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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Katterl, Simon. "Regulatory oversight, mental health and human rights." Alternative Law Journal 46, no. 2 (May 4, 2021): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1037969x211013123.

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Regulatory oversight is crucial to ensure human rights are protected in closed environments. In Victoria, evidence continues to surface that suggests oversight of the public mental health system is failing consumers. There are, however, several lessons for regulators on how to ensure consumers enjoy equal protection of the law.

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2

Liamputtong Rice, Pranee. "Childhood Health and Illness: Cultural Beliefs and Practices among the Hmong in Victoria." Australian Journal of Primary Health 4, no. 4 (1998): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py98060.

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This paper examines the cultural construction of childhood illness among Hmong refugees from Laos who are living in Australia. It focuses on traditional patterns of beliefs and practices related to health and illness of newborn infants and young children. The Hmong treat childhood health and illness seriously, and for them there are several causes of childhood illness, including nature, souls, supernatural beings and human aggression. The roles of traditional healers who play an important part in childhood health and illness are also discussed. Lastly, the paper attempts to make clear some implications for child health services for immigrants such as the Hmong in Australia and elsewhere. The paper intends to contribute an anthropological perspective on child health which is particularly important in a multicultural society. A clear understanding by health professionals of cultural beliefs and expectations is essential if misunderstanding is to be avoided, and culturally appropriate and sensitive health care for immigrant children, such as the Hmong to be available.

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3

Parton, Nigel. "From Maria Colwell to Victoria Climbié: reﬂections on public inquiries into child abuse a generation apart." Child Abuse Review 13, no. 2 (March 2004): 80–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/car.838.

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4

Renzaho, Andre. "Providing Health Services to Migrants and Refugees Settling in Victoria, Australia: An Analysis of the Complexity, Cost and Policy Implications for Public Health." International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care 3, no. 4 (December 2007): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17479894200700021.

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5

D’Elia, Angelo, Stuart Newstead, and Jim Scully. "Evaluation of vehicle side airbag effectiveness in Victoria, Australia." Accident Analysis & Prevention 54 (May 2013): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2013.02.020.

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6

Watson, Wendy L., and Joan Ozanne-Smith. "Injury surveillance in Victoria, Australia: developing comprehensive injury incidence estimates." Accident Analysis & Prevention 32, no. 2 (March 2000): 277–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0001-4575(99)00121-9.

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7

Belin, Matts-Åke, Per Tillgren, Evert Vedung, Max Cameron, and Claes Tingvall. "Speed cameras in Sweden and Victoria, Australia—A case study." Accident Analysis & Prevention 42, no. 6 (November 2010): 2165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2010.07.010.

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8

CUTCHER, Z., E. WILLIAMSON, S. E. LYNCH, S. ROWE, H. J. CLOTHIER, and S. M. FIRESTONE. "Predictive modelling of Ross River virus notifications in southeastern Australia." Epidemiology and Infection 145, no. 3 (November 21, 2016): 440–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268816002594.

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SUMMARYRoss River virus (RRV) is a mosquito-borne virus endemic to Australia. The disease, marked by arthritis, myalgia and rash, has a complex epidemiology involving several mosquito species and wildlife reservoirs. Outbreak years coincide with climatic conditions conducive to mosquito population growth. We developed regression models for human RRV notifications in the Mildura Local Government Area, Victoria, Australia with the objective of increasing understanding of the relationships in this complex system, providing trigger points for intervention and developing a forecast model. Surveillance, climatic, environmental and entomological data for the period July 2000–June 2011 were used for model training then forecasts were validated for July 2011–June 2015. Rainfall and vapour pressure were the key factors for forecasting RRV notifications. Validation of models showed they predicted RRV counts with an accuracy of 81%. Two major RRV mosquito vectors (Culex annulirostris and Aedes camptorhynchus) were important in the final estimation model at proximal lags. The findings of this analysis advance understanding of the drivers of RRV in temperate climatic zones and the models will inform public health agencies of periods of increased risk.

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9

Watson, Angela, Sherrie-Anne Kaye, Judy Fleiter, and James Freeman. "Effectiveness of vehicle impoundment for high-range speeding offences in Victoria, Australia." Accident Analysis & Prevention 145 (September 2020): 105690. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2020.105690.

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10

Duff, Cameron, Warren Michelow, Clifton Chow, Andrew Ivsins, and Tim Stockwell. "The Canadian Recreational Drug Use Survey: Aims, Methods and First Results." Contemporary Drug Problems 36, no. 3-4 (September 2009): 517–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009145090903600310.

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In late 2006, pilot research was initiated in two western Canadian sites (Vancouver and Victoria) to systematically monitor patterns and trends in three specific illicit drug user populations: club and rave party attendees, adolescent street involved injection and non-injection drug users, and adult injection drug users. These sentinel groups were selected because of elevated rates of alcohol and other drug use within these populations and contexts, and the high levels of associated risks and harms. Drawing from international monitoring and surveillance systems, novel research instruments were developed for each population and were administered in face-to-face interviews at each study site. This paper presents an overview of the broad research methodology for the “high risk” monitoring research as well as select findings for the “club drug” sample. The piloted research design yielded high quality data, particularly in relation to recent patterns of drug use behaviour (items on drug use “yesterday” and “last weekend”). The success of these novel items highlights the value of the present study and its relevance for similar studies across the country.

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11

Demmel, Sébastien, James Freeman, Grégoire S. Larue, and Andry Rakotonirainy. "Evaluation of in-vehicle technologies to prevent unlicensed driving in Queensland and Victoria." Accident Analysis & Prevention 127 (June 2019): 210–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2019.02.023.

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12

Wood, Tom, and Peter Milne. "Head injuries to pedal cyclists and the promotion of helmet use in Victoria, Australia." Accident Analysis & Prevention 20, no. 3 (June 1988): 177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0001-4575(88)90002-4.

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13

Drummer, Olaf H., Dimitri Gerostamoulos, Matthew Di Rago, Noel W. Woodford, Carla Morris, Tania Frederiksen, Kim Jachno, and Rory Wolfe. "Odds of culpability associated with use of impairing drugs in injured drivers in Victoria, Australia." Accident Analysis & Prevention 135 (February 2020): 105389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2019.105389.

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14

Cameron, Maxwell H., A. Peter Vulcan, Caroline F. Finch, and Stuart V. Newstead. "Mandatory bicycle helmet use following a decade of helmet promotion in Victoria, Australia—An evaluation." Accident Analysis & Prevention 26, no. 3 (June 1994): 325–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0001-4575(94)90006-x.

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15

Barnett, Anthony, Ella Dilkes-Frayne, Michael Savic, and Adrian Carter. "When the Brain Leaves the Scanner and Enters the Clinic." Contemporary Drug Problems 45, no. 3 (May 24, 2018): 227–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0091450918774918.

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Addiction neuroscience promises to uncover the neural basis of addiction by mapping changes in the “diseased brains” of people with “drug addictions.” It hopes to offer revolutionary treatments for addiction and reduce the stigma experienced by those seeking treatment for a medical, rather than moral, condition. While the promises of addiction neuroscience have received considerable attention, relatively few studies have examined how neuroscientific discourses and promises play out in drug treatment settings. Instead of asking how neuroscience might measure or treat a preexisting addiction “problem,” we draw on poststructuralist ideas to trace how neuroscientific discourses produce addiction as a certain type of “problem” and the effects of these particular problematizations. Based on interviews with a range of different types of treatment providers working in Victoria, Australia, we discuss three themes that reveal neuroscientific discourses at work: (1) constituting pathological subjects, (2) neuroplasticity and “recovery,” and (3) the alleviation of guilt and shame via references to the “diseased brain.” On the basis of our analysis, we argue that dominant neuroscientific discourses produce patients as pathologized subjects, requiring medical treatment. We also contend that the intersection of neuroscientific and recovery discourses enacts “recovery” in terms of brain “recovery” through references to neuroplasticity. Further, when neuroscientific and moral discourses intersect, addicted subjects are absolved from the guilt associated with immoral behavior emerging from a “hijacked brain.” We conclude by emphasizing the need for future critical work to explore the complex ways in which neuroscientific discourses operate in localized care ecologies.

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16

D’Elia, Angelo, and Stuart Newstead. "Retrospective evaluation of vehicle whiplash-reducing head restraint systems to prevent whiplash injury in Victoria, Australia." Accident Analysis & Prevention 150 (February 2021): 105941. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2020.105941.

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17

Lennon, Alexia, Vic Siskind, and Narelle Haworth. "Rear seat safer: Seating position, restraint use and injuries in children in traffic crashes in Victoria, Australia." Accident Analysis & Prevention 40, no. 2 (March 2008): 829–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2007.09.024.

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18

Low, Wah-Yun, and Colin Binns. "Public Health Laws and Ethics." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 24, no. 5 (September 2012): 848–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1010539512462498.

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19

The Lancet. "Laws, war, and public health." Lancet 361, no. 9367 (April 2003): 1399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(03)13144-3.

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20

Parkinson AM, Patrick, and Philip Morris AM. "Psychiatry, psychotherapy and the criminalisation of ‘conversion therapy’ in Australia." Australasian Psychiatry 29, no. 4 (August 2021): 409–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10398562211014220.

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Objective: To examine laws in three Australian jurisdictions that prohibit therapy to change or suppress a person’s sexual orientation or gender identity. Conclusions: The laws in Victoria and the ACT provide inadequate protection for clinically appropriate psychiatric practice and may deprive patients of mental health care.

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21

Maylea, Chris, Simon Katterl, Brendan Johnson, Susan Alvarez-Vasquez, Nicholas Hill, and Penelope Weller. "Consumers' experiences of rights-based mental health laws: Lessons from Victoria, Australia." International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 78 (September 2021): 101737. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2021.101737.

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22

Baggott, Rob. "Looking Forward to the Past? The Politics of Public Health." Journal of Social Policy 20, no. 2 (April 1991): 191–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279400018717.

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ABSTRACTThis article explores the role of political agents, institutions, circumstances, and ideas in the development of public health policies in Britain. The first part attempts to define public health. The second section of the article looks at the experience of the Victorian public health movement. The final part considers the re-emergence of the public health perspective. The underlying theme of the article is that an awareness of the political dimension, both contemporary and historical, improves our understanding of developments in the field of public health. The main conclusions reached are: first, that given the formidable political obstacles which exist, public health reform will only succeed if the reformers themselves operate with full awareness of the political dimension; second, that the modern public health debate is unlikely to be resolved in the short term.

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23

Falk, Joern, Björn Globisch, Martin Angelmahr, Wolfgang Schade, and Heike Schenk-Mathes. "Drinking Water Supply in Rural Africa Based on a Mini-Grid Energy System—A Socio-Economic Case Study for Rural Development." Sustainability 14, no. 15 (August 2, 2022): 9458. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14159458.

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Water is an essential resource required for various human activities such as drinking, cooking, growing food, and personal hygiene. As a key infrastructure of public services, access to clean and safe drinking water is an essential factor for local socio-economic development. Despite various national and international efforts, water supply is often not guaranteed, especially in rural areas of Africa. Although many water resources are theoretically available in these areas, bodies of water are often contaminated with dangerous pathogens and pollutants. As a result, people, often women and children, have to travel long distances to collect water from taps and are exposed to dangers such as physical violence and accidents on their way. In this article, we present a socio-economic case study for rural development. We describe a drinking water treatment plant with an annual capacity of 10,950 m3 on Kibumba Island in Lake Victoria (Tanzania). The plant is operated by a photovoltaic mini-grid system with second-life lithium-ion battery storage. We describe the planning, the installation, and the start of operation of the water treatment system. In addition, we estimate the water prices achievable with the proposed system and compare it to existing sources of drinking water on Kibumba Island. Assuming a useful life of 15 years, the installed drinking water system is cost-neutral for the community at a cost price of 0.70 EUR/m3, 22% less than any other source of clean water on Kibumba Island. Access to safe and clean drinking water is a major step forward for the local population. We investigate the socio-economic added value using social and economic key indicators like health, education, and income. Hence, this approach may serve as a role model for community-owned drinking water systems in sub-Saharan Africa.

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24

Busko, Alexander, Zachary Hubbard, and Tanya Zakrison. "Motorcycle-Helmet Laws and Public Health." New England Journal of Medicine 376, no. 13 (March 30, 2017): 1208–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmp1615621.

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25

Howse, Genevieve. "Elements of Pacific Public Health Laws." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 24, no. 5 (September 2012): 860–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1010539512462503.

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26

Hodge, James G., Lexi C. White, and Andrew Sniegowski. "Public Health and the Law." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 40, no. 3 (2012): 690–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2012.00700.x.

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Promoting and protecting the public's health in the United States and abroad are intricately tied to laws and policies. Laws provide support for public health measures, authorize specific actions among public and private actors, and empower public health officials. Laws can also inhibit or restrict efforts designed to improve communal health through protections for individual rights or structural principles of government. Advancing the health of populations through law is complex and subject to constant tradeoffs. This column seeks to explore the role of law in the interests of public health through scholarly and applied assessments across a spectrum of key issues. The first of these assessments focuses on a critical topic in emergency legal preparedness.

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27

Martin-Kerry, Jacqueline M., Martin Whelan, John Rogers, Anil Raichur, Deborah Cole, and Andrea M. de Silva. "Addressing disparities in oral disease in Aboriginal people in Victoria: where to focus preventive programs." Australian Journal of Primary Health 25, no. 4 (2019): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py18100.

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The aim of this study is to determine where Aboriginal people living in Victoria attend public oral health services; whether they access Aboriginal-specific or mainstream services; and the gap between dental caries (tooth decay) experience in Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people. Analysis was undertaken on routinely collected clinical data for Aboriginal patients attending Victorian public oral health services and the distribution of Aboriginal population across Victoria. Approximately 27% of Aboriginal people attended public oral health services in Victoria across a 2-year period, with approximately one in five of those accessing care at Aboriginal-specific clinics. In regional Victoria, 6-year-old Aboriginal children had significantly higher levels of dental caries than 6-year-old non-Aboriginal children. There was no significant difference in other age groups. This study is the first to report where Aboriginal people access public oral health care in Victoria and the disparity in disease between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal users of the Victorian public oral healthcare system. Aboriginal people largely accessed mainstream public oral healthcare clinics highlighting the importance for culturally appropriate services and prevention programs to be provided across the entire public oral healthcare system. The findings will guide development of policy and models of care aimed at improving the oral health of Aboriginal people living in Victoria.

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28

Hartsfield, DeKeely, Anthony D. Moulton, and Karen L. McKie. "A Review of Model Public Health Laws." American Journal of Public Health 97, Supplement_1 (April 2007): S56—S61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2005.082057.

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29

O'Connor, Jean, and Gene Matthews. "Informational Privacy, Public Health, and State Laws." American Journal of Public Health 101, no. 10 (October 2011): 1845–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2011.300206.

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30

Vogel, Lauren. "Public health experts urge realistic pot laws." Canadian Medical Association Journal 188, no. 15 (September 19, 2016): 1073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.109-5329.

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31

Aponte-Rivera, Vivianne R., and Boadie W. Dunlop. "Public Health Consequences of State Immigration Laws." Southern Medical Journal 104, no. 11 (November 2011): 718–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/smj.0b013e318233539b.

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32

Hacker, Carl S. "Public Health Consequences of State Immigration Laws." Southern Medical Journal 104, no. 11 (November 2011): 720–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/smj.0b013e31823353b0.

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33

Aitken, Campbell, and Cheryl Delalande. "A Public Health Initiative for Steroid Users in Victoria." Australian Journal of Primary Health 8, no. 2 (2002): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py02022.

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Anabolic steroid injectors are at risk of infection with blood-borne viruses (BBVs), but have received little attention from researchers, practitioners or agencies working in public health. In recognition of this gap, in early 1996 the Steroid Peer Education Project (SPEP) began providing part-time mobile needle and syringe distribution and health information and referral services to steroid injectors in north-eastern Melbourne. Demand repeatedly caused the project to expand, and its sole peer worker now operates Victoria-wide, five days per week. Basic information on injecting practices collected from SPEP clients showed that many were at risk of BBV infection. This led to the initiation of a collaborative research project, in which SPEP clients were tested for BBV antibodies and provided detailed information about their risk behaviours. Of 29 steroid injectors tested between May and August 1999, three (10%) had antibodies to the hepatitis C virus, and they described behaviour which could spread the virus to other steroid users. These results show that blood-borne viruses are present in the Victorian steroid injecting community, and reinforce the SPEP's commitment to reducing harm in this group.

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34

Goode, James. "THE HEALTH POLICY PROCESS IN VICTORIA." Community Health Studies 5, no. 3 (February 12, 2010): 206–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-6405.1981.tb00327.x.

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35

Robinson, D. "Helmet laws and health." Injury Prevention 4, no. 3 (September 1, 1998): 170–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ip.4.3.170.

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36

Acton, C. "Helmet laws and health." Injury Prevention 4, no. 3 (September 1, 1998): 171–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ip.4.3.171.

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37

Palmeri, Saro. "Public Laws and Handicapped Children." Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics 10, no. 4 (August 1989): 205???206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004703-198908000-00009.

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38

Ceryes, Caitlin A., and Christopher D. Heaney. "“Ag-Gag” Laws: Evolution, Resurgence, and Public Health Implications." NEW SOLUTIONS: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy 28, no. 4 (November 19, 2018): 664–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1048291118808788.

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The term “ag-gag” refers to state laws that intentionally limit public access to information about agricultural production practices, particularly livestock production. Originally created in the 1990s, these laws have recently experienced a resurgence in state legislatures. We discuss the recent history of ag-gag laws in the United States and question whether such ag-gag laws create a “chilling effect” on reporting and investigation of occupational health, community health, and food safety concerns related to industrial food animal production. We conclude with a discussion of the role of environmental and occupational health professionals to encourage critical evaluation of how ag-gag laws might influence the health, safety, and interests of day-to-day agricultural laborers and the public living proximal to industrial food animal production.

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39

Hodge, James G., Lawrence O. Gostin, Kristine Gebbie, and Deborah L. Erickson. "Transforming Public Health Law: The Turning Point Model State Public Health Act." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 34, no. 1 (2006): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2006.00010.x.

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Protecting the public's health has recently regained prominence in political and public discussions. Threats of bioterrorism following September 11, 2001 and the deliberate dissemination of anthrax later that fall, the reemergence of novel or resurgent infectious diseases, (such as the West Nile Virus, SARS, influenza, avian flu) and rapid increases in diseases associated with sedentary lifestyles, poor diets, and smoking (e.g., heart disease, diabetes, cancer) have all raised the profile of public health. The U.S. government has responded with increased funding, reorganization, and new policies for the population's health, safety, and security. Politicians and the public more clearly understand the importance of law in improving the public's health. Recognizing that many public health laws have not been meaningfully reformed in decades, law- and policy-makers and public health practitioners have focused on the legal foundations for public health. Laws provide the mission, functions, and powers of public health agencies, set standards for their (and their partners’) actions, and safeguard individual rights.

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40

Moran-McCabe, Katie, Abraham Gutman, and Scott Burris. "Public Health Implications of Housing Laws: Nuisance Evictions." Public Health Reports 133, no. 5 (August 10, 2018): 606–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033354918786725.

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41

Meadows, Graham. "Geographical Resource Allocation for Public Mental Health Services in Victoria." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 31, no. 1 (February 1997): 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679709073805.

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Objective:To provide background information on the approach of area based funding models for mental health services, to describe the considerations which have come to bear in the development process of the Victorian model, to explore the impacts of different models, and to suggest courses for further development. Method:The history of this approach to funding in the UK and the USA is summarised, then an account is given of the development of the Victorian model. The position is put that the validation of such models is hampered by having only sparse relevant data. Suggestions are made for improving this situation. Results:The Victorian model has come to include adjustments for socioeconomic disadvantage, the age, sex and marital status structure of the population, and a variable discounting for estimated substitutive activity of the private sector. Different methods of combining these adjustments into a working formula can be seen to have very different impacts. Conclusions:The approach taken in development of this model can be expected to have major influence on funding within Victoria, but also more widely in Australia. The impacts of differing assumptions within these models are significant. Specifically targeted epidemiological research, and activity analysis of the private sector will be necessary to enhance the validity of models of this type.

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42

Wang, Yung-Hsuan J. "Measles surveillance in Victoria, Australia." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 84, no. 2 (February 1, 2006): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/blt.05.025064.

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43

Altmann, Anne E., and John A. Carnie. "BCG vaccination practices in Victoria." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 20, no. 5 (October 1996): 521–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-842x.1996.tb01633.x.

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44

Becker, Niels G., Zhengfeng Li, Edmond Hsu, Ross M. Andrews, and Stephen B. Lambert. "Monitoring measles elimination in Victoria." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 29, no. 1 (February 2005): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-842x.2005.tb00750.x.

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45

Vernick, Jon S. "Carrying Guns in Public: Legal and Public Health Implications." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 41, S1 (2013): 84–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jlme.12047.

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The Second Amendment to the U.S. Constitution states: “A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.” Until recently, no federal appellate court had ever struck down any gun law as a violation of the Second Amendment. In fact, even laws outlawing most handgun possession, or restricting other types of firearms, had been upheld, in part, because the laws did not interfere with the functioning of state militias.Then, in 2008, the U.S. Supreme Court — for the first time in nearly 70 years — decided a case squarely addressing the meaning of the Second Amendment. In District of Columbia v. Heller, the Supreme Court concluded that the Second Amendment protected an individual right to own handguns in the home, invalidating a Washington, D.C. law.But Heller left many issues undecided, including the precise scope of the Second Amendment.

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46

Metcalfe, Jenni, and Michelle Riedlinger. "Identifying and Testing Engagement and Public Literacy Indicators for River Health." Science, Technology and Society 14, no. 2 (July 2009): 241–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097172180901400203.

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Natural resource management (NRM) organisations in Australia are increasingly recognising the need for complement studies of biophysical condition of the environment with studies of social condition, such as values, understanding, and participation related to the environment. Relevant and reliable social indicators that can be scaled and measured on a regular basis are essential to meet this need. In this study, we identified four indicators to test the social condition of the public in the State of Victoria in Australia with regard to river health. These indicators were river use, river knowledge and literacy, values and aspirations, and river health behaviours. We tested the four indicators through telephone and web-based surveys with over 1000 people in three areas of Victoria. We analysed the survey data statistically and gathered baseline data on the social condition of river health in the three regions. We made recommendations for how this data could be interpreted and used in community engagement and science communication programmes about river health. We also examined the limitations of the methodology and recommended modifications to the survey design and application for an anticipated roll-out of the survey across the entire State of Victoria. The Victorian Department of Sustainability and Environment (DSE) will use this survey instrument to test social indicators on a regular basis.

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47

McGowan, Angela, Michael Schooley, Helen Narvasa, Jocelyn Rankin, and Daniel M. Sosin. "Symposium on Public Health Law Surveillance: The Nexus of Information Technology and Public Health Law." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 31, S4 (2003): 41–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2003.tb00744.x.

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The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) goal is to develop a surveillance system of public health laws that would both support research and analysis among policymakers and legislators, and support the scientific basis for public health law. This session was convened, in part, to discuss the value of creating an electronic system to track public health legal information. Public health surveillance is the “ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of data regarding a health-related event for use in public health action to reduce morbidity and mortality and to improve health. Data disseminated by a public health surveillance system can be used for immediate public health action, program planning and evaluation, and formulating research hypotheses.” There is currently no system available that meets the goals of this definition of “surveillance” for public health laws.

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Ansari, Z., MJ Ackland, NJ Carson, and BCK Choi. "Small Area Analysis of Diabetes Complications: Opportunities for Targeting Public Health and Health Services Interventions." Australian Journal of Primary Health 11, no. 3 (2005): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py05045.

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The objective of this paper is to present small area analyses of diabetes complications in Victoria, Australia, and to illustrate their importance for targeting public health and health services interventions. Local government areas in Victoria were aggregated into 32 Primary Care Partnerships (PCP), which are voluntary alliances of primary care providers. The 32 PCP areas were used as the basic geographic units for small area analyses. Admission rates for diabetes complications were age and sex standardised using the direct method and the 1996 Victorian population as the reference. Admission rate ratios were calculated using the Victorian admission rates as the reference. The 95 per cent confidence intervals for the standardised admission rate ratios were based on the Poisson distribution. There was a wide variation (almost fivefold) in admission rates for diabetes complications across the PCP catchments, with the lowest standardised rate ratio of 0.37 and the highest of 1.75. There were 11 PCPs (seven metropolitan, four rural) with admission rate ratios significantly higher than the Victorian average. The seven metropolitan PCPs contributed more than 43% of all admissions and bed days for diabetes complications in Victoria. Small area analyses of diabetes complications are an exciting new development aimed at stimulating an evidence-based dialogue between local area health service providers, planners and policy-makers. The purpose is to provide opportunities to target public health and health services interventions at the local level to improve the management of diabetes complications in the community.

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Bernstein, Jennifer A. "Beyond Public Health Emergency Legal Preparedness: Rethinking Best Practices." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 41, S1 (2013): 13–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jlme.12031.

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It has now been 10 years since the framework for public health legal preparedness was put forth as a model to meet new public health challenges in the 21st century. Public health legal preparedness is defined as the “attainment by a public health system of specified legal of standards essential to the preparedness of the public health system.” The framework has continued to develop over time and four core elements have emerged to make up the basis for public health legal preparedness. The four core elements are: (1) laws and legal authorities; (2) competency in using laws effectively and wisely; (3) coordination of legally based interventions across jurisdictions and sectors; and (4) information on public health laws and best practices.

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Martin, Susan, and Sven Andreasson. "Zero Tolerance Laws: Effective Public Policy?" Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 20, s8 (November 1996): 147a—150a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1996.tb01765.x.

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