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1
Glushchenko, A. A. "Overview of international COVID-19 vaccines development and administration programs." Urgent Problems of Europe, no. 1 (2022): 58–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/ape/2022.01.03.
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The pandemic caused by the spread of the novel coronavirus has presented challenges to the international community that it has never faced before. The high rate of spread of the infection and the economic, social and political challenges associated with it have pushed individual states and international organisations to the limit in proposing the most effective methods to combat the pandemic. The article examines various examples of government support for vaccine development programs in the United States, the European Union, the United Kingdom, China and Russia, as well as the specifics of using COVID-19 vaccination programs in these countries. Based on the data presented in the article, it is concluded that government support for these programs become one of the most effective ways to increase the availability of vaccines for large-scale vaccination of citizens. Particular attention is paid to aspects of the regulatory environment for vaccine approval in a time of pandemic, the financing of vaccination programs, and international cooperation at WHO and UN level to counter the novel coronavirus pandemic. Additionally, the article analyzes contracts for the supply of vaccines in the United States, the European Union and the United Kingdom. Based on the data presented in the article, a conclusion is drawn about the possible reasons for the delays in the supply of vaccines under contracts concluded by the countries of the European Union. The results of this study can be used in the future to plan other vaccine development programs and strengthen government policy in the field of combating infectious diseases, strengthening public and private partnerships in the health sector.
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Yudina, O. "Forming the European Union Common External Energy Policy: Key Events and Results." World Economy and International Relations 65, no. 5 (2021): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2021-65-5-39-48.
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Received 08.05.2020. Energy has always been of particular importance to the European Union. Meanwhile, up to the beginning of the 21st century, this area had been in exclusive competence of member states, with timid attempts of the European Commission (EC) to receive part of the powers in the energy sphere. The article is devoted to the issues of the EU common external energy policy development that was accompanied by a dichotomy of interests between the member-states, which hardly like the idea of the energy sector communitarisation, and the European Commission, which has been the main driver of supranationalisation of the energy sphere for a long period of time. The author characterizes the main achievements towards the EU common external energy policy, including the law regarding the export of energy to neighboring non-member countries through various organizations, such as the Energy Community, the Eastern Partnership, MEDREG, and launching of the European Energy Union (EEU) in 2015. Special attention is paid to external factors that facilitated the enhancement of the European Commission’s role in the energy sphere. The new era for the EU common external energy policy started in 2015 with the EEU and energy security as one of its priority, partly due to the gas crises and political tension between the European Union and Russia. It is noted that the EEU has facilitated the adoption of some EC’s legal proposals that could not be adopted for a long time, such as the mechanism of consultations on new intergovernmental contracts. In general, the creation of the Energy Union should certainly be seen as strengthening the supranational energy competences of the European Commission. It is concluded that the European Commission has made a significant progress towards a common external energy policy, strongly supported by the public opinion that the European Union should speak one voice with third countries. Despite the lack of legally supported competencies in energy for the EC, it gained authority in different directions of the EU energy policy development. Under these circumstances, the common energy market that has led to energy interdependent of the member states, forces them to cooperate at a supranational level. The author argues that third countries should clearly understand the dynamic and processes of communitarisation of the energy sphere and adopt their cooperation with the European Union based on this knowledge.
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Honcharenko, D. O. "The Pharmaceutical Industry in New EU Member States: A Statistical Comparison with Germany. Lessons for Ukraine." Statistics of Ukraine 92, no. 2 (June 15, 2021): 26–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31767/su.2(93)2021.02.03.
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Pharmaceutical production is a strategic sector of the EU economy. The authorities of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) countries that became EU members in 2004 have been building up domestic pharmaceutical industries for purposes of production and distribution of medical drugs (MDs) and medical products (MPs), on the one hand, and government assistance to business entities and public procurement, on the other. The article’s objective is to assess the change in economic performance of the pharmaceutical industry in Poland, Hungary and Czechia after their accession to EU, to make a comparative statistical analysis with Germany, the leader of pharmaceutical production in EU, and to reveal key problems of this industry development in CEE countries, in order to elaborate recommendations for Ukraine on replication of best practices and avoidance of potential risks.
Results of research show that pharmaceutical producers (group 54 SITC Rev.4) in CEE countries have been focusing mostly on EU market, with Germany being their main partner. The turnover of high tech pharmaceutical goods in CEE countries has significantly grown after the accession to EU, along with the significantly grown imports of these goods and the increasing negative trade balance. Pharmaceutical companies in CEE countries could increase the salaries and the apparent labor productivity, but the gap between them and Germany in salary and productivity terms still remains too wide. In the studied CEE countries there has been significant increase in pharmaceutical R&D spending, but its estimated share remains quite low compared with average figures for EU (16.1%) and Germany (25.6%).
It is substantiated that because the future Agreement between the European Community and Ukraine on conformity assessment and acceptance of industrial products (ACAA agreement, or “Industrial visa-free regime”), which is being negotiated right now, will cover the pharmaceutical industry, the Ukrainian pharmaceutics will gain benefits only given the consolidated endogenous capacities of the industry and firmly established advantages of localization providing stimuli for European companies to create production facilities and R&D centers in Ukraine (including ones for contract-based R&D and productions). It is demonstrated that the inflow of investment and technologies from European pharmaceutical companies is capable of accelerating production start-up and exports of MDs and MPs (as time need not be lost for setting up all the links of the chain), thus adding up to the assets of Ukrainian producers (through transfer of knowledge and skills), but all the above cannot compensate for domestic efforts aimed at creating tangible and intangible assets in the industry. Given its Eurointegration context, Ukraine needs to pursue the policy of increasing the industry’s endogenous capacities and rely on the comprehensive approach (instead of focusing on MDs and MPs) that will cover the following key areas: biological and chemical ingredients, medical equipment, pharmaceutical fillers and packages, equipment and apparatus for pharmaceutical production. This is expected to reduce the dependence of Ukrainian pharmaceutics on imports and eliminate the problem of “truncated industrialization” that can cause structural imbalances, worsen the balance of payments and weaken the national currency.
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Buccino, Giulia, Elisabetta Iossa, Biancamaria Raganelli, and Mate Vincze. "Competitive dialogue: an economic and legal assessment." Journal of Public Procurement 20, no. 2 (March 31, 2020): 163–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jopp-09-2019-0059.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to discuss the economic and legal rationale for the use of the competitive dialogue in complex procurement. The authors use the data set of public contracts awarded by European Union (EU) member states between 2010 and 2017 to analyse its usage patterns. In particular, the authors identify the types of contracting authorities that mainly use the procedure, the sectors and contract characteristics and the role of institutional factors related to the country’s perceived corruption and level of innovativeness. Design/methodology/approach The authors discuss economic and legal issues in the use of the competitive dialogue. The authors use a data set of public contracts awarded by EU member states, published on the EU’s public procurement portal Tenders Electronic Daily (TED) to analyse usage patterns and explore the types of contracting authorities that use the procedure, the sectors and type of tenders. The data covers a sample of 1.242.090 observations, which relates to all the contract award notices published on TED in the period 2010-2017 for all the 28 European member states. A probit model is used as a methodology. Findings The empirical analysis reveals that the use of competitive value is greater for larger value contracts, for national rather than local authorities, for the supply of other manufactured products and machinery; for research and development and business, as well as information technology services; and for construction works. The level of perceived corruption and the gross domestic product/capita do not have explanatory power in the use of the procedure, whilst a country’s degree of innovativeness, as measured by the global innovation index, positively affects the probability of adopting the procedure. A decreasing trend in the use of competitive dialogue over time is observed. Research limitations/implications In conclusion, the countries examined benefited from a long tradition of public–private partnerships (PPPs) and from a transposition of the 2004 directive, able to provide an inclusive interpretation of complexity, and therefore, stimulate the adoption of the competitive dialogue in different sectors. Conversely, the countries, which postponed a concrete transposition and the overcoming of the confusing concept of complexity, limited the scope for the application of competitive dialogue, relying on the easier alternative: the negotiated procedure. Those circumstances lead to visible difficulties in stimulating the adoption of the procedure even in the traditional sectors; indeed, only with the new directive’s provisions a slight change in the trend can be seen. Practical implications To foster the use of the competitive dialogue in countries that have so far used it to a limited extent is important to improve upon the definition of complexity and learn from the experience of the top usage countries, as identified in the analysis. Social implications Helping the use of the procedure may facilitate the procurement of complex contracts such as PPPs, and thus, ease the building and management of public infrastructures for the provision of public services. Originality/value The authors are not aware of previous studies that have used the TED data set and studied the law in a number of European countries so as to understand the usage patterns for the competitive dialogue.
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Savchuk, Sergiy. "Special aspects of legal regulation of fixed-term employment contracts of some European countries." Law Review of Kyiv University of Law, no. 2 (August 10, 2020): 286–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.36695/2219-5521.2.2020.54.
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The article is devoted to the study of foreign experience in legal regulation of fixed-term employment contracts. Fixed-termemployment contracts should be considered as one of the earliest and, accordingly, the oldest forms of non-standard employment. Tur -ning to the concept of the application of fixed-term employment contracts in Ukraine in the near future, it seems appropriate to consider the possibility of their further development through the prism of studying European experience. Indeed, in many European countriesthe fixed-term contracts are quite common and therefore analysis of both positive and negative examples of their legal regulation willbe useful for the future development of labour legislation in Ukraine.The article features an analysis of the relevant legislation of the United Kingdom, Estonia, Italy, Poland and France. It is concludedthat the membership of these states in the European Union has had a significant impact on the evolution of national labour le -gislation. This also applies to the United Kingdom, which had been part of this economic and political union for a long time.The transposition of EU legislation into national law by these countries predetermines the existence of common features betweenthem in the legal regulation of fixed-term employment contracts. This common features include: clear time limits of the employmentcontract, maximum allowable number of renewals enshrined in law, compliance with the principle of non-discrimination, etc.In turn, the implementation of fixed-term employment relationships in each country differs in its uniqueness, which is due to thedomestic tradition of their implementation. For example, in the United Kingdom, the dismissal of an employee due to the expiration ofthe employment contract is considered through the lens of fairness of the employer’s actions, while in Italy the number of fixed-termemployment contracts with a particular employer cannot exceed 30 %.The above circumstances should be taken into account by Ukraine when reforming labour legislation. Indeed, the need to implementCouncil Directive 1999/70/EC is clearly provided for in clauses 1139 and 1140 of the Action Plan for the implementation of theAssociation Agreement between Ukraine, on the one hand, and the European Union, the European Atomic Energy Community and theirmember states, on the other hand, approved by Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine No. 1106, of 25.10.2017.
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Rogowski, Andrzej, and Beata Zagożdżon. "Econometric models - a method for examining factors of implementation of public-private partnership projects in selected European countries." Journal of Civil Engineering and Transport 4, no. 3 (December 31, 2022): 25–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/tren.2022.010.
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Modern science is based on the study of economic phenomena and tries to quantify them in a measurable way. Econometric models are used for this purpose. The object of this research was to develop econometric models that show the strength of the influence of various factors on the implementation of public-private partnership (PPP) projects in the area of transport infrastructure in France, GB, Germany, the Netherlands and Belgium. The models express the dependence of the value and number of PPP contracts on the value of measurable PPP success factors. Projects with a value of at least EUR40 million were included. A linear model and seven models transformable to linear were used. Four groups of factors were considered as explanatory variables. Fourteen indicators were obtained. Principal components determined based on covariance and correlation matrices were also used. The best models for the number of PPP contracts are linear and hyperbolic I models. For the value of contracts - linear and hyperbolic I and logarithmic models. The best models were indicated taking into account the type of explanatory variables and regardless of the type of explanatory variables. Nine criteria were used to assess the quality of the models. Factors having a significant impact on the value and number of PPP models were identified from the best models. Factors having no significant influence were also indicated.
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Ślęzak, Jarosław. "Polityka migracyjna Unii Europejskiej a problem integracji imigrantów w Niemczech, Francji i Holandii." Cywilizacja i Polityka 16, no. 16 (November 30, 2018): 392–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.1598.
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Several stages can be distinguished in the EU migration policy. Member States within the European Communities have adopted internal regulations on economic migrants. Since the 1980s, the process of regulating the migration problem by the countries of the European Community has begun. The most important activities are TREVI agreement, Schengen, the TAMPERE Program, the Hague Program, FRONTEX, EURODAC, the Integrated Border Management Fund and the European Return Fund. The European Union has demonstrated a global approach to migration. The migration crisis has influenced the emergence of a new immigrant integration policy in Germany, France and the Netherlands. Contracts have been created for immigrants, which force them to learn a language, take up jobs and adhere to the principles of European values and culture.
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Popova, Irina, and Nataliya Demchenko. "TERRITORIAL SOCIETIES FEATURES: EUROPEAN EXPERIENCE." Three Seas Economic Journal 1, no. 1 (June 10, 2020): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2661-5150/2020-1-4.
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The purpose of the article is to summarize the experience of developing tools for the implementation of amalgamated territorial communities. The European countries’ experience helps to improve the system of public administration in such a way that it acts in the interests of the individual-citizen and is under the control of civil society. The important factors in the dynamic development of the state is effective public administration at all levels of the administrative and territorial structure of the country are investigated. The main links in this section are the district and regional levels, within which the main socio-economic, political and cultural links are realized and estableshed. The main task of effective regional public administration is to ensure the socio-economic development of the region and to meet the needs of citizens. Methodology. The survey is based on a comparison of data from the EU countries. The competences of local governments in the EU countries are examined. Results. Implementation tools for amalgamated territorial communities have been identified to assess the socio-economic development of the community for investment attractiveness. It has been proved that the amalgamation of territorial communities should be based on the principle of multicriteria, since the main participants in the formation, functioning and further development of the community are people who are united in a team to achieve a common goal, which is to develop the territorial community in order to improve the quality of life. Practical implications. Society will be able only if each of its members clearly understands the possibility of improving the standard of living within the community than existence outside of it. The study has shown that there are the number of criteria, including spatial, temporal, demographic, labor, cultural, historical, financial, that should be considered when amalgamating territorial communities. It is proved that the main instruments of implementation of amalgamated territorial communities are area, population (including demographic structure), income level, level of spending, financing structure, structure of economic entities by types of activity and level of income, number of objects of social infrastructure, employment and community unemployment, etc.
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Sobczak, Wioleta, and Elżbieta Radziewicz. "CORRELATION BETWEEN ECONOMIC GROWTH AND PUBLIC DEBT LEVEL IN SELECT COUNTRIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Oeconomia 20, no. 1 (June 2, 2021): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/aspe.2021.20.1.6.
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The complex correlation between public debt and economic growth is very important and is a focus of research within the scientific community and among policy makers. The main purpose of this paper is to identify the correlation between the level of public debt and the level of economic growth in select European Union countries. It is an empirical study of the transmission mechanisms and impact of public debt on economic growth in countries which joined the European Union in 2004 or later. The time range of the analyses covers the years 2000–2019. Estimation of the model parameters shows that the level of public debt had an impact on economic growth only in some countries.
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Bruyndonckx, Robin, Ana Hoxha, Chantal Quinten, Girma Minalu Ayele, Samuel Coenen, Ann Versporten, Niels Adriaenssens, et al. "Change-points in antibiotic consumption in the community, European Union/European Economic Area, 1997–2017." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 76, Supplement_2 (July 1, 2021): ii68—ii78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkab179.
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Abstract Objectives Surveillance of antibiotic consumption in the community is of utmost importance to inform and evaluate control strategies. Data on two decades of antibiotic consumption in the community were collected from 30 EU/European Economic Area (EEA) countries. This article reviews temporal trends and the presence of abrupt changes in subgroups of relevance in antimicrobial stewardship. Methods For the period 1997–2017, data on yearly antibiotic consumption in the community, aggregated at the level of the active substance, were collected using the WHO ATC classification and expressed in DDD (ATC/DDD index 2019) per 1000 inhabitants per day. We applied a range of non-linear mixed models to assess the presence of changes in the consumption of antibacterials for systemic use (ATC group J01) and eight antibiotic subgroups. Results For the majority of the studied groups, a country-specific change-point model provided the best fit. Depending on the antibiotic group/subgroup and on the country, change-points were spread out between 2000 and 2013. Conclusions Due to the heterogeneity in antibiotic consumption in the community across EU/EEA countries, a country-specific change-point model provided the better fit. Given the limitations of this model, our recommendation for the included countries is to carefully interpret the country-specific results presented in this article and to use the tutorial included in this series to conduct their own change-point analysis when evaluating the impact of changes in regulations, public awareness campaigns, and other national interventions to improve antibiotic consumption in the community.
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Eichenberg, Richard C., and Russell J. Dalton. "Europeans and the European Community: the dynamics of public support for European integration." International Organization 47, no. 4 (1993): 507–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818300028083.
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Europeans evaluate the European Community (EC) according to its economic performance, political salience, and role in international relations. During the last two decades their measured attitudes toward European integration warmed especially when inflation rates fell, as the EC share of the country's trade expanded, when EC elections and referenda increased attention to the community, and to some extend during periods when East-West relations were relaxed. Europeans did not vary their support according to their countries' shares of the Brussels budget. Thus, notwithstanding Denmark's 1992 rejection of the Maastricht treaty and the end of the cold war, recent EC reforms that increase monetary stability, intra-European trade and political attention are all likely to maintain or increase citizen support for the EC. These findings result from a model that blends comparative political economy with international relations in one of the first applications of pooled cross-sectional and time-series analysis to the comparative study of public opinion.
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Villanueva, Eduardo. "The Provision of Legal and Economic Information to the Public in some European Community Countries." IFLA Journal 18, no. 4 (December 1992): 361–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/034003529201800415.
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Popa, Ioan-Gabriel. "The Architecture of the Public Procurement System in Romania." International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 26, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 82–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/kbo-2020-0057.
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AbstractNowadays, the field of public procurement has evolved both in terms of the conceptual approach and in terms of the design of a reliable and effective public procurement system. All public institutions or public bodies belonging to the European space are struggling to cope with the budgetary constraints imposed by the reduction of oversized public spending and the increasing public pressure, in order to make public procurement more transparent in the sense of using public money. On the other hand, experts in the field of public procurement are facing another problem, namely the emergence of new technologies that are constantly developing and generate difficulties related to the qualitative choice of products, works or services, new challenges in the development and conclusion of commercial agreements, and especially difficulties in observing the environmental norms. From the perspective of the contracting authority, they are increasingly basing their activities on the online environment for public procurement, using this field in order to reach the economic objectives. The public procurement system has the general meaning of principles and rules in relation to the purchase of products, services or works based on special contracts, i.e. public procurement contracts, completed by a community. As the public body is represented by the state through its institutions, it can be stated that this system administers, manages and controls all public institutions in relation to the way of spending public money through the contracts concluded between the state and economic agents.
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Radwanowicz-Wanczewska, Joanna. "Implementation of New EU Directives Coordinating the Procedures for Awarding Public Contracts in European Union Member States: The Example of Poland." Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 65, no. 1 (December 1, 2020): 133–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/slgr-2020-0052.
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Abstract This article concerns the implementation of new EU Directives coordinating the procedures for awarding public contracts in European Union Member States. In a number of countries, including Poland, the process of their implementation (Directive 2014/24/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 February 2014 on public procurement; Directive 2014/25/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 February 2014 on procurement by entities operating in the water, energy, transport, and postal services sectors; Directive 2014/23/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 February 2014 on the award of concession contracts) was delayed. In most cases, the modernization of EU regulations on public procurement required a thorough modification of national regulations in this respect. As a result of the introduction of the package of new Directives, the European Union public procurement market has undergone substantial changes. The need to adjust legal regulations to the changing political, social, and economic situations in a better way has resulted in the transposition of the modernized EU Directives concerning public procurement to the Polish legal system, affecting the final shape of the new Polish Public Procurement Law. The implementation of the package of new Directives has significantly affected the functioning of the Polish public procurement market. For the entities operating in this market, this means the necessity to expand their knowledge, so as to become familiar with the new legal solutions in this respect.
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Petrushenko, Yuriy, Fedir Zhuravka, Vladyslav Shapoval, Lyudmila Khomutenko, and Olena Zhuravka. "Sustainable socio-economic development and Rainbow Europe Index." Problems and Perspectives in Management 19, no. 4 (December 21, 2021): 408–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.19(4).2021.33.
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The issues of recognizing the rights of the LGBTQ+ community around the world and developing appropriate anti-discrimination policies and laws are one of the main topics for discussion in the global agenda. This is due to the commitment of the world community to protect human rights and meet the needs of society. The paper aims to assess the relationship between socio-economic development indicators of some European countries and the Rainbow Europe Index. To find out how discrimination against the LGBTQ+ community affects various social and economic development indicators of some European countries, a data matrix was developed and the Spearman rank correlation coefficient was calculated. The obtained results confirmed a positive relationship between the Rainbow Europe Index and GDP per capita, the Human Development Index, the Corruption Index, and the Index of Happiness. Calculations have shown that the Rainbow Europe Index had a significant impact on these indicators. The study proved the dependence of indicators and demonstrated the need to provide freedoms and rights for LGBTQ+ affiliated members in Ukraine and other European countries. AcknowledgmentThis paper is published as a part of research projects “Convergence of economic and educational transformations in the digital society: modeling the impact on regional and national security” (No. 0121U109553) and “Reforming the lifelong learning system in Ukraine for the prevention of the labor emigration: a coopetition model of institutional partnership” (No. 0120U102001).
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Wallace, Helen. "Pan‐European Integration: A Real or Imagined Community?" Government and Opposition 32, no. 2 (April 1997): 215–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.1997.tb00159.x.
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EUROPEAN INTEGRATION — THE PHRASE WAS USED SO EASILY TO connote a process that might, over a period, incorporate most of the continent. But in the four decades when the cold war segmented Europe the notion of extensive integration seemed irrelevant; in practice integration has been consolidated as an essentially West European phenomenon. The policy scope, the economic application, the security implications and the institutional frameworks of integration became concentrated around the core countries of Western Europe. Similarly the underpinning understandings about solidarity and mutual commitment were formulated on the assumption that a hard boundary separated those Europeans capable of being engaged from those who were prevented from so doing. There were few among those who studied this West European process who kept the wider Europe in mind. Ghiţa Ionescu was unusual in always keeping an eye open to developments in both parts of the continent, a legacy that all of us who worked with him cherish. The burden that he leaves us is of trying to figure out whether integration can be given substance as a process for pan-Europe.
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Canovas, Frédéric. "Langues et littératures de la « vieille Europe » dans les universités américaines : un état des lieux." Romanica Wratislaviensia 65 (August 4, 2020): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0557-2665.65.4.
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Having completed his literature studies in France, the author of this essay started teaching in the United States in 1988 in both private and public universities. This essay is the result of his observations made as a teacher, a scholar and an administrator on the evolution and the shifts occurred in departments of romance languages these past thirty years. Since the 1980s, neoliberal politics and repetitive economic crisis encouraged states to drastically reduce their financial support to public universities forcing them to turn to other forms of financing including juicy contracts with Asian and the Middle Eastern countries where economic development generates surplus. This essay studies the consequences on departments of Romance languages of a university policy conducted in favor of the development of Chinese and Arabic languages, as well as sciences instead of European languages and the humanities in general, and shows how the preference given to those newly developing languages has weaken departments of European studies as a result.
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Halásková, Martina, and Renata Halásková. "Evaluation Structure of Local Public Expenditures in the European Union Countries." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 66, no. 3 (2018): 755–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201866030755.
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The public sector plays a significant role in securing public needs in a number of countries. The paper aims to evaluate the local public sector by the structure of local public expenditures, emphasizing similarities and differences in EU countries. Attention is paid to the evaluation of local public expenditures by eight functions (general public services, public order and safety, economic affairs, housing and community amenities, recreation and culture, social protection, health, education) in years 2005 and 2015. Local public expenditures by function in the EU are evaluated in connection to lower government levels and fiscal decentralization of expenditures. The evaluation shows that no countries demonstrate similarity of local public expenditures by function, which is associated also with an identical size of fiscal decentralization of expenditures and the number of lower government levels. By contrast, both similarities and differences were proved with respect to the evaluated local public expenditures by the application of multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis. The results have shown that Scandinavian countries represent the most marked differences in the structure of local public expenditures, in comparison to Malta and Cyprus in terms of local public expenditures on social protection, health and education.
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Khokhlov, I. "Supranational Developments in the European Union: Changeable Balance of the Public Opinion." World Economy and International Relations, no. 3 (2014): 60–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2014-3-60-73.
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The article is devoted to the consideration of socio-cultural state of the European community during the period of crisis and mass manifestations of protest. In spite of the current instability in the world the EC continues to maintain its “acquis” (the composition of the membership, single currency etc.). This article contains a periodization that reflects tendencies in the trends of public opinion under the influence of internal and external factors. Countries are ranked according to the level of their social and economic development, which allowed to analyze the dependence of public opinion in support of the EC upon the state of the economy. For instance, in the Mediterranean countries that use to be “euroenthusiasts” the level of support became lower than the average for the EC.
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Mendoza Jiménez, Javier, and Montserrat Hernández López. "How the public sector buys small things: direct procurement in the European Union and the opportunities for the Social Economy organizations." CIRIEC-España, revista de economía pública, social y cooperativa, no. 106 (December 7, 2022): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.7203/ciriec-e.106.21517.
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Direct (or low value) procurement can foster the participation of SMEs in public procurement. However, although they all come from the same Directive, a review of the national legislations shows that there is not a common model for this type of procedures. The thresholds in the national legislations vary without a visible explanation for it. To assess if countries can be grouped a hierarchical analysis was performed. Meanwhile, to research whether economic and social factor can influence the establishment of different conditions for direct public procurement in each Member State a regression model was applied. The results contradict the widely proclaimed intention of promoting SMEs in public procurement, since there is not direct relation between the percentage of SMEs in the economic fabric and the thresholds for the contracts. The limitations on direct procurement have probably more to do with cultural reasons and legislative traditions than with economic and social factors. Higher thresholds and specially the differentiation for, social services that present some Member States could be an opportunity for social entities. The legislative modifications of several countries point in the direction of favoring a minimum number of competitors. The study shows that noticeable divergences can be found in the way Member States regulate direct procurement, contrary to the convergency that can be observed generally in the field of public procurement.
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Halaskova, Martina, Renata Halaskova, Beata Gavurova, and Matus Kubak. "Fiscal Decentralisation of Services: The Case of the Local Public Sector in European Countries." Journal of Tourism and Services 12, no. 23 (December 22, 2021): 26–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.29036/jots.v12i23.234.
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Services are a dynamically developing economic sector in all countries. The paper focuses on public services, evaluated from the perspective of fiscal decentralization. It aims to evaluate the level of fiscal decentralization of expenditures in selected categories of public services in European countries. For this purpose, government expenditures by the local government sector are analyzed in the set of the selected 28 European countries in the period 2010-2018. Cluster analysis has been carried out in order to determine four clusters of countries based on their level of decentralization of expenditures on services. The results show differences in the extent of decentralization between the European countries in the provision of specific public services and reflect the form of financing of local public needs. A low level of fiscal decentralization of expenditures on services (public order and safety; housing and community amenities; recreation, culture, and religion) was observed in the majority of the countries. However, the majority of the countries failed to prove a high level of fiscal decentralization of expenditures on services (social protection, health, education) and a medium level of decentralization of expenditures in terms of general public services and services of economic affairs. These findings demonstrate that the degree of decentralization of public services is determined, to a certain degree, determined by country history and its geographical location, as well as by the different roles of sector-specific public policies. The findings can be helpful for creators of local public policies, strategic plans, and financial concepts.
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Servaes, Jan. "‘Europe 1992’: The audiovisual challenge." Gazette (Leiden, Netherlands) 49, no. 1-2 (February 1992): 75–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001654929204900105.
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The article discusses the changing role of the European Community and its impact on national media systems and policies. It claims that the EC-policies advocate total freedom to provide services across borders, and that, therefore, total liberalization may lead to a future cultural synchronization and economic oligopolization of Europe. The main arguments presented are: 1. The national, and especially the European policies regarding telecommunication services in general and broadcasting in particular are based on economic in stead of cultural considerations. This trend will continue after 1992. 2. The public service broadcasting structure and philosophy has undergone major changes throughout the last decades. These changes, initiated by internal as well as external factors, have affected the organizational and finance structures, and the programming of public service broadcasting. 3. It is questionable whether the European policies will be in the advantage of the so-called smaller countries in the European Community, like for instance Belgium or the Netherlands, on the one hand, and whether these policies will be able to secure a free and balanced flow of information, ideas, opinions and cultural activities within the Community on the other hand.
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Pedersen, Knud. "Prostitution or Sex Work in the Common Market?" International Journal of Health Services 24, no. 4 (October 1994): 649–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/geww-82bn-f5v6-837e.
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Prostitution has recently come under public and political scrutiny in the countries of the European Economic Community. A “pro-prostitution” lobby is promoting a program that portrays prostitution as sex work, which has provoked much debate. The author describes the debate, putting forward two paradigms of prostitution: the functionalist versus the socially critical views.
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Maes, Ivo. "Economic thought at the European Commission and the creation of EMU (1957-1991)." HISTORY OF ECONOMIC THOUGHT AND POLICY, no. 2 (March 2011): 63–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/spe2010-002004.
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To understand macroeconomic and monetary thought at the European Commission, two elements are crucial: firstly, the Rome Treaty, as it determined the mandate of the Commission and, secondly, the economic ideas in the different countries of the European Community, as economic thought at the Commission was to a large extent a synthesis and compromise of the main schools of thought in the Community. Initially, economic thought at the Commission was mainly a fusion of French and German ideas, with a certain predominance of French ideas. Later, Anglo-Saxon ideas would gain ground. At the beginning of the 1980s, the Commission's analytical framework became basically medium-term oriented, with an important role for supply-side and structural elements and a more cautious approach towards discretionary stabilisation policies. This facilitated the process of European integration, in the monetary area too, as consensus on stabilityoriented policies was a crucial condition for EMU. Over the years, the Commission has taken its role as guardian of the Treaties and initiator of Community policies very seriously, not least in the monetary area. It has always advocated a strengthening of economic policy coordination and monetary cooperation. In this paper, we first focus on the different schools which have been shaping economic thought at the Commission. This is followed by an analysis of the Rome Treaty, especially the monetary dimension. Thereafter, we go into the EMU process and the initiatives of the Commission to further European monetary integration. We will consider three broad periods: the early decades, the 1970s, and the Maastricht process.
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Molotok, Igor F. "Does Taxation Influence Efficiency of Public Services Provision: Case of European Countries." Mechanism of an Economic Regulation, no. 1 (2020): 152–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/mer.2020.87.14.
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Public services are identified as services provided by the government of certain jurisdiction (country or local community) in order to ensure citizens’ welfare and social protection. The efficiency of public services provision depends on numerous economic, social, and institutional factors. In turn, numerous scientific debates are about the optimization of taxation in order to increase the efficiency of public goods provision. Therefore, the purpose of the research is to clarify empirically the cohesion between public services provision and taxation for the sample of European countries (Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Czech Republic, Germany, Slovak Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Slovenia, and Ukraine) for 2005-2018. Correlation analysis and panel data regression analysis results allow concluding that provision of public goods (safety, education, health care) highly dependent on social contributions and taxes on goods and services, and less on taxes on income, profits, and capital gains. Moreover, tax growth dynamics in chosen European countries is twice, triple or even five times more rapid than growth dynamics of all dependent variables (only government expenditures on education and social contributions annual growth rates are almost equal). Such a discrepancy might result in an increase of social tensions, shadow economy, intensification of tax avoidances and tax evasion processes, lack of population to government loyalty. All this proves the necessity of improvement of financial resources redistribution in order to improve the efficiency of public services provision. Keywords: budget, government expenditure, government efficiency, public goods, tax revenue.
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Grabowski, Wojciech, and Anna Staszewska-Bystrova. "The Role of Public Support for Innovativeness in SMEs Across European Countries and Sectors of Economic Activity." Sustainability 12, no. 10 (May 19, 2020): 4143. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12104143.
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The paper investigates the impact of public support for innovation activities on adoption of different innovation strategies and propensities to introduce product, process, organizational and marketing innovations in European small and medium enterprises. In estimating these effects, country and sectoral heterogeneities are taken into account. Effectiveness of alternative policy mixes is also evaluated. The analysis is based on a multivariate, multi-stage econometric model and data from the Community Innovation Survey 2014. It is found that innovation support is utilized differently by newer and older members of the European Union, with the former investing mainly in acquisition of machinery, equipment, software, buildings, knowledge and trainings and the latter directing aid, to a larger extent, to research and development and introduction of innovations. The results also indicate various effectiveness of support from alternative institutional sources. Aid from the EU is more beneficial for manufacturing, while national and local support is more effective in older EU countries than newer members of the European Union and services sector. Using various but not all types of policy mixes is estimated to increase the chances of innovating. It is concluded that innovation support might not be optimally used in newer members of the EU and that better coordination of aid from the EU and national institutions could lead to improved economic results.
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Kornecki, Janusz. "Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises on the Public." Equilibrium 6, no. 2 (June 30, 2011): 23–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/equil2011.010.
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Small and medium-sized enterprises are believed to be a key driving force of economic vitality, innovation and new job creation. For a few years the European Union has been monitoring SME performance and the quality of public procurement procedures to make access of SMEs to the public procurement market easier and provide for their greater participation in this market. These activities have their origin in the assumption that having in mind the size of the public procurement market and public resources involved, suitable shaping of this area may improve effectiveness of selected policies at the EU level and in particular member countries. The directives concerning public procurement should ensure opening the market of public procurement for all enterprises irrespectively of their size. Recently the public procurement market in Poland has been continuously growing which doubtlessly resulted from Poland’s accession to the European Union. The aim of this paper is to give evidence of SME position on the public procurement market and to attempt to answer two basic research questions. Firstly, is the market potential fully used as far as applying for awarding public contracts by SMEs is concerned? And secondly, what are the main obstacles determining the access of SMEs to the public procurement market? This is done by reference to available statistical data and two studies that were carried out by the author.
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D’Amico, Domenico, and Carla Scaglioni. "Comment on ‘The European Union building from Public Choice to Ordo, Röpke’s and Einaudi’s ideas of Europe’ by Francesco Forte." Journal of Public Finance and Public Choice 35, no. 1 (April 1, 2020): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/251569120x15864354596355.
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In his very elaborate analysis, Forte takes on several issues regarding the European integration process, offering an original insight into the foundations of European economic governance. In particular, the author looks to expand current results in the relevant literature in several directions. On the theoretical front, Forte departs from James Buchanan’s economic theory of clubs to provide a club-theoretic template to both the European Union and European Monetary Union. He arrives at the belief of ‘the incompleteness of the European institutional construct and the misunderstandings about its basic principles’. His argument relies on the similarities that he recognises between Buchanan’s view of European federalism and the German ordoliberalism roots of the European integration process, which can be traced from the founding of the European Community onward. On the empirical front, Forte identifies a potential polarisation among countries within the euro area during the crisis that occurred over the last ten years. According to him, this dualism within the euro club is due to a ‘violation’ of the ideals and the operational suggestions proposed by Buchanan, Ordo, Röpke and Einaudi. In this comment, we briefly describe what became for most member states of the European Union the worst economic and social crisis since the Second World War that led to a new architecture of European economic governance. Subsequently, we highlight significant results presented by Forte and elaborate how these results fit into the existing literature.
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Haase-Kromwijk, Bernadette, Frans du Pré, and Bernard Cohen. "Organ Transplantation and European Community Law: The Case of Non-Residents." Journal of Health Services Research & Policy 2, no. 3 (July 1997): 168–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/135581969700200308.
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Objectives: The role of the European Union in influencing health care policies in member states is of increasing importance. The Eurotransplant Foundation is an organization which provides donor organs to the most suitable transplant recipients. It covers a region of five countries (Austria, Belgium, Germany, Luxembourg, The Netherlands). As there is a severe shortage of donor organs within its region, registration of so-called non-resident patients on the waiting lists aggravates this shortage. Could European Community law, especially rules on competition, limit Eurotransplant's freedom to introduce a restrictive policy on non-residents? If so, could participating transplant centres or patients initiate legal action against Eurotransplant to stop the execution of such a policy? Methods: Quantitative descriptive data on organ donation and use by the Eurotransplant Foundation during 1994 and 1995, by residents and non-residents. Analysis on basis of economic and legal framework. Results: Solidarity between potential donors and potential recipients is organized in a different manner in an organization such as Eurotransplant as compared to a national organization under national law. National regulations may introduce a restrictive policy for the acceptance of non-resident patients. Eurotransplant — as a matter of its own policy — has to consider international solidarity. The scope of the non-resident issue is dealt with, and it is explained why it is considered to be a problem. On the basis of a discussion of the economic and the legal framework for a non-resident policy, an answer to the question is suggested. Conclusion: It might be possible for Eurotransplant to introduce a restrictive policy on the admission of non-residents without violating the European Community Treaty.
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Sandu, Petru, Maria Aluaș, and Răzvan M. Cherecheș. "Ethical Considerations and Practical Implications in Romanian Covid-19 Vaccination Campaign." Studia Universitatis Babeş-Bolyai Bioethica 66, Special Issue (September 9, 2021): 156–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbbioethica.2021.spiss.105.
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"Besides its undoubtable significant contribution to morbidity and mortality worldwide, the COVID-19 pandemic has had numerous political, social, economic, and public health implications. Vaccination, an already long debated public health ethics theme, has reoccurred in force, as the efforts of the scientific community to curb the pandemic resulted in a viable vaccine less than one year since COVID-19 was declared a pandemic. High-level, international negotiations dictated states’ COVID-19 vaccine availability in the first few months, therefore each national Government had to develop and deploy vaccination campaigns prioritizing certain population categories. This paper aims to present Romanian COVID-19 vaccination campaign, from its inception to the present days, by focusing on the ethical considerations (e.g. prioritization, coercion, non-discrimination) and their practical implications ( e.g. vaccination hesitancy, rates, fake news). Like most countries in the European Community, Romania has initially adopted a Rawlsian approach to vaccination, prioritizing the older adults and the individuals with chronic conditions. However, unlike other European countries, coercion was not considered in any form (e.g. extended mobility facilities for the vaccinated), more recently incentives such as food vouchers being discussed. The impact of these decisions on the vaccination rates and hesitancy are discussed in the context of other European countries examples of vaccination campaigns. "
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Bree, Axel. "The Organisation of Waste Management in the European Union Member States." Journal for European Environmental & Planning Law 2, no. 6 (2005): 478–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187601005x00471.
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AbstractThe organisation of waste management raises an important question: Who has access to waste - the public waste management services or private waste management companies ? The answer has important economic consequences, since waste management is a significant market. At the same time, environmental concerns have to be observed. The framework legislation of the European Community leaves the organisational structure of waste management to the national legislation of the Member States. However, under Community legislation waste is subject to the principle of the free movement of goods, which may be restricted on environmental grounds. Furthermore EU law draws a distinction between waste for disposal, for which shipment can be restricted more easily, and waste for recovery, which is subject to less stringent control procedures. Given the broad European framework, this article explores the national legislation in most EU countries. It aims to analyse the approach taken by the national legislators to find a way between public service and private autonomy. In conclusion, it seems clear that in the countries examined an important distinction is made between household and industrial waste. Only Germany has adopted the European distinction between waste for recovery and waste for disposal as a major criterion for the allocation of the waste streams between public and private entities, whereas in the other Member States this criterion only plays an insignificant, if any, role at all.
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Stoian, Alexandru. "Capitalization on the Public Property of the State and of the Administrative-Territorial Units by Means of Concession." Scientific Bulletin 24, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 162–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bsaft-2019-0020.
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Abstract Traditional modality of using public property, the concession has played a significant role in the development of the modern state by capitalizing on those goods that by their legal nature have an inalienable character as well as by entrusting some works or public services to legal entities of private law which can execute them or make them more efficient.The economic development of the last decades of the states of the European Union, the acceleration of the commercial exchanges and the extension of the forms of circulation of the goods and services at community level have determined the reconsideration of the concession contract as a legal instrument for the capitalization of the public property goods, of the works and services that the state owns.The consolidation, at national level, of some legal norms meant to regulate concession and its forms was significantly influenced by the provisions of Directive 2014/23/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 February 2014 on the award of concession contracts. Thus, Law no. 100/2016 regarding the concession of works and services as well as the recent Government Emergency Ordinance no. 57/2019 on the Administrative Code implement the new European vision.
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Martino, Antonio. "La Comunità economica europea, a trent’anni dalla Conferenza di Messina*." Journal of Public Finance and Public Choice 4, no. 1 (April 1, 1986): 103–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/251569298x15668907117345.
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Abstract The reason legitimating the existence of a political institution is the one that some decisions cannot be taken so efficiently at a different decision level. Basically, the countries taking part into the Conference held in Messina on June 1954 had a special interest in the provision of two «European public goods»: political union (requiring common defense and a common foreign policy) and economic advancement (through a common monetary policy and free trade). The actual crisis in the European Community is due to the fact that both these «public goods» are now out of sight. To overcome the actual difficulties, Member States should return to the «spirit of Messina».
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Wahlbeck, K. "European comparisons between mental health services." Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 20, no. 1 (March 2011): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2045796011000060.
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When developing accessible, affordable and effective mental health systems, exchange of data between countries is an important moving force towards better mental health care. Unfortunately, health information systems in most countries are weak in the field of mental health, and comparability of data is low.Special international data collection exercises, such as the World Health Organization (WHO) Atlas Project and the WHO Baseline Project have provided valuable insights in the state of mental health systems in countries, but such single-standing data collections are not sustainable solutions. Improvements in routine data collection are urgently needed. The European Commission has initiated major improvements to ensure harmonized and comprehensive health data collection, by introducing the European Community Health Indicators set and the European Health Interview Survey. However, both of these initiatives lack strength in the field of mental health. The neglect of the need for relevant and valid comparable data on mental health systems is in conflict with the importance of mental health for European countries and the objectives of the ‘Europe 2020’ strategy.The need for valid and comparable mental health services data is today addressed only by single initiatives, such as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development work to establish quality indicators for mental health care. Real leadership in developing harmonized mental health data across Europe is lacking. A European Mental Health Observatory is urgently needed to lead development and implementation of monitoring of mental health and mental health service provision in Europe.
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Vancea, Mihaela, Jennifer Shore, and Mireia Utzet. "Role of employment-related inequalities in young adults’ life satisfaction: A comparative study in five European welfare state regimes." Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 47, no. 3 (January 25, 2019): 357–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1403494818823934.
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Aims: There is evidence that young people are less satisfied with their lives when they are unemployed or working in precarious conditions. This study aims to shed light on how the life satisfaction of unemployed and precariously employed young people varies across welfare states with different labour market policies and levels of social protection. Methods: The analyses are based on representative cross-sectional survey data from five European countries (Denmark, the UK, Germany, Spain and the Czech Republic), corresponding to five different welfare state regimes. For economically active young adults ( N=6681), the prevalence ratios of low life satisfaction were estimated through multivariate logistic regressions. Results: In all five countries, unemployed young adults presented a higher prevalence of low life satisfaction. When we compared employees with people with permanent and temporary contracts, the former were more satisfied with their lives only in Germany and the UK, examples of conservative and liberal welfare regimes, respectively. Experience of unemployment decreased young adults’ life satisfaction only in Germany and the Czech Republic, examples of a conservative and an eastern European welfare regime, respectively. In almost all countries, young adults with low economic self-sufficiency presented a higher prevalence of low life satisfaction. Conclusions: There are nuanced patterns of employment type and life satisfaction across European states that hint at welfare state regimes as possible moderators in this relationship. The results suggest that the psychological burdens of unemployment or work uncertainty cannot be overlooked and should be addressed according to different types of social provisions.
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Borowiec, Arkadiusz. "A model assessing innovativeness of administration units awarding public contracts as a tool to conduct economic policy of the state." Equilibrium 10, no. 2 (June 30, 2015): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/equil.2015.015.
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In today's market economy factors concerning knowledge, new technologies and innovative solutions are essential for economic development. However, the Polish economy, despite its high innovation potential compared to other European Union countries, is characterized by a very low level of innovativeness. Implementing this potential is conditioned with an appropriate economic policy of the state and rational approach to its resources and legal solutions. One of the possibilities of such an action is the use of public procurement instrument through which it is possible to more effectively create demand for innovative products and services. As shown by literature studies, the achievements of the subject literature associated with the creation of demand for innovations by public administration in Poland have been very modest. This gap is recognized the article and it attempts to build a model for assessing the innovativeness of these units. Network thinking methodology was used to build the model. As a result, after the identification of factors affecting the conduct of an innovative public procurement, a network of links was established between them and examined in terms of type, intensity and duration of exposure. Building a model according to the methodology, the opinions of experts have been used along with long-term observations conducted in the course of participation in all kinds of conferences and trainings. The model was also subjected to validation in two selected units.
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Holobiuc, Ana-Maria. "Determinants of economic growth in the European Union. An empirical analysis of conditional convergence." SocioEconomic Challenges 5, no. 2 (2021): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/sec.5(2).26-34.2021.
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Being established from the initiative of six visionary countries in the second half of the 20th century, the European Economic Community has shifted the history of the European continent by promoting economic collaboration and political stability. Given its initial success, the regional group has quickly evolved from customs union to Economic and Monetary Union, comprising nowadays twenty-seven European countries. Although the European Union has successfully managed political, economic, social and even sanitary turmoil, the stability of the European architecture continues to be threatened by the heterogeneity of its members. In this respect, one of the main challenges for the European Union in its current composition aims the convergence of the economic performance between countries and regions. The purpose of this paper is to study the economic growth patterns in the European Union during 2000 and 2019, also conducting a comparative analysis between New and Old Member States. In order to capture the European economic landscape, the methodology was based on conditional β-convergence and the estimates were conducted by using ordinary least squares and generalized least squares with fixed effects. We have tried to find the relationship between the lagged value of GDP per capita and the subsequent growth rates, but also to study the influence of macroeconomic and social-related variables. By estimating regressions based on panel data, we have found evidence in favor of income convergence in the European Union, based on the inverse relationship between the lagged value of GDP per capita and the annual growth rates. Moreover, the comparative analysis between the New and Old Members illustrated that convergence was stronger in the latter group, given the sound macroeconomic and social environment. The empirical analysis suggested that the economic growth process both at aggregate and subgroup level was enhanced by investment, exports of goods and services, sound public finances and the increase of percentage of population with tertiary education. Consequently, in order to increase the cohesion between Members and to avoid separatist movements, the European decision-makers should strengthen the macroeconomic and social frameworks, maintaining a sustainable economic growth trajectory for both the New Members from Central and Eastern Europe and the Old Member States.
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Pagano, Andrea Jonathan, Francesco Romagnoli, and Emanuele Vannucci. "Quantitative and Financial Aspects of Resilience Bonds in the Context of Recursive Insurance Contracts. A Cost Benefit Analysis." Environmental and Climate Technologies 24, no. 3 (November 1, 2020): 387–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2020-0111.
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Abstract It is now well known that the world community must share the risks and hazards deriving from climate change and, more generally, from the environment. At the end of summer 2019, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) issued the World’s first dedicated climate resilience bond and this confirms the thesis according to which financial, social and economic instruments are always most necessary for the development of society and to avoid that natural hazards can, as occurred in the past, cause extremely heavy damage with negative repercussions on every single area of a community. Starting from the characteristics of resilience bonds and reinsurance, the paper seeks to highlight the potential advantages that would derive from a systematic application of recursive contractual instruments (smart contracts). The authors focused on the study of the projection of financial and quantitative data of resilience and catastrophe bonds on the basis of a determined timeline, a fixed insurance premium, mitigation works related and connected to the main contract (insurance). In particular, the study concerns the correlation of the urban implementation of risk mitigation works with the specific catastrophic flood risk. The paper implements a purely economic and social cost-benefit analysis (ACB) in the sense that includes, among others, a public approach and the goal of maximizing social welfare, according to efficiency economic criteria. In a nutshell, the authors highlight as the main result not only the possibility, but also the convenience of the joint and multidisciplinary application of the quantitative method (resilience bonds) to infrastructure resilience.
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Pagano, Andrea Jonathan, Francesco Romagnoli, and Emanuele Vannucci. "Quantitative and Financial Aspects of Resilience Bonds in the Context of Recursive Insurance Contracts. A Cost Benefit Analysis." Environmental and Climate Technologies 24, no. 3 (November 1, 2020): 387–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2020-0111.
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AbstractIt is now well known that the world community must share the risks and hazards deriving from climate change and, more generally, from the environment. At the end of summer 2019, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) issued the World’s first dedicated climate resilience bond and this confirms the thesis according to which financial, social and economic instruments are always most necessary for the development of society and to avoid that natural hazards can, as occurred in the past, cause extremely heavy damage with negative repercussions on every single area of a community. Starting from the characteristics of resilience bonds and reinsurance, the paper seeks to highlight the potential advantages that would derive from a systematic application of recursive contractual instruments (smart contracts). The authors focused on the study of the projection of financial and quantitative data of resilience and catastrophe bonds on the basis of a determined timeline, a fixed insurance premium, mitigation works related and connected to the main contract (insurance). In particular, the study concerns the correlation of the urban implementation of risk mitigation works with the specific catastrophic flood risk. The paper implements a purely economic and social cost-benefit analysis (ACB) in the sense that includes, among others, a public approach and the goal of maximizing social welfare, according to efficiency economic criteria. In a nutshell, the authors highlight as the main result not only the possibility, but also the convenience of the joint and multidisciplinary application of the quantitative method (resilience bonds) to infrastructure resilience.
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Tömmel, I. "Regional Policy in the European Community: Its Impact on Regional Policies and Public Administration in the Mediterranean Member States." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 5, no. 3 (September 1987): 369–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c050369.
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When the European Community (EC) created the European Fund for Regional Development (EFRD) in 1975, regional policy was established at an international level for the first time ever. Because of the chosen instruments and the ‘additive’ mechanism of implementation—via the administrative bodies of the member states—this policy seemed at first to mean little more than a reinforcement of regional policies at a national level. Since then, the EC has considerably intensified its regional policy and diversified its instruments. However, the recent reforms of the Community's regional policy serve not only to achieve (certain) development effects with respect to the economic structure of less-developed areas, but also as a means of reorganizing governmental (planning) bodies and regional development policies in the member states, that is, as a means of inducing modernization and differentiation of state intervention in the countries concerned. Thus, the EC intervenes’ in the affairs of the member states: Not in the shape of more or less authoritarian intervention by a superior body—EC powers do not permit this—but via the indirect effect of market mechanism. Subsidies are the economic incentive to collaborate.
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Gibb, R. A., and W. Z. Michalak. "Foreign Debt in the New East-Central Europe: A Threat to European Integration?" Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 11, no. 1 (March 1993): 69–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c110069.
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East-Central Europe (Hungary, Poland, and Czechoslovakia—ECE) is one of the least known parts of the world in English-language geography. In spite of its proximity to Western Europe and the European Community (EC) it has received a very modest amount of attention from English-speaking geographers compared with that from German-speaking and French-speaking colleagues. Studies of political and economic geography of the ECE are also hampered by the lack of appropriate methodology and theory. Some of the most important issues involved lie in the economic sphere of transition from a centrally planned economy to a market economy. In the current paper, an attempt is made to survey and evaluate the size and character of existing debt stocks owed to the West by ECE and then to assess their likely impact on the political and economic geography of Europe and the EC. It is concluded that the international financial community is making it politically difficult for the countries in the region to persist with their structural reforms and stabilization policies. The future political and economic geography of ECE and EC depends, to a large extent, on the ability of the Western financial system to respond to the long-term needs of the region.
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Raiu, Sergiu-Lucian. "Social realities and public policies in Romania. Romanian Academy Publishing House, Bucharest, 2021. Cristina Otovescu." Sociologie Romaneasca 20, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 151–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.33788//sr.20.1.8.
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This volume provides relevant and systematic information on the evolution of Romanian society from the establishment of the Romanian state as a nation to the present day from a political, economic and social perspective, highlighting through statistics the situation of the country compared to other states. The paper summarizes key aspects of the structure and dynamics of the Romanian population, provides a diagnosis of public health and the medical system in Romania compared to other European Union countries. Professor Dr. Maria Cristina Otovescu from the University of Craiova, Faculty of Law, looks at the manifestation of the pandemic in various countries around the world in terms of public policies in emergencies and crises and presents in a concise manner the response of the authorities and the mobilization of the international community during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
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Huxley, Peter John. "The development and results of the European Mental Health Integration Index (2014)." Journal of Public Mental Health 14, no. 4 (December 21, 2015): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpmh-07-2015-0030.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to report on the development and results of the Mental Health Inclusion Index. Design/methodology/approach – Data gathering and interviews with key policy makers in 30 countries in Europe (the EU28 plus Switzerland and Norway). Data gathered enabled the production of an 18 indicator benchmarking index ranking the 30 countries based on their commitment to integrating people with mental illness. Findings – The main findings were: mental illness exacts a substantial human and economic toll on Europe, and there is a substantial treatment gap, especially for people with common mental health problems. Germany’s generous social provision and strong healthcare system put it number one in the Mental Health Integration Index. The UK and Scandinavian states come next. The lowest-scoring countries in the index are from Europe’s south-east, where there is a long history of neglect of mental illness and poorly developed community services. One needs to understand that the leading countries are not the only ones providing examples of best practice in integrating those with mental illness. Employment is the field of greatest concern for people with mental illness, but employment is also the area with the most inconsistent policies across Europe. A distinction can be made between countries whose policies are aspirational and those where implantation is support by substantial and most importantly sustained, resource investment. Europe as a whole is only in the early stages of the journey from institution- to community-based care. Lack of data makes greater understanding of this field difficult, and improvement can only be demonstrated by repeated surveys of this kind, based on more substantial, comprehensive and coherent information. Research limitations/implications – Usual caveats about the use of surveys. Missing data due to non-response and poverty of mental health inclusion data in many European countries. Practical implications – The author reflects on the findings and considers areas for future action. The main implications are: better services result from substantial, but most importantly, sustained investment; and that employment is most important to people with mental health problems, but is one of the most inconsistent policy areas across Europe. Social implications – Supports the need for consistent investment in community mental health services and more consistent employment policies in Europe. Originality/value – This survey is the first of its kind in Europe, and was conducted by the Economist Intelligence Unit in London, and sponsored by Janssen.
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Trifunovic, Vesna. "Vaccine hesitancy in Western and Eastern Europe: The significance of contextual influences." Bulletin de l'Institut etnographique 70, no. 3 (2022): 153–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gei2203153t.
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Using the example of Eastern and Western Europe, the paper points out the importance of contextual influences on decisions and behaviour regarding vaccines and vaccination. Contextual determinants have been identified as important in theorizing the concept of vaccine hesitancy that allows for a comprehensive understanding of the reasons why the public questions vaccines. Therefore, the paper first presents the theoretical elaboration of the aforementioned concept, and then discusses the contextual influences on vaccine hesitancy within the European region in order to showcase the differences that exist in this respect between Western and Eastern Europe, as well as between certain minority communities and the majority population in some Western European countries. In all cases, vaccine hesitancy appears to be a matter of trust which has been further eroded by social, political and economic experiences characteristic for the post-socialist context in Eastern Europe and the conditions in which some minority communities live in Western Europe. The theoretical framework of the concept of vaccine hesitancy is presented according to the report of the SAGE Working Group on Vaccine Hesitancy, while the presentation of contextual determinants is based on the results of quantitative and qualitative research in different European countries and reviews of studies that focus on these influences.
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Chetverikov, A. O. "From the European Health Community to the European Health Union: The Project of the Supranational Health and Research Organization of the European Countries and its Historical Destiny." Lex Russica, no. 6 (July 5, 2021): 138–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2021.175.6.138-153.
Full textAbstract:
The paper examines the little-known pages of the legal regulation of international integration in Europe: the project of the creation in the middle of the 20th century of the European Health Community (EHC) and its relationship to the current project for the establishment of the European Health Union. The introduction examines the reasons for the ineffective response of the modern European Union (EU) to the global coronavirus pandemic, mainly due to the lack of European institutions, in contrast to the economy and a number of other spheres of public life, supranational powers in the field of health.The first section analyzes the main provisions of the draft EHC presented by the French Government in 1952 and became the subject of an international "preparatory conference" with the participation of 16 European countries at the end of the same year. The author gives special attention to the legal consolidation in the EHC draft founding treaty of "sanitary activities" (prevention and counteraction of various types of diseases); "cultural provisions" dedicated to the collection of information, the development of scientific research and education in the field of health; provisions on the creation of a common therapeutic and research infrastructure of the EHC; the political and legal nature of the EHC as a supranational organization with restrictions in its favor of the sovereign rights of the participating states.The second section describes and evaluates the domestic, foreign, and economic factors that prevented the creation of the EHC.The final section examines the impact of the EHC on the law-making and law-enforcement activities of the modern EU, and compares the legal model of the EHC with the model of the European Health Union, which was established in the end of 2020. There are also proposals for using the experience of European integration in the field of healthcare for the development of integration processes in a similar field between Russia and other former Soviet republics, including the creation of common medical and research centers under the auspices of the Union State of Russia and Belarus and (or) the Eurasian Economic Union, equipped with mega-science facilities (synchrotrons, etc.), other advanced infrastructure of scientific theoretical and scientific applied nature.
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Stojanovic, Boban, and Snezana Radukic. "EU environmental policy and competitiveness." Panoeconomicus 53, no. 4 (2006): 471–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan0604471s.
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Protection of the environment was not a specific importance to the Community although the Treaty of Rome expressly specified that "health, safety environmental protection" shall be based on "a high level of protection". In deciding upon a framework for a European environmental policy, the Community was also responding to increased public awareness of the problem and concerns about the state of the natural and man-made environment. During the past years, competitiveness concerns have dominated the EU policy debate, in the course of which a growing consensus is being developed on the importance of eco-innovations and resource efficiency for EU competitiveness and on the market opportunities they offer. There is an increasing evidence that environmental policy and eco-innovations can promote economic growth, as well as maintain and create jobs, contributing both to competitiveness and employment. Environmental constraints to rapid economic growth are increasingly recognized by countries, leading to a rising awareness of the need for sustainable development. Implementation of an environmental policy however, generates significant implications for competition among countries.
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Majone, Giandomenico. "Cross-National Sources of Regulatory Policymaking in Europe and the United States." Journal of Public Policy 11, no. 1 (January 1991): 79–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x00004943.
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ABSTRACTBecause events occur too fast and ideas mature too slowly for responses to be designed anew for each pressing problem, policy innovation often relies on pre-existing models, foreign or domestic. This seems to be especially true for regulatory policymaking, since public regulation is typically introduced in conditions of crisis. In this paper we examine several cases of policy innovation in the area of economic and social regulation where the influence of foreign models is quite clear: the development of competition policy in Europe in the 1950s, the growth of European Community regulation, and the impact of the American deregulation movement on the telecommunications policies of different European countries. The analysis shows that while utilization of preexisting models is a common feature of policy innovation, such models are not literally translated into current policy. More or less extensive adaptations to a particular political, institutional and economic context are usually required. We also identify two distinct ways – push or pull – in which foreign models can affect domestic policy.
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Villani, Leonardo, Roberta Pastorino, Walter Ricciardi, John Ioannidis, and Stefania Boccia. "Inverse correlates of COVID-19 mortality across European countries during the first versus subsequent waves." BMJ Global Health 6, no. 8 (August 2021): e006422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-006422.
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The objectives of the study were to calculate the standardised mortality rates (SMRs) for COVID-19 in European Union/European Economic Area countries plus the UK and Switzerland and to evaluate the correlation between SMRs and selected indicators in the first versus the subsequent waves until 23 June 2021. We used indirect standardisation (using Italy as the reference) to compute SMRs and considered 16 indicators of health and social well-being, health system capacity and COVID-19 response. The highest SMRs were in Belgium, the UK and Spain in the first wave (1.20–1.84) and in Hungary, Czechia and Slovakia in the subsequent waves (2.50–2.69). Human Development Index (HDI), life expectancy, urbanisation and healthcare expenditure had positive correlations with SMR in the first wave (rho=0.30–0.46), but negative correlations (rho=−0.67 to −0.47) in the subsequent waves. Retail/recreation mobility and transit mobility were negatively correlated with SMR in the first wave, while transit mobility was inversely correlated with SMR in the subsequent waves. The first wave hit most hard countries with high HDI, high life expectancy, high urbanisation, high health expenditures and high tourism. This pattern may reflect higher early community seeding and circulation of the virus. Conversely, in the subsequent waves, this pattern was completely inversed: countries with more resources and better health status did better than eastern European countries. While major SMR differences existed across countries in the first wave, these differences largely dissipated by 23 June 2021, with few exceptions.
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Łyszczarz, Błażej. "Production Losses Associated with Alcohol-Attributable Mortality in the European Union." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 19 (September 21, 2019): 3536. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193536.
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The economic aspects of alcohol misuse are attracting increasing attention from policy makers and researchers but the evidence on the economic burden of this substance is hardly comparable internationally. This study aims to overcome this problem by estimating production losses (indirect costs) associated with alcohol-attributable mortality in 28 European Union (EU) countries in the year 2016. This study applies the prevalence-based top–down approach, societal perspective and human capital method to sex- and age-specific data on alcohol-related mortality at working age. The alcohol-attributable mortality data was taken from estimates based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Uniform data on labor and economic measures from the Eurostat database was used. The total production losses associated with alcohol-related deaths in the EU in 2016 were €32.1 billion. The per capita costs (share of costs in gross domestic product (GDP)) were €62.88 (0.215%) for the whole EU and ranged from €17.29 (0.062%) in Malta to €192.93 (0.875%) in Lithuania. On average, 81% of the losses were associated with male deaths and mortality among those aged 50–54 years generated the highest burden. Because alcohol is a major avoidable factor for mortality, public health community actions aimed at limiting this substance misuse might not only decrease the health burden but also contribute to the economic welfare of European societies.
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Sokolska, T. V., and S. P. Polishchuk. "Role of public government in cross-border cooperation." Public administration aspects 6, no. 5 (June 18, 2018): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/151828.
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The article considers the role and place of public authorities in shaping the policy of effective cross-border cooperation between Ukraine and the EU taking into account the national interests.Particular attention is paid to the principles and features of territorial cooperation, taking into account the specifics of the EU’s external cooperation as well as the interests of the participating countries.The basic principles of the cooperation are determined on the basis of connections as well as contractual interregional and interstate relations, in compliance with the national legislation and respect for the international obligations of the states that are subjects of contractual relations; the thematic objectives are defined.The current state of Ukraine and the EU countries cross-border cooperation development is characterized and the main factors limiting this process are outlined. The most significant ones are the insufficient level of the national economic development and inconformity of the national legislation with European standards; lack of well-balanced management at the local level; the impossibility of implementing international projects of economic and social development due to ineffective management; lack of proper infrastructure; lack of marketing which aims to facilitate the existing resource potential of the border regions; sparking interethnic conflicts; the lack of skilled personnel in different spheres of establishing effective cooperation between the authorities, business and the public, etc. are also among them.Lack of sufficient financial resources and managerial powers in local administrations, in particular, for establishing the information infrastructure necessary for the cooperation with the authorities of the foreign countries regions and the development of financial projects is a specific problem of cross-border cooperation.The role of international projects and regional programs such as EU4Business, cross-border cooperation (Black Sea, Romania, Moldova, Hungary, Slovakia, Poland), EU programs, such as ERASMUS, HORIZON (61 projects amounting to 11.95 million euros were announced in 2016), COSME (May 2016) and their role in improving the socio-economic development of the border regions as well as solving common problems in ecology, health, safety and security, promoting the living conditions of citizens are grounded in the paper.The role of the united territorial communities (UTC) in cross-border cooperation activating, in particular their participation in international projects is grounded and the results of this activity in the Transcarpathia are presented. Insufficient level of professional training of public authorities representatives is pointed out. It is proved that cross-border cooperation is one of the main economic mechanisms of attracting foreign investments and grant funds for the economy modernization, for new jobs creation through the small business development, attraction of innovative technologies, access to the European market and the entry of Ukraine into the European community in the current economic situation.The expediency of working out the coherent effective state policy of cross-border cooperation with the EU, in which the legal, institutional and financial instruments should be clearly defined, along with the determined means of its implementation and mandatory public monitoring of the results is emphasized. The development of cross-border cooperation between Ukraine and the EU countries, ensuring a competitive economy running, the effective development of international trade, improvement of conditions and support of entrepreneurship, can be realized under the condition of implementation of the policy of public administration at the regional level.