Journal articles: 'Public health in Colombia'

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Wiesner, Carolina. "Public health and epidemiology of cancer in Colombia." Colombia Médica 49, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 13–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.25100/cm.v49i1.3885.

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Garfield, Richard, and Claudia Patricia Llanten Morales. "The public health context of violence in Colombia." Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública 16, no. 4 (October 2004): 266–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1020-49892004001000006.

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Rentería-Ramos, Rafael, Rafael Hurtado, and B. Piedad Urdinola. "Epidemiology, public health and complex networks." Memorias, no. 1 (November 2, 2018): 9–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.22490/25904779.3053.

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Health differences across socioeconomic strata have always pointed out that poorer and minorities have higher mortality and morbidity than richer and majorities. This difference is exacerbated for particular populations such as the victims of ongoing armed conflict, who are also much harder to quantify due to the conflict itself. This study uses complex network analysis applied to a combination of three large administrative records for the health system and mortality records in the province of Risaralda (Colombia) between 2011 and 2016. We estimate the most common causes of morbi-mortality for both victims of violence and the poorest inhabitants of Risaralda, defined as those who qualify as recipients of subsidies from the Colombian welfare program, called SISBEN, in the categories of those with the highest need, levels I and II. Both populations show high morbidity frequencies for non-communicable diseases such as Type II diabetes, hypertension and hyperglyceridaemia, mostly associated with exposure to unhealthy lifestyles. However, these mortality outcomes reflect the different treatments and lifestyles of both subpopulations. While the poorest replicate the same causes identified for morbidity, the victims of armed conflict die of additional causes including Type I diabetes, which reflects the even worse conditions they face.

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Gallo Acosta, Jairo Enrique, and Anika Quiñones Useche. "Subjectivity, mental health and neoliberalism in public health politics in Colombia." Athenea Digital. Revista de pensamiento e investigación social 16, no. 2 (July 5, 2016): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.5565/rev/athenea.1616.

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León-Núñez, Leonardo José, Gabriel Camero-Ramos, and José María Gutiérrez. "Epidemiology of snakebites in Colombia (2008-2016)." Revista de Salud Pública 22, no. 3 (May 30, 2020): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/rsap.v22n3.87005.

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Objective To describe the main epidemiological features of snakebites in Colombia during the period 2008 to 2016.Methods A retrospective (quantitative) descriptive analytical empirical study was carried out, based on the official databases of the Public Health Surveillance in the Integral Information System of the Social Protection (SISPRO) and the Surveillance System in Public Health (Sivigila) of the reported cases of snakebites in Colombia for that period.Results In total, 37 066 cases were reported, with annual incidences ranging from 7.0 (2008) to 9.7 (2011 and 2012) cases per 100,000 population. Mortality rates ranged from 0.059 (2013) to 0.091 (2011) deaths per 100 000 population, with case fatality rates ranging from 0.6% (2013) to 1.0% (2010). Indigenous and Afro-Colombian populations were highly affected, and highest incidences occurred in males, and in people living in rural areas. The average age of affected people is 31.7 years (95% CI 28.3 34.5). The regions with higher incidence are Amazonia and Orinoquia. Species of the genus Bothrops are responsible for the highest number of bites (64.5%), owing to their wide distribution in Colombia. Regarding clinical manifestations, pain and edema were observed in 86.9% and 78.8% of patients, respectively. Cellulitis and abscesses were the most frequent local complications of these envenomings.Conclusions Results underscore the relevance of snakebite envenoming in Colombia, and provide information for improving the public health attention to these envenoming.

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Urdinola-Contreras, Beatriz Piedad. "War is not healthy. Political violence and infant health outcomes in Colombia." Revista de Salud Pública 20, no. 3 (May 1, 2018): 326–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/rsap.v20n3.55430.

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Objetivos establecer y cuantificar el efecto del conflicto armado interno en Colombia en la salud infantil, particularmente en el peso al nacer.Métodos este documento explota las diferencias en el tiempo de la intensidad del conflicto armado interno en Colombia, medido por las tasas de homicidios municipales, sobre la salud infantil, cuantificado como mortalidad infantil y peso al nacer. Mediante el uso de datos individuales de las encuestas nacionales de demografía y salud de Colombia de 1995 y 2000, combinados con datos anuales de nivel municipal sobre violencia y desempeño económico, se confrontan los resultados entre dos hermanos biológicos, uno nacido en una era violenta y otro en un momento pacífico utilizando una regresión logística de control materno.Resultados La violencia política afecta negativamente la salud infantil, lo que se pudo cuantificar durante el pico de violencia que experimentó Colombia en los años 90, con peores resultados para los bebés varones que en sus contrapartes. El control de los efectos fijos maternos muestra una probabilidad significativa tres veces mayor de nacer con bajo peso al nacer para los bebés nacidos durante el aumento de la violencia, en comparación con sus hermanos nacidos en épocas más pacíficas.Conclusiones Estos resultados hacen visibles la totalidad de los efectos de conflictos armados intensos y duraderos, como es el caso colombiano, en donde no sólo los actores directos involucrados en el mismo se ven afectados, sino que también los recién nacidos muestran peores resultados de salud. Los resultados de este estudio permiten focalizar políticas en la reducción de los efectos en poblaciones en conflicto o durante el período de reconstrucción, en este caso se sugiere la provisión de cuidado materno durante el período gestacional y cuidado especial para recién nacidos en áreas de altos niveles de violencia como una prioridad.

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Bonilla-Tinoco, Laura Juliana, Melissa Aguirre-Lemus, and Julián Alfredo Fernández-Niño. "Venezuelan migrant population in Colombia: health indicators in the context of the Sustainable Development Goals." F1000Research 9 (July 7, 2020): 684. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.24997.1.

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Background: The number of Venezuelan migrants in Colombia has dramatically increased over the past years, which poses great challenges to the Colombian health system. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare some health indicators related to the Sustainable Development Goals between the Venezuelan migrant population and the Colombian population. Methods: A longitudinal, descriptive analysis of the maternal mortality ratio; the neonatal, infant and under-five mortality; the proportionate mortality due to undernourishment; and the rates of alleged sexual felony, intimate partner violence and domestic violence in the Venezuelan migrant population in Colombia and in the Colombian population in the 2015-2019 period was conducted. Maternal and child health and undernourishment indicators were estimated for the 2015-18 period, while the gender-based violence indicators were obtained only for 2018-19, since those were the years with information available for each of these indicators. Data was extracted from official sources, such as the National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE), National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences (INMLCF) and Migración Colombia. The categorical and numerical variables were described through percentages and rates, respectively. Results: Venezuelan migrants in Colombia had higher rates of maternal, neonatal, infant and under-five mortality, as well as proportionate mortality due to undernourishment, than the Colombian population throughout the study years, although the difference between them decreased at the end of the period. As for the gender-based violence indicators, the Colombian population showed higher rates than the Venezuelan migrants, and both Colombian and Venezuelan female victims showed higher rates in these violence indicators than their male counterparts of the same nationality. Conclusions: Some apparent inequalities still persist despite the efforts of the Colombian government to attend to the health needs of the Venezuelan migrant population. Colombia must keep and strengthen migratory inclusion in its public policies to impact on migrants’ health.

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Guarnizo-Herreño, Carol C., Richard G. Watt, Nathaly Garzón-Orjuela, Elizabeth Suárez-Zúñiga, and Georgios Tsakos. "Health insurance and education: major contributors to oral health inequalities in Colombia." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 73, no. 8 (May 16, 2019): 737–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2018-212049.

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BackgroundHealth inequalities, including inequalities in oral health, are problems of social injustice worldwide. Evidence on this issue from low-income and middle-income countries is still needed. We aimed to examine the relationship between oral health and different dimensions of socioeconomic position (SEP) in Colombia, a very unequal society emerging from a long-lasting internal armed conflict.MethodsUsing data from the last Colombian Oral Health Survey (2014), we analysed inequalities in severe untreated caries (≥3 teeth), edentulousness (total tooth loss) and number of missing teeth. Inequalities by education, income, area-level SEP and health insurance scheme were estimated by the relative index of inequality and slope index of inequality (RII and SII, respectively).ResultsA general pattern of social gradients was observed and significant inequalities for all outcomes and SEP indicators were identified with RII and SII. Relative inequalities were larger for decay by health insurance scheme, with worse decay levels among the uninsured (RII: 2.57; 95% CI 2.11 to 3.13), and in edentulousness (RII: 3.23; 95% CI 1.88 to 5.55) and number of missing teeth (RII: 2.08; 95% CI 1.86 to 2.33) by education, with worse levels of these outcomes among the lower educated groups. Absolute inequalities followed the same pattern. Inequalities were larger in urban areas.ConclusionHealth insurance and education appear to be the main contributors to oral health inequalities in Colombia, posing challenges for designing public health strategies and social policies. Tackling health inequalities is crucial for a fairer society in a Colombian post-conflict era and our findings highlight the importance of investing in education policies and universal health care coverage.

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Suárez, Roberto, Catalina González, Gabriel Carrasquilla, and Juliana Quintero. "An ecosystem perspective in the socio-cultural evaluation of dengue in two Colombian towns." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 25, suppl 1 (2009): S104—S114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x2009001300010.

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Despite extensive public health efforts, dengue is still a major health concern in Colombia. The objective of this study was to provide an ecosystem and cross-disciplinary perspective on the dengue situation in two Colombian towns. The article focuses on presenting the anthropological methodology and research findings. An interdisciplinary team gathered quantitative (cross-sectional), meteorological, entomological, and qualitative data (based on medical anthropology) through fieldwork and archival research. According to the qualitative data, dengue can be described as a point of convergence between public health policies, the affected population, the environment, and the social dynamics generated through this interaction. Dengue is illustrative as a disease, in that it has a negative impact on public health, but individuals in Colombia have learned to live and cope with it. Dengue prevalence and its on-going historical presence have made it part of everyday community life, viewed as a minor health issue.

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Bonilla-Escobar, Francisco Javier, Gisel Viviana Osorio-Cuellar, Sara Gabriela Pacichana-Quinayáz, Gabriela Sánchez-Rentería, Andrés Fandiño-Losada, and Maria Isabel Gutiérrez. "Do not forget culture when implementing mental health interventions for violence survivors." Ciência & Saúde Coletiva 22, no. 9 (September 2017): 3053–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232017229.12982016.

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Abstract Armed conflict has positioned Colombia as the country with the second highest internal displacement of citizens. This situation has forced government projects and international cooperation agencies to intervene to mitigate the impact of violence; however, the coping strategies implemented by the country’s minorities are still unknown. The study objective is to describe the coping strategies and their relation with mental health within Afro-descendant culture in Colombia and the effects that armed conflict has on these coping mechanisms, through a phenomenological study involving focus groups and interviews with experts. Rituals and orality have a healing function that allow Afro-Colombian communities to express their pain and support each other, enabling them to cope with loss. Since the forced displacement, these traditions have been in jeopardy. Armed conflict prevents groups from mourning, generating a form of latent pain. Afro-Colombians require community interventions that create similar spaces for emotional support for the bereaved persons in the pre-conflict period. Thus, it is essential to understand the impact of this spiritual and ritualistic approach on mental health issues and the relevance of narrative and community interventions for survivors.

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Aguilar Bolaños, Ricardo Adolfo, and Diego M. López. "HL7 Implementation Guide for Public Health Reporting Systems in Colombia." Sistemas y Telemática 7, no. 14 (March 24, 2010): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.18046/syt.v7i14.1011.

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Gomez, Fernando, Jairo Corchuelo, Carmen-Lucia Curcio, Maria-Teresa Calzada, and Fabian Mendez. "SABE Colombia: Survey on Health, Well-Being, and Aging in Colombia—Study Design and Protocol." Current Gerontology and Geriatrics Research 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7910205.

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Objective. To describe the design of the SABE Colombia study. The major health study of the old people in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) is the Survey on Health, Well-Being, and Aging in LAC, SABE (from initials in Spanish: SAlud, Bienestar & Envejecimiento). Methods. The SABE Colombia is a population-based cross-sectional study on health, aging, and well-being of elderly individuals aged at least 60 years focusing attention on social determinants of health inequities. Methods and design were similar to original LAC SABE. The total sample size of the study at the urban and rural research sites (244 municipalities) was 23.694 elderly Colombians representative of the total population. The study had three components: (1) a questionnaire covering active aging determinants including anthropometry, blood pressure measurement, physical function, and biochemical and hematological measures; (2) a subsample survey among family caregivers; (3) a qualitative study with gender and cultural perspectives of quality of life to understand different dimensions of people meanings. Conclusions. The SABE Colombia is a comprehensive, multidisciplinary study of the elderly with respect to active aging determinants. The results of this study are intended to inform public policies aimed at tackling health inequalities for the aging society in Colombia.

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Gómez, Fernando, David Osorio-García, Luisa Panesso, and Carmen-Lucia Curcio. "Healthy aging determinants and disability among older adults: SABE Colombia." Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública 45 (September 1, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26633/rpsp.2021.98.

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Objective. To identify the main factors associated with disability in older adults in Colombia, adjusted according to structural and intermediary determinants of healthy aging. Methods. This study used cross-sectional data from 23 694 adults over 60 years of age in the SABE Colombia nationwide survey. Structural determinants such as demographic and socioeconomic position variables were analyzed. Intermediary variables were classified into three blocks: intrinsic capacity, physical and built environment, and health care systems. Data analysis employed multivariate logistic regression. Results. The prevalence of overall disability was 21% for activities of daily living, 38% for instrumental activities of daily living, and 33% for mobility disability. Disability was associated with sociodemographic structural determinants such as older age, female sex, rural residence, never married/divorced, living alone, low educational level, and Indigenous/Black ethnicity. With regard to determinants of socioeconomic position, net low income, poor socioeconomic stratum, insufficient income perception, and a subsidized health insurance scheme exerted a major influence on disability. Intermediary determinants of intrinsic capacity, such as poor self-rated health, multimorbidity, low grip strength, sedentary lifestyle, early childhood economic adversity, no social support, and no participation in activities, were significantly associated with disability. Conclusions. Actions that affect the main factors associated with disability, such as reducing health inequities through policies, strategies, and activities, can contribute significantly to the well-being and quality of life of Colombian older adults.

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Arbelaez, C., P. Soskin, G. Greenough, M. Vanrooyen, J. Snyder, T. Trombetta, J. Gomez, et al. "The Post-Conflict Colombia Public Health Project: A Global Health Diplomacy Case Study." Annals of Global Health 83, no. 1 (April 7, 2017): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aogh.2017.03.025.

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Calzada-Gutiérrez, María Teresa, and José Mauricio Ocampo-Chaparro. "Conceptualización de cuidador institucional de persona mayor en Colombia." Revista de Salud Pública 20, no. 4 (July 1, 2018): 511–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/rsap.v20n4.66544.

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Objetivo Conceptualizar el cuidador institucional de persona mayor en Colombia como cuidador formal.Metodología se realizó una revisión documental desde un enfoque cualitativo, descriptivo para analizar la labor del cuidador institucional en dos dimensiones: Interna para reconocer la realidad según el estudio “Cuidador Institucional: caracterización, situación actual y redes de apoyo - Colombia 2013 y la Externa para reconocer la mirada del Estado y de la Academia.Resultados permitieron argumentar que si bien Colombia ha avanzado normativamente, aun no desarrolla completamente un sistema de cuidado para personas mayores que articule actores y responsabilidades de los proveedores de cuidado (individuo, familia, sociedad civil y Estado).Conclusiones se aportan elementos para comprender el cuidado institucional y para establecer la formación específica en cuidado, la vinculación formal con la institución de cuidado y el esquema de vigilancia - control como conceptualización del cuidador institucional de la persona mayor en Colombia como Cuidador Formal y así dar cumplimiento de algunas metas estatales y de la sociedad colombiana.

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Guevara, Paula Diaz, Mailis Maes, Duy Pham Thanh, Carolina Duarte, Edna Catering Rodriguez, Lucy Angeline Montaño, Thanh Ho Ngoc Dan, et al. "A genomic snapshot of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi in Colombia." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 9 (September 16, 2021): e0009755. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009755.

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Little is known about the genetic diversity of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) circulating in Latin America. It has been observed that typhoid fever is still endemic in this part of the world; however, a lack of standardized blood culture surveillance across Latin American makes estimating the true disease burden problematic. The Colombian National Health Service established a surveillance system for tracking bacterial pathogens, including S. Typhi, in 2006. Here, we characterized 77 representative Colombian S. Typhi isolates collected between 1997 and 2018 using pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE; the accepted genotyping method in Latin America) and whole genome sequencing (WGS). We found that the main S. Typhi clades circulating in Colombia were clades 2.5 and 3.5. Notably, the sequenced S. Typhi isolates from Colombia were closely related in a global phylogeny. Consequently, these data suggest that these are endemic clades circulating in Colombia. We found that AMR in S. Typhi in Colombia was uncommon, with a small subset of organisms exhibiting mutations associated with reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones. This is the first time that S. Typhi isolated from Colombia have been characterized by WGS, and after comparing these data with those generated using PFGE, we conclude that PFGE is unsuitable for tracking S. Typhi clones and mapping transmission. The genetic diversity of pathogens such as S. Typhi is limited in Latin America and should be targeted for future surveillance studies incorporating WGS.

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Jamotte, A., AG Caicedo Navas, B. Macabeo, JG Lopez, M. Romero, R. Marrugo, and PA Alfonso Quiñones. "Public Health and Economic Benefits of Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccine in Colombia." Value in Health 18, no. 7 (November 2015): A590. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2015.09.1514.

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Rodriguez Lopez, Cielo Margarita, Danny Daniel Lopez Juvinao, and Fabio Orlando Moya Camacho. "Technology transfer in the public health network of La Guajira, Colombia." Contemporary Engineering Sciences 11, no. 97 (2018): 4809–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.12988/ces.2018.89528.

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Mora-Obando, Diana, Davinia Pla, Bruno Lomonte, Jimmy Alexander Guerrero-Vargas, Santiago Ayerbe, and Juan J. Calvete. "Antivenomics and in vivo preclinical efficacy of six Latin American antivenoms towards south-western Colombian Bothrops asper lineage venoms." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 2 (February 1, 2021): e0009073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009073.

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Background Bothrops asper represents the clinically most important snake species in Central America and Northern South America, where it is responsible for an estimated 50–80% of snakebites. Compositional variability among the venom proteomes of B. asper lineages across its wide range mirrors clinical differences in their envenomings. Bothropic antivenoms generated in a number of Latin American countries commonly exhibit a certain degree of paraspecific effectiveness in the neutralization of congeneric venoms. Defining the phylogeographic boundaries of an antivenom's effectivity has implications for optimizing its clinical use. However, the molecular bases and impact of venom compositions on the immune recognition and neutralization of the toxic activities of across geographically disparate populations of B. asper lineages has not been comprehensively studied. Methodology/Principal findings Third-generation antivenomics was applied to quantify the cross-immunorecognizing capacity against the individual components of venoms of three B. asper lineages (B. asper (sensu stricto), B. ayerbei and B. rhombeatus) distributed in south-western (SW) Colombia, of six Latin American antivenoms, produced against homologous (Colombia, INS-COL and PROBIOL) and Costa Rica (ICP)), and heterologous (Argentina (BIOL), Perú (INS-PERU) and Venezuela (UCV)) bothropic venoms. In vivo neutralization assays of the lethal, hemorrhagic, coagulant, defibrinogenating, myotoxic, edematogenic, indirect hemolytic, and proteolytic activities of the three SW Colombian B. asper lineage venoms were carried to compare the preclinical efficacy of three (Colombian INS-COL and PROBIOL, and Costa Rican ICP) antivenoms frequently used in Colombia. Antivenomics showed that all the six antivenom affinity matrices efficiently immunoretained most of the B. asper lineages venom proteins and exhibited impaired binding towards the venoms' peptidomes. The neutralization profile of the INS-COL, PROBIOL and ICP antivenoms towards the biological activities of the venoms of SW Colombian B. asper (sensu stricto), B. ayerbei and B. rhombeatus lineages was coherent with the antivenomics outcome. In addition, the combination of in vitro (antivenomics) and in vivo neutralization results allowed us to determine their toxin-specific and venom neutralizing antibody content. Noteworthy, heterologous INS-PERU, BIOL, and UCV bothropic antivenoms had equal or higher binding capacity towards the venoms components of SW Colombian B. asper lineages that the homologous Colombian and Costa Rican antivenoms. Conclusions/Significance The combined in vitro and in vivo preclinical outcome showed that antivenoms manufactured in Colombia and Costa Rica effectively neutralize the major toxic activities of SW Colombian B. asper lineage venoms. The antivenomics profiles of the heterologous antivenoms manufactured in Argentina, Venezuela, and Perú strongly suggests their (pre)clinical adequacy for the treatment of B. asper lineage envenomings in SW Colombia. However, their recommendation in the clinical setting is pending on in vivo neutralization testing and clinical testing in humans. Bothrops asper is a highly adaptable snake species complex, which is considered the most dangerous snake throughout much of its distribution range from the Atlantic lowland of eastern México to northwestern Perú. Antivenoms are the only scientifically validated treatment of snakebite envenomings. Venom variation is particularly common in wide ranging species, such as B. asper, and may result in variable clinical presentations of envenomings, as is the case for the B. asper species complex, potentially undermining the efficacy of snakebite treatments depending on the immunization mixture used in the generation of the antivenom. Conversely, phylogenetic conservation of antigenic determinants confers an unpredictable degree of paraspecificity to homologous antivenoms produced for a geographic area, but also to heterologous congeneric antivenoms, towards the venom components of allopatric conspecific populations. This work aimed at comparing the preclinical profile of a panel of Latin American homologous and heterologous antivenoms against the venoms of B. asper lineages distributed in SW Colombia. The outcome of this study strongly suggests the suitability of considering the heterologous antivenoms BIOL (Argentina), UCV (Venezuela) and INS-PERU (Perú) as alternatives to homologous Colombian INS-COL and PROBIOL and Costa Rican ICP antivenoms for the treatment of envenomings by B. asper (sensu stricto) in W Colombia and Ecuador, B. ayerbei in Cauca and Nariño (Colombia), and B. rhombeatus in Cauca river valley, SW Colombia.

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Homan, E. J., H. Lorbacher de Ruiz, A. P. Donato, W. P. Taylor, and T. M. Yuill. "A preliminary survey of the epidemiology of bluetongue in Costa Rica and Northern Colombia." Journal of Hygiene 94, no. 3 (June 1985): 357–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022172400061593.

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SUMMARYRecent evidence of bluetongue (BT) virus infection of livestock in scattered localities in the neotropics prompted a serologic survey of cattle in Colombia and Costa Rica. In Costa Rica 48·1% of 1435 bovine animals had BT virus antibody in the agar gel precipitation test (AGPT). In Colombia 51·8% of 635 cattle were AGPT-positive for BT virus. Antibody prevalence ranged from over 50% in the lowlands to 0% in Costa Rica and 19% in Colombian cattle above 2000 m altitude. Neutralization tests indicated that Costa Rican cattle had been exposed to BT virus types 6, 12, 14 and 17.

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Maldonado, Norman, Blanca Amalia Llorente, Roberto Magno Iglesias, and Diego Escobar. "Measuring illicit cigarette trade in Colombia." Tobacco Control 29, Suppl 4 (March 14, 2018): s260—s266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2017-053980.

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BackgroundBy 2016, tobacco industry provided the only illicit trade estimates in Colombia and used these to discourage tax increases since the 1990s. To establish the viability of a threefold hike in the excise tax, policy makers needed unbiased estimates of the illicit cigarette.ObjectiveTo estimate the size of illicit cigarette trade in five Colombian cities (63% of the market), analyse characteristics of smokers of illicit cigarettes and compare market share results with one industry-funded survey.MethodsStreet cross-sectional survey with smokers’ self-report on consumption pattern, last purchase information and direct observation of smoker’s packs. Sampling frame: smokers, men and women, 12 years old or older, all income levels, resident in five Colombian cities (Bogotá, Medellín, Cali, Cartagena and Cúcuta) with 1 733 316 smokers in 2013. Sample size 1697, simple random sample by city, sampling weights based on age groups and cities. Confidence level 95%, margin of error 3.5% for Bogotá and Medellín and 5% for the other three cities. Data collection period: 24 August–14 September 2016.ResultsIllicit cigarettes represent 3.5% of consumption in the five cities, a much lower estimate than the industry data. There are significant differences across cities, with Bogotá at the bottom (1.5%) and Cúcuta at the top (22.8%).ConclusionThe low overall penetration of illicit cigarettes in Colombia indicates that the industry’s warnings against tax increases are not justified. The limited importance of tax levels as determinant of consumption of illicit cigarettes is also suggested by the differences across cities, all of them with the same tax regime.

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Vásquez-Arteaga, Luis Reinel, and Julio César Giraldo-Forero. "Public policy for controlling the taeniasis/cysticercosis complex in Colombia." Case reports 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 5–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/cr.v6n1.83701.

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The teniosis/cysticercosis (T/C) complex is a parasitic disease caused by the cestodes Taenia solium and Taenia saginata, and is considered as a neglected zoonosis by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Colombian Ministry of Health and Social Protection. (1-3) This parasitic infection is a public health and environmental problem in Latin-American, African and Asian countries, and is currently being introduced to developed countries through immigrant communities. Estimates are that 2 500 000 people are infected with this complex and that twice as many individuals develop the parasite at the tissue level. This disease is associated to 50 000 deaths every year, but these figures need to be updated. (4-8)

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Contreras, Verónica, Marco Gonzalez, Jaime Alvarez, and Salim Mattar. "Coxiella burnetii infection in sheep and goats: a public risk health, Colombia." Infectio 22, no. 4 (July 2, 2018): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.22354/in.v22i4.734.

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Objective. The aim of this study was to provide molecular evidence of C. burnetii in sheep and goats from some herds of Valledupar, Cesar, Colombia.Materials and methods. Fifteen herds of sheep and goats were chosen by convenience to investigate the infection by C. burnetii, during March and April of 2013. 328 female goats and 66 sheep from 15 herds were included in this study. Milk from ewes and vaginal mucus samples from goats were analyzed by Polymerase Chain Reaction for DNA detection of transposase gene (IS1111) of C. burnetii.Results. DNA of C. burnetii in 6% (4/66) of sheep’s milk and 0.6% (2/328) vaginal mucus from goats was found. 13% (2/15) of the herds had at least one infected animal.Discussion. Our findings suggest the circulation of C. burnetii in sheep and goats from some herds of Valledupar, Colombia, and it highlights the possibility of occurrence of infections in humans and animals.Conclusions. The detection of C. burnetii in sheep milk could represent a public health risk factor for people who consuming raw milk, cheeses or people associated to agricultura and livestock handling. Further studies are necessary to evaluate other routes such as tick’s bite, feces, milk from goats and vaginal mucus from sheep of this region of Colombia.

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Bonilla-Escobar, Francisco J., Ladan Espandar, Hugo H. Ocampo-Dominguez, and Juan C. Puyana. "Ocular burns due to fireworks in Colombia: A neglected public health issue." Burns 43, no. 2 (March 2017): 451–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.burns.2016.09.035.

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Gallego, Juan Miguel, Susana Otálvaro-Ramírez, and Paul Andres Rodriguez-Lesmes. "Price smoking participation elasticity in Colombia: estimates by age and socioeconomic level." Tobacco Control 30, no. 1 (February 11, 2020): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2019-055186.

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BackgroundTobacco prevalence in Colombia is small compared with other Latin America despite the nation’s tobacco taxes being among the lowest in the region. However, tobacco taxes have increased several times during the last decade, and large increases in 2010 and 2016 impacted consumer prices.ObjectiveThis paper aims to estimate the price smoking participation elasticity (PPE) in Colombia, with specific reference to regional increases in consumer prices after 2010 tax policy changes.MethodsThe PPE is computed using logistic regression based on individual-level data from the National Psychoactive Substances Consumption Survey for 2008 and 2013. Our specific focus is state-level variation in Colombian cigarette prices between 2008 and 2013 induced by the tax hike in 2010.ResultsThe estimated PPE in Colombia is around −0.66 (p value=0.046). We find almost no differences across socioeconomic level, but price sensitivity was greater for women than men, and for relatively older individuals (ages 51–64).ConclusionsPPE for Colombia is above estimates for comparable middle-income countries such as Mexico. As a result, current estimates for health gains of tax policies are likely to be underestimated. Moreover, in contrast with the literature, we find that the PPE for the youth (≤25 years) is lower than older age groups, and there is no evidence of a prominent socio-economic status (SES) gradient.

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Flórez Pabón, Campo Elías, and Jenny Patricia Acevedo-Rincón. "EXPERIENCES OF UNIVERSITY EDUCATION IN VIRTUALITY IN THE PUBLIC AND PRIVATE CONTEXT IN COLOMBIA." Olhar de Professor 23 (September 23, 2020): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.5212/olharprofr.v.23.15577.

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Colombian basic, middle and higher education is governed by the Colombian Ministry of National Education (MEN). Higher Education Institutions are entities that have official recognition to be providers of the public service of higher education in the Colombian territory, whose legal nature is characterized by being of a public or private character. The former have general guardianship control as a public establishment and the latter enjoy constitutional and legal prerogatives that, even from the same jurisprudence, have had significant development in terms of scope, to the point of pointing out that these are organizations that belong to none of the branches of public power or private universities (2020). The current health crisis reveals the digital gap that was immersed in the Colombian educational system. According to the Ministry of Science and Technology -MINTIC, the digital gap is recognized as the socioeconomic difference between those communities that have access to ICTs and those that do not, in addition to the differences between groups according to their ability to use ICTs effectively, due to the different levels of literacy and technological capacity (MINTIC, 2019). Furthermore, this context implies that the digital gap is not closed in Colombia, as evidenced by the report on the digital gap monitoring project presented by MINTIC, but that until now the data on the digital divide is being configured to take action, idea that would be developed in this annuity. Despite this reality, the decision made worldwide was to continue with online classes regardless of the socioeconomic reality of the inhabitants in any region, and Colombia was no exception. Next, two experiences are described, developed in Colombian public and private universities, which are constituted in virtual training actions that incorporate methodological innovations in the development of classrooms in the human and exact sciences. From this reality, the experiences of the University of Pamplona and the University of the North in public and private virtuality are presented, respectively.

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Santos-Melo, Giane Zupellari dos, Selma Regina de Andrade, Betina Hörner Schlindwein Meirelles, and Angela Maria Blatt Ortiga. "Integration in health: cooperation at triple international border Amazon." Revista de Saúde Pública 54 (January 21, 2020): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/s1518-8787.2020054001306.

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OBJECTIVE: To describe the scope and limitations of the main strategies of cooperation in health, adopted between 2005 and 2017, in the context of the triple border Brazil, Colombia and Peru. METHOD: Single, explanatory, qualitative, integrated case study carried out in 2017, in the context of the triple Amazon border, Brazil, Colombia and Peru, in the city of Tabatinga, state of Amazonas, Brazil. Our sources of evidence were: documentary data; interviews with health managers of the State Health Secretariats of Amazonas and Municipal Health of Tabatinga, Municipal Health Council of Tabatinga and Consulate of Peru in Colombia; and direct observations in four health services of Tabatinga. Data were organized with MaxQDA12® software. RESULTS: Data analyzed showed that, during the study period, the Brazilian federal government made several health cooperation agreements with both Peru and Colombia and that the state government of Amazonas undertook strategies to improve the health conditions of the dwellers of Tabatinga and the region of Alto Solimões, which indirectly reached the populations of neighboring countries, supporting the interrelationships between the countries of the region. Regarding the municipal government, we verified the existence of health integration agreements, established informally, to minimize the adversities of the local health. CONCLUSION: The cooperation strategies in health adopted in the triple Amazon border have different purposes, benefits and limitations. It is noteworthy that the existence of cooperation agreements between the federal governments of Brazil, Colombia and Peru and the presence of informal cooperation agreements between the municipal governments of Tabatinga (Brazil), Leticia (Colombia) and Santa Rosa (Peru). The limitations of this study are the lack of knowledge of local managers about the cooperation agreements established between federal governments and the lack of legitimacy of the informal agreements established by the Tabatinga government.

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Franco Agudelo, Saúl. "Violencia y salud en Colombia." Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública 1, no. 2 (February 1997): 93–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1020-49891997000200002.

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Mantilla, William Armando, María Carolina Sanabria-Salas, Ana Margarita Baldion, Luz F. Sua, Diego Mauricio Gonzalez, and Mauricio Lema. "NGS in Lung, Breast, and Unknown Primary Cancer in Colombia: A Multidisciplinary Consensus on Challenges and Opportunities." JCO Global Oncology, no. 7 (June 2021): 1012–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/go.21.00046.

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Given the benefits and likely future applications, there is an urgent need to expand the use of next-generation sequencing (NGS) in breast, lung, and unknown primary cancers in Colombia. The objective of this review is to address the barriers limiting access to the use of NGS in Colombia, specifically for patients with breast, lung, and unknown primary cancers in the public health care system. A selected Panel of Colombian experts in NGS were provided with a series of relevant questions to address in a multiday conference. Each narrative was discussed and edited by the Panel through numerous drafts and rounds of discussion until consensus was achieved. There are limitations to the widespread adoption of innovative technology inherent to the Colombian health care system. Barriers identified to implementing NGS in Colombia include availability, accessibility, and affordability; limited infrastructure; training and awareness of health personnel; quality-control procedures; and collection of local data. Stakeholders must align to adapt the implementation of NGS to the constraints of resource-limited environments. Diagnostic algorithms were developed to guide molecular testing for lung, breast, and unknown primary cancers. Recommendations on overcoming the barriers to the widespread adoption of NGS include country-specific molecular testing guidelines, creating a national genetic registry, improving infrastructure, and creating health policy that favors the adoption of innovative technology.

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Florez Tanus, A., M. A. Herrera Rodriguez, R. Botero, C. Castro, F. Gómez De la Rosa, A. C. Marrugo, and N. Alvis-Guzman. "PRS50 HEALTH CARE COSTS OF COPD IN COLOMBIA." Value in Health 23 (May 2020): S357. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2020.04.1369.

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OSORIO, ANA MARÍA, CATALINA BOLANCÉ, and NYOVANI MADISE. "COMMUNITY SOCIOECONOMIC CONTEXT AND ITS INFLUENCE ON INTERMEDIARY DETERMINANTS OF CHILD HEALTH: EVIDENCE FROM COLOMBIA." Journal of Biosocial Science 47, no. 1 (February 21, 2014): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932014000029.

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SummaryIntermediary determinants are the most immediate mechanisms through which socioeconomic position shapes health inequities. This study examines the effect of community socioeconomic context on different indicators representing intermediary determinants of child health. In the context of Colombia, a developing country with a clear economic expansion, but one of the most unequal countries in the world, two categories of intermediary determinants, namely behavioural and psychosocial factors and the health system, are analysed. Using data from the 2010 Colombian Demographic and Health Survey (DHS), the results suggest that whilst the community context can exert a greater influence on factors linked directly to health, in the case of psychosocial factors and parent's behaviours, the family context can be more important. In addition, the results from multilevel analysis indicate that a significant percentage of the variability in the overall index of intermediary determinants of child health is explained by the community context, even after controlling for individual, family and community characteristics. These findings underline the importance of distinguishing between community and family intervention programmes in order to reduce place-based health inequities in Colombia.

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Giraldo, Alejandro. "Genetic Services in Colombia." Public Health Genomics 7, no. 2-3 (2004): 126–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000080782.

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Osorio, Ana María, Luis Miguel Tovar, and Katharina Rathmann. "Individual and local level factors and antenatal care use in Colombia: a multilevel analysis." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 30, no. 5 (May 2014): 1079–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x00073513.

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This paper examined the association between individual and local level factors and the number of antenatal care visits completed by women in Colombia using data from the 2010 Colombian Demographic and Health Survey and multilevel logistic regression models. Our findings suggest that, in addition to maternal socioeconomic status, contextual factors influence whether pregnant women complete the minimum recommended number of antenatal care visits. These factors include: level of women’s autonomy in the community, regional inequalities and access barriers caused by distance (OR = 0.057), costs of services (OR = 0.035), and/or a lack of confidence in doctors (OR = 0.036). Our results highlight the existence of inequalities in access to antenatal care and the importance of considering the local context in the design of effective maternal care policies in Colombia. Furthermore, our findings regarding individual factors corroborate the evidence from other countries and offer new insights into the association between local level factors and number of antenatal care visits.

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Lara, Paula, Valentina Ramírez, Fernando Castrillón, and Gustavo A. Peñuela. "Presence of Disinfection Byproducts in Public Swimming Pools in Medellín, Colombia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 13 (June 28, 2020): 4659. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134659.

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The quality of water in swimming pools is essential to avoid risks to the health of users. Medellín has more than 1000 public swimming pools, which are supervised by the Medellín Health Authority to monitor and ensure compliance with relevant regulations. The Health Authority has financed several studies related to the quality of drinking and recreational water in Medellín in order to protect consumers and users. One such study involves the evaluation of the presence of disinfection byproducts (DBP). The best known DBPs resulting from disinfection with chlorine are trihalomethanes (THMs) and halogenated acetic acids (HAAs), as well as other minorities such as chloramines or halophenols (HPs). DBPs pose a greater risk in swimming pool water because there is a greater possibility of ingestion, since exposure occurs through several routes at the same time (direct ingestion of water, inhalation of volatile or aerosol solutes, dermal contact and absorption through skin). In the present work, high concentrations of THMs and HAAs were detected in the public swimming pools selected in the study, but the presence of HPs was not detected in the pools.

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Cruz-Concha, Adriana Raquel. "Gestational and congenital syphilis situation in Colombia, a challenge to the General system of Social Security in Health." Revista Colombiana de Obstetricia y Ginecología 63, no. 4 (December 20, 2012): 308–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.18597/rcog.134.

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Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by Treponema Pallidum, and is considered a serious public health problem as it affects more than 12 million people worldwide. It is estimated that over two million pregnant women are infected with syphilis each year worldwide, and a significant number of cases (692,100 to 1,53 million), are untreated (1). When it occurs in pregnant women it is easily transmitted to the fetus, causing complications in up to 81% of cases, including stillbirth, early neonatal death , prematurity, low birth weight or congenital infection (2).In Colombia, gestational and congenital syphilis is notifiable, and the figures reported by the System of Public Health Surveillance (sivigila, for its acronym in Spanish), are among the highest in Latin America and the Caribbean. In 2011 Colombia reported 2.9 cases of congenital syphilis / 1000 live births (3), a value which is worth almost six times higher than the target set by the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) in its Elimination of Congenital Syphilis Plan (2, 4). The Colombian Pacific coast provides the country with a significant number of cases each year, being the port of Buenaventura, in Valle del Cauca, one of the worst affected areas, reporting on 2010, 141 cases of congenital syphilis, nine of which ended in a fatal outcome (5).

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Cuervo-Díaz, Diana E., and Marisol Moreno-Angarita. "Prevención y manejo de la discapacidad para trabajar: un campo de estudios necesario para abordar los retos del sistema colombiano de riesgos laborales." Revista de Salud Pública 19, no. 4 (July 1, 2017): 567–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/rsap.v19n4.57350.

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El artículo de revisión temática busca mostrar la importancia que tiene estudiar, introducir e implementar en Colombia el campo Work Disability Prevention, traducido al español como Prevención y Manejo de la Discapacidad para Trabajar, derivado de una investigación doctoral. La revisión se estructura a partir del diálogo entre la revisión de literatura, los hallazgos del análisis del Sistema Colombiano de riesgos Laborales, y los datos de la situación actual de los trabajadores en materia de salud en Colombia, lo cual plantea una serie de interrogantes que estructuran el desarrollo de este artículo. El análisis se realiza desde los factores determinantes de la discapacidad para trabajar, su definición y los retos que esto impone a los diferentes actores dentro del Sistema General de Seguridad Social, implicados en el proceso de prevención, atención, rehabilitación, compensación y retorno al trabajo.

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Vernon, Ricardo, Klifford Rocuts, and Jorge E. Medina. "The Provision of Natural Family Planning Services at Public Health Centers in Colombia." International Family Planning Perspectives 13, no. 4 (December 1987): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2947785.

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Carabali, Mabel, Gloria I. Jaramillo-Ramirez, Vivian A. Rivera, Neila-Julieth Mina Possu, Berta N. Restrepo, and Kate Zinszer. "Assessing the reporting of Dengue, Chikungunya and Zika to the National Surveillance System in Colombia from 2014–2017: A Capture-recapture analysis accounting for misclassification of arboviral diagnostics." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 2 (February 4, 2021): e0009014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009014.

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Background Chikungunya, dengue, and Zika are three different arboviruses which have similar symptoms and are a major public health issue in Colombia. Despite the mandatory reporting of these arboviruses to the National Surveillance System in Colombia (SIVIGILA), it has been reported that the system captures less than 10% of diagnosed cases in some cities. Methodology/Principal findings To assess the scope and degree of arboviruses reporting in Colombia between 2014–2017, we conducted an observational study of surveillance data using the capture-recapture approach in three Colombian cities. Using healthcare facility registries (capture data) and surveillance-notified cases (recapture data), we estimated the degree of reporting by clinical diagnosis. We fit robust Poisson regressions to identify predictors of reporting and estimated the predicted probability of reporting by disease and year. To account for the potential misclassification of the clinical diagnosis, we used the simulation extrapolation for misclassification (MC-SIMEX) method. A total of 266,549 registries were examined. Overall arboviruses’ reporting ranged from 5.3% to 14.7% and varied in magnitude according to age and year of diagnosis. Dengue was the most notified disease (21–70%) followed by Zika (6–45%). The highest reporting rate was seen in 2016, an epidemic year. The MC-SIMEX corrected rates indicated underestimation of the reporting due to the potential misclassification bias. Conclusions These findings reflect challenges on arboviruses’ reporting, and therefore, potential challenges on the estimation of arboviral burden in Colombia and other endemic settings with similar surveillance systems.

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Gallo, Óscar, Diego René Gonzales–Miranda, Juan Pablo Roman-Calderon, and Gustavo A. García. "Decent work and healthy employment: a qualitative case study about Colombian millennials." International Journal of Workplace Health Management 13, no. 5 (May 27, 2020): 477–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijwhm-04-2019-0053.

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PurposeThe purpose of this article is to show how a group of Colombian millennials perceive different aspects of working life and how their ideas about job satisfaction, professional expectations and levels of autonomy are related to contemporary demands about inclusion, diversity, equity, autonomy and control.Design/methodology/approachWith this objective, 167 semi-structured interviews were conducted with millennials who work at 10 Colombian companies from the manufacturing and service sectors, located in the five main cities of the country. With a qualitative approach, in the interviews, the research team used a strategy inspired by the technique of generating visual structures associated with grounded theory.FindingsIt is concluded that new generations of Colombian workers know of the importance of rewards and autonomy in work and are more critical and less passive in the face of unhealthy working conditions. At the same time, their conduct and speeches are the consequence of the characteristics of the Colombian labour market. The document responds to the need to deepen the debates on welfare and happiness in organizations and to include the demands of millennials in the reflective and political horizon of the ideas of healthy employment and decent work. In practice, this article seeks to demystify ideas about millennials in Colombia and critically contribute to reflection on intergenerational relations in organizations and salary and welfare models. As a Latin American case, it is an original contribution that avoids the common places and the frivolity with which the insertion of the new generations into the working world has been analysed.Practical implicationsIn practice, this paper seeks to demystify ideas about millennials in Colombia and critically contribute to reflection on intergenerational relations in organizations and salary and welfare models.Originality/valueAs a Latin American case, it is an original contribution that avoids the common places and the frivolity with which the insertion of the new generations into the working world has been analysed.

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Guarnizo-Herreño, Carol C., and George L. Wehby. "Health of Infants Born to Venezuelan Refugees in Colombia." Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health 23, no. 2 (February 7, 2021): 222–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10903-020-01114-2.

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Velez, Iván Darío, Erik Hendrickx, Sara María Robledo, and Sonia del Pilar Agudelo. "Leishmaniosis cutánea en Colombia y género." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 17, no. 1 (February 2001): 171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x2001000100018.

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En Colombia, tradicionalmente se ha visto la leishmaniosis como un problema de Salud Pública para hombres adultos dado que se considera que la transmisión es selvática y que ellos empiezan a infectarse cuando entran a los biotopos del vector con el fin de utilizar los recursos naturales. Sin embargo, el Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales (PECET) ha observado iguales proporciones de hombres y mujeres con leishmaniosis activa y pruebas cutáneas positivas. Algunos factores, hasta ahora nunca analizados, parecen distorsionar el patrón de la enfermedad y al parecer existen diferencias inherentes al género relacionadas con el acceso a la atención en salud. Como consecuencia, el sufrimiento humano no es aliviado y las repercusiones socio-económicas para las amas de casa son significativas. El Ministerio de Salud subestima la magnitud de la transmisión intra y peridomiciliaria y la detección de casos activos se descuida para mujeres, por lo cual se deben mejorar los programas de control de leishmaniosis, especialmente en lo relacionado con la detección de casos activos, entrenamiento y educación, de tal forma que el diagnóstico se realice en forma más rápida.

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Manotas-Berdugo, Hernán, Jessica Fernanda Toro Maldonado, Jairo Rodríguez-Rodríguez, and Doris Salgado-García. "Brote urbano de leishmaniasis en Colombia." Revista de Salud Pública 20, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 89–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/rsap.v20n1.47135.

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Objetivos Describir las características epidemiológicas, clínicas y el tratamiento de niños con leishmaniasis visceral en Neiva, Huila.Metodología Se realizó un estudio descriptivo del brote de leshmaniasis visceral en niños de la zona urbana de Neiva, Huila, entre los meses de abril a junio de 2012.Resultados Se presentaron siete casos, en niños menores de cinco años, con fiebre prolongada, hepato-esplenomegalia, anemia severa y leucopenia. Cinco ingresaron con trombocitopenia severa, sin manifestaciones hemorrágicas. Seis pacientes recibieron manejo de primera línea con miltefosine, cinco presentaron fracaso terapéutico y se escalonó tratamiento a anfotericina B, de los cuales dos recibieron anfotericina liposomal y tres anfotericina deoxicolato. El principal vector identificado fue la Lutzomyia gomezi y los reservoirios indentifiacados fueron caninos.Conclusión Se describe el primer brote de leishmaniasis visceral en zona urbana, en población pediátrica sin casos de mortalidad. La mayoría de los casos con buena respuesta a Anfotericina B.

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de la Hoz, R. E., E. Guerrero, M. T. Espinosa, and R. L. de Fex. "Occupational and environmental medicine in Colombia." International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 73, no. 3 (March 15, 2000): 145–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004200050020.

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Bajo-Rubio, Oscar, and Antonio G. Gómez-Plana. "Provision of Public Health Services and Sustainable Development: Evidence for 12 Emerging Countries." Sustainability 12, no. 16 (August 13, 2020): 6546. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12166546.

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In this paper, we quantify the effects of an increase in the public provision of health services in a set of 12 emerging economies (i.e., Brazil, Chile, China, Colombia, India, Kazakhstan, Mexico, Morocco, Peru, Russia, South Africa and Tunisia), representing 45% of world population in 2018. We use a computable general equilibrium model and simulate an increase in the real government expenditure devoted to public health services up to a 20% of total government expenditure, which is also assumed to raise labour productivity. This increase leads to expansionary effects in terms of gross domestic product (GDP) and employment for all the economies under analysis and an increase in the ratio of government deficit to GDP, ranging between 3.66 points for Russia and 0.24 points for Colombia. If, in addition, direct tax rates on labour are increased to offset this result, the effects on GDP and employment become contractionary in most cases; whereas if indirect tax rates are those to be increased, small expansionary effects are again the norm with the only exception of Russia.

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Villamizar, Guillermo Antonio, and José Ricardo Navarro-Vargas. "Asbestos in Colombia: Industry versus science and health." Revista de la Facultad de Medicina 67, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): 521–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/revfacmed.v67n4.77744.

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The usefulness of an industrial product must be measured both in economic profitability and product safety terms, and the social benefit it represents. In the case of asbestos, due to its harmful effects on human health, its use, handling and production has been banned in high-income countries thanks to the efforts carried out by their oversight bodies. Worldwide, the industrial use of this mineral has been associated with high morbidity and mortality rates, hence the importance of denouncing the health effects of asbestos.Asbestos is a term used to refer to six naturally occurring silicate minerals that are used in the manufacture of building materials, such as asbestos–cement, and automotive components, including brake linings and brake pads; however, it has been proved that inhaling asbestos microscopic fibers can lead to the development of lung diseases (pneumoconioses) and cancer. In many cases, these diseases are caused by a short occupational or environmental exposure to it, but their clinical manifestation occurs several years after the first time of exposure.The main objective of this paper is to reflect on the hazards related to the use of asbestos and to influence public health policies addressing this problem in Colombia, so that by means of the newly adopted law banning the use of this mineral in our country, significant progress is made in aspects such as the identification and the monitoring of people who were exposed to it, and the handling, removal and final disposal of materials containing asbestos.

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Torres, Diana Patricia Restrepo. "Libraries in Colombia and Covid-19: Delivery library services to the public amid limits and uncertainties." Alexandria: The Journal of National and International Library and Information Issues 30, no. 2-3 (August 2020): 96–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0955749020986754.

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Covid-19 – or coronavirus disease forced libraries in Colombia to close the doors as well as forced them to strengthen or to create virtual and remote services. Biblioteca Nacional de Colombia (BNC) leads in Colombia the implementation of measures for the library sector during the current health crisis, providing guidelines and recommendations on how to deal with the emergency, as well as giving information resources, and alternatives on how to provide library services, to doing the paperwork, to implement the biosecurity protocols, and the definition of phases for reopening in the future. Also, BNC itself focused on the support BNC researchers throughout virtual services. This article was written during the first months of the health emergency, so that on the date of publication the situation may have changed.

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Murillo B., César, Rodrigo Astaiza V., and Paulina Fajardo O. "Biologia de Anopheles (Kerteszia) neivai H., D. & K., 1913 (Diptera: Culicidae) en la Costa Pacífica de Colombia: III. Medidas de luminosidad y el comportamiento de picadura." Revista de Saúde Pública 22, no. 2 (April 1988): 109–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-89101988000200006.

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El estudio del comportamiento de picadura de mosquitos capturados picando humanos en un área despejada del poblado de Charambirá, Chocó, en la costa Pacífica de Colombia, indico que cambios en la intensidad de la luz, influenciaban el início y el fin de la actividad de vuelo de Anopheles (Kerteszia) neivai, especie con marcados hábitos crepusculares. Esta especie está considerada como vectora de esa enfermedad, malaria, en la costa pacífica colombiana.

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González, Germán Muñoz, and Victoria Eugenia Pinilla. "Youth Studies in Colombia: State of the Art." YOUNG 20, no. 4 (November 2012): 399–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/110330881202000406.

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This study is based on the most recent state of the art report about Youth in Colombia; the article summarizes the process of construction of youth as a specialized field of knowledge in Colombia. It reviews the researches and studies carried out during a period of 20 years (1985–2003) in 18 Colombian cities. This state of the art is a model that aims at transcending the cataloguing and abstract-type synthesis of research studies, in order to consolidate a more profound analysis that will account for the thematic treatment and the underlying notions of young subjects. The project has been produced on the basis of the following questions: What knowledge of male and female Colombian youth has been produced? Who has produced it? How has it been produced and what kind of subject is being constructed? After 2003, there is a sustained production of bibliography concerning the main topics of the youth condition, with progressively qualified contributions. By contrast, the State since 2006 has practically abandoned the institutionality that had been created for designing and managing public policies on youth.

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Romero Prada, ME, A. Pajaro, and PA Alfonso Quiñones. "Costos De La Hipoglucemia En Colombia." Value in Health 20, no. 9 (October 2017): A920. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2017.08.2868.

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Gómez-Pérez, Luis, Miguel A. Alfonso-Sánchez, Ana M. Pérez-Miranda, Susana García-Obregón, Juan J. Builes, Maria L. Bravo, Marian M. De Pancorbo, and José A. Peña. "Genetic admixture estimates byAluelements in Afro-Colombian and Mestizo populations from Antioquia, Colombia." Annals of Human Biology 37, no. 4 (January 29, 2010): 488–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03014460903433810.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Public health in Colombia'

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