Academic literature on the topic 'Public broadcasting – Europe – Case studies'
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Journal articles on the topic "Public broadcasting – Europe – Case studies"
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Dyson, Kenneth, and Peter Humphreys. "Satellite Broadcasting Policies and the Question of Sovereignty in Western Europe." Journal of Public Policy 6, no. 1 (January 1986): 73–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x0000386x.
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AbstractThe article examines the manner in which public-policy for satellite broadcasting has been made in West Germany and France, the two countries currently leading developments in satellite broadcasting technology in Western Europe. A special theme of the two case studies is that of the complex relations and potential contradictions between industrial/technological policy and broadcasting policy, between the wider economics of satellite broadcasting and its cultural dimension. The article demonstrates a common pattern, as policy makers in both countries have been constrained to develop a broker role between competing aims and between national/regional pressures and international pressures. Nevertheless, both ideological and structural differences remained of enduring importance in establishing the parameters of policy making, and produced different, as well as similar, policy outcomes in the two countries. The question of ‘sovereignty’ is also set within the wider European context and the article examines responses at this latter level, in particular the European Community.
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Svensson, Kent, and Lelia Green. "Battling the Commercialisation of the Swedish Mediasphere." Media International Australia 95, no. 1 (May 2000): 117–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x0009500112.
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The regulation of national broadcasting is a forum for the official expression of a country's media priorities. Sweden has consistently attempted to prevent foreign broadcasters from establishing themselves in the Swedish mediasphere. Subsequently, wherever a non-Swedish broadcaster has demonstrated market demand for a media product not available in Sweden, the government has attempted to create a Swedish equivalent to meet public demand and prevent the loss of audience share to non-Swedish broadcasters. This dynamic is especially clear in terms of the introduction of commercial broadcasting. Sweden was the last country in Western Europe to license a commercial television station, in 1992. This case study addresses the accommodation of the historically socialist government to the demands for commercial broadcasting, and the policy debates which informed these deliberations. It is argued that one reason for the Swedish government resisting commercial television was an opposition to the country's further integration within global capitalism, regardless of the fact that Swedish technology has helped the expansion of transnational broadcasting systems.
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Kisić, Izabela. "The Media and Politics: The Case of Serbia." Southeastern Europe 39, no. 1 (April 8, 2015): 62–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763332-03901004.
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For over a decade media legislation, controversial as it was, has been a matter of controversy in Serbia. It was only in 2011 that a newly adopted media strategy developed by European Union and Council of Europe criteria hinted at change for the better as it envisaged the amendment of the entire media legislation (about 18 laws). Consequently, three new laws were passed in 2014: on public information and the media; on broadcast media; and, on public broadcasting service. Ten laws are still pending – either to be amended or adopted. After the change of the regime in 2000, the media legislation was changed but not in line with a democratic value system. This specially refers to media freedoms. Repression against the media characteristic of the 1990s was replaced by “soft censorship” and self-censorship. Serbia’s media market is small and underdeveloped, and under strong influence of the government. The adopted strategy provides against state ownership of the media except in the case of the two public broadcasting services. Media outlets, especially electronic, are too many for such a limited media market; the state has a hand in media businesses in many ways, including subsidies and paid advertisements for large public enterprises. Non-transparent media ownership and money flow are among key problems of media transition.
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Sytnik, Anna, Natalia Tsvetkova, and Ivan Tsvetkov. "U.S. Digital Diplomacy and Big Data: Lessons from the Political Crisis in Venezuela, 2018–2019." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 2 (April 2022): 192–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2022.2.16.
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Introduction. The article reveals the current U.S. digital diplomacy applying the case study referred to the political crisis in Venezuela culminated in late 2018 and early 2019, when the speaker of the National Assembly Juan Guaido declared himself the self-proclaimed acting president after the elections. Confrontation between his supporters and those of the incumbent President Nicolas Maduro reached its apogee. The aim of the research is to reveal whether the U.S. has been able to influence the development of the political situation and opinion of Venezuelan citizens through various digital diplomacy instruments and international broadcasting channels. The analytical part of the paper is divided into two sections. The first section discusses methodological issues relative to research in the field of digitalization of U.S. foreign policy and international relations in general. These methodological approaches are tested on the case study, namely the U.S. digital diplomacy in Venezuela in the second section of the paper. Methods. The methodology of the research includes the analysis of big data and social media. The primary sources are the accounts of U.S. officials, government-sponsored media, Venezuelan media, and bloggers. Twitter was surveyed to the extent that active political discussions flared up there during the crisis. At the time, Venezuela had the third highest number of Twitter users in the world. Analysis. Using the machine analytics, about 10 million tweets were retrieved, allowing us to determine the place of the U.S. governmental accounts among the influencers of public opinion in Venezuela. Results. The analysis shows that local digital media, and the activity of bloggers and politicians, including Juan Guaido and Nicolas Maduro, had more impact on the Twitter community and Venezuelans than U.S. channels of digital diplomacy or tweets of American politicians. The more active local bloggers are, the less chances were left for external players including the United States as well as Russia, China, or Europe, to change public opinions of Venezuelans. Authors’ contribution. Anna Sytnik carried out the big data analysis using Python programming language and developed the methodological foundations of the research. Natalia Tsvetkova developed the methodological foundations of the research and made the interpretations of analysis in terms of U.S. digital and data diplomacy. Ivan Tsvetkov developed the contextual frameworks of the case study.
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Taylor, Gregory, and Barbara Thomass. "Sports rights and public service media/public broadcasting: Case studies on economic and political implications." International Communication Gazette 79, no. 2 (March 2017): 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748048516689190.
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The historic relationship between public service media and major national sporting events is strained and/or broken across the globe. This article offers a broad picture of the recent developments in the global market for sport broadcasting and frames the debate between those who view sport as an essential element of national culture and others, for whom sport is a product best left to the marketplace. This special issue explores the place of sports broadcasting rights in the increasingly contested environment of public service media.
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Cryle, Denis. "The Press and Public Service Broadcasting: Neville Petersen's News Not Views and the Case for Australian Exceptionalism." Media International Australia 151, no. 1 (May 2014): 56–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x1415100108.
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This article revisits historical rivalries between established and emerging media, namely the press and broadcasting, during the first half of the twentieth century. To this end, the author constructs a dialogue between Neville Petersen's broadcasting research and his own press research over a similar period. In his major work, News Not Views: The ABC, Press and Politics (1932–1947), Petersen (1993) elaborates in detail the ongoing constraints imposed by Australian newspaper proprietors on the fledgling Australian Broadcasting Commission (ABC) in their ultimately unsuccessful struggle to restrict its news supply and influence. Drawing on subsequent press research based on international forums, the author revisits this rivalry, particularly Petersen's thesis that Australian press proprietors exercised disproportionate influence over the national broadcaster when compared with other English-speaking countries, such as Britain and Canada.
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Westerway, Peter. "Starting Aboriginal Broadcasting: Whitefella Business." Media International Australia 117, no. 1 (November 2005): 110–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x0511700112.
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Officials in the Australian Public Service often wield substantial influence on policy-making, yet their work is normally hidden from public view. This case study of the process involved in developing an Aboriginal broadcasting policy after the 1967 referendum reveals conflict between two incompatible paradigms: assimilation (Aboriginal affairs) and diversity of choice (broadcasting). This conflict, together with official reluctance to truly consult with relevant Aboriginal communities and misunderstandings over historically and culturally specific concepts such as country, tribe, clan, community and resident, eventually led to policy failure. Since community control was not considered as an option, Aboriginal broadcasting obstinately remained whitefella business.
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Calvo, Ángel. "Regulation and Business in the Origins and Development of the Mass Media: Radio Broadcasting in Spain." International Journal of Business Studies and Innovation 1, no. 2 (December 30, 2021): 123–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.35745/ijbsi2021v01.02.0013.
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Wireless telegraphy ranks as the third groundbreaking 19th-century contribution to modern telecommunications, after the electric telegraph and the telephone. Initially of little interest, it gained widespread acceptance and became a commercial communication system that was fiercely fought for by the world's major powers. One feature of radiotelegraphy is broadcasting¸ which has developed with great impetus among the economic powers. In Western Europe, state control over broadcasting predominated from the first regulation in the 1920s until the 1980s. This was the case in Spain, where the State imposed a system of concession for the construction and operation of the network of stations by public tender. Finally, the development of broadcasting was inferior to that of the major powers but superior to that of other Mediterranean nations, as indicated by the sixth position it occupied in a selected list of countries. This study is performed to analyze broadcasting penetration from a dual perspective of supply/demand and the economic and business angle, mainly from primary sources.
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Lim, Tania, Azad Bali, and Marcus Moo. "New digital realities and old public service broadcasting models – the case of public access and participation in Singapore’s televisual landscape." Media International Australia 170, no. 1 (December 5, 2017): 100–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x17743348.
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Does public service broadcasting (PSB), with its 20th-century state-controlled and state-funded structure, still have a role to play in increasing access, public participation and a strong national media system in today’s globalising East Asia? This article, by taking Singapore as a case study, examines why and how traditional PSB media players have been forced to change their institutional and transactional responses to the ‘shocks’ of digitisation. In particular, it examines how the rise of Web 2.0, with its de-territorialised media services and social media, challenges PSB’s relevance as trends towards universal access, a greater participatory culture and active audiences render PSB content increasingly anachronistic.
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Volčič, Zala, and Melita Zajc. "Hybridisation of Slovene Public Broadcasting: From National Community towards Commercial Nationalism." Media International Australia 146, no. 1 (February 2013): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x1314600113.
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Public broadcasting institutions have existed as central and publicly funded national institutions, providing services in the public interest. The coincidence of technological, political and economic circumstances in the last 20 years or so, however, has challenged their monopoly position. Technological developments – specifically digitalisation – have expanded spectrum availability. In some cases, public television has been commercialised, privatised or marginalised by the introduction of commercial channels. This article focuses on a specific case study of the Slovene public broadcaster. It addresses the fate of public service television in the digital and post-communist era, tracing the transformation from state broadcasters to the era of digital delivery, audience fragmentation and commercial nationalism. It explores, on the one hand, the way in which public service broadcasters have embraced and capitalised on new forms of digital distribution and, on the other, how they continue to embrace national(istic) and commercial imperatives.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Public broadcasting – Europe – Case studies"
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Zahlmann, Rahel. "Foreign Journalism in the Era of Globalization : An Ethnographic Study of Foreign Correspondents of the German Broadcasting Network ARD in Europe." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Journalistik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-36025.
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The aim of this master thesis is to figure out the role of foreign correspondents within Europe during today’s developments of globalization and digitalization, in the view of professional foreign journalists. The continent becomes closer in terms of politics, currencies and cultures, and a growing infrastructure simplifies travelling and communication. Therefore, the role and function of foreign journalists are more and more questioned. The main focus of this thesis is thereby the case of the foreign correspondence offices of the German public broadcasting network ARD. An auto-ethnographic study was used to base the analysis of this thesis on own perspectives. In a further step interviews with five foreign journalists examine the experiences of professionals in this field. The analysis is based, besides these two qualitative methods, on the theories of Siemes (2000), Cole and Hamilton (2008), and Archetti (2013).The researches’results demonstrate strong arguments for the relevance of the maintenance of foreign correspondences within Europe as the role of public broadcasters in particular is to inform, explain and classify happenings within the own country as well as in foreign areas to the audience. The nearby countries play thereby an important role due to many points of contact; for that reason professional journalists should further on hold the function to care for enlightenment.
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Mojsiejuk, Aleksander. "The Normative Power of the EU in the Framework of the European Neighbourhood Policy : A Case Study on Ukraine." Thesis, Linköping University, Linköping University, Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-19323.
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Through the use of political conditionality, the EU has exercised what many have chosen to call an international normative power. The fast democratisation process of the central European countries that joined the EU in 2004 has often been attributed to the force of EU’s normative power. Here, the core of the political conditionality was found in a promised future membership – acting as a reward in exchange for democratic reforms. The new European Neighbourhood Policy however, initiated briefly after the 2004 enlargement, gave rise to new prerequisites to the Unions new neighbours and this time enlargement fatigue prevailed in the EU policy. This case study examines and assesses the ability of the EU to exercise its normative power on Ukraine through the new conditions set up by the European Neighbourhood Policy, were a membership perspective neither is promised nor ruled out. The result show that the effective conditions for the conditionality are favourable and that a good progress on the areas of democracy, rule of law and human rights has been achieved. Although difficult to prove, I argue that this progress most probably is partly due to EU’s normative power on Ukraine.
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Ericsson, Lina. "The Swedish Arms Trade and the Politics of Human Rights: : A Comparative Case-study of Swedish Weapon Exports to the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the Russian Federation in the year of 2006." Thesis, Jönköping : Jönköping University. Jönköping International Business School, 2008. http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:3582/FULLTEXT01.
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HANRETTY, Chris. "The Political Independence of Public Service Broadcasters." Doctoral thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/13213.
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Defense date: 18 December 2009Examining Board: Adrienne Héritier (EUI/RSCAS), Anker Brink Lund (Copenhagen Business School), Gianpietro Mazzoleni (University of Milan) (External Co-Supervisor), Alexander H. Trechsel (EUI) (Supervisor)
François Mény Prize for the Best Comparative Study of Political Institutions, 2010.
In this thesis, I demonstrate that the degree of political independence that a public service broadcaster has depends on the degree of legal protection given to it, and on the size of the market for news in that country. The latter affects broadcaster independence by creating more standardized and professionalized news, which in turn reduces politicians’ incentives to intervene in the broadcaster. The former affects broadcaster independence by making it less likely that such intervention will be effective. I demonstrate these claims in two ways. First, I conduct a large-N statistical analysis of 36 public service broadcasters (PSBs), in which I demonstrate that legal protection news market size are statistically significant predictors of PSB independence (as I operationalize it), and that other suggested explanatory factors — party system polarization and bureaucratic partisanship — have no effect. Second, I carry out a comparative historical analysis of six European PSBs—Radiotelevisione Italiana, Radiotelevisión Española, Radio Telefís Éireann (Ireland), the British Broadcasting Corporation, Danmarks Radio, and Sveriges Radio and its associated companies (Sweden) — and substantiate the claims made in my statistical analysis. In particular, I demonstrate that where the market for news was bigger, broadcasters capitalised on pre-existing journalistic experience, adopting the house-styles of press agencies and learning from journalists’ associations. Conversely, where the market was small, that experience could not be drawn on, and broadcast journalism attracted political intervention.
Version of thesis published as a book "HANRETTY, Chris, Public Broadcasting and Political Interference, Abingdon/New York, Routledge, 2011, Routledge Research in Political Communication"
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Netshitomboni, Rabelani Lusani. "The role of public service broadcasting in South African education : Phalaphala FM as a case study." 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/15618.
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DissertationThis study investigates the role of radio in South African education, with Phalaphala FM as a case study. The aim was to investigate the extent to which Phalaphala FM's programmes include educational material and the extent to which the respondents listen to Phalaphala FM to satisfy their educational needs. Phalaphala FM as a regional radio station predominantly serves rural listeners, as they often do not have access to alternative forms of media. The theoretical point of departure is the uses and gratifications with its emphasis on the active audience concept. Content analysis of Phalaphala FM' s programme schedule was conducted to determine the amount of educational material. Focus group interviews and survey research were used to determine the respondents' media usage patterns. The results indicate that entertainment programmes are given more time on Phalaphala FM and that the respondents prefer entertainment programmes, to informational and educational programmes.
Educational Studies
M.A. (Communication)
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HANSEN, Janus. "Framing the public : three case studies in public participation in the governance of agricultural biotechnology." Doctoral thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5144.
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Defence date: 10 June 2005Examining board: Prof. Andrew Webster (University of York) ; Prof. Donatella Della Porta (EUI) ; Prof. Klaus Eder (Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, external co-supervisor) ; Prof. Colin Crouch (University of Warwick, former EUI, supervisor)
First made available online 31 August 2016
Ideas about public engagement with controversial technologies are growing in political prominence. This dissertation delivers a theoretically grounded, empirical analysis of why active public involvement is considered to be of growing importance for the legitimate use of new technologies. It examines the different social dynamics influencing actual attempts to engage the public and the difficulties encountered. Janus Hansen argues that while there are strong normative reasons to further public engagement with the regulation of controversial technologies, there are also strong sociological reasons to reflect carefully on what such engagement can realistically achieve. This dissertation delivers conceptual tools and empirical analyses to support such reflections based on in-depth case studies of important attempts to engage public concerns across Europe.
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Papadopoulou, Evangelia. "Bridging the gap between citizens and institutions : Is the Europe Direct Network a competent means to reconcile the trust of Europeans for the Europe of the 28? The Spanish case." Thesis, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-229063.
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Information has always been strategically relevant for the European Commission, especially during the last thirty years with discussions about a gap in communication and the possible democratic deficit propagating. For that reason, communication was introduced as a policy after 2000. In order to reach specific interests in the Union, the Commission highlighted the importance of the partnership with civil society in 2005 through the “Plan D for Democracy, Dialogue and Debate” and its “going local” approach. The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the communication strategy of the EU through the lens of one of its regional communication instruments, the Europe Direct relays of information. The relays are a first-hand portal for the citizens to enter into the Union not only by acquiring information but also by transferring their comments and suggestions to Brussels. They form, therefore, a debate platform between citizens and institutions under a European “public sphere.” Nevertheless, research has identified two critical points in their function: the host structure, which intervenes in their administration role, and the European Commission, which provides them with financial support and information services. This thesis seeks to ascertain the success or not of the relays in relation to those two variables. In order to achieve that, the Spanish study case is examined. It will be finally verified if, according to the guidance of the European Commission, the relays fulfill their role in fostering national involvement in supranational activities.
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CADDY, Joanne E. "Sowing the seeds of deliberative democracy?: institutions for the environment in Central Europe: case studies of public participation in environmental decision-making in contemporary Hungary." Doctoral thesis, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5219.
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Defence date: 12 June 1998Examining board: Prof. Adrienne Héritier (EUI - supervisor) ; Prof. Johan P. Olsen (University of Oslo) ; Prof. Philippe C. Schmitter (EUI) ; Dr. Anna Vári (Hungarian Academy of Sciences)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017
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Arafeh, Sousan. "Policy provisions for public access to television : democratic and educational implications in Canada and the United States." Thesis, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/1947.
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This thesis examines broadcast policies and policy documents in Canada and the United States to determine whether and to what degree they make provision for the public's access to television. Government policies and policy documents are examined at the federal and local level, and a case study of two cable systems, one in Vancouver, B.C. the other in Seattle, Washington, supplies empirical data to corroborate how policy provisions for public access to television are interpreted and implemented.
A neo-Gramscian concept of ideological hegemony broadly frames this study of the impact of public policy, specifically broadcast policy, on social structure and behaviour.
Because a very small portion of the general population have access to television production and programming, they dominate the television discourse. Research that documents television’s pervasive stereotypic and derogatory treatment of women and “racial"/ethnic "minorities" as well as its perceived effect of contributing to the social and economic subordination of these populations in North American society is used as a basis for this study. This thesis argues that broadening the body of people who have access to the television production and programming process might encourage more accurate, positive and/or relevant television images and relations with positive social consequences. On one level, this is a matter of having broadcast policies which ensure such broadened access. Canada and the United States each have policy provisions for the general public's access to television which are based on notions of civic democratic participation in society. Analysis and comparison of these policies results in the conclusion that although both countries provide access to the public through policy, many of these provisions limit access in four areas: access to production, access to distribution, access to input, and access to viewing. Because television access policies limit the public's access increasingly, the broadening of the access base is impeded along with the challenge to the current structure, message and function of television. On this account, traditional agendas and images continue to dominate the airwaves and their educational power. Further study should be undertaken on: 1) the effects of television, 2) the public's use of community television/public access television, 3) the effects of community channels on viewers and whether they are different than the effects of broadcast television and 4) the effects of broadcast policy on the structure and function of television.
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Tyali, Siyasanga Mhlangabezi. "Investigating beneficiary communities' participation in HIV/AIDS communication through community radio stations : a case study of X-K FM." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/9609.
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The thrust of this dissertation is concerned with investigating beneficiary communities‟ participation in HIV/AIDS communication through community radio stations. The aim is to understand the presence and access of targeted community voices in the dialogue against HIV/AIDS. The research focused on a single case study of a community radio station that is based in Platfontein, Kimberley in the Republic of South Africa. X-K FM is a community radio station under the auspices of the South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC) and its primary target audiences are !Xun and Khwe communities of Platfontein. It is the only formal communication channel that targets these San community members in their respective mother tongues. The study approaches communication at a nuance level in that it evaluates participation possibilities between communicators and the communicated. In its third decade, the Human Immunodeficiency Virus is one of many challenges facing sub-Saharan Africa and the Republic of South Africa is no exception. This dissertation attempts to understand participation and access of civil voices in the strategies of prevention, care, support and treatment of HIV/AIDS. On a broader level, the dissertation seeks to understand the possibilities of bottom-up approaches in communicating about HIV/AIDS. In analysing the beneficiary community participation at X-K FM, the research was underpinned by the theory of Jurgen Habermas: The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere – An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society. The data was gathered using semi-structured interviews, as well as simple and partial participant observation. The study concludes that the radio station has provided some avenues to facilitate the process of beneficiary community participation in HIV/AIDS communication content.Thesis (M.Soc.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2012.
Books on the topic "Public broadcasting – Europe – Case studies"
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Public broadcasting and political interference. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2011.
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Jan, Wieten, Murdock Graham, and Dahlgren Peter 1946-, eds. Television across Europe. London: Sage Publications, 2000.
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Hanretty, Chris. Public broadcasting and political interference. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2011.
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Michael, Tracey. The decline and fall of public service broadcasting. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.
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Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development., ed. Convergence between communications technologies: Case studies from North America and Western Europe. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1992.
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Network, European Health Property, and European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, eds. Capital investment for health: Case studies from Europe. Copenhagen, Denmark: European Health Property Network, 2009.
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Muppidi, Sundeep R., and Premila Manvi. Public service broadcasting and its role in raising civic consciousness: Case studies from Asia. Singapore: Asian Media Information and Communication Centre (AMIC) and Wee Kim Wee School of Communication and Information, Nanyang Technological University (WKWSCI-NTU), 2012.
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Donders, Karen. Public service media and policy in Europe. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.
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J, Boelhouwer P., ed. Financing the social rented sector in Western Europe. Delft: Delft University Press, 1997.
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Deficit and debt in transition: The political economy of public finances in Central and Eastern Europe. Budapest, Hungary: Central European University Press, 2014.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Public broadcasting – Europe – Case studies"
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Venus, Terese E., Mandy Hinzmann, and Holger Gerdes. "Public Acceptance of Hydropower." In Novel Developments for Sustainable Hydropower, 29–40. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99138-8_3.
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AbstractPublic acceptance can play an important role in determining the trajectory of hydropower development and modernization as well as the adoption of mitigation measures. Particularly in the planning stages of hydropower projects and modernization, local public resistance may delay progress and completion. For this reason, it is important to understand how to study local public perceptions of hydropower to improve project implementation and reduce public resistance. This chapter provides an overview of public perception of hydropower projects, describes methods for studying public acceptance and presents an application of the Q-methodology in four Europe case studies from hydropower-intensive regions.
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Balisacan, Arsenio M. "Competition, Antitrust, and Agricultural Development in Asia." In Emerging-Economy State and International Policy Studies, 357–73. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5542-6_26.
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AbstractCompetition law—also known as antitrust in some jurisdictions—has become part of governments’ policy arsenal to achieve efficient and welfare-improving market outcomes. From only a handful of economies in North America and Europe, the adoption of competition law and policy has spread rapidly to Asian economies since 1990. Like their Western counterparts several decades earlier, most Asian jurisdictions have exempted agriculture, albeit in varying degrees, from the prohibitions of competition law, such as those involving the exercise of market power by farmers’ associations. Public choice considerations suggest that the exemption serves as a countervailing force for the farmers’ comparatively weak position in the balance of political influence for agricultural policy and in bargaining power over the more concentrated wholesale-retail segments of the agri-food value chain. Farm heterogeneity and farm-operation consolidation, induced in part by the economy’s structural transformation, weaken the case for broad exemption.
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Kallestrup, Morten. "Restrained Wisdom or Not? The Advisory Roles of Political Scientists in Denmark." In The Advisory Roles of Political Scientists in Europe, 111–30. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86005-9_6.
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AbstractThe few existing studies on Denmark showed that political scientists are not well represented in public committees, while subsequent studies argued that the means by which political scientists offer their advice are writing articles in the media and participation in other such means of communications. The survey used in this study provides empirical data offering interesting new evidence regarding the role of political scientists in the policy advisory system in Denmark. It points to the fact that political scientists deliver substantial policy advice via informal contacts and forms of communication, e.g. to civil servants, civil society organizations, politicians and advisory bodies, mainly at the national level. According to the survey’s respondents, this advice is based on sound scientific evidence, which fits well with survey evidence emphasizing the belief that experts are more prominent than opinionating scholars in Denmark compared to other countries. Thus it would seem that political scientists’ role as providers of informal and direct policy advice has been underestimated. In the light of the amount, and the soundness, of the advice provided informally, Denmark may not be a case of restrained wisdom after all.
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Lemmens, Rob, Gilles Falquet, Chrisa Tsinaraki, Friederike Klan, Sven Schade, Lucy Bastin, Jaume Piera, et al. "A Conceptual Model for Participants and Activities in Citizen Science Projects." In The Science of Citizen Science, 159–82. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58278-4_9.
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AbstractInterest in the formal representation of citizen science comes from portals, platforms, and catalogues of citizen science projects; scientists using citizen science data for their research; and funding agencies and governments interested in the impact of citizen science initiatives. Having a common understanding and representation of citizen science projects, their participants, and their outcomes is key to enabling seamless knowledge and data sharing. In this chapter, we provide a conceptual model comprised of the core citizen science concepts with which projects and data can be described in a standardised manner, focusing on the description of the participants and their activities. The conceptual model is the outcome of a working group from the COST Action CA15212 Citizen Science to Promote Creativity, Scientific Literacy, and Innovation throughout Europe, established to improve data standardisation and interoperability in citizen science activities. It utilises past models and contributes to current standardisation efforts, such as the Public Participation in Scientific Research (PPSR) Common Conceptual Model and the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) standards. Its design is intended to fulfil the needs of different stakeholders, as illustrated by several case studies which demonstrate the model’s applicability.
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Curry, Edward, Edo Osagie, Niki Pavlopoulou, Dhaval Salwala, and Adegboyega Ojo. "A Best Practice Framework for Centres of Excellence in Big Data and Artificial Intelligence." In The Elements of Big Data Value, 177–210. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68176-0_8.
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AbstractThis chapter presents a best practice framework for the operation of Big Data and Artificial Intelligence Centres of Excellence (BDAI CoE). The goal of the framework is to foster collaboration and share best practices among existing centres and support the establishment of new Centres of Excellence (CoEs) within Europe. The framework was developed following a phased design science process, starting from a literature review to create an initial framework which was enhanced with the findings of a multi-case study of existing successful CoEs. Each case study involved an in-depth analysis and a series of in-depth interviews with leadership personnel of existing CoEs.The resulting best practice framework models a CoE using open systems theory that comprises input (environment), transformation (CoE) and output (impact). The framework conceptualises the internal operation of the CoE as a set of high-level capabilities including strategy, governance, structure, funding, and people and culture. The core capabilities of the CoE include business development, collaboration, research support services, technical infrastructure, experimentation/demonstration platforms, Intellectual Property (IP) and data protection, education and public engagement, policy outreach, technology and knowledge transfer, and performance and impact assessment. In this chapter we describe the best practice framework for CoEs in big data and AI, including objectives, environment, strategic and operational capabilities, and impact. The chapter outlines how the framework can be used by a CoE to support its strategic direction and operational decisions over time, and how a new CoE can use it in the start-up phase. Based on the analysis of the case studies, the chapter explores the critical success factors of a CoE as defined by a survey of CoE managers. Finally, the chapter concludes with a summary.
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Syvertsen, Trine, and Gunn Enli. "Public Service in Europe: Five Key Points." In A Future for Public Service Television. The MIT Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9781906897710.003.0010.
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This chapter contextualizes the 2016 report A Future for Public Service Television: Content and Platforms in a Digital World through a review of relevant research on public broadcasting in Europe as well as studies of public service broadcasting in the Nordic region. The observations are structured around five key points that condense research as well as challenges, debates, and prospects: (1) the crisis discourse; (2) innovation and public service media; (3) distinctiveness; (4) editorial independence; (5) national differences and politics. Studies from other European countries have observed that an overall narrative of decline dominates the debate on public service. However, they also note that public broadcasters, in particular publicly funded institutions with long traditions, are managing better than the overall narrative describes.
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"Public Identity and Public Memory: Case Studies of Two Tudor Women." In Women, Identities and Communities in Early Modern Europe, 213–28. Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315233635-28.
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Kind-Kovács, Friederike. "Broadcasting as Internationalism." In The Wireless World, 134—C5.P36. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192864987.003.0005.
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Abstract This chapter explores the idea that international broadcasting could promote direct contact and genuine understanding among different peoples, thus encouraging peace. It explains how utopian wireless internationalist rhetoric, and the initiatives of organizations like the International Broadcasting Union and the League of Nations, conflicted with the reality of radio propaganda. It also discusses the opposed capitalist and communist internationalisms of the Cold War and their impact on international broadcasting. It considers the effect of empire and decolonization on internationalist thinking about the wireless world. It also examines the role of Western discourses about human rights and the free flow of information. Case studies examine Portuguese imperial and colonial broadcasting, and the role of Radio Luxembourg in broadcasting across Europe before and during the Second World War.
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Ribeiro, Nelson. "Institutions, States, and International Broadcasting." In The Wireless World, 70–92. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192864987.003.0003.
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Abstract This chapter examines the role of states in funding, influencing, and controlling international broadcasting, and the relationships which developed between states and broadcasting institutions in different parts of the wireless world. It argues that we should not draw a false dichotomy between ‘independent’ and ‘state controlled’ international broadcasting. In reality, all broadcasters operated under some degree of state influence. The difference was one of degrees, and the focus for historians should be upon the varied mechanisms used by civil servants to control and direct international broadcasting institutions, overtly or covertly. The chapter focuses on state mechanisms for controlling international broadcasting in Nazi Germany, the USSR, Britain, and the US, and in colonial and post-colonial states in the Global South. Case studies examine British colonial broadcasting in the 1940s and Radio Free Europe after 1989.
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Potter, Simon J. "Programmes, Soft Power, and Public Diplomacy." In The Wireless World, 167—C6.P48. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192864987.003.0006.
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Abstract This chapter examines the programmes produced by international broadcasters for distant listeners. It relates these to ideas about persuasion, propaganda, soft power, and public diplomacy. It examines news broadcasting, but focuses on the other content carried by international radio services, notably music, ‘media events’, technically complex international relays, and user generated content. It looks at the schedules of early international broadcasters including the BBC and Germany’s Zeesen station, and also at Radio Bari. It assesses the use of soap opera by the BBC during the Second World War, and rock ’n’ roll music by Western broadcasters during the Cold War. It considers who was able to speak on-air, and who was not, paying particular attention to the attempts of international broadcasters to harness a diverse range of voices to their purposes. Case studies examine dramatic and literary programming on the BBC Arabic Service, and Eddy Startz’s Happy Station show.
Conference papers on the topic "Public broadcasting – Europe – Case studies"
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Schneider-Skalska, Grażyna, and Paweł Tor. "Residential areas in the structure of the city: case studies from west europe and Krakow." In Virtual City and Territory. Barcelona: Centre de Política de Sòl i Valoracions, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.8079.
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Once they adopted the sedentary lifestyle, humans set to building settlements which were to protect groups of families and give them the sense of belonging to a material and social community. The settlement unit which could be called a housing complex goes back thousands of years BC. The scale of problems related to housing environment grew considerably with the emergence and development of cities, yet truly distinctive quantitative and qualitative changes occurred in the early 20th century.
Implementation of the programmatic assumptions of the Athens Charter resulted in the emergence of spatial and functional structures based on hierarchic dependence of components. The initial projects reflected the pursuit of a human-scale environment and the structural division into neighbourhood units. Undoubtedly, the second part of the 20th century brought about a change in the trends of development in cities. Large housing estates were abandoned in favour of a much greater diversity of housing complex forms – the revived form of city street, urban block or the classic form of a residential complex with clearly delineated structure, services and – most frequently –some recreational areas. The 21st century draws from well-known patterns, complementing them with new elements and solutions imposed by the requirements of the principles of sustainable development. Due to the limited availability of land in highly urbanized central city parts, contemporary housing development occupies more peripheral areas, often at the border between urban and rural neighbourhoods. The development process involves numerous participants, often with opposing interests – public authorities, whose concern should be sustainable growth of the whole city, and developer firms and investors, whose motivation is to maximize profit. This situation has led in most Polish cities to the emergence of disconnected fenced-away residential ghettos with no spatial order.
Meanwhile, housing development in Western Europe continues to be built as planned urban complexes drawing from the experience of the past and satisfying the needs of the contemporary city dwellers.
The article presents several urban complexes with dominant housing development (Orestad in Copenhagen, Monte Laa and Nordbahnhof-Area in Vienna, Ijburg in Amsterdam and Riem in Munich) built relatively recently.It discusses their functional, spatial and social characteristics, which make them examples of good practice in contemporary urban planning. They demonstrate clearly that only comprehensive planning in a broader scale guarantees creation of high-quality urban spaces, where the welfare of resident communities is a priority.
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Zakowska, Lidia, Maciej Adam Piwowarczyk, and Jan Hipolit Aleksandrowicz. "Considerations on free public transport implementation - based on Krakow case." In CIT2016. Congreso de Ingeniería del Transporte. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/cit2016.2016.3523.
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New transport philosophy follows the equity criteria and should also lead toward sustainability and equity in building policies of public transport in cities. Implementation of free public transport for citizens is widely considered in different countries, cities and on several administrative government levels. However, there are not may examples of successful implementation if this concept in Europe. This work presents the discussion on multi-dimensional barriers, which make implementation of equity criteria to transport policies difficult. Both advantages and disadvantages of free of charge public transport system are presented, based on current discussions, as well as on some European examples, case studies and scientific evaluations. The case study simulation for the Krakow urban area is initiated and described, testing the effects of free of charge public transport on economic and mobility factors. Considerations presented in this work are based on current challenges to build green with multimodal transport, respecting factors of economy, traffic volumes, safety and environmental factors. It is predicted that success of free public transport for citizens could create a significant shift in travel demand from private car use toward trams and busses, reducing accident costs, decreasing congestion in city centers and limiting air pollution, contributing to social and economic growth of the whole metropolitan area.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.3523
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Kurniati, Nurul. "Analysis of Factors and Management of Hepatitis B Virus Screening in Mothers and Infants: A Scoping Review." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.67.
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ABSTRACT Background: The importance of screening for HBV infection is to identify the risk of perinatal transmission from infected mothers. People infected with HBV during infancy or childhood are more likely to suffer chronic infection to cirrhosis of the liver and liver cancer. Early detection and prompt treatment are essential for HBV infection. This study aimed to review the factors and management of hepatitis B virus screening in mothers and infants. Subjects and Method: A scoping review method was conducted in eight stages including (1) Identification of study problems; (2) Determining priority problem and study question; (3) Determining framework; (4) Literature searching; (5) Article selection; (6) Critical appraisal; (7) Data extraction; and (8) Mapping. The search included PubMed, ScienceDirect, Wiley Online Library, and Scopus databases. The inclusion criteria were English/ Indonesian-language and full-text articles (scoping review, meta-analysis, systematic review)/ documents/ reports/ policy brief/ guidelines from WHO/ other organizations published between 2009 and 2019. The data were selected by the PRISMA flow chart. Results: The searched database obtained a total of 27.862 articles. After screening, 27.325 articles were excluded because of unmet the inclusion criteria. After conducting critical appraisal for the remaining 537 articles, only 11 articles were eligible for further review. The selected articles obtained from developing countries (China, South Africa, and Tanzania) and developed countries (Netherlands, Japan, Denmark, Northern Europe, and Canada) with quantitative studies design (cross-sectional, case series, and cohort) met the inclusion criteria. The findings emphasized on four main topics around hepatitis B virus screening in mothers and infants, namely demographic factors, risk factors, post-screening benefit, and challenges in screening uptake. Conclusion: Early detection of HBV infection with prenatal screening reduce the HBV prenatal transmission, especially from infected pregnancy. Screening plays an important role in the administration of universal infant HBV vaccination and postexposure prophylaxis with hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) at birth. Keywords: pregnant women, hepatitis B virus, perinatal transmission, screening Correspondence: Setianingsih. Universitas ‘Aisyiyah Yogyakarta. Jl. Siliwangi (Ringroad Barat) No. 63, Nogotirto, Gamping, Sleman, Yogyakarta, 55292. Email: nsetia580@gmail.com. Mobile: 082242081295. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.67
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Konkovs, Karlis Aleksandrs, Rasa Ikstena, Ilze Zvera, Maris Ozolins, and Raimonds Ernsteins. "Lake governance developments in Latvia: lake Lubans governing process studies applying governance system framing model." In 23rd International Scientific Conference. “Economic Science for Rural Development 2022”. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Economics and Social Development, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2022.56.019.
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The overall frame of this research was the governance process of surface water resources in Latvia, particularly, public lakes, to be studied by applying triple dimensional governance framing model of complementary dimensions of governance stakeholders, governance content and governance instruments. Studies were realized in the area of Lake Lubans, administratively located on the border areas between two municipalities of Madona and Rezekne in the eastern part of the country. Lake Lubans is the largest lake in Latvia, as well as the largest dammed lake in Europe, included in surrounding NATURA 2000 nature reserve territory as also nationally largest inland protected wetland complex (Lubana Wetland/Ramsar site, 2009). Case Study Research methodology was applied by approaching the study area not only as a nature protection area but especially as a socio-ecological territorial and human system, using indepth semi-structured interviews in the surrounding areas/administrative territories with all main local-regional and also national stakeholder groups, as well as, applying document studies and territorial/objects’ observations. The National Nature Protection Agency’s Latgale region branch as the legal administrator supervises all nature protection territories in the region and also the Lubana Wetland, which is still lacking statutory Nature Protection Plan for the area; and, due to very limited administrative capacities, Agency is to be oriented more towards c ooperation with various other national and regional institutions from very different sectors, being organized under mainly two ministries involved – Environmental and Regional Development Ministry (nature, environmental, municipal and regional development sectors) and Agriculture Ministry (agriculture, forestry, fisheries, water infrastructure sectors), as well as, particularly, with many municipalities in the wetland area. But municipalities have to take into account also interests of local communities, the basic socio-economic development situation and possibilities, having also limited capacities, sometimes also approaches, which all is to be combined with strong nature protection requirements and limitations. This governance landscape requires co-relation of various and diverse interests and creates a rather fragmented and underdeveloped management of the lake. Lake water levels are fully regulated by the national Water infrastructure agency using dams and other hydro-technical systems, while water areas are used not only for highly popular angling, but also for active commercial fishing and various recreational activities, tourism, esp. bird watching etc., thus also keeping strong nature protection status in the same time, which all represent a unique challenge for to be developed multi-stakeholders and socioecological system (SES) approach for lake governance (assessment, planning, collaborative management, monitoring, and communication) developments in Latvia and alike.
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Pepler, Giles. "DEVELOPING POLICIES TO STIMULATE THE UPTAKE OF OER IN EUROPE." In eLSE 2014. Editura Universitatii Nationale de Aparare "Carol I", 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-14-040.
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The POERUP project This paper presents research, analysis and policy recommendations from the POERUP (Policies for OER Up Take) project. The overall aim is to develop policies to promote the uptake of OER, especially across the EU, in all main educational sectors. The project has already created an inventory of more than 400 OER initiatives worldwide, documented on the project wiki. POERUP has produced 11 country reports and 19 mini-reports and is finalising seven case studies of notable OER initiatives. Outcomes of our research In the schools sector, it appears that there are very large numbers of European OERs which are potentially appropriate for K-12 education, a significant proportion of which emanate from museums, galleries, archives and national broadcasters. Although there appears to be some uncertainty concerning the availability of K-12 OER, they form potentially a valuable element in policy responses to austerity and to improve the learner experience in the school sector. However our research reports a range of barriers and disincentives to using OER. Although the development of vocational training has been a subject of enhanced political cooperation at the European level during the past decade, only one of the notable OER initiatives we have catalogued is targeted towards the VET sector and there is little evidence of any national or regional policies on OER for VET. In Universities the various schemes for quality in OER are so far ignored by national HE quality agencies or governments - not surprising when they mostly ignore similar schemes for quality in e-learning, even though e-learning (on- or off-campus) has far greater penetration than OER. Types of policy interventions Our research leads us to recommend three strands of policy interventions: o Linking OER to open access to research and to standards. o Fostering the phenomena that OER is said to facilitate. o Reducing the barriers to creation of innovative institutions and innovative practices. POERUP has produced three draft EU-level policy documents for universities, VET and schools. This paper integrates recommendations from the three sectors. POERUP is also producing policy documents for 5 Member States. Policy recommendations for the Commission and Member States OER is part of the broader fields of e-learning and distance learning and many of our recommendations are applicable in these broader contexts. They are grouped under seven headings and all are mapped against Opening Up Education; recommendations to Member States are specified. Communication and awareness raising: o Continue to promote the OER related initiatives currently being funded. o Facilitate exchange of experiences from national programmes between Member States. o Mount a campaign to educate university and school staff on IPR issues. Funding mechanisms and licensing issues o Ensure that any public outputs from EU programmes are available as open resources. o Continue to promote the availability and accessibility of open resources created through its cultural sector programmes. o Create an innovation fund for the development of online learning resources and assembling/ creating pathways to credentials. o Use Erasmus+ and Horizon 2020 to encourage partnerships between creators of educational content to increase the supply of quality OER and other digital educational materials in different languages, to develop new business models and to develop technical solutions. o Establish a European Hub of Digitally Innovative Education institutions, complemented by a specific European Award of Digital Excellence. o Authorities developing the EHEA should reduce the regulatory barriers against new non-study-time-based modes of provision. o Encourage Member States to increase their scrutiny of the cost basis for university teaching and consider the benefits of output-based funding for qualifications. o Support the development of technological methods to provide more and standardised information on IPR to the users of digital educational content. o Member States should ensure that budgets for digital educational resources are flexible enough to support the development (and maintenance) of openly licensed materials. Quality issues o Require OER to meet (disability) accessibility standards and should ensure that accessibility is a central tenet of all OER programmes and initiatives. o Establish a European quality assurance standard for OER content produced in Europe. o Member States should ensure that OER are allowed to be included on approved instructional materials lists. o Member States should consider establishing and funding an OER evaluation and adoption panel. Teacher training and continuous professional development o Encourage Member States to establish incentive and award schemes for teachers engaged in online professional development of their pedagogic skills, including online learning. o Member States should establish a professional development programme to support CPD on the creation, use and re-use of OER, with coverage of distance learning, MOOCs and IPR issues. Certification and accreditation o Drive forward the development of EQF and encourage Europe-wide validation of learning acquired online. o Foster the development of transnational accrediting agencies and mutual recognition of accreditations across the EU. o Explore and test digital competence frameworks and self-assessment tools for learners, teachers and organisations, including the tailoring of 'open badges' to the needs of learners. Infrastructure issues o Continue its focus on improving the ICT in education infrastructure in Members States to enable them to exploit potential pedagogical and financial advantages of OER. Further research o Develop its understanding of new modes of learning (including online, distance, OER and MOOCs) and how they impact quality assurance and recognition. o Support research into the benefits of OER & sustainable business models. o Launch a platform open to all stakeholders to record and benchmark the digital state of educational institutions.
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Beria, Paolo, and Rasa Ušpalytė-Vitkūnienė. "Transport Modelling During Preparation of General Plans in Big Cities: Reasons and Challenges." In Environmental Engineering. VGTU Technika, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2017.099.
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Rapidly growing mobility of people in European cities attaches greater importance to the sustainable development concept. The dynamics of European cities are however different. Cites such as Lithuanian, Slovakian and Polish ones will rapidly increase traffic flows and car ownership at fast pace. Also in most of Western Europe, even if at lower rates, private mobility is increasing. In some cities, however, car use and car ownership are finally decreasing, also thanks to policies implemented. Of course, an increase of traffic flows poses problems in terms of street space, pollution and liveability of cities. Sustainable integration of all kinds of transport into the urban development process is one of the most effective actions in the hands of city planners. The coordination between the planning of residential and business development areas and the expansion of public transport and its hierarchical integration is however a difficult but necessary exercise. Transport modelling tools, in particular, need important advancements to integrate transport and land use in simulations. This article analyses the main challenges in the use of transport models to support the construction of city plans by means of two case studies of Milan and Vilnius. The analysis deals both with traditional aspects, such as the proper simulation of multimodal choices, the level of detail of zoning, the issues associated to the simulation of traffic management policies. Then, we will focus on two aspects still open: the integration of transport modelling and economic assessment or ranking of actions, and the inclusion of land use changes in the modelling.
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Radulovic, Ana. "FINANCIAL CRISES AND STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ECONOMY." In 6th International Scientific Conference ERAZ - Knowledge Based Sustainable Development. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eraz.2020.99.
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Economic structures are a major cause of long-term growth or stagnation. Different economic structures have different ranges of structural learning, innovation, and different effects on income distribution, which are key determinants of economic performance. Through theory about economic structures it is explained why institutions work differently in space and time. This paper shows using a case study in the United States, that the source of recent financial crises rests on the structural characteristics of the economy. Constant deindustrialization is increasing inequality, and a debt-intensive credit boom has emerged to offset the deflationary effects of this structural change. The strong application of the austerity system in Europe and other parts of the world, even after the evidence points to less frugal policies, illustrates the theory of power it has over public policy. The economic structure should be put at the center of analysis, to better understand the economic changes, income disparities and differences in the dynamics of political economy through time and space. This paper provides a critical overview of the rapidly developing comparative studies of institutions and economic performance, with an emphasis on its analytical and political implications. The paper tries to identify some conceptual gaps in the literature on economic growth policy. Emphasis is placed on the contrasting experiences of East Asia and Latin America. This paper argues that the future investments in this field should be based on rigorous conceptual difference between the rules of the game and the game, and between the political and institutional, embedded in the concept of management. It also emphasizes the importance of a serious understanding of the endogenous and distributive nature of institutions and steps beyond the narrow approach of property law relations in management and development. By providing insights from the political channels through which institutions affect economic performance, this paper aims to contribute to the consolidation of theoretically based, empirically based and relevant to policy research on political and institutional foundations of growth and prosperity.
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Perinet, Romuald, Maxime Lecchi, Thierry Marmeys, Gaël Pognonec, and Nicolas Herchin. "Excavation Assistance System Design Based on Human Factors: Functional and Technical Analysis." In 2014 10th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2014-33499.
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External interference is the first cause of incidents on gas transmission pipelines in Europe in terms of frequency. The large majority of pipe breaks are indeed due to excavation works. Prevention barriers exist: slabs, warning tapes, surveillance patrols, public awareness campaigns, … but third party activities are gradually increasing and additional barriers are needed. Furthermore, incidents also occur on works contracted by gas companies themselves and specific barriers are missing for these particular situations. In this context, embedded systems for excavators can be interesting solutions to prevent the driver from hitting pipelines. However, studies conducted in the past have shown the limitations of such systems available on the market. Thus, the CRIGEN (GDF SUEZ research center dedicated to gas and new energies) has worked on the specification of an embedded system, using an approach combining human factors and a functional analysis. This global method has been built to ensure that the potential solution will meet the need and that it will not have detrimental effects on the actual human organization which represents in itself a barrier. This paper presents the main results of the work including the different methodologies and tools that have been used, but also the way they have been combined. The strong contribution of the human factors oriented analysis is detailed through: the identification of the hazardous situations to address, the identification of bias involved in incidents and the resulting safety functionalities for the system. Technical aspects of the method are also shown in the document, which includes a functional analysis and a benchmark of technologies of interest for the system. This allows a rather objective evaluation of several systems’ options combining different architectures and technologies. As a conclusion, a generic system architecture is proposed. This architecture mainly relies on existing tools and on a supervision unit. It is thought not to disturb the driver’s work but to help him digging in safer conditions by warning him in case of drift.
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Gutiérrez Palomero, Aaron. "La perspectiva integrada com a nou paradigma del desenvolupament urbà sostenible: una aproximació a partir de la iniciativa comunitària URBAN." In International Conference Virtual City and Territory. Barcelona: Centre de Política de Sòl i Valoracions, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.7589.
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Un dels efectes més notables de la reestructuració econòmica viscuda a Europa durant les darreres
dècades ha estat la intensificació dels processos de pobresa urbana i exclusió social. El que ha comportat
el reforçament i agudització de les desigualtats socials i la segregació espacial, consolidant-se així una
realitat urbana dualitzada. Les situacions d’exclusió social han tendit a concentrar-se en aquelles àrees
urbanes que pateixen majors processos de degradació, amb una qualitat de vida i unes oportunitats
econòmiques sensiblement inferiors a la del conjunt urbà més proper.
Per treballar en favor d’un model de desenvolupament urbà sostenible i socialment més just, així com per
donar resposta als reptes i necessitats especials dels barris amb dificultats, s’estan implementant, en
diferents ciutats europees, respostes conegudes com programes d’intervenció integral. Aquests
programes recullen de forma explícita la voluntat d’actuar sobre les múltiples variables que configuren i
expliquen les situacions de marginalitat urbana. No plantegen actuacions focalitzades en la transformació
de l’espai físic, sinó que també atorguen una atenció especial als diferents factors que interaccionen en la
configuració social i econòmica de l’espai urbà.
La perspectiva integrada implica la superació del model clàssic de compartimentació sectorial. L’element
que canalitza l’actuació pública no són les responsabilitats i fronteres competencials, sinó els dèficits i les
oportunitats que manifesta una determinada àrea urbana.
Aquest model d’intervenció ha assolit un creixent protagonisme, tant en l’agenda política de diferents
Estats i regions europees, com en la pròpia UE. L’any 1994, la UE creà la Iniciativa Comunitària URBAN.
El programa recollia com a objectius generals la necessitat de fer front a la degradació de la qualitat de
vida en determinats espais de les ciutats i actuar en favor de la redinamització socioeconòmica i ambiental
de les àrees urbanes amb dificultats. A través de dues edicions (1994-1999 i 2000-2006), URBAN ha
permès cofinançar 188 programes en 15 Estats Membres.
En aquesta comunicació es presentarà els resultats d’una recerca sobre la IC URBAN, tot centrant
l’atenció de l’anàlisi en el model d’aproximació a la realitat urbana que planteja. Aquest model es
caracteritza per la perspectiva integrada de les qüestions socials, econòmiques i medi ambientals com a mecanisme per donar una millor resposta als problemes locals. Finalment, s’interpretarà l’impacte assolit
per URBAN, emprant com a indicador l’anàlisi de diferents casos d’estudi de ciutats angleses, espanyoles,
franceses i italianes One of the most notable effects of the economic restructuring undertaken in Europe during recent decades
has been the intensification of processes that give rise to urban poverty and social exclusion. This has led
to the reinforcing and sharpening of social inequalities and spatial segregation and to the consolidation of
a dichotomous urban reality. Situations of social exclusion have tended to concentrate in urban areas that
have suffered major processes of degradation and which have levels of quality of life and economic
opportunity that are appreciably inferior to those of their nearest urban neighbours.
Several European cities are currently working towards the creation of a model of sustainable and more
socially just urban development and towards providing responses to the challenges and special needs of
neighbourhoods with difficulties. This initiative forms part of what are known as integrated intervention
programmes. These programmes explicitly share the will to take appropriate action to influence the many
variables that configure and explain situations of urban marginality. They do not only propose interventions
aimed at physically transforming space, but also dedicate special attention to the different factors that
interact to determine the social and economic configuration of urban space.
The integrated approach implies improving on the classical model of sectorial division. The elements that
channel public responses are not responsibility and competence frontiers, but rather the deficits and
opportunities manifested by a given urban area.
This new model for intervention has gained increasing protagonism, both in the political agendas of
various European states and regions and in the European Union itself. In 1994, the EU established the
URBAN Community Initiative. The general objectives of this programme were related to the need to take
measures against the loss of quality of life in certain parts of cities and to take action to promote the
socioeconomic and environmental revitalisation of urban areas with difficulties. To date, two editions of
URBAN (1994-1999 and 2000-2006) have permitted the co-financing of 188 programmes in 15 EU
member states.
In this communication, we will present the results of research relating to the URBAN Community Initiative,
specifically focusing our attention and analysis on the model for urban reality that it proposes. This model
is characterised by the way in which social, economic and environmental questions are addressed from an
integrated approach, which serves as a mechanism for providing better responses to local problems.
Finally, we will analyse the impact that the URBAN has achieved, using case studies based on British,
Spanish, French and Italian cities as indicators in this analysis.
Reports on the topic "Public broadcasting – Europe – Case studies"
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Triakina, Olga O., Olena O. Pavlenko, Nataliia P. Volkova, and Darja Kassim. Usage of E-learning Tools in Self-education of Government Officers Involved in Global Trade Activities. [б. в.], November 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/2670.
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The article concerns the issue of e-learning tools implementation, including the Customs Learning and Knowledge Community electronic platform designed by the World Customs Organization and the Trade Facilitation Implementation Guide case studies collected by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, into the self-education process of current government employees (within in-service training) and future public officers (within master’s programs) connected with international trade transactions. The authors give a description of the content and characteristical features of existing e-learning instruments related to training of professionals in Customs and trade fields as well as of certain tasks developed by the authors. The efficiency of the abovementioned e-learning tools has been experimentally proved in the paper, which has shown that these tools promote the growth of the professional competence of government officers and give a great opportunity for them to be involved in life-long learning to acquire various professional knowledge and skills.
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Perera, Duminda, Vladimir Smakhtin, Spencer Williams, Taylor North, and Allen Curry. Ageing Water Storage Infrastructure: An Emerging Global Risk. United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53328/qsyl1281.
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The Report provides an overview of the current state of knowledge on the ageing of large dams –an emerging global development issue as tens of thousands of existing large dams have reached or exceeded an “alert” age threshold of 50 years, and many others will soon approach 100 years. These aged structures incur rapidly rising maintenance needs and costs while simultaneously declining their effectiveness and posing potential threats to human safety and the environment. The Report analyzes large dam construction trends across major geographical regions and primary dam functions, such as water supply, irrigation, flood control, hydropower, and recreation. Analysis of existing global datasets indicates that despite plans in some regions and countries to build more water storage dams, particularly for hydropower generation, there will not be another “dam revolution” to match the scale of the high-intensity dam construction experienced in the early to middle, 20th century. At the same time, many of the large dams constructed then are aging, and hence we are already experiencing a “mass ageing” of water storage infrastructure. The Report further explores the emerging practice of decommissioning ageing dams, which can be removal or re-operation, to address issues of ensuring public safety, escalating maintenance costs, reservoir sedimentation, and restoration of a natural river ecosystem. Decommissioning becomes the option if economic and practical limitations prevent a dam from being upgraded or if its original use has become obsolete. The cost of dam removal is estimated to be an order of magnitude less than that of repairing. The Report also gives an overview of dam decommissioning’s socio-economic impacts, including those on local livelihoods, heritage, property value, recreation, and aesthetics. Notably, the nature of these impacts varies significantly between low- and high-income countries. The Report shows that while dam decommissioning is a relatively recent phenomenon, it is gaining pace in the USA and Europe, where many dams are older. However, it is primarily small dams that have been removed to date, and the decommissioning of large dams is still in its infancy, with only a few known cases in the last decade. A few case studies of ageing and decommissioned large dams illustrate the complexity and length of the process that is often necessary to orchestrate the dam removal safely. Even removing a small dam requires years (often decades), continuous expert and public involvement, and lengthy regulatory reviews. With the mass ageing of dams well underway, it is important to develop a framework of protocols that will guide and accelerate the process of dam removal. Overall, the Report aims to attract global attention to the creeping issue of ageing water storage infrastructure and stimulate international efforts to deal with this emerging water risk. This Report’s primary target audiences are governments and their partners responsible for planning and implementing water infrastructure development and management, emphasizing adaptat
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Rankin, Nicole, Deborah McGregor, Candice Donnelly, Bethany Van Dort, Richard De Abreu Lourenco, Anne Cust, and Emily Stone. Lung cancer screening using low-dose computed tomography for high risk populations: Investigating effectiveness and screening program implementation considerations: An Evidence Check rapid review brokered by the Sax Institute (www.saxinstitute.org.au) for the Cancer Institute NSW. The Sax Institute, October 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.57022/clzt5093.
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Background Lung cancer is the number one cause of cancer death worldwide.(1) It is the fifth most commonly diagnosed cancer in Australia (12,741 cases diagnosed in 2018) and the leading cause of cancer death.(2) The number of years of potential life lost to lung cancer in Australia is estimated to be 58,450, similar to that of colorectal and breast cancer combined.(3) While tobacco control strategies are most effective for disease prevention in the general population, early detection via low dose computed tomography (LDCT) screening in high-risk populations is a viable option for detecting asymptomatic disease in current (13%) and former (24%) Australian smokers.(4) The purpose of this Evidence Check review is to identify and analyse existing and emerging evidence for LDCT lung cancer screening in high-risk individuals to guide future program and policy planning. Evidence Check questions This review aimed to address the following questions: 1. What is the evidence for the effectiveness of lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? 2. What is the evidence of potential harms from lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? 3. What are the main components of recent major lung cancer screening programs or trials? 4. What is the cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening programs (include studies of cost–utility)? Summary of methods The authors searched the peer-reviewed literature across three databases (MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Embase) for existing systematic reviews and original studies published between 1 January 2009 and 8 August 2019. Fifteen systematic reviews (of which 8 were contemporary) and 64 original publications met the inclusion criteria set across the four questions. Key findings Question 1: What is the evidence for the effectiveness of lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? There is sufficient evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analyses of combined (pooled) data from screening trials (of high-risk individuals) to indicate that LDCT examination is clinically effective in reducing lung cancer mortality. In 2011, the landmark National Lung Cancer Screening Trial (NLST, a large-scale randomised controlled trial [RCT] conducted in the US) reported a 20% (95% CI 6.8% – 26.7%; P=0.004) relative reduction in mortality among long-term heavy smokers over three rounds of annual screening. High-risk eligibility criteria was defined as people aged 55–74 years with a smoking history of ≥30 pack-years (years in which a smoker has consumed 20-plus cigarettes each day) and, for former smokers, ≥30 pack-years and have quit within the past 15 years.(5) All-cause mortality was reduced by 6.7% (95% CI, 1.2% – 13.6%; P=0.02). Initial data from the second landmark RCT, the NEderlands-Leuvens Longkanker Screenings ONderzoek (known as the NELSON trial), have found an even greater reduction of 26% (95% CI, 9% – 41%) in lung cancer mortality, with full trial results yet to be published.(6, 7) Pooled analyses, including several smaller-scale European LDCT screening trials insufficiently powered in their own right, collectively demonstrate a statistically significant reduction in lung cancer mortality (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.73–0.91).(8) Despite the reduction in all-cause mortality found in the NLST, pooled analyses of seven trials found no statistically significant difference in all-cause mortality (RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.90–1.00).(8) However, cancer-specific mortality is currently the most relevant outcome in cancer screening trials. These seven trials demonstrated a significantly greater proportion of early stage cancers in LDCT groups compared with controls (RR 2.08, 95% CI 1.43–3.03). Thus, when considering results across mortality outcomes and early stage cancers diagnosed, LDCT screening is considered to be clinically effective. Question 2: What is the evidence of potential harms from lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? The harms of LDCT lung cancer screening include false positive tests and the consequences of unnecessary invasive follow-up procedures for conditions that are eventually diagnosed as benign. While LDCT screening leads to an increased frequency of invasive procedures, it does not result in greater mortality soon after an invasive procedure (in trial settings when compared with the control arm).(8) Overdiagnosis, exposure to radiation, psychological distress and an impact on quality of life are other known harms. Systematic review evidence indicates the benefits of LDCT screening are likely to outweigh the harms. The potential harms are likely to be reduced as refinements are made to LDCT screening protocols through: i) the application of risk predication models (e.g. the PLCOm2012), which enable a more accurate selection of the high-risk population through the use of specific criteria (beyond age and smoking history); ii) the use of nodule management algorithms (e.g. Lung-RADS, PanCan), which assist in the diagnostic evaluation of screen-detected nodules and cancers (e.g. more precise volumetric assessment of nodules); and, iii) more judicious selection of patients for invasive procedures. Recent evidence suggests a positive LDCT result may transiently increase psychological distress but does not have long-term adverse effects on psychological distress or health-related quality of life (HRQoL). With regards to smoking cessation, there is no evidence to suggest screening participation invokes a false sense of assurance in smokers, nor a reduction in motivation to quit. The NELSON and Danish trials found no difference in smoking cessation rates between LDCT screening and control groups. Higher net cessation rates, compared with general population, suggest those who participate in screening trials may already be motivated to quit. Question 3: What are the main components of recent major lung cancer screening programs or trials? There are no systematic reviews that capture the main components of recent major lung cancer screening trials and programs. We extracted evidence from original studies and clinical guidance documents and organised this into key groups to form a concise set of components for potential implementation of a national lung cancer screening program in Australia: 1. Identifying the high-risk population: recruitment, eligibility, selection and referral 2. Educating the public, people at high risk and healthcare providers; this includes creating awareness of lung cancer, the benefits and harms of LDCT screening, and shared decision-making 3. Components necessary for health services to deliver a screening program: a. Planning phase: e.g. human resources to coordinate the program, electronic data systems that integrate medical records information and link to an established national registry b. Implementation phase: e.g. human and technological resources required to conduct LDCT examinations, interpretation of reports and communication of results to participants c. Monitoring and evaluation phase: e.g. monitoring outcomes across patients, radiological reporting, compliance with established standards and a quality assurance program 4. Data reporting and research, e.g. audit and feedback to multidisciplinary teams, reporting outcomes to enhance international research into LDCT screening 5. Incorporation of smoking cessation interventions, e.g. specific programs designed for LDCT screening or referral to existing community or hospital-based services that deliver cessation interventions. Most original studies are single-institution evaluations that contain descriptive data about the processes required to establish and implement a high-risk population-based screening program. Across all studies there is a consistent message as to the challenges and complexities of establishing LDCT screening programs to attract people at high risk who will receive the greatest benefits from participation. With regards to smoking cessation, evidence from one systematic review indicates the optimal strategy for incorporating smoking cessation interventions into a LDCT screening program is unclear. There is widespread agreement that LDCT screening attendance presents a ‘teachable moment’ for cessation advice, especially among those people who receive a positive scan result. Smoking cessation is an area of significant research investment; for instance, eight US-based clinical trials are now underway that aim to address how best to design and deliver cessation programs within large-scale LDCT screening programs.(9) Question 4: What is the cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening programs (include studies of cost–utility)? Assessing the value or cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening involves a complex interplay of factors including data on effectiveness and costs, and institutional context. A key input is data about the effectiveness of potential and current screening programs with respect to case detection, and the likely outcomes of treating those cases sooner (in the presence of LDCT screening) as opposed to later (in the absence of LDCT screening). Evidence about the cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening programs has been summarised in two systematic reviews. We identified a further 13 studies—five modelling studies, one discrete choice experiment and seven articles—that used a variety of methods to assess cost-effectiveness. Three modelling studies indicated LDCT screening was cost-effective in the settings of the US and Europe. Two studies—one from Australia and one from New Zealand—reported LDCT screening would not be cost-effective using NLST-like protocols. We anticipate that, following the full publication of the NELSON trial, cost-effectiveness studies will likely be updated with new data that reduce uncertainty about factors that influence modelling outcomes, including the findings of indeterminate nodules. Gaps in the evidence There is a large and accessible body of evidence as to the effectiveness (Q1) and harms (Q2) of LDCT screening for lung cancer. Nevertheless, there are significant gaps in the evidence about the program components that are required to implement an effective LDCT screening program (Q3). Questions about LDCT screening acceptability and feasibility were not explicitly included in the scope. However, as the evidence is based primarily on US programs and UK pilot studies, the relevance to the local setting requires careful consideration. The Queensland Lung Cancer Screening Study provides feasibility data about clinical aspects of LDCT screening but little about program design. The International Lung Screening Trial is still in the recruitment phase and findings are not yet available for inclusion in this Evidence Check. The Australian Population Based Screening Framework was developed to “inform decision-makers on the key issues to be considered when assessing potential screening programs in Australia”.(10) As the Framework is specific to population-based, rather than high-risk, screening programs, there is a lack of clarity about transferability of criteria. However, the Framework criteria do stipulate that a screening program must be acceptable to “important subgroups such as target participants who are from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, people from disadvantaged groups and people with a disability”.(10) An extensive search of the literature highlighted that there is very little information about the acceptability of LDCT screening to these population groups in Australia. Yet they are part of the high-risk population.(10) There are also considerable gaps in the evidence about the cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening in different settings, including Australia. The evidence base in this area is rapidly evolving and is likely to include new data from the NELSON trial and incorporate data about the costs of targeted- and immuno-therapies as these treatments become more widely available in Australia.