Journal articles: 'Public economics - publicly provided goods'

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del Granado, F. Javier Arze, Jorge Martinez-Vazquez, and Robert M. McNab. "Decentralized Governance, Expenditure Composition, and Preferences for Public Goods." Public Finance Review 46, no. 3 (March 22, 2016): 359–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1091142116639127.

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The literature on decentralization has long asserted that decentralized governance increases public sector allocative efficiency. We offer an indirect test of this hypothesis by examining how decentralized governance affects revealed preferences for public goods. Specifically, we examine the relationship between expenditure decentralization and the functional composition of public expenditures. We hypothesize that higher levels of expenditure decentralization induce agents to demand increased production of publicly provided private goods. We test this hypothesis using an unbalanced panel data set of forty-two developed and developing countries over twenty-two years. Using system Generalized Methods of Moments and Quasi-Maximum Likelihood estimators, we find that expenditure decentralization positively, significantly, and robustly influences the share of education expenditures in consolidated government budgets. We also find evidence to suggest that expenditure decentralization positively influences the share of health expenditures in consolidated government budgets. Decentralized governance appears to alter the composition of public expenditures toward publicly provided private goods.

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Balestrino, Alessandro. "Public Provision of Private Goods and User Charges." Recherches économiques de Louvain 61, no. 4 (1995): 461–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0770451800011556.

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SummaryThis paper deals with the question whether uniform provision of a purely private good should be implemented at the social optimum, in a second best economy where personalised lump-sum transfers are not feasible, but no market failure exists. The answer is that it depends on the balance of private and social gains and losses from public provision: necessary conditions for the optimality of uniform provision are derived and discussed. The sensitivity of these conditions to changing rules for the choice of the user charge is also investigated, and it is suggested that public provision is most likely to be optimal when it is free of charge. Finally, it is emphasized that the assumption that a perfect substitute for the publicly provided good is not available plays a crucial role in obtaining the above results.

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Milon, J. Walter. "Site Characteristics and Revealed Preferences for Outdoor Recreation." Northeastern Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 14, no. 1 (April 1985): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0899367x00000714.

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Demand measurement for outdoor recreation has developed on a course that reflects trends in both theoretical economics and recreation policy. The early insights of Hotelling and Clawson and Knetsch express a dominant concern with estimating the demand for a single recreation site and the economic value of publicly provided, new recreation sites. Their theoretical framework was consistent with the emerging public goods theory which viewed recreation sites as homogeneous public goods demanded by homothetic consumers. In light of the emphasis on expanding leisure opportunities and public acquisition of recreational parkland in the national recreation policy of this period, their analysis was timely and an important benchmark for further refinements in measuring the economic value of recreation sites (Burt and Brewer; Cicchetti, Fisher and Smith).

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Thees, Oliver. "«Migros-Wald» oder Märchenwald? (Essay)." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 167, no. 4 (July 1, 2016): 200–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2016.0200.

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Fairytale forests must face reality (essay) Swiss forest enterprises are finding it increasingly difficult to fulfill the demands on the forest economically. The problem is complex. To address it, we analyzed this situation from the points of view of production, industrial and new institutional economics. Swiss forest enterprises are multi-product firms. They are usually publicly owned and aim to provide crucial ecosystem services for the economy in the form of private and public goods that are mostly closely connected with the production of wood. Providing these goods can be made more efficient, especially by adopting organizational measures involving cooperation and information technologies. Another more difficult but necessary measure is to ensure the required public goods are paid for. No incentives, market-like structures or tools for this have yet been introduced. This paper is a plea for providing public goods under private-sector conditions, changing management structures accordingly, even reducing the demands on the forest and developing market-based mechanisms for paying for the public goods.

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Mayer-Foulkes, David. "THE COGNITIVE TRANSITION IN MEXICO: ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY AND LOCAL GOVERNANCE IMPACTS." PANORAMA ECONÓMICO 8, no. 16 (February 21, 2017): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.29201/pe-ipn.v8i16.55.

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This article shows that cognitive ability dynamics interact with both individual and local indicators of macroeconomic wellbeing, publicly provided goods and private goods, through 141 localities in Mexico. The link of these various goods with inequity is compared quantitatively using the concentration index decomposition. The set of individual characteristics including paternal and maternal cognitive ability, whether mother works, father’s schooling and household wealth, and the set of local characteristics including local economic activity, local public policy and local marginalization indicators, each have significant connections with the formation of cognitive ability. Living in a rural locality is associated with one fourth of inequities in cognitive ability. This is consistent with a model of human development and economic growth exhibiting aggregate macroeconomic channels through which economic geography and local governance can lead to stratification and divergence in welfare indicators. There is a long-term transition towards higher levels of cognitive ability that will take several generations to converge at the current rate.

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Logemann, Jan. "Is it in the interest of the consumer to pay taxes? Transatlantic differences in postwar approaches to public consumption." Journal of Consumer Culture 11, no. 3 (November 2011): 339–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1469540511417995.

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This article is a comparative analysis of American and West German consumer policy and its underlying definition of the consumer interest during the decades following the Second World War. It traces diverging government responses to a transatlantic debate among economists, policy makers and a wider public over the proper balance between private and public consumption. Whereas postwar America put an emphasis on unrestrained private purchasing power and limited public spending, West German policy makers were more likely to include the provision of publicly supported and tax-funded goods and services as part of their definition of the consumer's interest. This contributed, the article proposes, to a fundamentally different perspective on government spending and taxation by middle-class consumers in both countries. Drawing on media sources, contemporary scholarly literature and government documents, I want to elaborate on our understanding of what counted as ‘consumption’ and ‘consumer goods’ and thereby encourage scholars in the growing field of consumption studies to look beyond the usual array of private goods. I furthermore question the influential notion of an ‘imperial’ reach of the American consumption model in the postwar era. Approaches to consumption and balancing private/public spending were markedly different in Western Europe, and the German case provides a prominent example of this.

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Garrett, Geoffrey. "Global Markets and National Politics: Collision Course or Virtuous Circle?" International Organization 52, no. 4 (1998): 787–824. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002081898550752.

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Increasing exposure to trade, foreign direct investment, and liquid capital mobility have not prompted a pervasive policy race to the neoliberal bottom among the OECD countries. One reason is that there are strong political incentives for governments to cushion the dislocations and risk generated by openness. Moreover, countries with large and expanding public economies (when balanced with increased revenues, even from capital taxes) have not suffered from capital flight or higher interest rates. This is because the modern welfare state, comprising income transfer programs and publicly provided social services, generates economically important collective goods that are undersupplied by markets and that actors are interested in productivity value. These range from the accumulation of human and physical capital to social stability under conditions of high market uncertainty to popular support for the market economy itself. As a result, arguments about the demise of national autonomy in the global economy are considerably overdrawn.

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McDaid, Emma, Christina Boedker, and Clinton Free. "Close encounters and the illusion of accountability in the sharing economy." Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal 32, no. 5 (June 17, 2019): 1437–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aaaj-09-2017-3156.

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Purpose Online ratings and reviews have recently emerged as mechanisms to facilitate accountability and transparency in the provision of goods and services. The purpose of this paper is to examine the nature and outcome of the accountability that online ratings and reviews create in the sharing economy. Design/methodology/approach The study draws on 30 face-to-face and Skype interviews with Airbnb guests and hosts as well as on secondary materials, including content from Airbnb data analytic reports. Findings The authors demonstrate that face-saving practices widely condition user ratings and comments. Face saving occurs when individuals attempt to preserve their own identity and the identity of others during a social interaction. At Airbnb, the authors find that reviewers adopt three distinct face-saving strategies: the use of private reviewing channels, the creation of tactful reviews and refraining from reviewing entirely. The authors also find that users are sceptical of rating metrics and public comments and draw upon a wide range of alternative sources, such as private messaging and other publicly available resources, in their decision making. Originality/value This paper highlights the overwhelmingly positive character of Airbnb ratings and reviews. It proposes the concept of crowdbased accountability as a limited, partial form of assurance for sharing economy users. Guests and hosts alike prioritise face-saving practices over reviewer responsibilities to provide authentic, reliable accounts to the public. Consequently, reviewers effectively remove the risk of sanctions for those in the network who underperform.

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Lastuti, Yeti, and Khoirunurrofik Khoirunurrofik. "Income inequality, regional characteristics and household’s conspicuous consumption: An empirical study in developing market." Journal of Governance and Regulation 11, no. 1 (2022): 64–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/jgrv11i1art7.

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This study aims to analyze the effect of income inequality and regional characteristics such as ethnicity and religion on conspicuous consumption for visible and invisible good types of households in the Indonesian regions by dividing regions into regions with low and high-income inequality levels based on the value median Gini index in Indonesia. The data set deployed in this study were pooled data collected from households provided by the Indonesian Central Bureau of Statistics 2017 and 2018. Employing the OLS method, we find that 1) income inequality has a negative effect on visible goods, and positive effect on invisible goods, 2) ethnicity and religion give an effect on visible and invisible goods. The government should pay attention to the phenomena of conspicuous consumption because numerous problems will likely arise if this conspicuous consumption is ignored. High conspicuous consumption would tend to lead to a materialistic lifestyle causing a higher inequality. In addition, the crime rate could equally increase given the high risk of conspicuous consumption in attracting others’ attention to individuals’ wealth.

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Sen, Arijit. "On Allocation Contests for Publicly Provided Goods." South Asian Journal of Macroeconomics and Public Finance 7, no. 1 (April 18, 2018): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2277978718760445.

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In many countries, the government provides goods and services that are rival in consumption—essential commodities, such as water, public transportation and basic health care, and merit goods like professional education and tertiary health care. For such goods, the government has to specify allocation rules under which citizens can access them. Affluent citizens often have the incentive and the ability to influence public allocation rules by engaging in allocation contests. This article presents simple models of allocation contests for a divisible essential commodity and an indivisible merit good, and studies contest equilibria and their implications for social outcomes. Given allocation contests over public provision, falling public supply of an essential commodity can have magnified negative impact on social welfare, and raising the reservation quota of a publicly provided merit good for a set of disadvantaged citizens might effectively lower their access to the good. JEL: C72, D61, H42

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Evans, Mary F., Christian A. Vossler, and Nicholas E. Flores. "Hybrid allocation mechanisms for publicly provided goods." Journal of Public Economics 93, no. 1-2 (February 2009): 311–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2008.06.006.

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12

Besley, Timothy. "Welfare Improving User Charges for Publicly Provided Private Goods." Scandinavian Journal of Economics 93, no. 4 (December 1991): 495. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3440225.

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Pirttila, Jukka, and Matti Tuomala. "Publicly Provided Private Goods and Redistribution: A General Equilibrium Analysis." Scandinavian Journal of Economics 104, no. 1 (March 2002): 173–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9442.00277.

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Colombo, Fábio. "O Asian Infrastructure Bank enquanto elemento financiador da Belt and Road Initiative: demonstração de capacidade chinesa de prover bens públicos no sistema internacional." DAXIYANGGUO - REVISTA PORTUGUESA DE ESTUDOS ASIÁTICOS / PORTUGUESE JOURNAL OF ASIAN STUDIES, no. 25 (2020): 3–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.33167/1645-4677.daxiyangguo2020.25/pp.3-21.

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A Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) e o Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), o primeiro um projeto de interligação de economias a partir da China e o segundo uma instituição multilateral de financiamento a projetos de infraestrutura, são elementos definidores da política externa chinesa no século XXI. Entender a relação entre essas duas componentes é relevante porque permite realizar inferências acerca da projeção de poder chinês no sistema internacional. Neste sentido, entende-se que uma abordagem a partir da ideia de bens públicos globais é útil, pois se encaixa em um contexto mundial de fadiga dos Estados Unidos enquanto provedor desses e aparente vontade chinesa de assumir esse papel. O presente trabalho analisa a oferta de bens públicos por parte da China por intermédio do AIIB. Define-se, portanto, que o objetivo geral é verificar se essa instituição preenche a função de prover bens públicos no âmbito da BRI. Os objetivos específicos são (1) revisar a literatura acerca de bens públicos globais dentro da ótica de Kindleberger (1973) e outros autores; (2) discorrer sobre o AIIB e a BRI, demonstrando uma relação de financiamento do primeiro em relação ao segundo e; (3) aplicar a noção de bem público ao AIIB. Verificou-se que a multilateralidade, segurança jurídica e financiamento ao desenvolvimento são bens públicos promovidos pela instituição analisada. Palavras-chave: AIIB; BRI; bem público; China; Economia Política Internacional.

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Roessler, Martin. "Political regimes and publicly provided goods: why democracy needs development." Public Choice 180, no. 3-4 (January 16, 2019): 301–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11127-019-00638-y.

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CALABRESE, STEPHEN M. "Majority Voting over Publicly Provided Goods, Redistribution, and Income Taxation." Journal of Public Economic Theory 9, no. 2 (April 2007): 319–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9779.2007.00309.x.

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Berrett, Tim, Trevor Slack, and Dave Whitson. "Economics and the Pricing of Sport and Leisure." Journal of Sport Management 7, no. 3 (September 1993): 199–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.7.3.199.

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Although considerable weight has been placed on the economist's advice in many areas of public policy, it is suggested that this has not been the case in the pricing of sport and leisure facilities and services. This paper provides an overview of the extent to which economic analysis can be used in the pricing of publicly funded sport and leisure facilities and services. It is reasoned that such facilities and services display both public-good attributes and positive externalities. As such, market pricing is an inappropriate allocation mechanism. Some problems associated with the practical application of economic models to determine user fees in publicly owned sport and leisure facilities are highlighted. An overview of some of the current issues in public facility management and allocation is offered, along with suggestions for further research.

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Schimmelpfennig, J�rg. "Institutional arrangements and the quality of publicly provided goods: A tentative note." Public Choice 85, no. 1-2 (October 1995): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01047906.

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Athreya, Siva, and Rohini Somanathan. "Quantifying spatial misallocation in centrally provided public goods." Economics Letters 98, no. 2 (February 2008): 201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2007.04.030.

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Anand, Paul, and Allan Wailoo. "Utilities versus Rights to Publicly Provided Goods: Arguments and Evidence from Health Care Rationing." Economica 67, no. 268 (November 2000): 543–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0335.00224.

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Bischoff, Ivo. "Endowment effect theory, prediction bias and publicly provided goods: an experimental study." Environmental and Resource Economics 39, no. 3 (April 28, 2007): 283–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10640-007-9126-3.

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Ardielli, Eva, and Jiří Bečica. "Multi-criteria Evaluation of the State of Professional Theatres in the Czech Republic in Terms of Mixed Public Goods Provided to the Citizens." Review of Economic Perspectives 18, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 155–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/revecp-2018-0009.

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Abstract The provision of public goods is an important aspect of public sector management, and it is a subject of specific conditions. Public Goods should be provided efficiently and in accordance to consumer demand and should meet the provider's political and financial priorities as well as other obligatory commitments. An important role also play the citizens that are increasingly appealing on the provision of high-quality, accessible and cost-effective public goods in line with the principle of “value for money”. The evaluation of the provided public goods is, therefore, a topical issue. A particular case would be the provision of mixed public goods. This article deals with the topic of evaluation of mixed public goods provided in the cultural sector, specifically in the field of theatres. The basis of the economic value of cultural goods (products) and services is their rarity and utility value. Major difficulties are associated with the evaluation of freely available cultural goods or cultural services provided for non-equivalent admissions. Cultural goods often are of a high spiritual value in the eyes of the public, but, at the same time, their financial value is low. The aim of the paper is to evaluate the level of mixed public goods provided by Czech professional theatres from the perspective of technical and financial availability to citizens. For the assessment of the level of provided cultural goods, the multi-criteria evaluation method WSA is used. In terms of technical and financial aspects, the results of the research demonstrate a great variability across organizations associated in the Professional Theatres Association. The organizations are ranked according to the level of provided mixed public goods from best to worst.

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Frank, Richard G., and Mark S. Kamlet. "Quality, quantity and total expenditures on publicly provided goods: the case of public mental hospitals." Journal of Public Economics 29, no. 3 (April 1986): 295–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0047-2727(86)90031-9.

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Moretto, Michele, Sergio Vergalli, and Paolo M. Panteghini. "Tax Competition, Investment Irreversibility and the Provision of Public Goods." German Economic Review 16, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 408–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/geer.12058.

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AbstractThis article studies the effects of tax competition on the provision of public goods under business risk and partial irreversibility of investment. As will be shown, the provision of public goods changes over time and also depends on the business cycle. In particular, under source-based taxation, in the short term, public goods can be optimally provided during a downturn. The converse is true during a recovery: in this case, they are underprovided. In the long term, however, tax competition does not affect capital accumulation. This means that the provision of public goods is unaffected by taxation.

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Cowen, Tyler. "Law as a Public Good: The Economics of Anarchy." Economics and Philosophy 8, no. 2 (October 1992): 249–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266267100003060.

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Various writers in the Western liberal and libertarian tradition have challenged the argument that enforcement of law and protection of property rights are public goods that must be provided by governments. Many of these writers argue explicitly for the provision of law enforcement services through private market relations.

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Lizzeri, Alessandro, and Nicola Persico. "The Provision of Public Goods Under Alternative Electoral Incentives." American Economic Review 91, no. 1 (March 1, 2001): 225–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.91.1.225.

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Politicians who care about the spoils of office may underprovide a public good because its benefits cannot be targeted to voters as easily as pork-barrel spending. We compare a winner-take-all system—where all the spoils go to the winner—to a proportional system—where the spoils of office are split among candidates proportionally to their share of the vote. In a winner-take-all system the public good is provided less often than in a proportional system when the public good is particularly desirable. We then consider the electoral college system and show that it is particularly subject to this inefficiency. (JEL D82, L15)

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Adi Yuniarta, Gede, and I. Gusti Ayu Purnamawati. "Key elements of local government transparency in new public governance." Problems and Perspectives in Management 18, no. 4 (November 18, 2020): 96–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.18(4).2020.09.

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Transparency is a challenge for public administration reforms for now and beyond towards modern and better governance. The economic crisis that occurred has led to a large erosion of public confidence in the effectiveness of government financial management. This study aims to analyze the key elements of local government transparency in new public governance. The research data was obtained through financial reports on local government websites. The sample selection technique used purposive judgment sampling and yielded a total of 262 local governments in Indonesia. The analytical method used is logistic regression analysis. The results showed that key elements, reflected by the local government size and local financial independence ratio, had a significant influence on the implementation of internet financial reporting, while audit opinions do not have a significant effect. This is due to changes in public perception of the quality of audit opinions provided by the Audit Board. This study emphasizes that local governments that receive a fair or unfair audit opinion cannot prove with certainty that the local government has performed good or poor financial management. Audit opinions obtained by local governments do not always facilitate the publication of financial statements on their official websites.

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Lentner, Csaba, Vasa László, and Molnár Petronella. "Certain regulatory and efficiency issues of public utility companies in Budapest." Public and Municipal Finance 9, no. 1 (August 7, 2020): 14–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/pmf.09(1).2020.02.

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Capital cities of the world are usually characterized by a concentration of the majority of the population and most of the public administration and economic life. Therefore, the efficiency and quality of public service delivery in their administrative territories make a difference. The study examines public service companies in Budapest, Hungary’s capital, with the focus on their sectors of activity to describe their system, which may provide good foundations for a prospective international comparison.This study explores sector-oriented reports of state- and municipally-owned public utility companies providing services within the administrative territory of Budapest and evaluates them in terms of total assets, finance, profitability and efficiency. The study looked for an answer to the question of how the tighter state regulation and control adopted after 2010 affected their management, and what influence the price regulation of consumer public utility charges, imposed since 2013, had on companies’ activities.

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Egbert, Henrik, and Teodor Sedlarski. "Foundations of contemporary economics: Mancur Olson and collective action." Economic Thought journal 66, no. 4 (August 30, 2021): 126–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.56497/etj2166405.

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Mancur Olson (1932-1998) became famous with one great idea: the failure of collective action. Since interest groups provide their members with public (collective) goods with corresponding externalities, he assumed that free riding as a rational individual strategy would be a ubiquitous problem hampering the realization of efficient collective action in the provision of such goods. This remarkable idea – the application of methodological individualism and the assumption of rational individual behavior in the analysis of interest groups, provided a fertile ground for theory building in all social sciences, most notably in political science. In the field of economics, Olson’s ideas contributed to the establishment of the Public Choice Theory and became a prerequisite for fundamental research in experimental economics – on public goods, voluntary contribution mechanisms and games such as the prisoner dilemma. The present paper briefly discusses his two best-known books.

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Bierbrauer, Felix J., and Pierre C. Boyer. "Efficiency, Welfare, and Political Competition *." Quarterly Journal of Economics 131, no. 1 (September 26, 2015): 461–518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjv033.

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Abstract We study political competition in an environment in which voters have private information about their preferences. Our framework covers models of income taxation, public-goods provision, or publicly provided private goods. Politicians are vote-share maximizers. They can propose any policy that is resource-feasible and incentive-compatible. They can also offer special favors to subsets of the electorate. We prove two main results. First, the unique symmetric equilibrium is such that policies are surplus-maximizing and hence first-best Pareto-efficient. Second, there is a surplus-maximizing policy that wins a majority against any welfare-maximizing policy. Thus, in our model, policies that trade off equity and efficiency considerations are politically infeasible.

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Craswell, Allen T., and Jere R. Francis. "Pricing Initial Audit Engagements: A Test of Competing Theories." Accounting Review 74, no. 2 (April 1, 1999): 201–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr.1999.74.2.201.

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Two competing theories of initial engagement audit pricing are examined empirically. DeAngelo's (1981a) model predicts initial engagement discounts in all settings, while Dye's (1991) model specifically predicts discounting will not occur in settings where audit fees are publicly disclosed. Unlike the United States and most countries, audit fees are publicly disclosed in Australia. Our study examines initial engagement pricing in Australia during a time period when comparable U.S. studies report discounts of 25 percent (Ettredge and Greenberg 1990; Simon and Francis 1988). The Australian evidence finds initial engagement discounting only for upgrades from non-Big 8 to Big 8 auditors. Discounting for upgrades to Big 8 auditors is consistent with economic theories of discount pricing by sellers of higher-priced, higher-quality experience goods as an inducement to purchase when uncertainty about product quality is resolved through buying (experiencing) the goods. The evidence in our study is generally consistent with Dye's (1991) conclusion that public disclosure of audit fees precludes initial engagement discounting and the potential independence problems arising from such discounting.

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Piano, Ennio E. "Outlaw and economics: Biker gangs and club goods." Rationality and Society 30, no. 3 (December 4, 2017): 350–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1043463117743242.

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Today, outlaw motorcycle gangs are best known for their involvement in an international criminal network dealing in narcotics, human trafficking, and arms smuggling. Law enforcement agencies in three continents have identified groups like the Hells Angels Motorcycle Club, the Outlaws Motorcycle Club, and the Bandidos Motorcycle Club as a major threat to public safety. Before their descent into organized crime, outlaw bikers captured the imagination of the American public due to their peculiar look and outrageous behavior. They dressed in dirty sleeveless leather jackets and Nazi paraphernalia, their arms covered in tattoos of Nazi and White-supremacist symbolism. They drove highly customized, loud, and heavy American bikes—almost always Harley-Davidsons—and despised Japanese vehicles. They were notorious for their erratic behavior, in particular, the propensity to use violence in an idiosyncratic way when interacting with non-bikers and the public display of nudity and sexual practices. Unlike standard treatments of outlaw bikers, which draw from criminology, sociology, and psychology, I propose an explanation for these seemingly irrational and certainly odd practices rooted on the economic approach. Following the literature on the economic theory of religious sects, I argue that these odd practices served as effective obstacles to the ability of outlaw bikers to free ride on the club goods provided by these organizations.

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Peacock, Sylvia E. "Politics, Public Goods, and Corporate Nudging in the HTTP/2 Standardization Process." SAGE Open 10, no. 4 (October 2020): 215824402097161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244020971611.

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The goal is to map out some policy problems attached to using a club good approach instead of a public good approach to manage our internet protocols, specifically the HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol). Behavioral and information economics theory are used to evaluate the standardization process of our current generation HTTP/2 (2.0). The HTTP update under scrutiny is a recently released HTTP/2 version based on Google’s SPDY, which introduces several company-specific and best practice applications, side by side. A content analysis of email discussions extracted from a publicly accessible IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) email server shows how the club good approach of the working group leads to an underperformance in the outcomes of the standardization process. An important conclusion is that in some areas of the IETF, standardization activities may need to include public consultations, crowdsourced volunteers, or an official call for public participation to increase public oversight and more democratically manage our intangible public goods.

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Lee, Soo-Young, and Seulki Lee. "Civil Service Reforms and the Development of Korea." Korean Journal of Policy Studies 29, no. 1 (April 30, 2014): 47–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.52372/kjps29103.

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Human resources in government have been recognized crucial elements for national development in that civil servants make policy decisions and implement them. Especially in the case of economic development, high levels of expertise and experience are required for civil servants. Korea’s economic development provides good example of the importance of public human resources. The Korean government recruited new civil servants through the civil service exam, a very difficult and competitive test. Most civil servants who pass this exam have a high degree of knowledge of economics, public policy, and public administration. During period of industrialization in Korea, civil servants used these abilities to design and implement public policies for economic and social development that enabled the country to make surprising progress. As Korea lacks natural resources, the role of civil servants is much more important than that in many other countries. This study reviews historical changes in the Korean civil service system, especially the recruitment system.

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Borge, Lars-Erik. "Political Influence and the Demand for Publicly Provided Goods: The Interest Function Approach applied to Norwegian Local Governments." Journal of Public Finance and Public Choice 18, no. 2 (October 1, 2000): 155–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/251569200x15665365495122.

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Abstract The interest function approach to government behaviour, initiated by van Winden [1983], is used to investigate how demand for local public services differs among population groups and how the groups’ political influence is shaped by numerical strength and the party composition of the local council. W e improve upon earlier empirical applications of the interest function approach by clarifying the condition under which both taste and influence parameters can be identified. Moreover, the model is estimated in a situation in which the condition for identification is met.

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Sudakov, Sergei. "Efficiency of Russian institutions support for non-resource and non-energy exports." Public Administration Issues, no. 1 (2022): 49–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/1999-5431-2022-0-1-49-77.

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Current study analyzes the types of measures aimed at supporting exporters. The article focuses on the analysis of support for Russian exporters of non-resource non-energy goods, as well as institutions that act as government agents to provide this support. Hypothesis of the study: Russian export support institutions have had a positive impact on the growth of non-resource non-energy exports from Russia by increasing the efficiency of their work and provided support measures. In the course of testing the hypothesis, several nuances were revealed. In particular, Russian publicly available information on the volume of support for exporters, the volume of non-resource non-energy exports from Russia is quite scarce. At the same time, the available data indicate that Russia remains dependent on energy exports. The analysis showed that during the period of active promotion of exports from Russia since 2015, there are no obvious trends in the growth of exports of non-resource non-energy goods. At the same time, there are no obvious trends in improving the efficiency of support institutions and the provided support measures: it is shown on the example of one of the non-financial support measures that this measure is duplicated by information from international organizations. Based on the identified relationships, the article formulates conclusions regarding a possible increase in the efficiency of export support institutions, as well as the measures themselves. The findings also include streamlining the requirements for the provision of support, as well as strengthening interaction with international organizations.

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Robinson, James A. "States and Power in Africa by Jeffrey I. Herbst: A Review Essay." Journal of Economic Literature 40, no. 2 (May 1, 2002): 510–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/002205102320161357.

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Herbst argues that Africa is plagued by “state failure” to provide certain public goods in society, such as law and order, defense, contract enforcement, and infrastructure. Herbst has provided a bold, historically informed theoretical analysis, essential reading for economists interested in comparative institutions and development.

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Betancourt, Roger, and Suzanne Gleason. "The Allocation of Publicly-Provided Goods to Rural Households in India: On Some Consequences of Caste, Religion and Democracy." World Development 28, no. 12 (December 2000): 2169–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0305-750x(00)00074-7.

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Sanni, Afeez Olalekan. "Factors determining the success of public private partnership projects in Nigeria." Construction Economics and Building 16, no. 2 (June 13, 2016): 42–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ajceb.v16i2.4828.

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The implementation of public private partnership (PPP) procurement method is expected to help governments in the development of infrastructures and provides an opportunity for the reduction in the governments’ debt profiles. This method has been adopted in Nigeria for more than a decade and with these years of implementation, few infrastructural projects have been developed using this method while some have been unsuccessful. This study aims to examine the PPP projects implementation in Nigeria and identify the most critical factors that could determine the success of such projects. A total of 184 questionnaires were received from public and private sectors’ participants in the implementation of PPP projects. An exploratory factor analysis identified seven critical success factors as projects feedback, leadership focus, risk allocation and economic policy, good governance and political support, short construction period, favourable socio-economic factors, and delivering publicly needed service. This study shows that more developmental projects could be delivered through PPP if the government could focus on these main factors in the implementation process. The result will influence policy development towards PPP and guide the partners in the development of PPP projects.

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Butkovich, Lazarina, Nina Butkovich, Saba Devdariani, Charles R. Plott, and Han Seo. "Fake News, Information Herds, Cascades, and Economic Knowledge." Public Finance Review 48, no. 6 (October 14, 2020): 806–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1091142120960488.

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This article focuses on principles of information aggregation in the presence of false, public reports (fake news). The analysis explores news has been having a public goods feature characterized by models of information and economic efficiency. The analysis is not tied to any particular theory about how or why unreliable news emerges. The reports could be purposeful deception, intentions to mislead or profit motivated responses to decision biases of readers. A well-known and widely studied “cascade” experiment is used to illustrate principles that provide links to standard economic models. News is modeled as an aggregation of a simple, fixed chain of decentralized observations and reports about an underlying, unknown state of nature. The personal value of an individual’s decision depends on both the decision and the underlying state of nature. The information about the state used in the decision can reflect private observations or the “news” about the decisions of others. The experiments demonstrate that aggregated information is dependent on accumulated trust in news sources and has value as a special form of public goods.

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Gruber, Jonathan. "Delivering Public Health Insurance Through Private Plan Choice in the United States." Journal of Economic Perspectives 31, no. 4 (November 1, 2017): 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.31.4.3.

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The United States has seen a sea change in the way that publicly financed health insurance coverage is provided to low-income, elderly, and disabled enrollees. When programs such as Medicare and Medicaid were introduced in the 1960s, the government directly reimbursed medical providers for the care that they provided, through a classic “single payer system.” Since the mid-1980s, however, there has been an evolution towards a model where the government subsidizes enrollees who choose among privately provided insurance options. In the United States, privatized delivery of public health insurance appears to be here to stay, with debates now focused on how much to expand its reach. Yet such privatized delivery raises a variety of thorny issues. Will choice among private insurance options lead to adverse selection and market failures in privatized insurance markets? Can individuals choose appropriately over a wide range of expensive and confusing plan options? Will a privatized approach deliver the promised increases in delivery efficiency claimed by advocates? What policy mechanisms have been used, or might be used, to address these issues? A growing literature in health economics has begun to make headway on these questions. In this essay, I discuss that literature and the lessons for both economics more generally and health care policymakers more specifically.

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Bert A., Rockman, and Hahm Sung Deuk. "The Notion of Good and Bad Governance in Comparative Perspective." Korean Journal of Policy Studies 26, no. 2 (August 31, 2011): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.52372/kjps26201.

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A governance crisis may not only be detrimental to public trust of the government, but can also be a source of economic stagnation and social instability. Good and bad governance has become an indispensable line of research in public management. Scholars and practitioners in public management are concerned about what makes some government institutions better than others. This paper first explores the theoretical evolution of the term "governance" as distinct from "government." Second, it sorts out factors related to definitions and measurements of good and bad governance in comparative perspective based on two competing theoretical frameworks for understanding these concepts: principles and consequences. Third, it provides criteria for the notion of good and bad governance and argues that it is multidimensional, continuous rather than discrete, conditional, consequential, and empirical as well as philosophical. Finally, this paper identifies emerging challenges and opportunities for advancing understanding of good and bad governance.

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Klasa, Sandy. "Why Do Controlling Families of Public Firms Sell Their Remaining Ownership Stake?" Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 42, no. 2 (June 2007): 339–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022109000003306.

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Abstract:I investigate what leads controlling families of publicly traded firms to sell their remaining ownership stake. The sale of a controlling stake is best explained in the context of theories of the firm related to optimal risk bearing, the separation of ownership and management expertise, the CEO succession process, and the monitoring provided by outside blockholders. A timing explanation is only marginally supported. The sale of a controlling stake is not explained by insufficient financial resources to fully invest in growth opportunities. This study offers insights into the final stage of the process in which entrepreneurs sequentially sell their firm to outside parties and also identifies the nature of costs of concentrated ownership.

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Disney, Richard. "Pension reform in the United Kingdom: an economic perspective." National Institute Economic Review 237 (August 2016): R6—R12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795011623700111.

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This paper considers the evolution of the UK's pension programme in the light of various stated rationales for public intervention. It argues that the publicly-provided (tax-financed) pension programme has gone through four distinct stages since 1946. It examines some of the issues that have arisen in the context of private pension provision in the UK, both in the form of so-called ‘defined benefit’ and ‘defined contribution’ pension plans, as well as individual purchases of annuities.

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Siegel, Gilbert B. "Outsourcing Personnel Functions." Public Personnel Management 29, no. 2 (June 2000): 225–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009102600002900205.

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One of the more recent “hot button” issues in our field is that of outsourcing all or some human resource (HR) functions whether by fee for service or contract. Advocates from the field of Public Choice Economics assume and, in many cases, economically substantiate the case for privatization of governmental functions.1 Even though these economists demonstrate an underlying anti-government bias, their basic argument with supply of government services is “that agencies should compete to provide citizens with goods and services instead of acting like monopolies under the influence of organized pressure groups.”2 Responsiveness to the needs of individual citizens (or to governmental units to be served by staff agencies, for that matter) is best obtained by competing within markets, with the result of economic choices by clientele between competing services. From this market environment economies in resource allocation and efficiency and effectiveness in operations are said to result. Public Choice Economists would also include simulation of market forces by introducing competition, possibly within the same department, governmental jurisdiction, or between other public, profit or nonprofit providers.3 This essay departs from an article by Robert J. Agresta.4 He argues for an extension of the Public Choice approach from one of “citizen-customers being empowered to select freely among providers of a service—whether it is schools or health care (with vouchers) or groceries (with food stamps)—and have control over the resources needed to acquire the service…”,5 to the same market relationship between central administrative (staff or auxiliary staff) agencies and the line units to which they provide services. While Agresta writes of building choice into any line-staff relationships, this article is concerned with HR service supply alternatives and alternative modes for their delivery.

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Borg, Daniel, Oksana Mont, and Heather Schoonover. "Consumer Acceptance and Value in Use-Oriented Product-Service Systems: Lessons from Swedish Consumer Goods Companies." Sustainability 12, no. 19 (September 30, 2020): 8079. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12198079.

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In order to make our production and consumption systems more sustainable, there is a need to further explore and support novel business models with higher sustainability potential. Use-oriented product-service systems (u-PSS) are considered a promising alternative to traditional ownership-based business models, as they may result in lower environmental impacts. The presence of u-PSS in consumer goods markets, however, is still small. This is due in part to the nature of the products and lack of consumer acceptance of u-PSS. Lately, however, companies in Sweden have begun offering u-PSS for consumer goods, thereby challenging earlier findings. Understanding about how companies encourage consumers to select u-PSS over ownership-based options is still lacking. We investigate this question by conducting interviews with and analysing websites and publicly available company reports of seven Swedish companies from three consumer goods sectors: clothing, eyewear and furniture. We found that, while consumer barriers to u-PSS found in previous studies—uncertainty and trust, economics and costs and desire to own—persist, tailoring elements of u-PSS business models to different markets, sectors and consumer segments can help address these barriers and ensure u-PSS resonate with consumers. The study also applies the concept of consumer perceived value to show how emphasising different dimensions of value—financial, functional, emotional and social—provided by u-PSS may help increase their acceptance and adoption.

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Battaglini, Marco, Salvatore Nunnari, and Thomas R. Palfrey. "The Dynamic Free Rider Problem: A Laboratory Study." American Economic Journal: Microeconomics 8, no. 4 (November 1, 2016): 268–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mic.20150126.

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We report the results of an experiment that investigates free riding in the accumulation of durable public goods. We consider economies with reversibility, where contributions can be positive or negative; and economies with irreversibility, where contributions are nonnegative. Aggregate outcomes support the qualitative predictions of the Markov Perfect Equilibria (MPE) characterized in Battaglini, Nunnari, and Palfrey (2014): steady state levels of public good are lower with reversibility than irreversibility; accumulation is inefficiently slow; and the public good is under-provided in both regimes. On the other hand, public good levels are higher than MPE, and some evidence of history dependence is detected. (JEL C91, H41)

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Ahn, Taek. "Plans for Improving the International Competitive Power of Small Industries According to Changes in the Economic Environment." Korean Journal of Policy Studies 9 (December 31, 1994): 117–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.52372/kjps09008.

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Korean small industries are currently facing a good deal of changes in the economic environment; (a) the industrial environment became more competitive than as ever in that small industries have to compete with foreign industries even for the domestic market; (b) developed countries are turning reluctant to transfer their new technology; (c) rapid economic growth of other developing countries are threatening us; (d) customer needs are becoming more and more individualized and diversified; (e) the regulation of government concerning the contamination of natural environment will be more strict. Because the only way possible to overcome this situation is considered to be technological innovation, many ways in which to enhance the level of our technology are provided and discussed in detail. Due to to consideration of efficiency, introduction of foreign technology is preferred by small industries rather than developing new technology on their own. Many different ways of introducing foreign technology are addressed including licensing, direct investment, co-investment, and venture capital. It is emphasized that small industries should be able to put together its own know-hows and introduced foreign technology in an synergistic manner by which to maximize their international competitive power.

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Khovrenkov, Iryna. "Does Foundation Giving Stimulate or Suppress Private Giving? Evidence from a Panel of Canadian Charities." Public Finance Review 47, no. 2 (September 22, 2017): 382–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1091142117730634.

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As non-governmental providers of public goods, charities are funded by governments and also by individuals and foundations. How do foundation grants to charities affect private donations to these organizations? The standard economic theory on voluntary contributions to the public good hypothesizes that foundation giving will crowd out private donations. An alternative giving dynamic may arise whereby foundations act as complements to private donations because they can provide a signal of charity quality to individuals and thereby influence their decisions to give. This article offers a rigorous empirical analysis of the relationship between foundation and private donations by utilizing a unique data set on Canadian social welfare and community charities matched with their foundation donors. Empirical findings confirm that an additional dollar of foundation grants to charities crowds in private giving by three dollars on average, suggesting that private donors may look to foundation grants for information on charities to make informed giving decisions.

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Grzegorz Dydkowski and Jozef Gnap. "Premises and Limitations of Free Public Transport Implementation." Communications - Scientific letters of the University of Zilina 21, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.26552/com.c.2019.4.13-18.

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For many years issues of the free provision of transport services, including urban public transport, were outside the main trends of transport economics considerations. However, nowadays, the discussion is ongoing related to usefulness and limitations of the free urban public transport implementation. Protection of the city environment, reduction of personal cars traffic, and increased accessibility and mobility in cities are given as premises for such solution introduction. However, assessments of introduced solutions may not necessarily confirm the assumptions made. Financial problems and those in provision of services - characteristic of goods and services provided for free - add to that. The paper has undertaken the issue related to premises and limitations related to introduction of the fare free urban public transport in regard to the pursuit of effectiveness in the public management.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Public economics - publicly provided goods'

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