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Journal articles on the topic 'Public expenditure'
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Jaelani, Aan. "PUBLIC EXPENDITURE MANAGEMENT IN INDONESIA:." HUNAFA: Jurnal Studia Islamika 15, no. 2 (December 25, 2018): 189–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.24239/jsi.v15i2.527.189-224.
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This paper discusses the management of public expenditures in Indonesia in State Budget 2017. The data collected from fiscal policy documents, especially about government spending plans in 2017, and then be reviewed by policy analysis, the theory of public expenditures, and the theory of public goods, and compared with the theory of public expenditure in Islamic economics. Public expenditure management in Indonesia has implemented a distribution system that divided public expenditure for central government expenditures, transfers to the regions, and the village fund. In terms of fiscal policy, public expenditure priorities to support the achievement of sustainable economic growth, job creation, poverty reduction, and the reduction of gaps in the welfare of the whole community. In Islamic economics, public expenditure is used to meet the needs of the community based on the principles of general interest derived from the sharia. Public expenditure on Indonesia’s government as an effective tool to divert economic resources and increase the income of society as a whole, and focused on the embodiment of the people’s welfare.
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Zhao, Weixiang, and Yankun Xu. "Public Expenditure and Green Total Factor Productivity: Evidence from Chinese Prefecture-Level Cities." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 9 (May 9, 2022): 5755. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095755.
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Whilst effective public expenditure policies are essential for transforming the traditional factor-driven economy into a green and innovation-driven economy, the impacts of public expenditure’s size and composition on green economic development have not been comprehensively investigated. This paper attempts to fill this research gap. Based on the data of Chinese prefecture-level cities from 2010 to 2018, we first measure green total factor productivity (GTFP), the proxy variable for green development, and briefly analyze its spatial-temporal trends. Then, using the dynamic panel models, dynamic panel mediation models, and dynamic panel threshold models, we evaluate how public expenditure affects GTFP. The main findings are fourfold: (1) there is a significant inverted U-shaped relationship between the expenditure size and GTFP. (2) The expansion of social expenditures and science and technology (S&T) and environmental protection expenditures play an important role in stimulating green growth, while economic expenditures and administrative expenditures have adverse effects. (3) Public expenditure mainly promotes green development through four channels: human capital accumulation, technological innovation, environmental quality improvement, and labor productivity increase. (4) The expenditure composition influences the turning point of the inverted U-shaped relationship. Based on these findings, we propose some targeted policy suggestions to promote green development.
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Wilkinson, Margaret. "Tax Expenditure and Public Expenditure in the UK." Journal of Social Policy 15, no. 1 (January 1986): 23–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279400023096.
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ABSTRACT‘Tax expenditures’ are public revenue losses which result from special allowances and reliefs given to various categories of taxpayer for reasons of economic and social policy. In 1983/4 tax expenditures in the personal income tax system cost nearly £11 billion which was equal to 35 per cent of revenue from personal income tax or 9 per cent of total public expenditure. This paper assesses their significance in the context of public expenditure and tax policy. It identifies those allowances and reliefs in the personal income tax system which may be regarded as tax expenditures, evaluates them and compares their cost with direct expenditures in similar areas. Many tax expenditures are inequitable and inefficient; and they are difficult for governments to control. If they were reduced some public expenditures could be protected from cuts, or the general burden of income tax could be reduced.
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Team, WERU. "Public expenditure." Welsh Economic Review 12, no. 1 (March 1, 2000): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.18573/wer.248.
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Likierman, Andrew. "Public expenditure." Contemporary Record 4, no. 3 (February 1991): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13619469108581128.
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Glade, William. "Public Expenditure." Journal of Economic Issues 19, no. 1 (March 1985): 265–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00213624.1985.11504364.
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Alawneh, Ateyah. "The Impact of Public Expenditure and Public Debt on Taxes: A Case Study of Jordan." Accounting and Finance Research 6, no. 3 (June 7, 2017): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/afr.v6n3p10.
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The study aimed to estimate the impact of capital expenditure, current expenditure and external and internal public debt on taxes in Jordan during the period 2001–2014. It adopted the multiple linear regression method by E-views program to study the impact of the independent variables (represented by capital expenditure, current expenditure, external and internal public debit) on the dependent variable (taxes). The statistical analysis showed a statistically significant, positive impact of both the capital expenditure and the current expenditure on taxes. The study also found a statistically significant, positive relationship between external and internal public debt on taxes in Jordan. The study presented a number of recommendations, most importantly for the public sector, taking into account the capital expenditure, the current expenditure and the external and internal public debt, which directly affect the tax increases in Jordan. There is a need to use non-traditional alternatives to finance capital expenditures instead of external public debt and internal sources, such as Sukuk Murabaha Islamic participation, to finance capital expenditure for the Government to build schools, hospitals and other government services. The Government should take into account the current expenditure of tax revenues, while capital expenditure should be covered by non-traditional means.
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del Granado, F. Javier Arze, Jorge Martinez-Vazquez, and Robert M. McNab. "Decentralized Governance, Expenditure Composition, and Preferences for Public Goods." Public Finance Review 46, no. 3 (March 22, 2016): 359–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1091142116639127.
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The literature on decentralization has long asserted that decentralized governance increases public sector allocative efficiency. We offer an indirect test of this hypothesis by examining how decentralized governance affects revealed preferences for public goods. Specifically, we examine the relationship between expenditure decentralization and the functional composition of public expenditures. We hypothesize that higher levels of expenditure decentralization induce agents to demand increased production of publicly provided private goods. We test this hypothesis using an unbalanced panel data set of forty-two developed and developing countries over twenty-two years. Using system Generalized Methods of Moments and Quasi-Maximum Likelihood estimators, we find that expenditure decentralization positively, significantly, and robustly influences the share of education expenditures in consolidated government budgets. We also find evidence to suggest that expenditure decentralization positively influences the share of health expenditures in consolidated government budgets. Decentralized governance appears to alter the composition of public expenditures toward publicly provided private goods.
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Nugroho, Rahadi. "FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PENYERAPAN ANGGARAN (Studi Persepsi Pada Badan Pendidikan dan Pelatihan Keuangan)." Jurnal BPPK : Badan Pendidikan dan Pelatihan Keuangan 10, no. 1 (November 6, 2017): 22–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.48108/jurnalbppk.v10i1.23.
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ABSTRAK
Pengaruh pengeluaran pemerintah terhadap ekonomi tergantung juga pada ketepatan waktu. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan penyerapan anggaran yang terjadwal. Fenomena yang terjadi di Indonesia adalah penyerapan anggaran yang meningkat drastis pada semester ke-2 khususnya pada triwulan terakhir tahun anggaran. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi penyerapan anggaran dengan menggunakan metode persepsi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa faktor perencanaan, pelaksanaan anggaran dan koordinasi dengan instansi lain berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap penyerapan anggaran instansi pemerintah. Sedangkan factor pengadaan barang dan jasa dan faktor sumber daya manusia tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap penyerapan anggaran.
Kata kunci: anggaran, penyerapan, persepsi, perencanaan, pengadaan barang dan jasa, pengeluaran pemerintah,
ABSTRACT
The effect of public expenditure on economic also depend on the time when the particular expenditure really spend. Thus, budget expenditure’s schedule must be complied. In Indonesia there was a phenomena that public expenditures usually soar in second semester, especially on last quarter of the budget year. The aim of this research is to find out the determinant of public expenditure absorption. The result shows that budget planning, implementation of budget planning, and coordination are significant factor of public expenditure absorption. However, procurement and human resources are not significantly affect public expenditure absorption.
Key word: public expenditure, budget, procurement, absorption, planning,
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Emmanuel, Umoh Alphonsus, Anochie Uzoma C, and Biradawa Kayadi. "Public Expenditure and Economic Development in Nigeria." Middle East Research Journal of Economics and Management 1, no. 1 (December 25, 2021): 18–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/merjem.2021.v01i01.003.
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The main objective of this study was to investigate the impact of public expenditure on economic development in Nigeria. The design adopted for this study was ex-post-facto; data used for analysis were elicited from Central Bank Statistical Bulletin and Federal Ministry of Finance. To achieve this broad objective, a model was formulated based on empirical and theoretical reviews. The model used Human Development Index (HDI) as the dependent variable while public capital expenditure, public recurrent expenditure and external borrowing were the independent variables in the model. This study employed the Fully Modified Least Squares (FMOLS) Model to analyze data. The findings elicited from this study revealed that public capital expenditure, public recurrent expenditure and external borrowing all had positive and significant impact on human development index within the scope of this study. Inferential result deduced that public expenditure had positive and significant impact on economic development in Nigeria. The study recommended that urgent need to instill fiscal discipline in government expenditures by initiating far reaching effective internal control measures and more proactive economic management coordination and implementation as well as discouraging all non-productive activities and expenditures in all tiers of government forthwith. Government recurrent expenditure should be channeled to have effects on the economy, enhancing and promoting growth and development in the process. All non- productive activities and expenditure need to be reviewed forthwith while the role of government should be reappraised with more emphasis on providing the enabling policy environment for private sector initiatives.
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Zhou, Gideon. "Three Decades of Public Expenditure Management in Zimbabwe." Journal of Public Administration and Governance 2, no. 3 (July 28, 2012): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jpag.v2i3.2098.
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Sound public expenditure management forms the bedrock of public administration. It facilitates producence, efficiency, transparency and accountability in expenditure processes at various levels of government. This serves as a long term barricade aginst debt trap. This article responds to these fundamental concerns by examining the nature, processes and challenges of public expenditure management in Zimbabwe. Reviews of expenditure management systems in Zimbabwe show general consistence with those in Anglophone Africa. Ministries of finance, working closely with spending ministries, Accounting Officers, Public Accounts Committees of Parliament, Auditor Generals and internal auditors-constitute key players in the public expenditure management process. Notwithstanding this, overall expenditure over the decades remained sticky downwards due to inflationary pressures, unbudgeted expenditures and weak expenditure management systems. Robust mesaures should be put in place to institutionalise a culture of compliance with extant expenditure management frameworks at both the macro and micro levels of government.
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Bista, Raghu Bir, and Kiran Prasad Sankhi. "Assessing Multiplier Effects of Public Expenditures on Economic Growth in Nepal: SVAR Model Analysis." Quantitative Economics and Management Studies 3, no. 2 (April 29, 2022): 162–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.35877/454ri.qems755.
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This paper assesses the multiplier effects of public expenditures on economic growth in Nepal, covering time series data sets of public expenditures and economic growth from 1974-75 to 2018-19 by using the SVAR model. As a result of the SVAR model, the multiplier effect of public expenditure, recurrent expenditure, and capital expenditure is positive for economic growth. In a result, the multiplier effect of recurrent expenditure is found to be more promising than capital expenditure for economic growth in the short run, but in the long run, it is lower. Similarly, the multiplier coefficient value of capital expenditure is lower in the short run. This is probably due to leakages in the economy, corruption and improper management of development funds, seasonal expenditure trends, and poor management of development projects. Therefore, the government should improve the efficiency of public expenditure and the ratio of capital expenditure and private investment to improve the higher multiplier variable in the long run.
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Helpap, David. "Providing Public Goods in Rural America: The Role of the Professional Public Administrator." Public Administration Quarterly 46, no. 2 (May 15, 2022): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.37808/paq.46.2.2.
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Rural local governments, similar to their larger and more urban counterparts, provide many of the public services their citizens encounter on a daily basis. As would be expected, most dedicate the majority of their expenditures to services such as road maintenance, fire protection, and a handful of administrative functions. Some, however, devote significant resources to a more robust collection that includes parks, cultural institutions, and public health programs, for example. Using data from rural governments in Wisconsin, this research examines public expenditures, with an emphasis on the role of the professional administrator and the degree to which the position is correlated with expenditures on public goods. While existing scholarship has examined overall expenditures, this research provides a more nuanced focus on nine specific expenditure categories. Results indicate that population, partisanship, county-level expenditures, and fiscal capacity are related to various expenditure categories, but the effect of the professional administrator is much more limited.
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Wildavsky, Aaron. "Controlling public expenditure." OECD Journal on Budgeting 2, no. 4 (May 21, 2003): 27–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/budget-v2-art21-en.
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Sousa, Kleber Morais de, and Paulo Aguiar do Monte. "Public expenditure composition and fiscal decentralization in Brazilian local governments: an analysis through unconditional quantile regression with longitudinal data." Revista de Administração Pública 55, no. 6 (December 2021): 1333–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-761220200864.
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Abstract This paper investigates the effect of increasing fiscal decentralization on the composition of public expenditures of Brazilian local governments. The research is innovative, demonstrating that the heterogeneity of expenditure scale influences the correlation between fiscal decentralization and public expenditure of local governments. The sample consisted of unbalanced panel data of 5,565 municipalities for 17 years from 2000 to 2016. The analysis used unconditional quantile regression with panel data. The main findings were: (i) fiscal decentralization affects public expenditure in Brazilian local governments. However, this effect depends on local expenditure scale and fiscal decentralization strategy. For example, the median coefficient was negative in personnel expenditures, and the effect was positive for the third quartile of local governments, when fiscal decentralization was measured by the tax revenue over total revenue. On the other hand, the effects were also positive for median and third quartile regarding intergovernmental transfers per capita like proxy of fiscal decentralization; (ii) the measures (proxies) of fiscal decentralization are correlated with the composition of public expenditure; (iii) in median terms, fiscal decentralization has greater effects on investment expenditures than on current and personnel expenditures; and (iv) in median terms, the tax revenue participation promotes an increase in administrative and planning expenditures instead of expenditures in social functions. Fiscal decentralization measured by intergovernmental transfer per capita has more positive effects on social functions than on legislative and administrative functions.
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Venkataraman, Subramanya, and Arabi Urmi. "Development expenditure, fiscal consolidation and public revenue in India." International Journal of Accounting and Economics Studies 5, no. 1 (January 13, 2017): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijaes.v5i1.7018.
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Following challenges with increasing fiscal deficit, the Government of India adopted the path of fiscal consolidation with the sole intention of reducing fiscal and other deficits. However, in the drive to reduce government expenditure, it is necessary to be cautious of how it affects expenditures such as development expenditure that are very essential to the well-being of people. This study therefore investigated how fiscal consolidation and Public revenue affect development expenditure in India using time series data from 1977-2015 and the ARDL model. The study found that, in both the short run and long run, public revenue had a positive significant impact on development expenditure whiles fiscal consolidation had a negative significant impact on development expenditure. The study therefore recommended that in our attempt to attain fiscal consolidation, care must be taken not to abandon development expenditure which has serious effects on the well-being of people.
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Faiz ur Rahim, Posha Gul, and Madiha Asma. "Impact of Public Education Expenditures on Economic Wellbeing in Developing Economies." International Journal of Innovation in Teaching and Learning (IJITL) 6, no. 1 (July 1, 2020): 122–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.35993/ijitl.v6i1.874.
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Education can affect economic growth and wellbeing through different channels like by increasing the efficiency of the workforce, reducing inequality, and increasing the knowledge and the innovative capacity of an economy. The key objective of the present research is to explore the impact of public education expenditures on economic wellbeing in developing economies. The present study explored the impact of public education expenditures on economic wellbeing by using panel dataset of 21 developing economies over the period of 1980-2014. Household Final Consumption Expenditure Per Capita was used as a proxy to measure economic wellbeing. The panel estimation technique of Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) was used for the analysis. Research findings revealed that there was a positive and significant relationship between education expenditure and economic wellbeing. Economic wellbeing of the society was directly linked with more priority to educational expenditures in public budget. Hence, developing economies should enhance their public spending on education.
Keywords: Economics of Education, Public Education Expenditure, Economic Wellbeing, Household Final Consumption Expenditure per Capita, Developing Economies
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Shafique, Saima, M. Mansoor Ali, Anwar-ul Mujahid Shah, and Seema Zubair. "Dynamics of Public Policy on Economic Activity: The Case of Pakistan." Liberal Arts and Social Sciences International Journal (LASSIJ) 4, no. 2 (December 26, 2020): 230–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.47264/idea.lassij/4.2.18.
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The unanticipated domestic and international changes in conjunction with policy discretion become reason for shocks to overall economy that affect overall economic growth. Based on methodology by Blanchard and Perotti (2002) the study used timing of fiscal decisions in a Structural Vector Auto-Regression (SVAR) to map dynamics of shocks due to tax revenue, government expenditures and aggregate output in Pakistan. When tax decisions precede expenditure decision, the tax shocks have a volatile short run impact causing expenditures to sharply adjust. Expenditure shocks persistently increase tax revenues and government expenditures. But in the second specification, expenditure shocks reduce the tax revenue and aggregate output that reverts to equilibrium only in the long run. The response of output shocks is almost identical for both the scenarios. Therefore, growth in output increases taxes collection in Pakistan enabling better management of burden of debt and deficit.
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Bista, Raghu Bir, and Kiran Prasad Sankhi. "Assessing Multiplier Effects of Public Expenditures on Economic Growth in Nepal: SVAR Model Analysis." Journal of Economic Impact 4, no. 1 (March 22, 2022): 50–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.52223/jei4012206.
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Expansionary public expenditure is a popular important fiscal measure in the constraint of budgetary resources to achieve higher economic growth with the expectation of higher multiplier effect on productive sectors in the world. Since the actual multiplier effect contradicts with the expected multiplier effect in this discretionary fiscal practice, the goal of higher economic growth is not well achieved. In this context, the practice of public expenditure is a key concern of scholars to understand whether it is the best one or whether its multiplier effect is higher. In this context, this study is an important attempt. This paper assesses the multiplier effects of public expenditures on economic growth in Nepal, covering time series data sets of public expenditures and economic growth from 1974-75 to 2018-19 by using the structural vector auto-regressive (SVAR) model. As a result of the SVAR model, the multiplier effect of public expenditure, recurrent expenditure, and capital expenditure is positive for economic growth. In the results, the multiplier effect of recurrent expenditure is found to be more promising than capital expenditure for economic growth in the short run, but in the long run, it is lower. Similarly, the multiplier coefficient value of capital expenditure is lower in the short run. This is probably due to leakages in the economy, corruption and improper management of development funds, seasonal expenditure trends, and poor management of development projects. Thus, public expenditure is an important fiscal measure to developing economy like Nepal to create a multiplier effect through aggregate demand on national income and employment. Therefore, the government should improve the efficiency of public expenditure and the ratio of capital expenditure and private investment to improve the higher multiplier variable in the long run. The result of this paper will be a valuable input to the policymaker and the planner of Nepal to improve the efficiency of public expenditure through the implementation of a mid-term expenditure framework.
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Sululing, Siswadi, Haliah Haliah, and Andi Kusumawati. "ACCOUNTING TREATMENT IN THE VILLAGE PUBLIC SECTOR: UNEXPECTED EXPENDITURES." International Journal of Economics, Business and Accounting Research (IJEBAR) 6, no. 1 (March 23, 2022): 865. http://dx.doi.org/10.29040/ijebar.v6i1.4568.
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The current condition during the COVID-19 pandemic forces the Village Government to provide spending using unexpected expenditures in the Village Revenue and Expenditure Budget, which in normal conditions is rarely done. This study discusses the accounting treatment of unexpected expenditures conducted by the Village Government, which includes recognition, measurement, and presentation in financial statements. In this study, the researchers analyzed secondary data, namely the 2021 Village Revenue and Expenditure Budget Report using qualitative descriptive analysis to find out how the accounting treatment of unexpected expenditures was applied by the Village Government. The results of this study can be used as a reference by local governments in treating unexpected expenditures that have been realized during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Keywords: accounting treatment, village public sector.
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Quy, Nguyen Hoang. "The Role of Public Expenditures in Economic Growth at Provincial Level: Empirical Study in Vietnam." Journal of Politics and Law 10, no. 2 (February 28, 2017): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v10n2p88.
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The literature analyzes the relationship between public expenditures and GDP growth in localities of Vietnam. The research sample includes data on public expenditures and GDP of 63 provinces/cities of Vietnam during the period 2013 - 2015. The results of the research by backward regression method have confirmed the orthodromically directly proportional relationship between components of public expenditure, but not the total public expenditure, and GDP growth in provinces/cities of Vietnam. Specifically, public expenditure on development investment and the one on social and economic services contribute significantly and positively to the economic development of localities. On this basis, we propose some relevant recommendations to state agencies in establishing constitution for cutting down expenditures; strengthening estimate, public debt management performance; as well as measures to attract investment to contribute to fulfilling the tasks of industrialization, modernization in the era of global integration today.
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Ngalawa, Harold. "Southern African customs union revenue, public expenditures and HIV/AIDS in BLNS countries." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 17, no. 2 (March 6, 2014): 173–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v17i2.567.
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This study investigates how revenue from the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) common revenue pool affects efforts to contain HIV/AIDS in Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia and Swaziland (BLNS countries). Using a dataset for the BLNS countries covering the period 1990-2007 in annual frequency and a health production function, the study estimates a dynamic panel using the Arellano-Bond (1991) difference Generalised Method of Moments. The study results show that an increase in either SACU revenue or aggregate government expenditure increases HIV prevalence rates. Disaggregating the government expenditures into health and non-health outlays reveals that the health expenditure component decreases HIV prevalence rates. To be precise, the study finds that HIV prevalence rates decline when public health expenditures as a percentage of GDP and public health expenditures as a percentage of total government expenditures increase. It is argued, therefore, that the type of public expenditure is of consequence: public health expenditures decrease, while public non-health expenditures increase the HIV prevalence rates, with the ultimate direction of HIV prevalence rates determined by the dominant of the two effects.
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Ren, Weicun, Yizhen Zhao, Huiliang Zhong, Xiaoli Fu, and Jian Wu. "Exploring the Optimal Allocation Decision-Making of Expenditure Budget in Hospitals Under Multi-Objective Constraints: Evidence from Urban Public Hospitals, China." SAGE Open 11, no. 4 (October 2021): 215824402110581. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440211058191.
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Hospitals in many countries face the need for balancing different categories of expenditures to achieve multiple goals within a limited budget. This study established a two-stage fuzzy linear programming (FLP) estimation model to explore the optimal allocation decision-making of expenditure budget under the multi-objective constraints. Taking all urban public hospitals in Henan province of China as a sample, the optimal allocation decision-making of total expenditure budget was tested with the human resources expenditures (HE) as the dependent variable. And the outcome was compared with the actual expenditure data of these hospitals between 2010 and 2016. The study found that when the HE achieves the maximum and minimum feasible scale, the expenditure scales of the budget allocation categories including pharmaceutical expenditures, medical supplies expenditures, and other expenditures were all within a reasonable range. Among them, the observed promoting space for HE was 3.78 billion yuan. The results show that the FLP method can help urban public hospitals to make better total expenditure budget allocation decisions, which can maintain their reasonable expenditure structure under the hospitals’ development goals and the government’s regulatory requirements.
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Lenzi, Jacopo, and Maria Michela Gianino. "Switch from public to private retail pharmaceutical expenditures: evidence from a time series analysis in Italy." BMJ Open 12, no. 3 (March 2022): e055421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-055421.
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ObjectivesTo analyse trajectories of retail pharmaceutical expenditures from 2010 to 2019 in Italy to investigate whether there was a switch from public to private expenditure, how the composition of private and public expenditure changed, and whether there are correlations with supply/demand variables. Answering these questions is important to assure pharmaceutical care to all citizens in a public health system where expenditure containment is the issue of pharmaceutical policies.Design and settingTime-trend analysis was carried out in the Italian National Health System (NHS), between 2010 and 2019. We considered the following: public pharmaceutical expenditure with/without direct distribution of drugs, copayments, household out-of-pocket payments for drugs reimbursable/non-reimbursable by the NHS, and for drugs without prescription requirement. Correlations were tested between expenditure items and relevant statistics (Gini coefficient, resident population demographics, ages and categories of physicians, and current expenditure on health).ResultsThe switch feared between public and private pharmaceutical expenditures was not found: private expenditure increased (average annual per cent change 1.5%; 95% CI 0.3% to 2.6%), but public spending remained stable (–1.0%; 95% CI –3.0% to 1.1%). Single items of expenditure exhibited significant pattern changes over the study period. A switch from public expenditure without direct distribution of drugs (–3.9%) to expenditure with direct distribution was found (+8.4%). Unexpected increases in household out-of-pocket payments for drugs reimbursable by the NHS (+6.1%) and in copayments (+4.9%) were shown. No notable correlations were found.ConclusionsThis study offers insights into Italian experience that can be applied to other contexts and the results provide policy-makers issues to reflect on. The findings suggest that policies of pharmaceutical-expenditure management may have multiple effects and unexpected combined effects over time that should be considered when they are designed, and suggest that health policies must be adopted with a systematic logic and a broad and unified vision.
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Sheikh, Rashidul Islam. "Analysis of the Determinants of Public Education Expenditures in Bangladesh." Journal of Public Administration and Governance 9, no. 3 (September 10, 2019): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jpag.v9i3.15419.
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This study based on the well-known theories of public policy analysis, economics, as well as public finance through empirically exploring and examining the determinants of public expenditure on education in Bangladesh. It is postulated, for the purpose of the research that education expenditures are determined by multidimensional factors. Economic-demographic, decision-making, political, and new institutionalism theories are therefore been studied, along with the concept of education. This research identified as well as computed education expenditure by types along with levels of education as per the distribution of government budget and the education system of Bangladesh. The results disclosed that education financing policy in Bangladesh is primarily determined by the previous year’s expenditures. Indirect tax also increased the total education expenditure as percentage of GDP. This is what in line of incrementalism theory and fiscal illusion or voting bias model suggests, respectively. Furthermore, total populations and government effectiveness has the positive impact of types as well as levels of education expenditures; implying that government of Bangladesh taken under consideration only certain factors and neglects to incorporate the importance of economic, governance and educational determinants while allocating education expenditures.
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MALYNIAK, Bohdan. "THE FUNCTIONS OF PUBLIC EXPENDITURES IN PUBLIC MANAGEMENT, ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL SYSTEMS OF A COUNTRY." WORLD OF FINANCE, no. 2(67) (2021): 35–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/sf2021.02.035.
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Introduction. The functions of public expenditures reveal their intended purpose in the regulation of various processes and explain their role in the attainment of specific goals. Scientific literature provides extensive insights into definitions of budget functions in market democracies, but the functional purpose of public expenditures is covered only fragmentarily. The purpose of the article is to present a scientific substantiation for the system of public expenditure functions in the market democracies. Results. Based on the analysis of public expenditure functions, we believe that it would be feasible to substantiate the functions separately for each of the two main spheres directly affected by public expenditures, namely public management and the economic and social system of the country. In the public management sphere, public expenditures perform the functions of control and planning (programming). The essence of the planning function consists in using public expenditures to create conditions and provide necessary incentives for rational performance-based planning of the activities carried out by public authorities, as well as for attainment of target performance indicators by applying the results-oriented budgeting method. The function of control is preconditioned by the specifics of public management system functioning in a democratic society, which consists in assuring that the society has control over activities of public authorities. The influence of public expenditures on the national economy and its social system occurs through functions of allocation, redistribution and stimulation. The function of allocation consists in providing the population with goods and services that cannot be supplied by the market economy in sufficient volumes. The essence of the redistribution function consists in using public expenditures with the aim of decreasing income inequality among members of the society, regional development of territories or solving other tasks. The public expenditure function of stimulation aims to stimulate certain directions of economic activity by means of changing the volumes, components or structure of public expenditures through different mechanisms of their realization. Conclusions. In result of performing a theoretical study of the functional purpose of the budget in a market economy and a critical analysis of scientific postulates allow us to substantiate the feasibility of identifying the following functions of public expenditures: planning (programming), control, allocation, redistribution, and stimula tion.
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Liu, Wei, Jiaying Li, and Ting Xu. "Has Fiscal Decentralization Promoted or Restricted Public Environmental Expenditure ?" Advances in Economics and Management Research 1, no. 2 (September 21, 2022): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.56028/aemr.1.2.102.
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Public environmental expenditures are the crucial means to achieve ecological protection and environmental governance, while fiscal decentralization system is the key factor which affects the preferences of expenditures by local government. In order to further identify whether fiscal decentralization has negative incentives for the behavior of public environmental governance by local government, this paper applies provincial panel data of China from 2007 to 2015, to explore the effect of Chinese-styled fiscal decentralization on public environmental expenditures from the two dimensions of income and expenditure decentralization. The research results show that both income and expenditure decentralization have significant negative correlations with public environmental expenditures, which confirms that current fiscal decentralization system has strong incentive distortions and insufficient constraints on the behavior of public environmental governance by local government. Therefore, in order to promote green development and build a beautiful China, improvements should be made in terms of institutional environment, the relationship of financial authority and powers between central and local government, transfer payment systems, the governance models of regional linkage and collaboration, and environmental protection concepts, etc.
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Liu, Wei, Jiaying Li, and Ting Xu. "Has Fiscal Decentralization Promoted or Restricted Public Environmental Expenditure ?" Advances in Economics and Management Research 2, no. 1 (September 21, 2022): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.56028/aemr.2.1.102.
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Public environmental expenditures are the crucial means to achieve ecological protection and environmental governance, while fiscal decentralization system is the key factor which affects the preferences of expenditures by local government. In order to further identify whether fiscal decentralization has negative incentives for the behavior of public environmental governance by local government, this paper applies provincial panel data of China from 2007 to 2015, to explore the effect of Chinese-styled fiscal decentralization on public environmental expenditures from the two dimensions of income and expenditure decentralization. The research results show that both income and expenditure decentralization have significant negative correlations with public environmental expenditures, which confirms that current fiscal decentralization system has strong incentive distortions and insufficient constraints on the behavior of public environmental governance by local government. Therefore, in order to promote green development and build a beautiful China, improvements should be made in terms of institutional environment, the relationship of financial authority and powers between central and local government, transfer payment systems, the governance models of regional linkage and collaboration, and environmental protection concepts, etc.
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Scott, George Kojo. "Effects of Public Expenditure Management Practices on Service Delivery in the Public Sector: The Case of District Assemblies in Ghana." Journal of Public Administration and Governance 9, no. 2 (May 13, 2019): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jpag.v9i2.14617.
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This research analysed how the public expenditure management as practiced in the District Assemblies of Ghana affect service delivery. The research adopted a mixed-method research approach where qualitative and quantitative data were gathered using questionnaires, interviews, focus group discussions and document analysis. Multistage sampling was used to pick the respondents for the questionnaires, key interview informants and the participants in the focus group discussions. Thirty four out of 170 district assemblies which existed by 2008 were sampled. Participants in the study included 612 District Assembly (DA) officials, 1020 citizens, 28 national/regional officials and 20 participants in focus group discussions. Quantitative data, measured by using scaled-items, were analysed using descriptive statistics and regression while qualitative data were examined thematically. The study established that expenditure management practices had positive significant influence on service delivery. The study recommends that, the DAs should prioritize expenditures to key service delivery areas such as; those that enhance poverty reduction, improve on Human Capital index and strengthen Innovations practices. DAs should strengthen electronic, automation and appropriate technologies for better expenditure management and service delivery. There should be laws to ensure stiffer penalties and enforcement of sanctions on those involved in malpractices in public expenditure management practices, while persistent efforts are made to implement recommendations of Auditor General’s reports on DAs expenditures management practices.
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Nicholas, Ashiabi, Nketiah-Amponsah Edward, and Senadza Bernardin. "The effect of health expenditure on selected maternal and child health outcomes in Sub-Saharan Africa." International Journal of Social Economics 43, no. 12 (December 5, 2016): 1386–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-08-2015-0199.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of public and private health expenditures on selected maternal-child health outcomes in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Design/methodology/approach The study utilizes panel data on 40 SSA countries spanning the period 2000-2010. The data are analyzed using the fixed effects estimation technique. Findings The results indicate that public health expenditure is inversely and significantly related to infant (IMRR) and under-five (U5MR) mortalities in SSA. Though public health expenditure has the a priori negative sign, it has no significant effect on maternal mortality (MMR) in SSA. Further, private health expenditure did not prove to be significant in improving maternal-child health outcomes (IMRR, U5MR and MMR) in SSA. Practical implications The implication of the findings is that a percentage point increase in public health expenditure (as a share of GDP) across the region will result in saving the lives of about 7,040 children every year. Hence, it is important for governments in SSA to increase their shares of health expenditure (public health expenditure) in order to achieve improved health outcomes. Originality/value Previous studies have not adequately explored the effect of various components of health expenditures – public and private – on health outcomes in the context of SSA. In addition to the focus on maternal-child health variables such as infant, under-five and maternal mortalities, the study accounts for the possibility of a non-linear and non-monotonic relationship between healthcare expenditures and health outcomes.
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Bahl, R. W., and S. Nath. "Public Expenditure Decentralization in Developing Countries." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 4, no. 4 (December 1986): 405–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c040405.
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The objective of this paper is to investigate the extent of public expenditure decentralization among developing countries, and to identify its determinants. Using data compiled from international agency sources, and from primary sources, it is shown that fiscal decentralization has gone significantly farther in developed than in developing countries. The use of factor analysis and regression analysis indicates three general explanations for the wide variation in fiscal decentralization among countries. The public expenditure share of subnational governments appears to be greater where the level of economic development is higher, in countries with larger populations, and in countries whose central government budgets carry less of a defense burden. The results also suggest that where central governments mobilize more resources through the revenue system, the subnational government's share of expenditures may be lower—taxes are more likely to stick where they hit than to be passed through as grants to local governments.
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Brady, Eoghan S., Jonathon P. Leider, Beth A. Resnick, Y. Natalia Alfonso, and David Bishai. "Machine-Learning Algorithms to Code Public Health Spending Accounts." Public Health Reports 132, no. 3 (March 31, 2017): 350–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033354917700356.
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Objectives: Government public health expenditure data sets require time- and labor-intensive manipulation to summarize results that public health policy makers can use. Our objective was to compare the performances of machine-learning algorithms with manual classification of public health expenditures to determine if machines could provide a faster, cheaper alternative to manual classification. Methods: We used machine-learning algorithms to replicate the process of manually classifying state public health expenditures, using the standardized public health spending categories from the Foundational Public Health Services model and a large data set from the US Census Bureau. We obtained a data set of 1.9 million individual expenditure items from 2000 to 2013. We collapsed these data into 147 280 summary expenditure records, and we followed a standardized method of manually classifying each expenditure record as public health, maybe public health, or not public health. We then trained 9 machine-learning algorithms to replicate the manual process. We calculated recall, precision, and coverage rates to measure the performance of individual and ensembled algorithms. Results: Compared with manual classification, the machine-learning random forests algorithm produced 84% recall and 91% precision. With algorithm ensembling, we achieved our target criterion of 90% recall by using a consensus ensemble of ≥6 algorithms while still retaining 93% coverage, leaving only 7% of the summary expenditure records unclassified. Conclusions: Machine learning can be a time- and cost-saving tool for estimating public health spending in the United States. It can be used with standardized public health spending categories based on the Foundational Public Health Services model to help parse public health expenditure information from other types of health-related spending, provide data that are more comparable across public health organizations, and evaluate the impact of evidence-based public health resource allocation.
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Jin, Hui, and Xinyi Qian. "How the Chinese Government Has Done with Public Health from the Perspective of the Evaluation and Comparison about Public-Health Expenditure." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 24 (December 11, 2020): 9272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249272.
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The COVID-19 epidemic has crashed on the social and economic stability of China and even the world, and raised the question: how has the Chinese government done with public health in recent years? The purpose of this paper is to clarify the definition and items of Chinese public-health expenditure, then to objectively evaluate the Chinese government’s performance, so as to help the government to perform better in public health. To achieve this goal, we measure the Chinese public-health expenditure at national and provincial levels based on our definition, and then compare it with the expenditures of other countries. The results show that: (1) the level of public-health expenditure in China is relatively low and far lower than that in developed countries; (2) Chinese governments have not paid enough attention to the prevention and control of major public-health emergencies, which may be an important reason for the outbreak of COVID-19; (3) Chinese public-health expenditure shows a fluctuating growth trend, but the growth rate is so slow that it is lower than that of GDP and fiscal expenditure; (4) although the Chinese government inclines the public-health expenditure to the poor provinces in central and western regions, the imbalance and inequity of public-health resource allocation are still expanding among provinces; (5) there is a lot of waste of resources in the public-health system, which seriously reduces the efficiency of public-health expenditure in China. Therefore, the Chinese government should improve the quantity and quality of public-health expenditure in the above aspects.
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Shaikh, Imlak, and Shabda Singh. "A Study of Out-of-pocket Health Expenditures." Journal of Health Management 18, no. 4 (December 2016): 625–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972063416666349.
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The aim of this study is to analyze health care expenditures in seven South Asian countries, namely, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Maldives, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Nepal. The data are taken for 19 years from 1995 to 2013. We specifically examine the out-of-pocket health care expenditure in these countries. Per capita health expenditure differences have been compared. We also develop regression model for out-of-pocket expenditure with the factors affecting it, that is, per capita health expenditure, household final consumption expenditure and public health expenditure. Logarithm values of out-of-pocket expenditure have also been used to develop a separate log model for the same. The results suggest that Maldives has the highest per capita health expenditure, while out-of-pocket health expenditure as a percentage of total expenditure on health is the highest for India. The key determinant of out-of-pocket expenditures is the final household expenditures as the percentage of GDP.
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Scott-Samuel, A. "Expenditure on public services." BMJ 300, no. 6734 (May 12, 1990): 1270. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.300.6734.1270.
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Aschauer, David Alan. "Is public expenditure productive?" Journal of Monetary Economics 23, no. 2 (March 1989): 177–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3932(89)90047-0.
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Yun, Wong Sing. "ASSESSMENT OF PUBLIC EXPENDITURE EFFICIENCY: A REVIEW." JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS AND SUSTAINABILITY 2, Number 2 (July 31, 2020): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.32890/jes2020.2.2.3.
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Public spending is considered an important tool in a government’s continuous efforts to improve the delivery of the public sector and achieve growth objectives. The increasing demand for higher expenditures may create a tax burden and pressurised the budgetary allocation. This leads to the rising concern to evaluate the efficiency and effectiveness of public expenditure. A highly efficient public sector will likely be able to produce more outputs with less spending on inputs. Hence, the primary aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of the growing literature on public expenditure efficiency. Against this background, an extended review will be discussed on the determinants that influence the efficiency of public spending. As such, the objective of this paper can be summarised to address the following key questions. Firstly, how to measure the efficiency and effectiveness of public expenditure? Secondly, what are the determinants that influence the efficiency of public spending? The answers to these questions will help solve the recent problem of budget constraints faced by policymakers.
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Lais, Kathrin, and Marianne Penker. "Local Government Budgets Stressed by Population Decline? – An Analysis of Residual Costs for the Local Communities of Styria in Austria." Lex localis - Journal of Local Self-Government 10, no. 2 (April 26, 2012): 111–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4335/10.2.111-128.
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This article looks into the effects of population decline on local public expenditure. It starts with a theoretical explanation of so-called residual costs, i.e. cost curves of shrinking communities lying above those of growing. Data at the community level of the state Styria (Austria) on expenditure categories which have natural monopoly characteristics from 1997-2007 provides empirical support that expenditure per capita grew significantly stronger in shrinking communities than in growing communities. These results provide evidence that at least some of the public expenditures cannot be adjusted to the population decline in the medium term.
Keywords: residual costs • local public expenditure • population decline • infrastructure • Austria • fiscal federalism
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Halásková, Martina, and Renata Halásková. "Assessment of Financial Capabilities of Local Governments in EU Countries for the Development of Local Public Services." Lex localis - Journal of Local Self-Government 14, no. 3 (July 31, 2016): 379–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4335/14.3.379-397(2016).
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Local financing in advanced countries enables local governments to assess real local priorities as well as limitations. The present paper deals with financial capabilities of local governments for the development of public services, local government expenditure and fiscal expenditure decentralization in the EU28. By use of cluster analysis, local public expenditures are assessed by selected COFOG functions, as % of total local government expenditures in years 2010-2013. The results proved the largest differences in the set of countries in local government expenditures on social protection and the smallest differences in local expenditures on recreation and cultures, housing and community amenities.
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Coady, David, and Nan Geng. "From Expenditure Consolidation to Expenditure Efficiency: Addressing Public Expenditure Pressures in Lithuania." IMF Working Papers 15, no. 278 (2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781513590554.001.
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Success Ikechi, Kanu, Obi Henry Kenedunium, and Akuwudike Hilary Chinedum. "Impact of Public Sector Financial Management on the Economic Growth of Nigeria." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCE AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION 7, no. 4 (2021): 45–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/ijmsba.1849-5664-5419.2014.74.1006.
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The main thrust of this study is to investigate the seeming mismatch between resource generation, resource allocation and expenditure management in Nigeria. While an ex-post facto research design was adopted in the investigation; descriptive statistics as well as a least square regression analysis were carried out on a time-series data to ascertain relationships. Real Gross Domestic Product taken as a proxy for economic growth is the dependent variable while capital and recurrent expenditures are the independent variables. Outcome of the study indicates that, the nation’s financing option is skewed towards payment of salaries and personnel emoluments (Recurrent Expenditures) as against the provision of basic infrastructures (Capital Expenditures) that are growth oriented. The trend of disbursements is not appropriately harnessed to create a favorable and positive impact on economic growth. In the short run, the disaggregated components of capital expenditure (CAPEX) indicate that expenses incurred in administration sector and external debt service transfers attracted more than their fare share of public expenditure to the detriment of economic and social community welfare services. The disaggregated component of recurrent expenditures (RECEX) indicate that expense on economic service sector and the lagged value of RGDP taken as an explanatory variable were found to have a positive significant relationship with economic growth in the long run. It is therefore recommended that conscious efforts be made by government to scrutinize and monitor budget implementations. Macroeconomic projections should guide the overall level of expenditures. This should be more realistic, internally consistent and based on more accurate and timely information. Government must embark on a careful estimation and determination of priorities and to emphasize the need for control over revenue and expenditure so as to enhance critical areas of economic growth in Nigeria.
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Kaka, Emmanuel John. "Trend Analysis of the Link Between Tax Reveneue, Non-Tax Revenue and Public Expenditure in Nigeria." Journal of Accounting Research, Organization and Economics 3, no. 3 (December 31, 2020): 215–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/jaroe.v3i3.18108.
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Objective – The paper is aimed at examining the relationship between government tax revenue, non-tax revenue and government expenditure in Nigeria. Design/methodology – Quantitative research design was employed. Secondary data were collected from Central Bank of Nigeria statistical bulletin, World Bank, World Data Atlas and Federal Inland Revenue Service. The study covers the period of 2010 to 2018. Meanwhile descriptive statistics was used to analyzed the data. Results – The findings of the study discovered that, there is a relationship between government revenue and government expenditure, and the Nigerian government revenue and expenditure is in line with the spend-and-revenue hypothesis. That is government revenue only respond to previous changes in expenditure. Thus, government is expected to generate enough tax revenue to enable it meet government expenses as revenue from oil is decreasing. This signifies that whenever there is high government expenditure, it is required that government must raise higher revenue, and in Nigeria, government expenditure is always higher than the revenue resulting to budget deficit. In addition, tax revenue was found to have been increasing even though at a slower rate. Limitation/Suggestion - The study recommends that Nigerian government should cut down current expenditures on wages, acquisition of goods and services that are unnecessary and increase capital expenditure. Increase in capital expenditures on education, infrastructures and health care will boast the economic activity and which will in turn increases government tax revenue.
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Zhou, Mengping, Jingyi Liao, Nan Hu, and Li Kuang. "Association between Primary Healthcare and Medical Expenditures in a Context of Hospital-Oriented Healthcare System in China: A National Panel Dataset, 2012–2016." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 18 (September 22, 2020): 6917. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186917.
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Total health expenditure in China has grown considerably since a new round of health system reform was enacted in 2009. Researchers have shown that strengthening primary healthcare may be an option for countries to solve the rapid expansion of their medical expenditures. This study was designed to explore the association between the strength of primary healthcare and medical expenditures, in the context of the hospital-oriented healthcare system in China. A longitudinal ecological study was conducted using a 5-year panel dataset of 27 provinces in mainland China. The linear mixed effects regression model was used to assess the effects of primary healthcare-related metrics on medical expenditures, controlling for the provincial level specialty care physician supply and socio-economic parameters. All of the three primary healthcare-related metrics showed negative associations with the two medical expenditure parameters. Primary care physicians per 10,000 population was significantly associated with the per capita hospital medical expenditures (p < 0.05), and the percentage of public health expenditure in total health expenditure was significantly associated with both per capita total medical expenditure and per capita hospital medical expenditures (p < 0.01 for both). Our study found negative associations between the primary healthcare capacity and medical expenditure in the context of hospital-oriented healthcare systems in China, adding to the previous evidence that primary healthcare may play a positive role in reducing medical expenditure. Policies on increasing the primary care physician supply and the public share of total health expenditure should be conducted to strengthen the primary healthcare system. With the gradual advance of medical reform and the policy inclination to primary healthcare, this will play a more important role in controlling the rapid growth of medical expenditure.
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Dzomira, Shewangu. "Financial accountability & governance in an emerging country." Corporate Ownership and Control 14, no. 3 (2017): 204–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv14i3c1art6.
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In the public sector the agents have the responsibility of being accountable to the exploitation of the resources towards service delivery. The public sector expenditure has been characterised with wasteful and fruitless, irregular and unauthorised expenditures. Therefore governance embraces the engagements set to certify that the anticipated upshots for stakeholders (citizens) are limpid and realized. This study is grounded on agency theory as it seeks out to analyse public expenditure and governance in South Africa’s public sector. The research study followed a qualitative research approach based on an interpretative philosophy which examined meaningful and symbolic content of qualitative data from 24 General Reports on The Provincial Audit Outcomes for the three periods (2012-2013; 2013-2014 and 2014-2015). The research results propose that public sector financial governance in South Africa is pitiable as the public agencies perpetrate an act of financial misdemeanour as they continue to errantly make irregular expenditures, unauthorised expenditures and, fruitless and wasteful expenditures. Public finance management reform is a necessity as it can aid governments move to single accounting systems across the public sector, permitting centralised planning and budgeting, as well as the capacity to observe the expenditure of funds centrally. It is recommended that governments should implement integrated financial management systems which allows for integrated budgeting, financial management, procurement and supply chain management.
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Shaikh, Imlak Shaikh, and Shabda Singh. "ON THE EXAMINATION OF OUT-OF-POCKET HEALTH EXPENDITURES IN INDIA, PAKISTAN, SRI LANKA, MALDIVES, BHUTAN, BANGLADESH AND NEPAL." Business: Theory and Practice 18 (May 3, 2017): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/btp.2017.003.
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The aim of this study is to analyze the healthcare expenditures in seven South Asian countries namely, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Maldives, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Nepal. The longitudinal data has been taken for 19 years from 1995 to 2013. We specifically examine the out-of-pocket healthcare expenditure in these countries. The per-capita health expenditure differences have been compared. We also develop panel data pooled OLS model for out-of-pocket expenditure with the factors affecting it, i.e. per capita health expenditure, household final consumption expenditure and public health expenditure. The work is in line with the earlier studies of determinants of out-of-pocket health expenditures. The results suggest that Maldives has the highest per capita health expenditure while out-of-pocket health expenditure as a percentage of total expenditure on health is highest for the India. The fixed and random effect is evidenced on health expenses across the years and cross section based on various determinants. The novel aspect of the work is that, this is an attempt to explain healthcare financing in the developing economies. The key determinant of out-of-pocket expenditure is the final household expenditures as the percentage of gross domestic product.
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Fausto, Domenicantonio. "Public expenditure in Italian public finance theory." European Journal of the History of Economic Thought 17, no. 4 (July 9, 2010): 909–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09672567.2010.482995.
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Dubey, Taruna. "Astonishing Public Expenditure and its Bang on Fiscal Deficits." International Journal of Scientific Research 3, no. 8 (June 1, 2012): 46–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/august2014/16.
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Simon, Christopher A., Nicholas P. Lovrich, Baodong Liu, and Yehua Dennis Wei. "Citizen Support for Military Expenditure Post–9/11." Armed Forces & Society 44, no. 4 (December 4, 2017): 688–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095327x17741462.
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Citizens adjust their perceptions of military expenditure based largely on their worldview, as defined by their race, ethnicity, ideology, gender, socioeconomic status (SES), and education. Worldview might also reasonably be impacted by nativity. We explore the relationship between nativity and public opinion about military expenditure. Native-born survey respondents are less likely to believe that military expenditures are excessive than those born abroad. Race, ethnicity, ideology, nativity, and confidence in the military are the most significant variables used in explaining attitudes about military expenditure. Interaction analysis carried out for this article and reported here demonstrates that Hispanic and Asian ethnicity impacts on public perception of military expenditure are significantly greater when factoring in the nativity of survey respondents. With a growing portion of non-native-born citizens joining the electorate, public opinion analyses regarding military expenditure should take into account nativity as well as SES, gender, race, ideology, education, and ethnicity when seeking to explain public opinion dynamics.
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Schick, Allen. "Controlling Nonconventional Expenditure: Tax Expenditures and Loans." Public Budgeting Finance 6, no. 1 (March 1986): 3–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1540-5850.00704.
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Madugba, Joseph Ugochukwu, Tony Uche Agburuga, Ben-Caleb Egbide, Fadoju, Samuel Oludaro, and Joseph Falaye. "Dysfunctional Association Between Public Expenditure Growth and National Consumption Cost: A Vector Error Correction Approach." Asian Economic and Financial Review 11, no. 10 (October 21, 2021): 794–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/journal.aefr.2021.1110.794.804.
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The management of public expenditure is crucial due to its effect on people’s standard of living. In line with this, this study investigated public expenditure growth and national consumption costs using a vector error correction approach. The objective is to determine the effect of capital and recurrent expenditure on the consumer price index. The dependent variable in this study is national consumption measured by the consumer price index, while the independent variable is public expenditure measured by capital and recurrent expenditures. An ex post facto research design was adopted, and data for the study spanning from 1981 to 2019 was sourced from the World Bank. Descriptive statistics, unit root tests, cointegration tests and vector error correction estimates were all conducted with the aid of EViews 9. Based on the results, we concluded that there is a positive but insignificant relationship between the consumer price index and capital and recurrent expenditures of the government in Nigeria. We recommend that Nigeria’s government should increase expenditure on projects that will improve the economy and the living standards of the people. Additionally, there is an urgent need for proper monitoring of allocations contained in the budget to ensure efficient and effective utilization of funds, as this will help to improve the standard of living of the people and improve the economy.