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Hawkins, Summer Sherburne, Janet Chung-Hall, Lorraine Craig, Geoffrey T. Fong, Ron Borland, K. Michael Cummings, David Levy, and Sara C. Hitchman. "Support for Minimum Legal Sales Age Laws Set to Age 21 Across Australia, Canada, England, and United States: Findings From the 2018 ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey." Nicotine & Tobacco Research 22, no. 12 (July 1, 2020): 2266–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntaa119.
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Abstract Introduction Although the United States has seen a rapid increase in tobacco minimum legal sales age (MLSA) laws set to age 21, there is wide variation across high-income countries and less is known about policy support outside of the United States. We examined the prevalence of support for tobacco MLSA 21 laws as well as associations by sociodemographic, smoking, and household characteristics among current and former adult smokers. Methods In this cross-sectional analysis, we used the 2018 International Tobacco Control Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey to examine support for MLSA 21 laws among 12 904 respondents from Australia, Canada, England, and United States. Results Support for raising the legal age of purchasing cigarettes/tobacco to 21 ranged from 62.2% in the United States to 70.8% in Canada. Endorsement also varied by age, such that 40.6% of 18–20 years old supported the policy compared with 69.3% of those aged ≥60 years. In the adjusted regression model, there was also higher support among respondents who were female than male, non-white than white, those who did not allow smoking in the household than those that did, and those who had children in the household than those that did not. There were no differences by household income, education, or smoking status. Conclusions Most current and former smokers, including a sizable minority of those aged ≤20 years, support raising the legal age of purchasing cigarettes/tobacco to 21. Implications There was strong support for MLSA 21 laws among smokers and former smokers across Australia, Canada, England, and the United States, providing evidence for the increasing public support of the passage of these laws beyond the United States.
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Watterson, Andrew, and William Dinan. "Lagging and Flagging: Air Pollution, Shale Gas Exploration and the Interaction of Policy, Science, Ethics and Environmental Justice in England." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 12 (June 17, 2020): 4320. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124320.
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The science on the effects of global climate change and air pollution on morbidity and mortality is clear and debate now centres around the scale and precise contributions of particular pollutants. Sufficient data existed in recent decades to support the adoption of precautionary public health policies relating to fossil fuels including shale exploration. Yet air quality and related public health impacts linked to ethical and environmental justice elements are often marginalized or missing in planning and associated decision making. Industry and government policies and practices, laws and planning regulations lagged well behind the science in the United Kingdom. This paper explores the reasons for this and what shaped some of those policies. Why did shale gas policies in England fail to fully address public health priorities and neglect ethical and environmental justice concerns. To answer this question, an interdisciplinary analysis is needed informed by a theoretical framework of how air pollution and climate change are largely discounted in the complex realpolitik of policy and regulation for shale gas development in England. Sources, including official government, regulatory and planning documents, as well as industry and scientific publications are examined and benchmarked against the science and ethical and environmental justice criteria. Further, our typology illustrates how the process works drawing on an analysis of official policy documents and statements on planning and regulatory oversight of shale exploration in England, and material from industry and their consultants relating to proposed shale oil and gas development. Currently the oil, gas and chemical industries in England continue to dominate and influence energy and feedstock-related policy making to the detriment of ethical and environmental justice decision making with significant consequences for public health.
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Zgoba, Kristen M., and Devin Cowan. "Sexual Offense Legislation Across the Pond: A Review of Community Sentiment Toward the United Kingdom’s Implementation of Sarah’s Law." Sexual Abuse 32, no. 4 (May 20, 2019): 476–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1079063219847671.
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Within both the United States and the United Kingdom, laws have been implemented that govern the behavior of individuals convicted of certain sexually based offenses. Thus, research has naturally gravitated toward examining the public perceptions of these laws. Although both the United States and United Kingdom have laws regarding convicted sex offenders, and although these laws vary, research into the perceptions of these laws has largely been concentrated within the United States. The current study seeks to fill this gap through a survey of U.K. residents that assesses their perceptions of the implementation of Sarah’s Law. Respondents were gathered through convenience sampling methods in both Bristol and London, England ( n = 140). Overall, respondents were fairly supportive of Sarah’s Law and its current implementation. However, as opposed to respondents in the United States, U.K. respondents were also open to the idea of providing a degree of privacy to convicted sex offenders and were more tolerant of sexual offenders living near them. Finally, age, race, and parental status of the respondents were found to be statistically significant predictors among four identified dependent variables testing support of the law. Implications from these results are discussed, and a direction for future comparative research is highlighted.
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Pitts, John. "Responding to youth gangs in England: a public health model?" Journal of Children's Services 14, no. 2 (June 6, 2019): 124–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcs-02-2019-0010.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to consider youth gangs and county lines with reference to the current drive for a public health response to these issues. Design/methodology/approach This viewpoint paper traces the development of gang and serious youth violence responses in England, exploring the shift from a punitive to safeguarding response to young people affected by these issues. Findings Drawing on the learning from both Scotland and the USA, this paper considers the relevance of a public health model to responding to youth gangs and county lines, highlighting the key facets of such an approach. Originality/value This paper provides a historical context to the issues surrounding previous responses to youth gangs and goes on to consider the practicalities and relevance of a public health model response.
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Bach, Tracy. "Protecting Human Health and Stewarding the Environment: An Essay Exploring Values in U.S. Environmental Protection Law." Michigan Journal of Environmental & Administrative Law, no. 3.2 (2014): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.36640/mjeal.3.2.protecting.
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The purpose of this conference is to explore “the relationship between environmental protection and public health and how it should inform our efforts to become better stewards of the environment.” No one would disagree with the assertion that during the last forty years of federal environmental protection, air and water quality have improved and led to concomitant improvements in human health. Exploring the contours of this “relationship,” Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Administrator Gina McCarthy said in her keynote speech that “[t]he thing is, the word ‘relationship’ is too neutral. The link between the health of our planet and the health of our families is inextricable. The quality of our environment dictates the quality of our well-being, and our lives.” An article in the New England Journal of Medicine—a publication aimed at clinicians and not public health practitioners or environmental regulators— affirms the Administrator’s assertion about the environment-human health relationship: based on four decades of air quality monitoring mandated by the Clean Air Act, U.S. life span has increased by 0.4 to 0.8 years due to government-mandated reductions in particulate matter. By setting human health-based standards prescribed by legislative language and then enforcing them, environmental protection has clearly improved human health by limiting the amount of pollution that may enter our natural environment. With this starting premise, our panel contributes to the conference discussion by focusing on the ethical underpinnings of why we enact laws to protect, conserve, and restore the environment. These environmental values, usually characterized as human-centrism, biocentrism, and ecocentrism, separate the human, fauna, and flora at play when making law to protect “the environment.” To debate whether the current public healthbased approach in U.S. environmental law strikes the right balance between protecting humans and the environment that surrounds us, our panel was specifically asked: “Should environmental laws focus even more than they already do on public health benefits, so that we might reclaim bi-partisan support for environmental protection efforts? Or have we focused on human health to the detriment of preserving bio-diversity and healthy ecosystems?”
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Perrot, Adeline, and Ruth Horn. "Ethical Issues Relating to Prenatal Genetic Testing." Studia Universitatis Babeş-Bolyai Bioethica 66, Special Issue (September 9, 2021): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbbioethica.2021.spiss.93.
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"Introduction: Non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) is a rapidly developing genomic technology that is constantly widening its scope and opening up new possibilities in reproductive medicine. Ten years after NIPT has been made commercially available, it is increasingly entering routine antenatal care as either a first- or second-tier test. In England, France and Germany, for example, NIPT has been made available free-of-charge as a second-tier test to women with a higher chance of common chromosomal anomalies. The clinical implementation of NIPT carries benefits but also raises important ethical questions. Our project analyses these questions within their specific contexts in England, France and Germany. Methods: As part of a wider research project, which will involve qualitative methods, we conducted a document analysis to compare arguments about, and regulations governing NIPT in the three countries in: law and policy document; public reports; medical press; academic literature; and media. Results: Despite the similarities between the three countries to offer NIPT as a second-tier screening tool, they exhibit differences with regard to their public discourses about prenatal genomics, screening policies, the risk-thresholds they use, professional regulations and laws. These differences have an impact on the way ethical issues emerge, and questions about the meaning of health, illness and disability, the scope of public health interventions, social inclusion and exclusion as well as reproductive choice are approached in each country. "
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Alpers, Philip, and Reece Walters. "Firearms Theft in New Zealand — Lessons for Crime and Injury Prevention." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 31, no. 1 (April 1998): 85–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000486589803100107.
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In New Zealand, 200,000licensed shooters (5.5% of the population) own an estimated 1 million firearms, 9 times more guns per capita than in England and Wales and 20% more than in Australia. Based on a 3 year study of firearm theft in New Zealand, this paper concludes that insecure storage of lawfully held weapons by licensed owners poses a significant public health and safety risk. Furthermore, this paper concludes that the failure of the police to enforce New Zealand gun security laws, and the government's hesitancy to develop firearm education and regulation policies, exacerbates insecure firearm storage, a key factor in firearm-related theft, injury, suicide, violence and criminal activity.
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Noonan-Gunning, Sharon, Kate Lewis, Lynne Kennedy, Jessica Swann, GursimranKaur Arora, and Regina Keith. "Is England's public health nutrition system in crisis? A qualitative analysis of the capacity to feed all in need during the COVID-19 pandemic." World Nutrition 12, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 83–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.26596/wn.202112283-103.
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Methodology: An exploratory methodology was adopted to examine experiences relating to capability and capacity among formal and informal helpers within the PHN domain. An online survey, mainly open-ended questions, was used to capture experiences over the period 2010 - 2020. A mixed sampling strategy, including snowball and convenience sampling, via social media and social network contact-sharing approaches, was adopted. Data was analysed using an inductive thematic approach.
Results: A total of 89 participants representing the PHN system in England were recruited over two months. Three main themes and eight sub-themes were identified. The first reflected unequivocal accounts of the impact of austerity and the inability of PHN services to meet demand for food security. The second articulated capacity and capability issues within the system, with geographical variations in service delivery, and a lack of connectivity between central, local government, and third sector providers. These were attributed to widening nutrition and health inequalities. Participants felt that the government needed to invest more technical and financial resources to support public health nutrition. They also felt that schools could play a larger role at local level, but there was a need for a clear national recovery plan, setting out a comprehensive and fully supported national strategy to eradicate food insecurity in England
Conclusions: Further in-depth research is needed to continue to track the impact of recovery strategies on food insecure people and the capacity of the PHN system. Urgent investment in the capacity and coordination of PHN services is needed to support food insecure people in England. The UK could include the ratification of the right to food in national laws, in line with global commitments already agreed to by the UK State Party.
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Watson, Fiona, Anna Taylor, Mike Rayner, Tim Lobstein, and Robin Hinks. "Priority actions for addressing the obesity epidemic in England." Public Health Nutrition 21, no. 5 (December 13, 2017): 1002–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980017003500.
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AbstractObjectiveTo prioritise policy actions for government to improve the food environment and contribute to reduced obesity and related diseases.DesignCross-sectional study applying the Food Environment Policy Index (Food EPI) in two stages. First, the evidence on all relevant policies was compiled, through an Internet search of government documents, and reviewed for accuracy and completeness by government officials. Second, independent experts were brought together to identify critical gaps and prioritise actions to fill those gaps, through a two-stage rating process.SettingEngland.SubjectsA total of seventy-three independent experts from forty-one organisations were involved in the exercise.ResultsThe top priority policy actions for government identified were: (i) control the advertising of unhealthy foods to children; (ii) implement the levy on sugary drinks; (iii) reduce the sugar, fat and salt content in processed foods (leading to an energy reduction); (iv) monitor school and nursery food standards; (v) prioritise health and the environment in the 25-year Food and Farming Plan; (vi) adopt a national food action plan; (vii) monitor the food environment; (viii) apply buying standards to all public institutions; (ix) strengthen planning laws to discourage less healthy food offers; and (x) evaluate food-related programmes and policies.ConclusionsApplying the Food EPI resulted in agreement on the ten priority actions required to improve the food environment. The Food EPI has proved to be a useful tool in developing consensus for action to address the obesity epidemic among a broad group of experts in a complex legislative environment.
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Brown, Penelope. "Unfitness to plead in England and Wales: Historical development and contemporary dilemmas." Medicine, Science and the Law 59, no. 3 (June 15, 2019): 187–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0025802419856761.
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Fitness to plead refers to a criminal defendant’s ability to participate at trial. The purpose of fitness-to-plead laws is to protect the rights of vulnerable individuals who are unable to defend themselves in court and to preserve natural justice in the legal system while balancing the needs to see justice served and protection of the public. Early legal systems treated mentally disordered defendants with leniency, but over time those found unfit to plead have been subjected to indefinite incarceration, breaching their right to liberty while protecting their right to a fair trial. Conversely, the threshold for being found unfit is high, and there are concerns that many unfit defendants are being unfairly subjected to trial. The approaches to balancing the competing demands have changed over time and have led to confusing and contradictory practices. In order to understand better how and why the current problems have come to exist, this paper analyses the historical development of the legal framework for fitness to plead from Medieval England to the turn of the 21st century. It isolates core dilemmas: (a) what the normative standard of fitness to plead is and whether the current test for determining fitness adequately reflects this standard; (b) whether fitness to plead should be disability neutral or whether unfitness requires the presence of a psychiatric diagnosis; and (c) how the courts should deal with those found unfit to plead, including insuring against the deprivation of liberty of innocents while ensuring the public are adequately protected.
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Keith, Regina Susan, Claudia Baker, Lauren Senior, and Amanda Rodrigues Amorim Adegboye. "Exploring young child feeding practices & perceptions in Tower Hamlets, with a focus on sugar." World Nutrition 13, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 88–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.26596/wn.202213188-107.
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Introduction: The aim of this qualitative research was to gain a greater understanding of the factors that influence young child feeding perceptions and practices in families with children under the age of five years old in London Borough of Tower Hamlets, in the context of rising childhood obesity levels in England.
Methodology: The target group were mothers with children under five, mother in laws, service providers and carers. The participants were selected using purposeful, convenience and snowball sampling methods. Data were collected from 21 key informant interviews, 2 direct observations of health promotion sessions and 18 focus groups. The focus group discussions included 119 participants: 95 women who were mothers, 3 mother in laws and 21 service providers. A thematic analysis was used to identify four themes: knowledge not leading to changes, communication challenges, barriers to improving family healthy eating practices, and the lack of public health nutrition services.
Findings: Knowledge had not led to behaviour change: Participants demonstrated high levels of knowledge on what constitutes healthy eating such as increasing the amount of fruit and vegetables their children eat while reducing sugar, salt and fat intake. Information was sought mainly from the internet, friends and family, but participants would prefer a one-to-one session with a health worker.
Communication challenges: Misleading messages negatively affected food choices. Participants raised the problem of mixed messages regarding what was a healthy snack, as many food labels targeting young children carry misleading health claims such as “two of your five a day” or “organic,” despite having extremely high levels of sugar.
Barriers to improving family healthy eating practices: The challenges experienced when trying to improve their children’s eating habits included the cost of healthy food options, the lack of time to buy and prepare healthy options, unhealthy treats given by family and friends, and the unhealthy takeaway food environment.
Lack of public health nutrition services and support: There was a lack of clarity regarding who mothers and service providers should refer to regarding nutrition problems such as fussy eating, portion sizes, and diet diversity. Half of the early years’ service providers that were interviewed had no training on healthy eating guidelines, although training had been planned. Parents did not think the sugar tax would have a significant impact on the consumption of sugar or on childhood obesity levels.
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Owen, Denis, and Grahame Dangerfield. "Public Perception of Wildlife Casualties in England." Environmental Conservation 21, no. 1 (1994): 67–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900024103.
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Laverty, Anthony A., Eszter Panna Vamos, Christopher Millett, Kiara C.-M. Chang, Filippos T. Filippidis, and Nicholas S. Hopkinson. "Child awareness of and access to cigarettes: impacts of the point-of-sale display ban in England." Tobacco Control 28, no. 5 (September 20, 2018): 526–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054511.
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IntroductionEngland introduced a tobacco display ban for shops with >280 m2 floor area (‘partial ban’) in 2012, then a total ban in 2015. This study assessed whether these were linked to child awareness of and access to cigarettes.MethodsData come from the Smoking, Drinking and Drug Use survey, an annual survey of children aged 11–15 years for 2010–2014 and 2016. Multivariate logistic regression models assessed changes in having seen cigarettes on display, usual sources and ease of access to cigarettes in shopsResultsDuring the partial display ban in 2012, 89.9% of children reported seeing cigarettes on display in the last year, which was reduced to 86.0% in 2016 after the total ban (adjusted OR 0.58, 95% CI 0.50 to 0.66). Reductions were similar in small shops (84.1% to 79.3%)%) and supermarkets (62.6% to 57.3%)%). Although the ban was associated with a reduction in the proportion of regular child smokers reporting that they bought cigarettes in shops (57.0% in 2010 to 39.8% in 2016), we did not find evidence of changes in perceived difficulty or being refused sale among those who still did.DiscussionTobacco point-of-sale display bans in England reduced the exposure of children to cigarettes in shops and coincided with a decrease in buying cigarettes in shops. However, children do not report increased difficulty in obtaining cigarettes from shops, highlighting the need for additional measures to tackle tobacco advertising, stronger enforcement of existing laws and measures such as licencing for tobacco retailers.
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Craven, B. M., G. T. Stewart, and M. Taghavi. "Amateurs Confronting Specialists: Expenditure on AIDS in England." Journal of Public Policy 13, no. 4 (October 1993): 305–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x00001136.
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ABSTRACTPresent public policy in Britain towards the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) funding is unusual if not exceptional; first because the funding is earmarked and second because no other area of medicine receives such high levels of resources. This paper examines the cause of AIDS and the likely trend of new cases and hence future resource demands upon the NHS. This paper offers four explanations for massive ‘ring-fenced’ AIDS expenditure of public revenue. The distribution to and allocation of those monies by Regional Health Authorities is analysed. It concludes that there is very little rationale for this, especially when alternative uses of funds are considered. Furthermore the politics of incrementalism indicates that what has already become a major misuse of public funds is likely to continue in the foreseeable future.
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Østergaard, Jeanette, Stine V. Østergaard, and Adam Fletcher. "Preferences for Simultaneous Polydrug Use." Contemporary Drug Problems 43, no. 4 (August 20, 2016): 350–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0091450916661372.
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Cross-national surveys of young adults’ simultaneous polydrug use (SPU) are rare, as measuring polydrug use requires multiple questions capturing the timing, sequence, and dosage of mixing drugs. This study proposes a new way of measuring SPU by examining how preferences for simultaneous polydrug use (PSPU) vary among club/bar-goers in two European countries, Denmark and England, typically cited as exemplars of the normalization of illegal drug use. The study considers the utility of the normalization thesis for understanding preferences for polydrug use in the European nighttime economy. An in situ survey of 1,298 young adults (18–35 years) conducted in 50 bars, pubs, and nightclubs in England and Denmark assessed sociodemographics, substance use patterns, and personal preference(s) for mixing alcohol and drug use. Multinomial regression analyses examined the relative risk of PSPU categories among those reporting drug use, according to sociodemographics, alcohol intake, frequency of intoxication, and smoking. Illicit drug use was more prevalent among young adults in England than Denmark. The difference was smallest for cannabis use: Lifetime cannabis use is 66% in England and 58% in Denmark. Lifetime cocaine use was 38% in England and 17% in Denmark. In England, young adults with drug experience preferred to mix alcohol with cocaine (65%). In Denmark, young adults with drug experience preferred to mix alcohol with cannabis (78%). In multinominal regression, Danish young adults’ educational level was associated with PSPU, whereas in England legal substance use was associated with PSPU. This study calls for a more differentiated understanding of normalization. Preferences for mixing alcohol and drug use varied significantly cross nationally (alcohol/cocaine, England; alcohol/cannabis, Denmark). Different factors are associated with PSPU in each country. In England, not Denmark, drinking behaviors appear to shape preferences for mixing alcohol with cocaine, suggesting caution should be taken when replicating harm reduction interventions.
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Quigley, Leo. "Policy making, adult safeguarding and public health: a formula for change?" Journal of Adult Protection 16, no. 2 (April 8, 2014): 68–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jap-04-2013-0015.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to review the reasons underlying the slow rate of progress towards developing a comprehensive policy underpinning for adult safeguarding in England and proposes long-term solutions. Design/methodology/approach – This paper uses a model of policy change to argue that adult safeguarding has been over-reliant on case histories to define its policy problems and influence its politics, while making insufficient progress on data collection and analysis. It uses examples from the parallel discipline of public health to explore four challenges, or “problems”, relevant to the further development of the knowledge base underpinning adult safeguarding policy. Findings – Four recommendations emerge for closing the adult safeguarding “knowledge gap”, including the development of a national research strategy for adult safeguarding. In a fifth recommendation the paper also proposes a clearer recognition of the contribution that local public health professionals can make to local adult safeguarding policy making and programme development. Practical implications – The first four recommendations of this paper would serve as the basis for developing a national research strategy for adult safeguarding. The fifth would strengthen the contribution of local public health departments to safeguarding adults boards. Originality/value – The author is unaware of the existence of any other review of the limitations of the adult safeguarding knowledge base as a foundation for policy making, or which proposes strategic solutions. The work is valuable for its practical proposals.
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Hafez, Hany. "Abdominal aortic aneurysm disease: health risks, management and screening." Clinical Risk 14, no. 6 (November 2008): 208–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/cr.2008.080076.
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Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) disease is a condition that affects mainly men over the age of 65 years. The majority of AAAs will remain asymptomatic and therefore undetected. These undetected aneurysms will invariably grow enough for their walls to rupture leading to death in nearly 75% of those affected. Ultrasound-based AAA screening has been shown to reduce the risk of dying of an AAA by half. This significant reduction of mortality offered by a simple and sensitive non-invasive test has prompted the Department of Health to introduce a national AAA screening programme for England and Wales. In this article, the public health risks of AAA disease together with details of the impact of the anticipated national AAA screening programme are discussed.
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BAULD, LINDA, KEN JUDGE, MARIAN BARNES, MICHAELA BENZEVAL, MHAIRI MACKENZIE, and HELEN SULLIVAN. "Promoting Social Change: The Experience of Health Action Zones in England." Journal of Social Policy 34, no. 3 (June 15, 2005): 427–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279405008858.
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When New Labour came to power in the UK in 1997 it brought with it a strong commitment to reducing inequality and social exclusion. One strand of its strategy involved a focus on area-based initiatives to reduce the effects of persistent disadvantage. Health Action Zones (HAZs) were the first example of this type of intervention, and their focus on community-based initiatives to tackle the wider social determinants of health inequalities excited great interest both nationally and internationally. This article draws on findings from the national evaluation of the initiative. It provides an overview of the HAZ experience, and explores why many of the great expectations associated with HAZs at their launch failed to materialise. It suggests that, despite their relatively limited impact, it is best to consider that they made a good start in difficult circumstances rather than that they failed. As a result there are some important lessons to be learned about the role of complex community-based interventions in tackling seemingly intractable social problems for policy-makers, practitioners and evaluators. Social programs are complex undertakings. They are an amalgam of dreams and personalities, rooms and theories, paper clips and organisational structure, clients and activities, budgets and photocopies, and great intentions. (Weiss, 1998: 48)
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Fotaki, Marianna. "Can directors of public health implement the new public health agenda in primary care? A case study of Primary Care Trusts in the North West of England." Policy & Politics 35, no. 2 (April 24, 2007): 311–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/030557307780713013.
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Chandler, Martin, Jim McVeigh, and Caryl Beynon. "Integrating Drug-Related Monitoring Systems—An Intelligence Led Approach." Contemporary Drug Problems 36, no. 3-4 (September 2009): 663–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009145090903600318.
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The Centre for Public Health at Liverpool John Moores University houses a number of distinct, but related, systems that collate attributable monitoring data from drug treatment, criminal justice, and harm reduction services in the North West of England. Briefly, the National Drug Treatment Monitoring System collates data from higher level structured drug treatment services (e.g., substitute prescribing, psychological interventions, and abstinence-based programs), while the Drug Interventions Programme collects data on criminal justice interventions both within the community and prisons, which aim to divert offenders into treatment. Alcohol treatment services for the region are monitored through the Alcohol Treatment Monitoring System. These systems provide regular reports to key stakeholders as well as themed reports to respond to specific public health and commissioning needs. These data are also used to demonstrate client crossover and pathways between services and regional trends in substance use. Finally, the data facilitate investigations into diverse drug-related issues such as injecting behavior, drug-related deaths, modeling to determine hidden drug using populations, epidemiological investigations, changing drug treatment demands, and monitoring the impact of government policy. In combination, these monitoring systems contain information relating to over 100,000 individuals in the North West of England over a 12-year period.
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Carmichael, Laurence, Tim G. Townshend, Thomas B. Fischer, Karen Lock, Carl Petrokofsky, Adam Sheppard, David Sweeting, and Flora Ogilvie. "Urban planning as an enabler of urban health: Challenges and good practice in England following the 2012 planning and public health reforms." Land Use Policy 84 (May 2019): 154–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.02.043.
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Hibbert, Helen. "Promoting the Education of Children and Young People in Public Care." Adoption & Fostering 25, no. 2 (July 2001): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030857590102500205.
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This article by Helen Hibbert provides a summary and analysis of the education of children and young people in public care in England and Wales, with reference to last year's publication of the Guidance on the Education of Children and Young People in Public Care (DH/DfEE, 2000). The article summarises the most important features of the Guidance, and identifies key implications for practice. These include joint working between departments of education and social services, data collection and planning, the role of the Designated Teacher, target setting and achievement, exclusion and raising expectations. The author comments on implications of the Guidance for local authorities, young people, carers and teachers.
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Andrews, Neil. "Affordable and Accurate Civil Justice Challenges Facing the English and Other Modern Systems." European Business Law Review 25, Issue 4 (August 1, 2014): 545–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eulr2014025.
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Modern legal systems, including the English, emphasise the need to promote mediation, uphold arbitration (which bypasses the courts), and achieve settlements. These are regarded as preferable to lengthy court proceedings culminating in trial. In England the Jackson reforms of April 2013 aim to control costs and stream-line proceedings. However, it is here argued that the challenges of promoting affordability and accessibility must not be permitted to undermine accuracy and that public adjudication in the courts of civil claims, including clarification of points of law, remain important for the vitality and health of the legal system. Inaccurate judicial decision-making would be unacceptably rough justice. It will be shunned. Furthermore, although mediation and arbitration have their place, both have their dangers, if they cause public adjudication to become too scarce or unreliable. For neither mediation nor arbitration involves public judgment of disputed matters of fact and law.
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Warner, Jessica. "The naturalization of beer and gin in early modern England." Contemporary Drug Problems 24, no. 2 (June 1997): 373–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009145099702400209.
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Flynn, Rob. "Coping With Cutbacks and Managing Retrenchment in Health." Journal of Social Policy 20, no. 2 (April 1991): 215–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279400018729.
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ABSTRACTThis paper presents qualitative evidence about managers' perceptions of retrenchment in the National Health Service in England. It outlines the financial situation of six case-study district health authorities during the expenditure crisis of 1987/8, and presents the results of an interview survey of district general managers and directors of finance about the implementation of cutbacks. Similar policies of cost-containment and service reduction are mirrored by similarity in the views held by managers and treasurers. Key concerns included the need for a reconstruction of local priorities in service provision, and the advocacy of an extension of managerial control over hospital consultants. These issues are discussed briefly in the context of the recent government proposals to introduce market mechanisms into the NHS, and wider arguments about medical dominance and bureaucratic/professional conflicts.
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BLACKMAN, TIM, and KATIE DUNSTAN. "Qualitative Comparative Analysis and Health Inequalities: Investigating Reasons for Differential Progress with Narrowing Local Gaps in Mortality." Journal of Social Policy 39, no. 3 (February 23, 2010): 359–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279409990675.
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AbstractAlthough health inequalities in England reflect underlying deprivation, there is considerable variation among deprived areas in the extent to which these inequalities are narrowing. Using survey data from 15 local authority areas in North West England, and Ragin's technique of Qualitative Comparative Analysis, contextual features and ways of working in these areas are shown to combine in systematic ways with recent trends in inequalities as measured by premature mortality. For circulatory diseases, a narrowing mortality gap showed a clear association with smoking cessation services that accorded with a best practice description, combined with a local population with relatively more people aged 65 or older. For cancers, a narrowing mortality gap was associated with areas that combined relatively low population mobility with a professional working culture described as one of individual commitment and championing. These findings reveal the complexity of meeting health inequality targets and applying evidence to this endeavour, since both ways of working and context appear to be important to making progress. Both need to be understood case by case if targets are to be locally realistic and evidence applied where local practice is known to matter to the outcome.
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PILGRIM, DAVID. "New ‘Mental Health’ Legislation for England and Wales: Some Aspects of Consensus and Conflict." Journal of Social Policy 36, no. 1 (December 21, 2006): 79–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279406000389.
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The faltering emergence of new ‘mental health’ legislation in England and Wales between 1998 and 2005 is described. The slow progress largely reflected widespread opposition to the content of the government's plans to replace the Mental Health Act of 1983. That opposition was formalised in the Mental Health Alliance, an umbrella organisation which included user and professional groups as well as voluntary sector bodies. This article highlights the main points of dispute between the government and its opponents. In particular, concerns about compulsion and the duty of the state to guarantee good quality care in every locality divided the government and its critics. The implications of these disputes are discussed, along with some questions about interest work within the Alliance.
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Meszaros, Janos, and Chih-hsing Ho. "Building trust and transparency? Challenges of the opt-out system and the secondary use of health data in England." Medical Law International 19, no. 2-3 (June 2019): 159–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0968533219879975.
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After the failure of the care.data programme, a revised opt-out system has been introduced for British citizens to protect their health data from 2018. However, there are several exemptions from the previous and the revised opt-out systems, some of which are overly broad. For instance, the opt-outs may be completely ignored in the case of ‘anonymised’ data. The data protection terminology in the United Kingdom is slightly different from that in the European Union, and the key issue is that the terms are not used consistently, even in the most important documents and guidelines. This situation may lead to a weak opt-out system with transparency issues, which might erode public trust and lead to a repeat of the care.data failure. Furthermore, the United Kingdom intends to comply with the General Data Protection Regulation after Brexit, thus these differences may cause compatibility issues in the future.
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Walker, Samantha, Jill Annison, and Sharon Beckett. "Transforming Rehabilitation: The impact of austerity and privatisation on day-to-day cultures and working practices in ‘probation’." Probation Journal 66, no. 1 (January 6, 2019): 113–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0264550518820670.
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Viewed as a culmination of broader neoliberal governance within the UK, this paper examines the impact of the government’s Transforming Rehabilitation (TR) agenda on day-to-day working cultures at the frontline of probation work. TR has brought with it extensive structural and cultural changes to probation work in England and Wales. Once a single public-sector service with a social welfare ethos of ‘advise, assist and befriend’, probation has been dismantled, partially privatised and culturally transformed into a collection of fragmented, target-driven organisations, divided according to risk and with an official rhetoric emphasising public protection. The implications of TR are now starting to surface. While much of this attention has focused on the impact of TR on both the supervision of offenders and in terms of public protection, less research has been conducted on how these organisational changes have impacted upon staff. Drawing upon findings from qualitative research, this article suggests that deepening cuts, precarious working environments, and increasingly unmanageable caseloads inflict upon staff what we consider to be a pervasive form of systemic workplace harm, resulting in mental health issues, stress, and professional dissatisfaction.
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Morleo, Michela, Carly Lightowlers, Zara Anderson, Penny A. Cook, Corinne Harkins, and Mark A. Bellis. "A review of the impact of the Licensing Act 2003 on levels of violence in England and Wales: A public health perspective." Crime Prevention and Community Safety 11, no. 3 (June 18, 2009): 204–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/cpcs.2009.14.
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Foster, Peggy. "Improving the Doctor/Patient Relationship: A Feminist Perspective." Journal of Social Policy 18, no. 3 (July 1989): 337–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279400017608.
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ABSTRACTSince the early 1970s British and American feminists have developed a comprehensive critique of the dominant doctor/patient relationship within mainstream health care services. In Britain, activists in the women's health movement have struggled to put into practice a model of health care delivery based on feminist principles, within which the doctor/patient relationship is radically redesigned. This paper will explore the principles and practice of this feminist health care model. It will then attempt to evaluate alternative strategies for strengthening and expanding feminist health care within the NHS. The paper will draw on data gathered by the author in 1987 through a series of unstructured interviews with feminist health care providers who were working within a variety of NHS settings in the North West of England.
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Carney, Ffion. "Linking Loyalty Card Data to Public Transport Data to Explore Mobility and Social Exclusion in the Older Population." Sustainability 13, no. 11 (May 31, 2021): 6217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13116217.
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Inequalities in the provision of public transport and the accessibility of both public transport services and key facilities can impact wellbeing and increase social exclusion. This study explores the relationship between the provision of public transport services, mobility and social exclusion by utilising loyalty card transaction data to estimate the activity spaces of the older population in the West Midlands (England) metropolitan area. Bus time table data were used to calculate bus service provision and travel times to retail areas. Regression analyses were then used to quantify the impacts that the provision and efficiency of public transport services have on the area of older cardholders’ activity spaces. The provision of public transport services was found to have a significant impact on the size of these activity spaces, along with several sociodemographic variables, including age, deprivation and health. The results suggested that access to reliable public transport increased the mobility levels of the older population and allowed for a wider range of retail opportunities to be accessed. Inequalities in the provision of public transport could therefore exacerbate the wider social issues that affect some of the most vulnerable groups of the population.
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Jay, Stephen. "Pylons in the Back Yard: Local Planning and Perceived Risks to Health." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 25, no. 3 (June 2007): 423–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c58m.
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Health fears arising from the presence of high-voltage power lines in residential areas have received recent attention in spatial planning. A study of stances taken by planning authorities in England and Wales shows their willingness to give expression to the concerns of local communities through precautionary measures, and the difficulties encountered in the face of official statements and industry opposition. These attempts to embody local feeling in patterns of development are illustrative of the increasing prevalence of a sense of risk in contemporary society. The spatial patterns of risk are also revealed, which owe much to the presence and distribution of industrial infrastructure in the landscape and to the associated contested use of land.
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MILNE, ALISOUN, ELENI HATZIDIMITRIADOU, and JANET WISEMAN. "Health and Quality of Life Among Older People in Rural England: Exploring the Impact and Efficacy of Policy." Journal of Social Policy 36, no. 3 (June 7, 2007): 477–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279407001055.
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There is increasing evidence that characteristics of place influence health and that the dimensions of rurality interlock with the process of ageing to produce a number of distinctive patterns. For the rising number of older people living in rural England, it is clear that, overall, the countryside promotes the health and wellbeing of the newly retired, fitter cohort who have access to financial and community resources. However, it carries a number of risks for elders who are frail, deprived or isolated; inequalities combine to undermine health and deepen exclusion. The efficacy of policy in taking account of the needs of rural elders is uneven. Analysis of the three most pivotal policy arenas – rurality, ageing and health, and community development – suggests that while some initiatives do promote quality of life, significant limitations remain. Further, the overarching policy response is incoherent and fragmented. Key deficits relate to resource allocation, limited recognition of rural disadvantage, and minimal incorporation of the perspectives of rural elders. That the majority of policy is rurally blind is a fundamental challenge; for rural elders to benefit from policy investment, a systemic shift is required in the mechanisms that steer its development, funding and implementation.
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Wall, Stacy, Ann Hemingway, and Susanna Curtin. "Engaging with a healthy tourism “offer”: strategies to improve place perceptions." Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes 9, no. 5 (October 9, 2017): 525–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/whatt-07-2017-0038.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore how engagement with a healthy tourism “offer” could improve place perceptions through the development of collaborative strategies to promote a well-being destination. Design/methodology/approach This paper takes a constructivist grounded theory approach drawing on semi-structured interviews conducted with local members of the council from public health and tourism teams, in a seaside town in the South of England. Findings Study findings indicate that the historical roots of the town’s creation have a bearing on the current planning challenges and strategies. Findings confirm that collaborative strategies to engage with a healthy tourism “offer” will improve place perceptions and promote a well-being destination. Research limitations/implications This paper concludes that strategies to engage with a healthy tourism offer include interventions to curb alcohol consumption, regenerate areas and promote eudaemonic well-being – which could ultimately improve place perceptions. Originality/value This paper proposes that the development of strategic alliances bridged through the construct of well-being could improve place perceptions and promote a well-being destination.
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Apakama, Dorothy C. "Emergency department as a ‘place of safety’: reviewing the use of Section 136 of the Mental Health Act 1983 in England." Medicine, Science and the Law 52, no. 1 (October 28, 2011): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/msl.2011.010154.
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Section 136 provides the lawful authority for the removal, by the police, of the person to whom the provision applies, from a place to which the public have access. There has been a longstanding debate as to the most appropriate place of safety for these patients. The aim of this article is to review the literature and determine the ideal place for the detention and assessment of these patients and clarify the responsibilities of the staff of the agencies involved in the detention. It concludes that there is no single most appropriate place of safety for all groups of patients. Rather, there should be a range of options to enable the assessment in the most suitable environment for individual cases according to their needs at the time.
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GREER, SCOTT L. "David J. Hunter, Linda Marks and Katherine E. Smith (2010), The Public Health System in England. Bristol: Policy Press. £21.99, pp. 200, pbk." Journal of Social Policy 40, no. 2 (January 19, 2011): 427–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279410001078.
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LAIN, DAVID. "Helping the Poorest Help Themselves? Encouraging Employment Past 65 in England and the USA." Journal of Social Policy 40, no. 3 (January 5, 2011): 493–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279410000942.
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AbstractIn the context of population ageing and low retirement incomes, the UK government is encouraging delayed retirement. However, the OECD has argued that UK means-tested benefits disincentivise employment for the poorest, and Vickerstaff (2006b) has suggested managers have typically controlled opportunities to work beyond 65. In the US, contrastingly, benefits are meagre and difficult to access, and age discrimination legislation protects individuals from forced retirement. Would a US ‘self-reliance’ policy approach increase employment amongst the poorest over 65s in the UK and enhance or diminish their financial position? The evidence suggests that extending UK age discrimination legislation and restricting benefits would increase overall employment past 65, although not necessarily to US levels. Analysis of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing and the US Health and Retirement Study finds the poorest over 65s were more likely to work in the USA than in England in 2002. However, within the USA, employment amongst the poorest was still low, especially compared with wealthier groups; logistic regression analysis primarily attributes this to lower levels of health and education. A US policy approach would therefore most likely damage the financial position of the poorest in the UK, as increased employment would not sufficiently compensate for lost benefits.
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Monbet, Phil, Ian D. McKelvie, and Paul J. Worsfold. "Sedimentary pools of phosphorus in the eutrophic Tamar estuary (SW England)." J. Environ. Monit. 12, no. 1 (2010): 296–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b911429g.
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Wilson, M. P., F. Worrall, R. J. Davies, and A. Hart. "Identifying groundwater compartmentalisation for hydraulic fracturing risk assessments." Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts 21, no. 2 (2019): 352–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8em00300a.
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Groundwater quality and seismic reflection data are combined to identify compartmentalisation in the Bowland Basin, northwest England, thereby providing a method that could be applied to other prospective shale basins.
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CHRISTENSEN, KAREN, and DORIA PILLING. "User Participation Policies in Norway and England – the Case of Older People and Social Care." Journal of Social Policy 48, no. 1 (May 10, 2018): 43–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279418000272.
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AbstractUser participation has become one of the most important concepts in the social care sector in many European countries, but the literature has mostly paid attention to disabled people or those with mental health problems. This article compares the user participation policies directed at social care for older people in Norway and England. Using a discourse analytical approach, a selection primarily of White papers from the 1960s until today are analysed. The analysis draws on the literature's discourse discussion, including a democratic/rights based discourse (full citizenship), a consumer discourse (consumers’ rights to choose welfare services), a co-production discourse (users and state/local authorities partnerships), and nuances of these discourses. The analysis shows that, while both countries start with variations of a democratic discourse, Norway develops a temporary and weak consumer discourse in a middle phase, then moves to co-production in current times. England, on the other hand, develops a comprehensive consumer discourse but also a surprisingly strong co-production discourse – the idea of a ‘Big Society’ – in early and current times.
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WILLIAMS, EVAN. "Unemployment, sanctions and mental health: the relationship between benefit sanctions and antidepressant prescribing." Journal of Social Policy 50, no. 1 (October 25, 2019): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279419000783.
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AbstractInternational social security systems increasingly place work-related conditions on individuals claiming out-of-work benefits, and enforce requirements through the use of benefit sanctions. The literature on the impacts of benefit sanctions considers both labour market and wider social effects, which this study contributes to through a focus on mental health. It considers the period of Coalition government (2010–15) in the UK, which imposed a comparatively high number of benefit sanctions and increased their severity through the Welfare Reform Act 2012. A longitudinal dataset is constructed using quarterly local authority-level data on Jobseeker’s Allowance (JSA) sanctions and antidepressant prescriptions in England. Results from fixed effects analyses indicate that, in the post-reform period, every 10 additional sanctions are associated with 4.57 additional antidepressant prescribing items (95% CI: 2.14 to 6.99), which translates to approximately one additional person receiving treatment. Importantly, this finding indicates that sanctions are associated with both adverse mental health impacts and wider public expenditure implications, which motivates further investigation at the individual-level. In addition, punitive sanctions form a core part of the new Universal Credit (UC) and so the results suggest the need to reassess the use of sanctions within the contemporary social security system.
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Andreangeli, Arianna. "Healthcare Services, the EU Single Market and Beyond: Meeting Local Needs in an Open Economy How Much Market or How Little Market?" Legal Issues of Economic Integration 43, Issue 2 (May 1, 2016): 145–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/leie2016008.
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This article considers the impact of the choices made by the Member States in designing the institutional and regulatory concerning taxpayer-funded health services on the applicability of the EU single market and competition rules and on the public procurement legal regime. It will focus on the different approaches adopted in the United Kingdom in England and Wales as opposed to Scotland. The article will conclude by looking at some of the issues that could arise from the implementation of common commercial policy initiatives undertaken by the Union: taking into consideration the ongoing negotiation of the EU/US Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP), it will consider whether liberalizing trade in services may imperil the solidarity-based nature of healthcare that is typical of the EU Member States.
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McGonigle, D. F., S. P. Burke, A. L. Collins, R. Gartner, M. R. Haft, R. C. Harris, P. M. Haygarth, M. C. Hedges, K. M. Hiscock, and A. A. Lovett. "Developing Demonstration Test Catchments as a platform for transdisciplinary land management research in England and Wales." Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts 16, no. 7 (2014): 1618–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3em00658a.
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This paper describes a research platform approach that has been developed in England to bring together researchers and stakeholders from a wide range of institutions to undertake multi-disciplinary, catchment-scale research on approaches to tackle agricultural water pollution.
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Moore, Steve. "Assumption, the mother of all foul ups: a fundamental reason for the continuing abuse of adults at risk." Journal of Adult Protection 20, no. 3/4 (August 13, 2018): 129–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jap-04-2018-0008.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to introduce the concept of the assumption of altruism argued by the author to be a tendency among both the lay public, professionals and politicians, a generalised assumption that contributes to the long standing and obstinate presence of abuse of adults who are at risk throughout England, particularly older people living in care and nursing homes. Design/methodology/approach By examining available figures that depict the continuing abuse of vulnerable adults, and by drawing on research, the author offers a partial explanation for the longevity of abuse in English society. Findings The paper demonstrates how the concept of the assumption of altruism can explain to a degree the apparent enduring levels of abuse of adults who are at risk. Practical implications The paper offers the opportunity for the reader to consider some of the fundamental, higher order reasons for the persistent levels of abuse in England, abuse that endures despite the oversight by government of care provided to adults who maybe at risk by virtue of the activities of the statutory regulator and health and social care commissioners. Originality/value By presenting the incontrovertible evidence of enduring abuse, the paper introduces the concept of the assumption of altruism as a partial explanation for its continuing occurrence despite decades of policy and practice guidance designed to overcome it.
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Noland, Robert B., and Mohammed A. Quddus. "A spatially disaggregate analysis of road casualties in England." Accident Analysis & Prevention 36, no. 6 (November 2004): 973–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2003.11.001.
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Scott, Thayer E., Sangeetha Bansal, and Ana Karina Mascarenhas. "Willingness of New England Dental Professionals to Provide Assistance during a Bioterrorism Event." Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science 6, no. 3 (September 2008): 253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/bsp.2008.0014.
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Messmer, Mindi F., Jeffrey Salloway, Nawar Shara, Ben Locwin, Megan W. Harvey, and Nora Traviss. "Risk of Cancer in a Community Exposed to Per- and Poly-Fluoroalkyl Substances." Environmental Health Insights 16 (January 2022): 117863022210767. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/11786302221076707.
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Background: Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) emissions from a plastic coating industrial source in southern New Hampshire (NH) have contaminated at least 65 square miles of drinking water. Prior research indicates that high levels of PFAS are associated with a variety of adverse health outcomes, including an increased risk of cancer. Reports indicate that mean blood serum levels of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), one type of PFAS, in residents of the exposed community are more than 2 times greater than the mean blood serum level in the US. Merrimack public water supply customers also have higher average blood levels of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS) than the time—matched US average. A 2018 report concludes that the incidence rate of cancer in Merrimack does not exceed the incidence rate of cancer in NH in general. However, prior reporting on the risk of cancer in Merrimack is compared only to a state-wide metric influenced by the Merrimack cancer incidence. Methods: Our ecological study compared the risk in Merrimack, NH residents for 24 types of cancer between 2005 and 2014, targeted in a previous study, and all-cause cancers, to US national cancer rates and cancer rates in demographically similar towns in New England. Four New England “unexposed towns” were chosen based on demographic similarity to Merrimack, with no documented PFAS exposure in water supplies. We utilized unadjusted logistical regression to approximate risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) assessing the risk of cancer in Merrimack NH to each of the 4 comparator communities, the pooled comparator variable, and national average incidence. Results: Residents of Merrimack, NH experienced a significantly higher risk of thyroid cancer (RR = 1.47, 95% CI 1.12-1.93), bladder cancer (RR = 1.45, 95% CI 1.17-1.81), esophageal cancer (RR = 1.71, 95% CI 1.1-2.65), and mesothelioma (RR = 2.41, 95% CI 1.09-5.34), compared to national averages. Our work also suggests that Merrimack residents experienced a significantly higher risk of all-cause cancer (RR = 1.34, 95% CI 1.25-1.43), thyroid cancer (RR = 1.69, 95% CI 1.19-2.39), colon cancer (RR = 1.27, 95% CI 1.02-1.57), and prostate cancer (RR = 1.36, 95% CI 1.15, 1.6) compared with similarly exposed New England communities. Our results indicate that residents of Merrimack may also have a significantly lower risk of some site-specific cancers compared to national averages, including lower risk of prostate cancer (RR = 0.57, 95% CI 0.5-0.66), female breast cancer (RR = 0.60, 95% CI 0.52-0.68), ovarian cancer (RR = 0.52, 95% CI 0.33-0.84) and cervical cancer (RR = 0.29, 95% CI 0.12-0.69). Conclusion: Merrimack residents experienced a significantly higher risk of at least 4 types of cancer over 10 years between 2005 and 2014. Merrimack is a community with documented PFAS contamination of drinking water in public and private water sources. Results indicate that further research is warranted to elucidate if southern NH residents experience increased risk for various types of cancer due to exposure to PFAS contamination.
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Stevens, Alan, and Roy Minton. "In-vehicle distraction and fatal accidents in England and Wales." Accident Analysis & Prevention 33, no. 4 (July 2001): 539–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0001-4575(00)00068-3.
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Donnelly, Mary, and Maeve McDonagh. "Keeping the secrets of the dead? An evaluation of the statutory framework for access to information about deceased persons." Legal Studies 31, no. 1 (March 2011): 42–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-121x.2010.00168.x.
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In England and Wales, the question of access to information about deceased persons is determined under two separate statutes: the Access to Health Records Act 1990 and the Freedom of Information Act 2000. This paper examines the normative and legal issues raised by access to information about the dead and evaluates the statutory framework. It draws on philosophical and legal sources which support the claim that the dead are owed a moral and legal duty of confidence. However, it also shows that this is not an absolute duty and it identifies the public and private justifications which favour the provision of access to information about the dead. It argues that the current statutory framework is excessively restrictive and that it fails to provide an appropriate context within which interests favouring access may be considered. Accordingly, it argues that the law needs to be reformed and that a specific legislative framework dealing with access to information about the dead should be introduced. The paper concludes by setting out some preliminary suggestions regarding the possible form of such a legislative framework.