Journal articles: 'Public exposure limit'

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Rappaport, S. M. "Threshold limit values, permissible exposure limits, and feasibility: The bases for exposure limits in the United States." American Journal of Industrial Medicine 23, no. 5 (May 1993): 683–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajim.4700230502.

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Khanal, O. B., D. Thapa, B. R. Shah, D. D. Mulmi, A. Shah, K. Adhikari, and S. K. Aryal. "Study of the Exposure Rate from the Patients Injected with Radiopharmaceutical." International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 2, no. 3 (September 25, 2014): 336–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v2i3.10972.

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Nuclear medical imaging is done by injecting very small amount of radiopharmaceutical to the patient. The radiations from patients are detected by special type of Gamma camera that works with computer to yield precise pictures of the organs being imaged. The Technetium-99m, injected to renal scan patient, is the source of radiation to the individual near to patient. Thus the individual receives exposure from the patient. The exposure received by public in the imaging center from renal scan patients has been calculated. The exposure rate at the center is measured to check whether an individual near to the patient is below the internationally acceptable public dose limit. Public receive low amount of average exposure of (3.7 ± 1.7) mSv/h at 1m distance for delayed scan. However, public receives high amount of exposure of (234.4 ± 74.8) mSv/h at shorter distance of 0.25 m after immediate scan are not subject to dose limits of the occupational radiation worker. The exposure received at shorter distance is higher from the patients. Thus the hospitals providing radiation treatments must take account of the public dose limit for individuals accompanying treated patients. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v2i3.10972Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol. 2(3): 336-341

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JACKSON, R. A., and A. BEHAR. "Noise Exposure — Sample Size and Confidence Limit Calculation." American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 46, no. 7 (July 1985): 387–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15298668591395021.

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Froom, P. "Determining standards for professional divers diving in benzene polluted waters." Toxicology and Industrial Health 24, no. 8 (September 2008): 525–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0748233708098126.

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The main objective of this study is to calculate the hours of diving in benzene-polluted waters acceptable for professional divers. We considered recommended absorption limit as that from pulmonary workplace absorption during an 8-h workday at recommended exposure limits set by the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, and developed a formula to determine recommended limits for diving time based on actual water and sediment concentrations and exposure conditions. The recommended absorption limit is 1.6 mg of benzene per workday. This is equivalent to total body dermal absorption over a 1-h dive at water concentration of 7.6 mg/L, or absorption from drinking 0.1 L of water with a concentration of 16.5 mg/L, or dermal absorption with 50% of the body covered in sediment with a concentration of 18,851 mg/kg. A formula that calculates allowable diving time considering benzene water and sediment concentrations, and gastrointestinal and dermal exposures is presented. Water concentrations and not exposure to sediment limit recommended diving time, and unlimited diving in areas with sediment and water concentrations thought to pose a serious human health hazard would not surpass the recommended amount of benzene absorbed in the workplace. We conclude that allowable diving time in polluted waters can be calculated resulting in absorption equivalent to recommended limits for pulmonary absorption in the workplace. Our results suggest that agencies determining significant health risk levels of chemical concentrations in sediment and water should consider our findings.

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Menyajlo, A. N., S. Yu Chekin, O. K. Vlasov, М. А. Maksioutov, V. V. Kashcheev, A. M. Korelo, K. A. Tumanov, N. V. Shchukina, E. A. Pryakhin, and V. K. Ivanov. "Assessment of the radiation safety of the population of the Bryansk region districts contaminated after the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant based on radiation risks calculation, considering risk uncertainties." "Radiation and Risk" Bulletin of the National Radiation and Epidemiological Registry 31, no. 1 (2022): 15–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21870/0131-3878-2022-31-1-15-28.

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The current recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) are based on the classification of exposure situations as: planned, emergency and existing exposure situations. In planned situations, annual risk limits are set to limit human exposure. However, in emergency exposure situations or in existing exposure situations, permanent (annual) source control is not always possible, so the radiation protection strategy by monitoring the individual annual risk limit cannot always be practically implemented either. The purpose of this work is to assess the radiation safety of the population currently residing (at the beginning of 2022) in six districts of the Bryansk region: contaminated with radionuclides as a result of the Chernobyl accident: in Gordeevsky, Zlynkovsky, Klimovsky, Klintsovsky, Krasnogorsky and Novozybkovsky districts. Assessment of the current state of radiation safety of the population is based on calculations of the radiation detriment from chronic exposure due to living in contaminated areas, considering uncertainties of the reconstructed exposure doses and the parameters of mathematical risk models for the population. Radiation damage is calculated according to the modern ICRP methodology. Based on the general principle of conservative assessment of safety, the calculated upper 95% confidence limits (95% CL) of radiation detriment are compared with the corresponding lifetime radiation detriment limit, 3.510-3, determined by the Russian radiation safety standards (NRB-99/2009) under normal exposure conditions for the nominal period 70 years of life for the public. The radiation safety of the population of the Klimovsky district corresponds to the normal conditions of exposure from technogenic sources of ionizing radiation. Among the population of the remaining five contaminated districts of the Bryansk region, critical groups have been identified, the radiation detriment for which exceeds the limit 3.510-3 for normal conditions of public exposure in planned situations. The results of this work can be used in the preparation of recommendations for health authorities to improve medical monitoring of exposed citizens living in territories contaminated with radionuclides, as well as in the development of regulatory documents for the provision of targeted medical care to people from high radiation risk groups with the use of personalized medicine methods.

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Sucker, Kirsten, and Thomas Brüning. "Arbeitsplatzgrenzwerte für Stoffe mit einer Reiz- und Geruchswirkung." ASU Arbeitsmedizin Sozialmedizin Umweltmedizin 2022, no. 07 (June 29, 2022): 448–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17147/asu-1-204767.

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Occupational exposure limits for substances having an irritant and odoriferous effect “Fresh, clean air” is a characteristic of the quality of the air we breathe. The perception of an unpleasant or unexpected odour is often interpreted as an indication of pollution and is associated with concerns about adverse health effects. The frequently asked question is then: Does it only smell, or is it also harmful to health? If hazardous substances are handled at a workplace, the occupational exposure limit protects against a health hazard. In an indoor workplace, e.g. an office, this is the indoor guide value II. Both assessment values are derived on the basis of current toxicological and epidemiological findings from animal and human studies on dose-response relationships from the odour threshold to the irritation threshold. This paper provides an insight into the conceptual considerations and procedures underlying the derivation of occupational exposure limits for substances having an irritant and odoriferous effect. Keywords: odour nuisance – sensory irritation – experimental human studies – limit derivation

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Kauermann, Göran, Heiko Becher, and Verena Maier. "Exploring the statistical uncertainty in acceptable exposure limit values for hexavalent chromium exposure." Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology 28, no. 1 (May 17, 2017): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jes.2017.4.

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Cordeiro, Ricardo. "Using the current Brazilian value for the biological exposure limit applied to blood lead level as a lead poisoning diagnostic criterion." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 12, no. 1 (March 1996): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x1996000100013.

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In general, biological exposure limits are only used for the promotion and preservation of workers' health and are not applied for diagnostic purposes. However, the issue is controversial for certain types of occupational poisoning. This paper proposes the utilization of biological exposure limits currently applied to blood lead levels in Brazil as an important criterion for diagnosing occupational lead poisoning. The author argues that contrary to the traditional clinical criterion, one should deal with the diagnostic problem of lead poisoning from an epidemiological perspective, using the current Brazilian value for the biological exposure limit applied to blood lead level as an indicator of high relative risk.

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Sjögren, Bengt, Maria Albin, Karin Broberg, Per Gustavsson, Håkan Tinnerberg, and Gunnar Johanson. "An occupational exposure limit for welding fumes is urgently needed." Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health 48, no. 1 (November 25, 2021): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.4002.

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LEUNG, HON-WING, F. JAY MURRAY, and DENNIS J. PAUSTENBACH. "A Proposed Occupational Exposure Limit for 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin." American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 49, no. 9 (September 1988): 466–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15298668891380088.

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Borak, Jonathan. "The Beryllium Occupational Exposure Limit: Historical Origin and Current Inadequacy." Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 48, no. 2 (February 2006): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.jom.0000164879.80647.68.

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Michaels, David, and Celeste Monforton. "The Beryllium Occupational Exposure Limit: Historical Origin and Current Inadequacy." Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 48, no. 10 (October 2006): 998–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.jom.0000237416.74638.c4.

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Lewkowski, Kate, Jane S. Heyworth, Ian W. Li, Warwick Williams, Kahlia McCausland, Corie Gray, Elinor Ytterstad, et al. "Exposure to noise and ototoxic chemicals in the Australian workforce." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 76, no. 5 (January 25, 2019): 341–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2018-105471.

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ObjectiveTo determine the current prevalence of exposure to workplace noise and ototoxic chemicals, including co-exposures.MethodA cross-sectional telephone survey of nearly 5000 Australian workers was conducted using the web-based application, OccIDEAS. Participants were asked about workplace tasks they performed and predefined algorithms automatically assessed worker’s likelihood of exposure to 10 known ototoxic chemicals as well as estimated their full shift noise exposure level (LAeq,8h) of their most recent working day. Results were extrapolated to represent the Australian working population using a raked weighting technique.ResultsIn the Australian workforce, 19.5% of men and 2.8% of women exceeded the recommended full shift noise limit of 85 dBA during their last working day. Men were more likely to be exposed to noise if they were younger, had trade qualifications and did not live in a major city. Men were more likely exposed to workplace ototoxic chemicals (57.3%) than women (25.3%). Over 80% of workers who exceeded the full shift noise limit were also exposed to at least one ototoxic chemical in their workplace.ConclusionThe results demonstrate that exposures to hazardous noise and ototoxic chemicals are widespread in Australian workplaces and co-exposure is common. Occupational exposure occurs predominantly for men and could explain some of the discrepancies in hearing loss prevalence between genders.

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Alexias, Aris, Yiannis Kiouvrekis, Vasiliki Softa, Constantin Kappas, Charilaos Tyrakis, and Kiki Theodorou. "RF-EMF EXPOSURE LEVELS IN SENSITIVE LAND USE IN GREECE: EDUCATIONAL UNITS CENSUS IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF KORYDALLOS." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 190, no. 2 (June 2020): 193–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncaa090.

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Abstract Background The growing popularity of mobile phones and the expansion of network infrastructure in Greece have raised concerns about the possible negative health effects on sensitive groups, such as children, from exposure to long-term radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs). Aims The objective of this study is to estimate mean RF-EMF exposure levels of primary and secondary education schools located in the municipality of Korydallos, Athens, Greece. Methods We performed measurements to all the schools units ($n=62$) in the region in order to calculate the mean value for RF-EMF exposure in the range of 27 MHz–3 GHz, which covers the whole spectrum of RF-EMF sources. Results At the $97.5\%$ of schools found in Korydallos region, the exposure level is at least 2200 times below the Greek exposure limits. Conclusion The exposure levels in the locations tested are both below $60\%$ of the highest limit set by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection regarding school exposures.

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Dehdashti, Alireza. "P.1.09 Risk assessment of exposure to formaldehyde in university laboratories." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 76, Suppl 1 (April 2019): A80.1—A80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem-2019-epi.215.

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ObjectiveFormaldehyde is a commonly used chemical in laboratories and has been regarded as a potential hazard to health. Researchers and students who work in medical laboratories have potentially a higher risk of exposure to Formaldehyde. The aim of this study was to determine the risk of exposure to formaldehyde and its health effects in laboratories.MethodsIn a cross-sectional survey air samples were collected with charcoal tubes from 23 anatomy, pathology and histopathology laboratories. Personal and time weighted exposures of 102 samples were sampled and analyzed using OSHA method. A questionnaire was distributed to 83 participants engaged in laboratory activities to examine the adverse health effects of formaldehyde.ResultsOverall, 92.3% of the personal exposure levels were higher than the occupational exposure limit. The area concentrations ranged between 0.234 ppm and 3.45 ppm (mean=1.43 ppm, SD=0.45). Individual exposure levels in respiratory zone ranged 0.219 ppm and 1.96 ppm (mean=0.573 ppm, SD=0.39). The risk of Formaldehyde exposure levels were higher for researchers and technicians compared to students with a factor of two or three. Participants with a duration of exposure more than 2 years had an increased risk of health symptoms (Hazard ratio=1.4; Confidence Interval=0.8–3.7). Laboratory personnel reported physical fatigue (39.1%), headache (32.7%), breathing problems (21.1%), noise irritation (17.4%), and eye irritation (14.9%).ConclusionThe concentration levels of Formaldehyde vapor in laboratory indoor air were higher compared to individual exposure levels. Work in laboratories is associated with exposure levels exceeding the recommended exposure limit and an increased risk of health complaints. Preventive measures are required to reduce the emission of airborne formaldehyde and prevalent health-related symptoms in academic medical laboratories.

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Garzón-Villalba, Ximena P., Candi D. Ashley, and Thomas E. Bernard. "Benchmarking Heat Index as an occupational exposure limit for heat stress." Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 16, no. 8 (June 24, 2019): 557–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15459624.2019.1628348.

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Gerding, Johannes, Claudia Peters, Wolfgang Wegscheider, Johanna Stranzinger, Frederik Lessmann, Katrin Pitzke, Volker Harth, Udo Eickmann, and Albert Nienhaus. "Metal exposure of workers during recycling of electronic waste: a cross-sectional study in sheltered workshops in Germany." International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 94, no. 5 (January 24, 2021): 935–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00420-021-01651-9.

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Abstract Objectives In Germany, the initial step of electronic waste (e-waste) recycling frequently takes place in sheltered workshops for physically and mentally handicapped workers (Werkstätten für behinderte Menschen (WfbM), in german language). E-waste recycling involves a potential risk of exposure to toxic metals. Therefore, we assessed the occupational exposure of recycling workers to toxic metals to identify potential health risks and insufficient protective measures. Methods We used a combined air- and bio-monitoring approach to determine exposure of recycling workers to toxic metals. Air and urine samples were collected in five sheltered workshops in Germany and were analysed for their content of aluminium, antimony, arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, mercury and nickel. Results were compared to German and international occupational limit values and to metal exposures of workers in conventional e-waste recycling firms. Results Exposure of recycling workers in five German sheltered workshops to the studied metals and their compounds was below German and international occupational limit values across all facilities studied considering both air and urine samples. Workers in the present study were not exposed to higher amounts of toxic metals than workers in conventional e-waste recycling firms. Conclusion This is the first study on toxic metal exposure of recycling workers in sheltered workshops. The results of this study revealed a low occupational exposure of e-waste recycling workers to toxic metals in this type of enterprises. Current work methods and safety measures provide the workers with adequate protection.

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Gomes, Mayslane De Sousa, Brígida Monteiro Gualberto Montenegro, Daliane De Almeida Alves, and Renata Paiva Da Nóbrega Costa. "Avaliação ocupacional quantitativa das temperaturas extremas em um laboratório acadêmico: os reflexos da exposição para a saúde dos trabalhadores." Revista Principia - Divulgação Científica e Tecnológica do IFPB 1, no. 44 (April 2, 2019): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.18265/1517-03062015v1n44p79-87.

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<p>Every day occupational diseases incapacitate thousands of workers in a wide range of activities causing problems which vary from temporary retirements until death The diseases usually start when there is exposure to physical environmental agents above tolerance limits such as: extreme temperatures (cold and heat) present in food laboratories. In this context, this study aimed to analyze the occupational exposure to extreme temperatures in an academic milk processing laboratory of a Public Education Institution. The methodology used a descriptive, quantitative approach. Data collection used the environmental measurement instrument A recommended Thermal Stress Measure for evaluation of heat exposure Humidity Bulb Index – Globe Thermometer (IBUTG), based on the Tolerance Limits proposed by NR 15 and environmental evaluation of the cold through the ACGIH Tolerance Limit Table. The result obtained for the evaluation of the heat was of an average IBUTG of 30.075 for yoghurt production, below the tolerance limit proposed by NR 15. In order to evaluate the cold, a value of 8 ºC was obtained and the temperature range could be considered acceptable by the ACGIH for a 1 hour and 40 minutes intercalated journey.</p>

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Faryabi, Sajad, Mohsen Ghorbiani, Hadi Haghbin Nazarpak, and Azadeh Rashidimehr. "Lead exposure through eggs in Iran: health risk assessment." Foods and Raw Materials 9, no. 1 (April 20, 2021): 184–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2308-4057-2021-1-184-191.

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Introduction. Contamination of food, including animal protein sources, with heavy metals is a major threat to humans. The aim of this research was to determine lead concentrations in eggs from different Iranian regions and assess risks to human health. Study objects and methods. In this study, lead concentrations in eggs produced at laying hen farms in Qom, Isfahan (Kashan city), and Khorasan Razavi (Mashhad city) provinces were measured by an atomic absorption device. Health risk was estimated using the Human Health Risk Assessment (HHRA) model. Results and discussion. The levels of lead in eggs were significantly different (P ≤ 0.05) among the three regions. They were lower than the permissible limit (0.1 mg/kg) for Kashan (0.0756 mg/kg) and Mashhad (0.0633 mg/kg), but eggs from Qom contained 0.1163 mg/kg of lead. In all the three regions, the estimated daily intake (EDI) of lead was lower than the maximum tolerable daily intake (MTDI), indicating no health risk for lead through egg consumption among Iranian consumers. Also, no risks were detected for adults in terms of non-cancer risk, or target hazard quotients (THQ), and carcinogenic risk (CR) of lead (THQ < 1 and CR < 10–6). Conclusion. The results of this study indicated that lead health risk through egg consumption is within safe limits. However, the nutritional importance and high consumption of eggs among households necessitate a more careful monitoring of lead concentrations to meet public health requirements.

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Hinz, Ruth, Andrea’t Mannetje, Bill Glass, Dave McLean, Neil Pearce, and Jeroen Douwes. "O1D.3 Fumigant and chemical residue 8-hour exposures in workers handling cargo from shipping containers and export logs in new zealand." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 76, Suppl 1 (April 2019): A9.3—A10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem-2019-epi.25.

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BackgroundPrevious studies found elevated concentrations of fumigants and other chemicals in the air of unopened shipping containers, which led to the assumption that workers were likely to be highly exposed. This study assessed personal 8 hour exposures in workers handling cargo from shipping containers or export logs, which were fumigated prior to loading.Methods193 personal 8 hour air samples were collected and analysed for 1,2-dibromoethane, chloropicrin, ethylene oxide, hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen phosphide and methyl bromide, 1,2-dichloroethane, C2-alkylbenzenes, acetaldehyde, ammonia, benzene, formaldehyde, methanol, styrene and toluene. Additive Mixture Values were calculated using the Work Exposure (WES) standard set by Worksafe NZ and the Threshold Limit Values (TLV) set by the ACGIH. Linear regression was conducted to assess associations between time spent inside shipping containers and exposure (n=98).ResultsChemical exposures as indicated by median and geometric mean values were low (e.g. 2.5 and 4.4 ppb respectively for methyl bromide) and none exceeded the NZ WES, although formaldehyde exceeded the TLV in 48 (26.2%) samples. The AMV-TLV threshold of 1 was exceeded in 54 (29.5%) samples. Major differences between the occupational groups (container, log and retail workers and fumigators) were not found. Time spent inside the container was significantly and positively associated with ethylene oxide, C2-alkylbenzenes and acetaldehyde, but this was based on a small number of detectable observations (non-detects 52.0%–95.9%) and for one chemical (methyl bromide, n=94) we found inverse associations.ConclusionThis study has shown that personal exposures measured over an 8 hour working day were low, with the exception of formaldehyde, and do not confirm earlier suggestions (based on measurements inside closed containers) that they regularly exceed exposure limits. Association with time spent unloading containers was weak suggesting that exposures may result from short peak exposures rather than continuous low level exposure.

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Eshiemomoh, A. O., G. O. Avwiri, and C. P. Ononugbo. "Assessment of ionizing radiation exposure levels and associated health risk in some selected solid mineral mining sites Edo-North, Nigeria." Scientia Africana 19, no. 3 (February 24, 2021): 153–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sa.v19i3.11.

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Ionizing radiation exposure rate and its associated health risks were assessed using Digilert 200 and Rados Radiation Monitoring Meter, integrated with Geographical Positioning System (Garmin GPSMAP 76S) of some selected solid mineral mining sites across Edo-North Nigeria. The mean exposure rates show some characteristic range of 0.010±0.005 𝑚𝑅ℎ𝑟−1 to 0.027 𝑚𝑅ℎ𝑟 −1 across the entire study. The obtained mean exposures rates at all the mining pits were higher than the ICRP standard limit of 0.013 𝑚𝑅ℎ𝑟 −1 , except at freedom limestonesmining pit where we recorded 0.010 mRh-1. It was also observed that limestones mining sites exhibited low exposure rate while granite mining sites exhibited high exposure rate. The computed equivalent dose rate ranges from 1.049 mSvy-1 to 2.287 mSvy-1 , which is well above the recommended permissible limit of 1.0 mSvy-1 for the general public. 91.7% of the mining sites recorded higher absorbed dose rate but the mean AEDE recorded across the entire study area are below the ICRP standard. The average excess lifetime cancer risk shows variation from 0.472 x 10-3 to 1.27 x 10-3 . . By this result, the probability of contacting cancer due to radiation exposure is higher in places like Cinoma pit, Cetraco pit, Niger-Cat pit, Jigom pit, Oaries pit and Petra-Quarries pit. Keywords: Assessment, Mining pits, Background, Exposure, lifetime cancer risk

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LEUNG, HON-WING, and DENNIS J. PAUSTENBACH. "Application of Pharmacokinetics to Derive Biological Exposure Indexes from Threshold Limit Values." American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 49, no. 9 (September 1988): 445–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15298668891380051.

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Eger, Tammy, Alan Salmoni, Adam Cann, and Robert Jack. "Whole-body vibration exposure experienced by mining equipment operators." Occupational Ergonomics 6, no. 3-4 (February 28, 2007): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/oer-2006-63-401.

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Whole-body vibration exposure levels were measured during the operation of fifteen different types of mobile mining equipment commonly used in Ontario mines. A tri-axial seat pad accelerometer was used to measure vibration exposure when the mining vehicle was operated from a seated position and a tri-axial accelerometer secured to floor, between the operator's feet, was used to measure vibration exposure when the mining equipment was operated from a standing position. Measurements were conducted in accordance with the procedures described in the 1997 ISO 2631-1 standard. Determination of likely health risks for equipment operators were based on a comparison of the measured vibration exposure levels with Health Guidance Caution Zone limits presented in Annex B of the ISO 2631-1 standard. Six vehicles (UG haulage truck, bulldozer, 3.5 yard LHD, cavo loader, muck machine, and personnel carrying tractor) were above the Health Guidance Caution Zone limit, assuming an eight hour exposure period while four vehicles (grader, 7 yard LHD, scissor lift truck and locomotive) were within the Health Guidance Caution Zone limit.

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Bos, P. M., D. H. Brouwer, H. Stevenson, P. J. Boogaard, W. L. de Kort, and J. J. van Hemmen. "Proposal for the assessment of quantitative dermal exposure limits in occupational environments: Part 1. Development of a concept to derive a quantitative dermal occupational exposure limit." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 55, no. 12 (December 1, 1998): 795–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem.55.12.795.

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Fernandes, Leandro Carisio. "A Web-based application to estimate the total exposure ratio due to base stations." Revista de Engenharia e Pesquisa Aplicada 4, no. 3 (April 29, 2019): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.25286/repa.v4i3.979.

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This paper proposes a web-based application to estimate the amount of radiation emitted by base stations. With this tool, the general public can easily check an upper limit for the total exposure ratio in any location with just a click on a map. The software can also be used by public authorities to find locations where measurements are necessary.

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Fried, Kristian W., and Paul C. DeLeo. "Demonstrating the protective effect of a 70-year-old occupational exposure limit against pneumoconiosis caused by mica." Toxicology and Industrial Health 38, no. 2 (February 2022): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/07482337211062281.

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Workers involved in crushing, milling, screening, and bagging of mica scrap are at increased risk to develop pneumoconiosis, a progressive material overloading of the lung that can lead to fibrosis and, in the later stages, to dyspnea. Pneumoconiosis is only seen after 10–20 years of respiratory mica exposure, and it can have a latency period of up to 40 years—today’s cases date back to exposures during the second half of the 20th century. An occupational lifetime exposure level of 3 mg/m3 respirable mica dust has been considered to present no risk of pneumoconiosis since 1951 when the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) established a 20 million particles per cubic foot (mppcf) (3.5 mg/m3 respirable particles) exposure limit. As a result, numbers of unspecified and other pneumoconioses in the United States have steadily declined since the early 1970s. Data from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health documents a 91% decrease between 1972 and 2014 (i.e., the peak of documented cases and the latest reported data) for combined cases of aluminosis, berylliosis, stannosis, siderosis, and fibrosis from production and use of bauxite, graphite fibers, wollastonite, cadmium, Portland cement, emery, kaolin, antimony, and mica. Ample evidence indicates that the 70-year-old occupational lifetime exposure level of 3 mg/m3 respirable mica dust is protective of workers’ health.

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Stokholm, Zara Ann, Inge Brosbøl Iversen, and Henrik Kolstad. "O1B.4 Health effects of prenatal occupational noise exposure: a systematic review." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 76, Suppl 1 (April 2019): A5.3—A6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem-2019-epi.15.

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Current legislation and threshold limits for occupational noise exposure may not sufficiently account for higher vulnerability of the foetus. We conducted a systematic literature review and identified 20 relevant studies of prenatal noise exposure levels and health. Maternal tissues attenuate industrial noise by about 30 dB. The foetus responds the earliest to noise exposure from the 19th week of gestational age. There is some evidence of an increased risk of hearing loss at prenatal noise levels≥85 dBA (8 hour average) and little evidence at lower levels. Increased risks for preterm birth, small-for-gestational-age and congenital malformations are seen as single study findings at levels≥90 dBA. There is little evidence for how noise exposure may increase the risk of extra-auditive effects in the foetus. Methodological shortcomings and the scarce number of studies limit the conclusions that can be drawn. Still, we recommend pregnant women avoid working at noise levels≥85 dBA.

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López-Alonso, Mónica, Rosalía Pacheco-Torres, Ma Dolores Martínez-Aires, and Javier Ordoñez-García. "Comparative analysis of exposure limit values of vibrating hand-held tools." International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 43, no. 3 (May 2013): 218–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ergon.2013.01.006.

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de la Hoz-Torres, María L., Antonio J. Aguilar, Diego P. Ruiz, and Mª Dolores Martínez-Aires. "Whole Body Vibration Exposure Transmitted to Drivers of Heavy Equipment Vehicles: A Comparative Case According to the Short- and Long-Term Exposure Assessment Methodologies Defined in ISO 2631-1 and ISO 2631-5." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 9 (April 25, 2022): 5206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095206.

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The construction and transport sectors are the industries with the highest proportions of workers exposed to vibrations in the European Union. Heavy equipment vehicle (HEV) drivers often perform operations on different uneven surfaces and are exposed to whole body vibration (WBV) on a daily basis. Recently, a new version of ISO 2631-5 was published. However, since this new method required as input the individual exposure profile and the acceleration signals recorded on more surfaces, limited studies have been carried out to evaluate HEV operations according to this standard. The objectives of this study were to assess the WBV exposure using the methods defined in ISO 2631-1:1997 and ISO 2631-5:2018 and to compare the obtained health risk assessments between drivers with different anthropometric characteristics. For this purpose, two drivers were selected and a field measurement campaign was conducted. Regarding short-term assessment, results showed that VDV was the most restrictive method with exposure levels above the exposure action limit value, while SdA indicated that the same exposures were safe for the worker. With respect to long-term assessment, Risk Factor RA showed that the driver with the highest body mass index was the only one who exceeded the low probability limit of adverse health effects.

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de la Hoz-Torres, María L., Antonio J. Aguilar, Diego P. Ruiz, and Mª Dolores Martínez-Aires. "Whole Body Vibration Exposure Transmitted to Drivers of Heavy Equipment Vehicles: A Comparative Case According to the Short- and Long-Term Exposure Assessment Methodologies Defined in ISO 2631-1 and ISO 2631-5." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 9 (April 25, 2022): 5206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095206.

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The construction and transport sectors are the industries with the highest proportions of workers exposed to vibrations in the European Union. Heavy equipment vehicle (HEV) drivers often perform operations on different uneven surfaces and are exposed to whole body vibration (WBV) on a daily basis. Recently, a new version of ISO 2631-5 was published. However, since this new method required as input the individual exposure profile and the acceleration signals recorded on more surfaces, limited studies have been carried out to evaluate HEV operations according to this standard. The objectives of this study were to assess the WBV exposure using the methods defined in ISO 2631-1:1997 and ISO 2631-5:2018 and to compare the obtained health risk assessments between drivers with different anthropometric characteristics. For this purpose, two drivers were selected and a field measurement campaign was conducted. Regarding short-term assessment, results showed that VDV was the most restrictive method with exposure levels above the exposure action limit value, while SdA indicated that the same exposures were safe for the worker. With respect to long-term assessment, Risk Factor RA showed that the driver with the highest body mass index was the only one who exceeded the low probability limit of adverse health effects.

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Simanjuntak, Josepa, Martua Damanik, and Elvita Rahmi Daulay. "ANALISIS PENAHAN RADIASI RUANGAN RADIOLOGI INTERVENSI CATHLAB SEBAGAI UPAYA PROTEKSI KESELAMATAN RADIASI DI RSUP. H. ADAM MALIK MEDAN." Prosiding Seminar Si-INTAN 2, no. 1 (July 13, 2022): 28–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.53862/ssi.v2.072022.005.

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The exposure value received does not exceed the dose limit value (NBD) set by the regulation of the Nuclear Energy Supervisory Agency (BAPETEN) recommended by the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement (NCRP). This is the goal of radiation protection in achieving radiation safety for workers, patients and the public. To achieve this, it is necessary to evaluate the radiation-retaining structural walls of the interventional radiology room, X-ray fluoroscopy angiography, GE and Philips brands, Cathlab 1 and 2, respectively, at Adam Malik Hospital by comparing the data obtained from field calculations with the recommendations of regulators or theoretical. The results obtained are the thickness of the radiation retaining walls of the GE and Philips rooms by calculating the transmission factor and the thickness of the secondary radiation shield for each wall of the GE and Philips Cathlab rooms with a secondary air kerma value of 1 meter 3.8, the largest Xbarrier is 120.2 mm concrete, respectively. and 1.75mmPb and 81.13mmconcrete and 0.12mmPb. Using real calculations, the secondary air kerma value is 0.003 for the GE room, it is obtained that the concrete Xbarrier and Pb are minus values and the Philips air kerma value is 0.189, the Xbarrier is 22.1mm of concrete and 0.24mmPb. Meanwhile, the currently installed wall thickness is 28 cm of concrete and 0.5mmPb, with a total of 25 patients per week. On the other hand, exposure to environmental radiation, leakage of X-ray aircraft is also within safe limits. The conclusion is that the shield retaining installed both concrete and Pb on each wall of the X-ray inspection room of Cathlab 1 GE and Cathlab 2 Philips, Adam Malik General Hospital is in a safe condition for intervention, and radiation exposure measured in the environment as well as leakage of the light aircraft. -X is also within safe limits, so that the purpose of radiation shielding can be achieved, namely radiation exposure received by both officers, patients and the public does not exceed the specified dose limit value. Keywords: Radiation safety, dose limit value, radiation barrier, interventional radiology.

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Ponnle, Akinlolu A. "Measurement and Assessment of Exposure to 50 Hz Magnetic Fields from Common Home Electrical Appliances." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 7, no. 3 (June 30, 2022): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2022.7.3.2832.

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In this twenty first century, man is exposed to a very high amount of magnetic fields in his environment. This is mainly due to the ubiquitous use of electricity and other technological devices, which are the major sources of magnetic field pollution. The effect of magnetic field exposure on health problems and safety risk of people is continually being investigated. A number of international organizations have formulated guidelines on limits to the value of the generated magnetic field. This work provides information on the amount of 50 Hz magnetic field created by some common home electrical appliances, and compare results obtained with permissible exposure limit by The International Commission on Non-Ionising Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) for the public. The home electrical appliances investigated include electric cooker, hair dryer, toaster, kettle, fan, microwave oven, electric iron, voltage stabilizer, etc. Measurements were carried out with the aid of a magnetic field strength meter, at a distance of 3 cm to 75 cm from the appliances. Results showed that the magnetic field varies with distance from the appliances (by quarter of a meter, most become negligible), the power consumption of the appliance, the age of the appliance, and the product (manufacturer) of the appliance. Also, appliances with electromagnets, coils and electric motors produce more magnetic fields than appliances with heating elements. At a distance of 3 cm from the appliances, the highest value of magnetic field obtained was 85.5 µT and the lowest value of the magnetic field obtained was 4.28 µT. The overall results obtained indicate that the magnetic field strengths are lower than the maximum permissible exposure limit (100 µT) recommended by ICNIRP for members of the public, and therefore, will not lead to any significant exposure risk. In conclusion, in-expensive measures of reducing magnetic field exposure are recommended.

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Jovanovic-Andersen, Zorana. "Health effects of long-term exposure to air pollution: An overview of major respiratory and cardiovascular diseases and diabetes." Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly 18, no. 4-2 (2012): 617–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ciceq120110112j.

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Large number of studies provided convincing evidence for adverse effects of exposure to outdoor air pollution on human health, and served as basis for current USA and EU Air Quality Standards and limit values. Still, new knowledge is emerging, expanding our understanding of vast effects of exposure to air pollution on human health of this ubiquitous exposure affecting millions of people in urban setting. This paper focuses on the studies of health effects of long-term (chronic) exposures to air pollution, and includes major chronic and acute diseases in adults and especially elderly, which will present increasing public health burden, due to improving longevity and projected increasing numbers of elderly. The paper gives overview over the most relevant and latest literature presented by different health outcomes: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, pneumonia, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes.

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de Nijs, M., M. J. B. Mengelers, P. E. Boon, E. Heyndrickx, L. A. P. Hoogenboom, P. Lopez, and H. G. J. Mol. "Strategies for estimating human exposure to mycotoxins via food." World Mycotoxin Journal 9, no. 5 (November 2, 2016): 831–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2016.2045.

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In this review, five strategies to estimate mycotoxin exposure of a (sub-)population via food, including data collection, are discussed with the aim to identify the added values and limitations of each strategy for risk assessment of these chemicals. The well-established point estimate, observed individual mean, probabilistic and duplicate diet strategies are addressed, as well as the emerging human biomonitoring strategy. All five exposure assessment strategies allow the estimation of chronic (long-term) exposure to mycotoxins, and, with the exception of the observed individual mean strategy, also acute (short-term) exposure. Methods for data collection, i.e. food consumption surveys, food monitoring studies and total diet studies are discussed. In food monitoring studies, the driving force is often enforcement of legal limits, and, consequently, data are often generated with relatively high limits of quantification and targeted at products suspected to contain mycotoxin levels above these legal limits. Total diet studies provide a solid base for chronic exposure assessments since they provide mycotoxin levels in food based on well-defined samples and including the effect of food preparation. Duplicate diet studies and human biomonitoring studies reveal the actual exposure but often involve a restricted group of human volunteers and a limited time period. Human biomonitoring studies may also include exposure to mycotoxins from other sources than food, and exposure to modified mycotoxins that may not be detected with current analytical methods. Low limits of quantification are required for analytical methods applied for data collection to avoid large uncertainties in the exposure due to high numbers of left censored data, i.e. with levels below the limit of quantification.

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Ryder, Valerie E., and Edward S. Williams. "Revisions to Limits for Propylene Glycol in Spacecraft Air." Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance 93, no. 5 (May 1, 2022): 467–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3357/amhp.6037.2022.

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INTRODUCTION: The previous Spacecraft Maximal Allowable Concentrations (SMACs) for propylene glycol were established based on a study of rodents exposed to propylene glycol (PG) aerosol for 6 h/d, 5 d/wk for 90 d. This study has been used as the basis for the few existing limits, but all exposure concentrations were well above the saturated vapor concentration of ∼100 ppm for pure propylene glycol at room temperature. For this reason, the Environmental Protection Agency and the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry noted that the method used to generate the aerosols for the two published studies of animal exposures are not relevant to exposure conditions for the general public, and most regulatory agencies have not established inhalation limits for propylene glycol, citing lack of data. Since publication of the PG SMACs in 2008, an acute inhalation study was conducted in healthy human subjects which allows us to revise our assessment. This manuscript provides the rationale for increasing the prior limits for PG in spacecraft air from 32 and 17 ppm to 64 and 32 ppm for off-nominal scenarios/releases (1-h and 24-h limits) and from 9, 3, and 1.5 ppm to 32 ppm for all nominal timeframes (7, 30, and 180 d). Due to a lack of longer-term exposure data, NASA has elected to eliminate the 1000-d SMAC limit at this time.Ryder VE, Williams ES. Revisions to limits for propylene glycol in spacecraft air. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2022; 93(5):467–469.

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Wang, Wei, Yu-Lan Qiu, Jie Jiao, Jing Liu, Fang Ji, Wen-Bin Miao, Yiliang Zhu, and Zhao-Lin Xia. "Genotoxicity in vinyl chloride-exposed workers and its implication for occupational exposure limit." American Journal of Industrial Medicine 54, no. 10 (July 27, 2011): 800–810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajim.20990.

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Newman, Ian M., Ling Qian, Niran Tamrakar, Yonghua Feng, and Ganrong Xu. "Chemical content of unrecorded distilled alcohol (bai jiu) from rural central China: Analysis and public health risk." International Journal of Alcohol and Drug Research 6, no. 1 (October 4, 2017): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v6i1.236.

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Newman, I., Qian, L., Tamrakar, N., Feng, Y., & Xu, G. (2017). Chemical content of unrecorded distilled alcohol (bai jiu) from rural central China: Analysis and public health risk. The International Journal Of Alcohol And Drug Research, 6(1), 59-67. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v6i1.236Aims: To test 47 samples of locally distilled unrecorded beverage alcohol (bai jiu) obtained in rural central China.Methods: Alcohol samples purchased from home-based makers or from small village shops were analyzed for ethanol, methanol, acetaldehyde, ethyl acetate, six higher alcohols, arsenic, cadmium, and lead. Results were judged against the standards for these compounds set by the AMPHORA Project.Findings: Ethanol concentrations ranged from 38.7% to 63.7% (mean 50.4%). Methanol and methyl acetate detected in all samples did not exceed the Alcohol Measures for Public Health Research Alliance (AMPHORA) limits. Acetaldehyde was present in all samples, with three samples exceeding the AMPHORA limit by a small amount. Lead was found in 57.4% of the samples with one sample exceeding the AMPHORA limit; cadmium was found in 89.4% of the samples with two exceeding the AMPHORA limit. Arsenic was found in 46.8% of the samples with none exceeding the AMPHORA limit.Conclusions: The three samples that exceeded AMPHORA limits for cadmium or lead are of concern in terms of the potential of long-term exposure for local people who regularly consume locally made bai jiu. The main health concern from bai jiu appears to be the risk associated with high ethanol concentration—the same health concern as for recorded, commercially produced spirits.

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Newman, Ian M., Ling Qian, Niran Tamrakar, Yonghua Feng, and Ganrong Xu. "Chemical content of unrecorded distilled alcohol (bai jiu) from rural central China: Analysis and public health risk." International Journal of Alcohol and Drug Research 6, no. 1 (October 4, 2017): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v0i0.236.

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Newman, I., Qian, L., Tamrakar, N., Feng, Y., & Xu, G. (2017). Chemical content of unrecorded distilled alcohol (bai jiu) from rural central China: Analysis and public health risk. The International Journal Of Alcohol And Drug Research, 6(1), 59-67. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v6i1.236Aims: To test 47 samples of locally distilled unrecorded beverage alcohol (bai jiu) obtained in rural central China.Methods: Alcohol samples purchased from home-based makers or from small village shops were analyzed for ethanol, methanol, acetaldehyde, ethyl acetate, six higher alcohols, arsenic, cadmium, and lead. Results were judged against the standards for these compounds set by the AMPHORA Project.Findings: Ethanol concentrations ranged from 38.7% to 63.7% (mean 50.4%). Methanol and methyl acetate detected in all samples did not exceed the Alcohol Measures for Public Health Research Alliance (AMPHORA) limits. Acetaldehyde was present in all samples, with three samples exceeding the AMPHORA limit by a small amount. Lead was found in 57.4% of the samples with one sample exceeding the AMPHORA limit; cadmium was found in 89.4% of the samples with two exceeding the AMPHORA limit. Arsenic was found in 46.8% of the samples with none exceeding the AMPHORA limit.Conclusions: The three samples that exceeded AMPHORA limits for cadmium or lead are of concern in terms of the potential of long-term exposure for local people who regularly consume locally made bai jiu. The main health concern from bai jiu appears to be the risk associated with high ethanol concentration—the same health concern as for recorded, commercially produced spirits.

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Hazmin, S. N., A. R. S. N. Dianah, M. K. A. Kamarudin, R. Umar, and H. N. Syafiqah. "Non-Ionizing Radiation (NIR) Exposure Map Development Using GIS for Gong Badak, Terengganu, Malaysia." MATEC Web of Conferences 248 (2018): 05001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201824805001.

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Public Non-Ionizing Radiation (NIR) exposure should be monitored by the government since it has proven harmful for human. Even though some studies reported that low frequency spectrum is safe, the other says that long and repetitive exposure may affect health. Thus, this study is conducted to measure the ambient NIR exposure value in the selected Terengganu area, Malaysia. The values were then used to develop a spatial model of exposure to see the radiation exposure pattern. From the findings, we found that the value was higher nearby base stations which are normally erected around residential area where the telecommunication network user is high. Thus, this study is crucial to determine the level of exposure for future plan. This findings can be used by the government to control the radio-frequency transmission and active spectrum service provider in order to limit the radiation exposure for public health concern.

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Lioy, Paul J. ,., and Raymond V. ,. Dyba. "Tropospheric Ozone: The Dynamics of Human Exposure." Toxicology and Industrial Health 5, no. 3 (July 1989): 493–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074823378900500309.

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The conditions in the ambient atmosphere conducive to ozone exposure are examined, and placed into a context of the time arid locations where individuals would be expected to be affected by high ozone. This is done for both 1 h and 8 h averaging times. Concentrations of ozone in the ambient atmosphere can violate the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) and also the Time Weighted Average-Threshold Limit Value (TWA-TLV) for workers. Exposures that occurred in a 1982 episode associated with a health effects study are described in detail. The effective dose received by a camper at a children's summer camp appeared to be similar to that delivered to volunteers during a controlled human exposure study in which effects on pulmonary function were observed.

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Sandstrom, T., N. Stjernberg, M. C. Andersson, B. Kolmodin-Hedman, R. Lundgren, and T. Angstrom. "Is the short term limit value for sulphur dioxide exposure safe? Effects of controlled chamber exposure investigated with bronchoalveolar lavage." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 46, no. 3 (March 1, 1989): 200–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem.46.3.200.

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Barbosa Filho, J. Marcos Leal, Millena M. de M. Campos, Daniel L. Flor, William S. Alves, Adaildo G. D’Assunção, Marcio E. C. Rodrigues, and Vicente A. de Sousa. "Non-Ionizing Radiation Measurements for Trajectography Radars." Sensors 22, no. 18 (September 16, 2022): 7017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22187017.

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This work presents a Non-Ionizing Radiation (NIR) measurement campaign and proposes a specific measurement method for trajectography radars. This kind of radar has a high gain narrow beam antenna and emits a high power signal. Power density measurements from a C-band trajectography radar are carried out using bench equipment and a directional receiving antenna, instead of the commonly used isotropic probe. The measured power density levels are assessed for compliance test via comparison with the occupational and general public exposure limit levels of both the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) and the Brazilian National Telecommunication Agency (Anatel). The limit for the occupational public is respected everywhere, evidencing the safe operation of the studied radar. However, the limit for the general public is exceeded at a point next to the radar’s antenna, showing that preventive measures are needed.

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Joseph, Soja Reuben, and Juyoul Kim. "Radiological Dose Assessment to Members of the Public Using Consumer Products Containing Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials in Korea." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 14 (July 9, 2021): 7337. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147337.

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Various products containing a small number of added radionuclides are commonly available for use worldwide. However, frequent use of such products puts the public at risk of radiation exposure. In this study, dose assessments to members of the public using consumer products containing naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORMs) were conducted for various usage scenarios to evaluate the external and internal exposure dose. Data for this study were obtained from previous literature and were statistically analyzed using Boxplot to determine the input data for assessment. A normalized value of activity concentration was used for dose evaluation. In addition to other external and internal dose calculation codes, analytical calculations were used to perform age-dependent. Based on analytical calculations, the highest total effective dose equivalent (TEDE) received from necklace products at the upper whiskers with an activity concentration of 4.21 Bq/g for 238U, 24.4 Bq/g for 232Th, and 0.55 Bq/g for 40K for various age groups is 2.03 mSv/y for 1 year old, 1.24 mSv/y for 10 years old and 1.11 mSv/y for adult, which are above the international commission for radiation protection (ICRP) recommended public dose limit of 1 mSv/y. Results of external and internal exposure dose obtained using Microshield code, IMBA code and Visual Monte Carlo (VMC) code are all below the recommended public dose limit of 1 mSv/y.

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Kurniasari, Septiana, Fatimah K. Hentihu, Alfian K. Anto, and Henry Prasetyo. "THE MEASUREMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIATION EXPOSURE AROUND THE LINAC RADIOTHERAPY BUNKER." Indonesian Physical Review 5, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/ipr.v5i1.129.

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Radiotherapy is cancer therapy using radiation. One of the tools used for radiotherapy is the Linac. Using Linac also can have a detrimental effect on radiation workers, patients, and the public. The reaction can cause activation around the room to become radioactive. Therefore, radiation protection is needed. This research aimed to measure environmental radiation exposure as a radiation protection effort around the Linac bunker. This research uses a quantitative method by collecting data directly on the area around the Linac bunker, with a distance of ± 30 cm from the bunker wall, using the STEP OD-02 Detector. The average Linac operation is 2000 hours/year, while the safe dose limit used is 1/2 dose Limit from Nuclear Power Monitoring Agency. Based on measurements of environmental radiation exposure, there are eight areas classified as safe and four other regions experiencing radiation leakage, including Doors with a radiation exposure difference of 0.078 Sv/hour; West Field (0.074 Sv/hour); TPS Room (0.302 Sv/hour); and Meeting Rooms (0.199 Sv/hour), but still within the safe limit of radiation dose. The environmental radiation exposure around the Linac Radiotherapy bunker is safe.

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Havet, Nathalie, Alexis Penot, Morgane Plantier, Barbara Charbotel, Magali Morelle, and Béatrice Fervers. "Do regulations protect workers from occupational exposures to carcinogenic, mutagenic and reprotoxic (CMR) agents in France?" Occupational and Environmental Medicine 75, no. 5 (December 9, 2017): 389–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2017-104586.

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ObjectiveThis article explores the impact of regulations on the implementation of collective protections in France to occupational exposure to carcinogenic, mutagenic and reprotoxic (CMR) agents.MethodsIndividual data from the French national cross-sectional survey of occupational hazards conducted in 2010 were analysed. We investigated whether stricter regulations and longer exposures were associated with higher level of collective protection using multivariate logistic regressions.ResultsGeneral ventilation, for which effect is limited as collective protection for CMR products, was present in 19% of situations involving CMR agents while isolation chambers, the most effective form of protection, were only very rarely implemented. Multilevel logistic regressions show that exposure situations to products classified as category 1 or 2 by the European Union do not have a higher probability of benefiting from a collective protection measures. Exposures to products with a Binding Occupational Exposure Limit Value selectively benefited from a better level of protection. Exposures to agents entered on the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) list of proven or probable carcinogens benefited more from effective collective protections than products suspected to be carcinogens but not yet classified by IARC.ConclusionsThese results suggest that the dissemination of evaluations of carcinogens by the IARC translate into improved protective measures even though the IARC classification has no mandatory impact on regulations.

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Chou, Eric, Yu-Lin Hsieh, Jon Wolfshohl, Fonda Green, and Toral Bhakta. "Onsite telemedicine strategy for coronavirus (COVID-19) screening to limit exposure in ED." Emergency Medicine Journal 37, no. 6 (May 3, 2020): 335–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/emermed-2020-209645.

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Coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) outbreak is a public health emergency and a global pandemic. During the present coronavirus disease (COVID-19) crisis, telemedicine has been recommended to screen suspected patients to limit risk of exposure and maximise medical staff protection. We constructed the protective physical barrier with telemedicine technology to limit COVID-19 exposure in ED. Our hospital is an urban community hospital with annual ED volume of approximately 50 000 patients. We equipped our patient exam room with intercom and iPad for telecommunication. Based on our telemedicine screening protocol, physician can conduct a visual physical examination on stable patients via intercom or videoconference. Telemedicine was initially used to overcome the physical barrier between patients and physicians. However, our protocol is designed to create a protective physical barrier to protect healthcare workers and enhance efficiency in ED. The implementation can be a promising protocol in making ED care more cost-effective and efficient during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond.

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Xing, Caihong, Francesco Marchetti, Guilan Li, Rosana H. Weldon, Elaine Kurtovich, Suzanne Young, Thomas E. Schmid, et al. "Benzene Exposure Near the U.S. Permissible Limit Is Associated with Sperm Aneuploidy." Environmental Health Perspectives 118, no. 6 (June 2010): 833–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0901531.

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Prester, Ljerka. "Indoor Exposure to Mould Allergens." Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 62, no. 4 (December 1, 2011): 371–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/10004-1254-62-2011-2126.

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Indoor Exposure to Mould AllergensHumid indoor environments may be colonised by allergenic filamentous microfungi (moulds),Aspergillusspp.,Penicilliumspp.,Cladosporiumspp., andAlternariaspp. in particular. Mould-induced respiratory diseases are a worldwide problem. In the last two decades, mould allergens and glucans have been used as markers of indoor exposure to moulds. Recently, mould allergens Alt a 1 (Alternaria alternata) and Asp f 1 (Aspergillus fumigatus) have been analysed in various environments (residential and occupational) with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, which use monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies. Household Alt a 1 and Asp f 1 levels were usually under the limit of the method detection. By contrast, higher levels of mould allergens were found in environments with high levels of bioaerosols such as poultry farms and sawmills. Data on allergen Alt a 1 and Asp f 1 levels in agricultural settings may provide information on possible colonisation of respective moulds and point out to mould-related diseases in occupants.

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Al Jowf, Ghazi I., Ziyad T. Ahmed, Ning An, Rick A. Reijnders, Elena Ambrosino, Bart P. F. Rutten, Laurence de Nijs, and Lars M. T. Eijssen. "A Public Health Perspective of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 11 (May 26, 2022): 6474. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116474.

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Trauma exposure is one of the most important and prevalent risk factors for mental and physical ill-health. Prolonged or excessive stress exposure increases the risk of a wide variety of mental and physical symptoms, resulting in a condition known as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The diagnosis might be challenging due to the complex pathophysiology and co-existence with other mental disorders. The prime factor for PTSD development is exposure to a stressor, which variably, along with peritraumatic conditions, affects disease progression and severity. Additionally, many factors are thought to influence the response to the stressor, and hence reshape the natural history and course of the disease. With sufficient knowledge about the disease, preventive and intervenient methods can be implemented to improve the quality of life of the patients and to limit both the medical and economic burden of the disease. This literature review provides a highlight of up-to-date literature on traumatic stress, with a focus on causes or triggers of stress, factors that influence response to stress, disease burden, and the application of the social-ecological public health model of disease prevention. In addition, it addresses therapeutic aspects, ethnic differences in traumatic stress, and future perspectives, including potential biomarkers.

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Raoul, Zamble, Kone Kigninman Desire, Gbegbe Raymond, and Bamba S. Seyndou. "POPULATION EXPOSURE TO RADIATION EMITTED BY MOBILE NETWORKS IN ABIDJAN, COTE DIVOIRE." International Journal of Advanced Research 8, no. 11 (November 30, 2020): 729–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/12063.

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The mobile telephony relay antennas number is growing with a view to cover the national territory and meet the subscriber communication needs. In Cote dIvoire, this fact is currently raising the harmfulness issue of RF emissions produced by these installations on the general public. This situation has forced the national frequency management body to conduct annual measurement campaigns to control the RF emission levels comparatively to the limit values recommended by international bodies. The current campaign in the city of Abidjan with ten municipalities, therefore, falls within this process framework and has made it possible to generally conclude that the recommended limit values are respected at all the different measurement points. However, these results specifically show high levels of radiation produced by mobile network installations compared to those from TV and FM network installations.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Public exposure limit'

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