and Zika virus (2015–2016) bring renewed recognition of the need to understand social pathways of disease transmission and barriers to care. Social scientists, anthropologists in particular, have been recognised as important players in disease outbreak response because of their ability to assess social, economic and political factors in local contexts. However, in emergency public health response, as with any interdisciplinary setting, different professions may disagree over methods, ethics and the nature of evidence itself. A disease outbreak is no place to begin to negotiate disciplinary differences. Given increasing demand for anthropologists to work alongside epidemiologists, clinicians and public health professionals in health crises, this paper gives a basic introduction to anthropological methods and seeks to bridge the gap in disciplinary expectations within emergencies. It asks: ‘What can anthropologists do in a public health crisis and how do they do it?’ It argues for an interdisciplinary conception of emergency and the recognition that social, psychological and institutional factors influence all aspects of care.
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Yañez, Elva, Gary Cox, Mike Cooney, and Robert Eadie. "Preemption in Public Health: The Dynamics of Clean Indoor Air Laws." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 31, S4 (2003): 84–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2003.tb00763.x.
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Preemption is a powerful strategy used by special interest groups to undermine strong, local public health standards. Currently, 20 states in the U.S. have preemption ordinances in place related to clean indoor air initiatives. These preemption laws are the direct result of an ongoing and aggressive campaign of tobacco companies to thwart clean indoor air initiatives, which ultimately, according to tobacco industry internal documents, cause significant reductions in their annual revenues. Clean indoor air policies have arisen from a greater understanding of the documented health risks associated with exposure to secondhand smoke and action by local government (city councils, county commissions, and boards of health) to protect the public from these hazards. The efforts of the tobacco industry undermine local authority and seek to shift policy action to the state and federal levels, where the industry has greater political influence.
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Jorgensen, Paul D. "Pharmaceuticals, Political Money, and Public Policy: A Theoretical and Empirical Agenda." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 41, no. 3 (2013): 561–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jlme.12065.
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The point, for the 946,326th time is that people get elected to office by currying the favor of powerful interest groups. They don’t get elected for their excellence as political philosophers.Congress has consistently failed to solve some serious problems with the cost, effectiveness, and safety of pharmaceuticals. In part, this failure results from the pharmaceutical industry convincing legislators to define policy problems in ways that protect industry profits. By targeting campaign contributions to influential legislators and by providing them with selective information, the industry manages to displace the public’s voice in developing pharmaceutical policy.
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Gunamany, Susanna. "Explaining social determinants of health from a political economy of health and ecosocial perspective." International Journal of Scientific Reports 8, no. 7 (June 23, 2022): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2454-2156.intjscirep20221593.
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Social determinants of health (SDH) is a common term used in public health and epidemiology. Public health researchers use social determinants of health to study various inequalities associated with health. Inequities in health involve systematic differences in health across population subgroups, thus changing the focus of influences from social interactions to societal characteristics. Several epidemiologic literatures focus on the social aspects of individuals and groups that are considered to influence the health status, which is conceptualized as 'average health'. Some studies look beyond the social factors affecting health; social determinants of health as arising from a social environment structured by government policies and status hierarchies, with social inequalities in health resulting from diverse groups being differentially exposed to factors that influence health, whereby 'social determinants', such as poverty, act as the 'causes of causes'.<strong> </strong>However, the most recent definitions of SDH include the factors such as political-economic systems, whereby health inequities result from the promotion of the political and economic interests of those with power and privilege and whose wealth and better health are achieved at the expense of those whom they subject to adverse living and working conditions. Hence, social determinants such as political-economic systems that prioritizes the highly concentrated accumulation of private wealth over the redistribution of power, property and privilege within and across countries constitute the 'causes of causes of causes'. In this paper, the concept of social determinants of health will be discussed in more detail, using two different theories of social epidemiology that focus on the SDH: the political economy of health and the ecosocial framework.
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Pauly, Mark V. "Conflict and Compromise over Tradeoffs in Universal Health Insurance Plans." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 32, no. 3 (2004): 465–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2004.tb00159.x.
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Despite a consensus across the political spectrum that the problem of the chronically uninsured is in dire need of solution, little progress has heen made. Public spending goes to topping up coverage for the elderly, already heavily subsidized under Medicare, or helping people temporarily without insurance because of international trade dislocations, so that it is clear that something is lacking in the case for significantly reducing the number of uninsured persons. In this paper I suggest that there have been two missing ingredients: a strategy for breaking the political deadlock around this issue, and information about the benefits of coverage sufficient to persuade kindly but skeptical taxpayers that they should be willing to pay to help solve this problem.This article begins with a discussion of these two problems. It then outlines a strategy based on income-related or conditioned refundable tax credits for private and public insurance, coupled with a plan to assemble persuasive information that may move things forward.
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Auerbach, Alan J. "American Economic Journal: Economic Policy." American Economic Review 99, no. 2 (April 1, 2009): 679–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.99.2.679.
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AEJ Policy will publish papers covering a range of topics, the common theme being the role of economic policy in economic outcomes. Subject areas will include public economics; urban and regional economics; public policy aspects of health, education, welfare, and political institutions; law and economics; economic regulation; and environmental and natural resource economics.
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Koval'zhina, Larisa Sergeevna. "Social and administrative aspects of the “Healthy Cities” project: sociological analysis." Урбанистика, no. 3 (March 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2310-8673.2019.3.30083.
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This article presents the analysis of sociological discourse on the fundamental aspects of the “Healthy Cities” project; discusses the peculiarities of the World Health Organization “Healthy Cities” strategy; technologies of formation of the created on its basis programs on preservation of health of the urban population. The importance of the political and legislative factor impacting people’s health and inequality with regards to health maintenance is revealed. The subject of this research is the projects aimed at preservation of health of the city dwellers and overcoming of inequality related to health, developed on the basis of the World Health Organization “Healthy Cities” concept. The author applies the theoretical-methodological analysis, secondary data analysis of the sociological study “Moscow is a Healthy City” (Russian Public Opinion Research Center, 2018)’; as well as survey results, conducted by the author in 2013 and 2017 among the schoolers, university students, and their parents of Tyumen Region, on the questions of health maintenance. The main conclusion consists in consideration of the socio-biological gradient in formation of inequalities with regards to health among the representatives of different social groups. The author emphasizes the effectiveness of the “Healthy Cities” project in Moscow; as well as discusses the strategies on preservation of health among the population of Tyumen Region. The results of the conducted sociological study on living a healthy lifestyle demonstrate an accurate correlation between the increasing level of education and the number of those adopting a healthy lifestyle. Such project is relevant for not only large cities, but also rural areas with certain adjustment to the local specificities and tasks.
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Carpenter, Daniel. "FDA Transparency in an Inescapably Political World." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 45, S2 (2017): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073110517750617.
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Transparency requires more than disclosure of data. It requires a mechanism and policy for conveying information to the public. In order for the aims of the excellent report of the FDA Transparency Working Group to be realized, a publicity initiative will need to accompany the plan of action. The FDA will need to actively convey information about the evidence concerning benefit-risk profiles of drugs, sometimes pointing out misleading claims by manufacturers or sponsors. In other cases, the FDA will need to make available its procedures, including possible conflicts of interest, not only in drug approval, but also in guidance documents and in rulemaking. Transparency as a process of letting the public see into the agency should be accompanied by a proactive strategy of distributing information about the products regulated by the agency.
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Anderko, Laura. "Achieving Health Equity on a Global Scale through a Community-Based, Public Health Framework for Action." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 38, no. 3 (2010): 486–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2010.00507.x.
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As a worldwide economic crisis emerged at the end of 2008, international health agencies were quick to highlight its predictable impact on health in the poorest of communities. The World Health Organization (WHO) underscored the need for a multisectoral approach to the crisis, “seeking health gains through demonstrating the importance of health in all policies” and whether current investments in health addressed the broader social determinants of health. However, despite good intentions and decades of discussion addressing the need for transformative changes globally to reduce poverty and improve health equity, little progress has been made.A recent report on progress towards the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) indicates that many targeted goals have not been met, with some goals lagging many years behind schedule (“Four years after the target date, gender parity in education has yet to be achieved”). Although progress towards achieving the MDGs has been made for some specific conditions (e.g., malaria), where targeted interventions have had an immediate impact, limited progress is reported in more complex areas such as maternal child health. Such complex health issues require structural changes, strong political will, long-term funding, and consideration of other health determinants, such as education and exposure to environmental hazards.