Academic literature on the topic 'Public and private premises'

As a protest, the argument of Professors Glenn and Stack is valid and important. That the realm of public debate is largely closed to those who stand explicitly on Judaic and Christian principles is an intellectual scandal. This closure, of course, is the doing not of the courts (even though it accords with attitudes quite evident in the courts) but of academicians, journalists, and various political activists who are quick to rule any appeal to religious premises, as well as any moral judgments thought to derive therefrom, such as the evil of abortion, out of order. Their ostensible justification is that public discourse must be based on premises common to all participants. Such a justification may be superficially plausible, but it is worse than dubious. It enables opponents of religion to narrow their minds without compunction and to constrict the public realm. In effect, contemporary secularists say to would-be religious interlocutors, “Yours are arguments we refuse even to face or consider.”

Objective: To describe the phenomenon of collocation in a metropolitan mental health service. Conclusions: Collocation is the locating of private and public mental health sectors in a joint working relationship. In the context of increasing numbers of clients referred to a public Community Mental Health Service, a restricted ability to refer clients to other practitioners, a limited number of medical officer hours available and a new purpose built premises with spare rooms, the Service investigated and implemented a model of collocation. This in effect locates private and public psychiatrists together, working from the same premises. Collocation has been a modest local initiative increasing cooperation between the public and private sector and partially increasing consumer choice and private psychiatrist availability

Abstract It is unquestionable that people performing public functions are entitled to much narrower range of privacy protection than the so-called private persons, because of voluntarily holding a public office, the right of citizens to public information as well as the necessity of preserving transparency and openness of public life. Thus, the principle of proportionality should refer to foremost needs connected with proper functioning of public institutions, and not only to the status of people performing public functions as citizens. How- ever, it is important to underscore that intrusion into privacy of the people of this category should be justified, every time, on grounds of a direct connection between their functioning in the sphere of private life and the function (office) performed for the state and the public good. The issue of reducing privacy of the people performing public functions requires presenting the premises of the principle of proportionality determining the restrictions in exercising the constitutional rights and liberties. The considerations in this paper will allow to analyse the solutions of the Constitutional Tribunal examining the compliance with the Constitution of statutory legal regulations which constitute an intrusion in the right to privacy of people performing public functions in view of their meeting the premises of suitability, necessity and proportionality in the strict sense in reference to the imposed limitations.

How have premises concerning sharia been worked into discursive Malaysian space that exists beyond the courts, the bureaucracy, the home, and public and private space to exert authority and control over corporate workaday identities and behaviours? Some 21st-century Muslim company directors and owners have ‘Islamised’ the workplace, implementing sharia transformations of ibadat and munakahat to normalise and enforce among Muslim corporate employees the rules of what I call ‘personnel sharia‘. Using two stories of workplace fitna (sexual harassment), I provide a lens to view the changing sharia environment in Malaysia over the course of nearly two decades and explore the lived reality of corporate interventions over Muslim personnel. The premise of this article is that as certain workplaces in Malaysia become increasingly regulated by Islamic laws, work has become a sharia realm that is neither fully public nor fully private but borrows moralities and enforcements from both; in other words, a third space for sharia that affects employees in multiple ways, bridging their private and public lives and acting upon them both personally and as personnel. Thus, sharia in the corporation extends the state's bureaucratic authority over Muslim compliance into corporate space and relies on a premise that corporations, like religious officials and institutions, can enforce pious practice and even adjudicate sharia outcomes.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo abordar a temática da corrupção no ambito na cadeia de valor, notadamente, envolvendo o setor privado. Desse modo, será abordada, num primeiro momento, a necessidade de resgaste da ética pública e privada, a partir de algumas premissas filosóficas. Num segundo momento, será feita uma abordagem acerca da Teoria da Modernização, Funcionalista e institucionalista. Ao final, será analisado de que modo à corrupção atinge o mundo dos negócios, que vão desde as operações internas de criação de valor, até a venda final e a distribuição ao consumidor, etapas da chamada cadeia de valor, envolvendo as pessoas que trabalham de forma direta e indireta, para empresas privadas, a partir do Relatório da Transparência Internacional (2009), sobre a corrupção na iniciativa privada. . Palavras chaves: ética pública e privada, teoria da modernização, cadeia de valor, setor privado. SUMMARY The present work aims to address the issue of corruption in the field of value chain, notably, involving the private sector. In this way, the need to safeguard public and private ethics, based on certain philosophical premises, will be addressed initially. In a second moment, an approach will be made about the Theory of Modernization, Functionalist and Institutionalist. In the end, it will analyze how corruption reaches the world of business, ranging from internal operations of value creation, to the final sale and distribution to the consumer, stages of the so-called value chain, involving the people who work of work direct and indirect way, for private companies, from the International Transparency Report (2009), on corruption in private initiative. . Key words: public and private ethics, theory of modernization, value chain, private sector.

In recent years, Professor Birks’ doctrine of constitutional right to restitution has become a new normative rule with respect to the issue of restitution of improperly collected taxes. Nevertheless, the new doctrine has puzzled academic scholars. Profound questions regarding the conceptual “private law-public law” location of Professor Birks’ doctrine and the current status of traditional law doctrines have arisen.This study challenges Professor Birks’ doctrine and demonstrates that despite its universal adoption, the doctrine was based on weak premises. Furthermore, based on Professor Weinrib’s legal philosophy, this study develops an alternative framework to analyze the issue of improperly collected taxes. The study shows that the “private-public” puzzle and the doctrines traditional to improperly collected taxes may be coherently explained within this legal philosophy.

Abstract:Arguments against physicians’ claims of a right to refuse to provide tests or treatments to patients based on conscientious objection often depend on two premises that are rarely made explicit. The first is that the protection of religious liberty (broadly construed) should be limited to freedom of worship, assembly, and belief. The second is that because professions are licensed by the state, any citizen who practices a licensed profession is required to provide all the goods and services determined by the profession to fall within the scope of practice of that professional specialty and permitted by the state, regardless of any personal religious, philosophical, or moral objection. In this article, I argue that these premises ought to be rejected, and therefore the arguments that depend on them ought also to be rejected. The first premise is incompatible with Locke’s conception of tolerance, which recognizes that fundamental, self-identifying beliefs affect public as well as private acts and deserve a broad measure of tolerance. The second premise unduly (and unrealistically) narrows the discretionary space of professional practice to an extent that undermines the contributions professions ought to be permitted to make to the common good. Tolerance for conscientious objection in the public sphere of professional practice should not be unlimited, however, and the article proposes several commonsense, Lockean limits to tolerance for physician claims of conscientious objection.

Purpose This study aims to explore if public and private hospitals have differing servicescape attributes. Design/methodology/approach The study uses a two-stage (EFA and CFA) procedure for identifying the servicescape attributes and examining their validity in the context of public and private hospitals. Findings The findings indicate that, in different contexts, patients would expect different aesthetics of servicescape attributes and how they are influenced by the hospital premises. Research limitations/implications It is interesting to note that: not all of the attributes that appear in both contexts are exactly the same; patients do not seem to face difficulties in analysing and interpreting directional cues, even though the spatial orientation in private hospitals is relatively smaller; the way patients of public hospitals draw inference about the ambient conditions is not consistent with private hospitals; and patients perceive that private hospitals pay special attention to developing a built environment that facilitates treatment and recovery process via interior layout, as well as decoration and architecture attributes. Practical implications The study grounds the servicescape attributes and provides insights to effectively promote public and private hospitals. Originality/value This study may be amongst the first to offer servicescape evidence in both the public and private hospitals.

This study focuses on the internal layout of premises of UKs day care unit for older people, including possible combinations of rooms and spaces, access and circulation. All day units require a minimum of a dining/activity space, a kitchen, (a) toilet (s) and storage space, these rooms and spaces are combined into the basic type of premises. Depending on the aims of the unit, the number of places provided, and users' needs, many of the disadvantages associated with basic premises can be overcome if the premises have extra spaces. From the above analysis we can see that, in existing day unit premises, the number and type of rooms and spaces and how they are grouped together vary considerably, ranging from simple to complex arrangements. Also, the relationships between rooms and spaces in layouts for all day unit premises need to be pondered over, including distances between key rooms/spaces, the relative location of spaces in terms of their functions, the relationship between private and public spaces and the views within and between rooms, and from external windows. In addition, access and circulation of a day unit need to be considered carefully, including access to the day unit premises and the reception space and internal circulation.

According to the conducted survey the majority of municipalities in Sweden own their municipal school premises, and only a few municipalities hire that type of premises. The reason why municipalities own their schools varies. In many cases it will depend on one or more of the following reasons; because of political reasons, because they have "always done so”, because of policies to own social infrastructure, or because it is considered more economically feasible. In theory, the claim that it will be cheaper to own since a private operator requires a premium to make profit, is correct. Traditionally, municipalities have also been able to borrow money cheaper than private operators. Reasons that some municipalities instead choose to rent their school premises is for instance due to the long-term benefits that the renting option brings. A building will for instance be erected faster if the municipality, instead of a traditional procurement, chooses the renting-procurement alternative. A faster erected building can have socio economic advantages. In addition, the municipality does not lock up a large portion of capital in real estate. Similar to private investors, municipalities has a limit for lending of capital. The rent option of community buildings in general, and school buildings in particular, can therefor enable investments in other buildings that contribute to the municipality's attractiveness. More tax revenue leads to the possibility of investing more in social and traditional infrastructure. The study showed no significant cost difference for renting versus owning. With the increased population and need of new school premises it is important that municipalities conduct investment analysis and base their decisions on the option that is most economically advantageous. Allowing a long-term private operator to construct and rent out the new school should therefore be seen as an option for more municipalities in Sweden, municipalities should hence conduct economic comparing calculations for the two options. The economic assessment, and later the action plan for future school constructions, should be based on the municipality's economic conditions. The assessment should also most probably result in a mix between renting and owning schools, to promote, inter alia, competitiveness and quality.
Enligt den kartläggning som genomförts framkom det att flertalet kommuner i Sverige äger sina kommunala skollokaler och endast ett fåtal kommuner hyr den typen av lokaler. Anledningen till att kommuner äger sina skollokaler varierar men beror i många fall på en eller flera av följande orsaker; på grund av sitt ideologiska styre, för att “de alltid gjort det”, för att kommunen har som policy att äga sina samhällsfastigheter, eller för att det anses vara ekonomiskt fördelaktigt. I teorin stämmer påståendet att det blir billigare att äga eftersom en privat aktör är vinstdrivande och därför kommer kräva en premie på sin affär. Traditionellt sett har även kommuner kunnat låna pengar billigare än privata aktörer. Anledningar till att vissa kommuner istället väljer att hyra sina skollokaler kan bero på de kort och långsiktiga fördelar som hyra-alternativet frambringar. Det kan till exempel gå snabbare att uppföra en skola om kommunen väljer att utlysa en hyresupphandling istället för en vanlig utförandeentreprenad. Rent samhällsekonomiskt kan det vara fördelaktigt att skolan står klar så snabbt som möjligt samt att kommunen inte låser upp för stor andel kapital i fastigheter. Kommuner har dessutom, precis som privata investerare, ett lånetak som försvårar en alltför stor kapitalanskaffning och med tanke på Sveriges rådande och kommande tillväxttakt kan ett allt för stort fokus på att äga bli en utmaning. Genom att välja hyraalternativet av samhällsbyggnader generellt, och för skolbyggnader i synnerhet, kan möjliggöra alternativa investeringar som bidrar till kommunens attraktivitet och därigenom lockar fler medborgare. Mer skatteintäkter leder till möjligheten att investera ytterligare i social och traditionell infrastruktur. I realiteten skiljer sig inte kostnaderna för att hyra kontra äga märkvärt men med den befolkningstillväxt och befolkningsprognos som i dagsläget beskrivs bör investeringsbedömningen utgå ifrån de alternativ som är mest samhällsekonomiskt fördelaktigt. Att låta en långsiktiga privata aktör uppföra den nya skolan för att sedan hyra tillbaka den bör således vara ett fördelaktigt alternativ för fler kommuner i Sverige. Istället för att göra som man ”alltid har gjort” bör det vara självklart att genomföra samhällsekonomiska jämförelsekalkyler för de två alternativen.

Tématika Public Private Partnership (PPP) se v poslední době stává stále více medializovaným tématem také v České republice. V neposlední řadě tomu přispělo i schválení nového koncesního zákona v roce 2006. Vzhledem k novosti této tématiky v České republice je úkolem této diplomové práce vytvořit kompaktní celek, jež zahrnuje právní, politické a ekonomické aspekty PPP s důrazem na Českou republiku.

Main subject of my diploma thesis is an actual situation in application of Public Private Partnership in both the Czech Republic and Europe. Firstly, the main characteristics and a general process of creating PPP project are described. Risk management, one of the most important aspects of PPP is a subject for the second chapter. Furthermore, I analyse the approaches to the application of PPP from the view of the crucial European institutions such as European Commission and European Investment Bank, especially I am concerned about their reactions to the Global financial crises. My thesis includes the analyses of the PPP markets in both Great Britain and France. Lastly, the situation of PPP market in the Czech Republic is examined, and a business case about just emerging local PPP project is included.

"Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Business Administration from the Naval Postgraduate School, December 2007."
Advisor(s): Dew, Nicholas ; Hudgens, Bryan J. "December 2007." "MBA professional report"--Cover. Description based on title screen as viewed on January 10, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 87-127). Also available in print.

MBA Professional Report
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited
Since the end of the Cold War, the Private Military Industry has skyrocketed. This study gathers, compiles and examines demographic and financial information on 585 private and public companies that operate in the Private Military Industry. The demographic analysis reveals that an overwhelming majority of firms are privately held and offered no financial information. Firm inception dates are closely correlated with past and current world events. Majority of the private firms founders have military or government backgrounds and are located in the United States and United Kingdom. Using Singer's and Avant's classification of the Private Military Industry, the study determines that most firms are not restricted to one classification as they operate in more then one arena. The analysis of public firms reveals that revenues and profits have been increasing steadily since 2003 as well as operating expenses, shrinking profit margins. The public firm analysis presents the financial relationships between the Initial Public Offerings, locations, and employee numbers to the success of the companies. Overall this study and the analysis of the Private Military Firms offer insight into the prevalence of the Private Military Industry in the business world and how financially rewarding it can be.

This document introduces us to the problems regarding the role of the state in our times and its role as a driver of development and growth of the country. To understand the mentioned role, a brief description of the evolution of the concept of State will be done, addressing the rise of public-private partnership principle, the host of public-private partnerships and the reconfiguration of the role of the state and the private investor and co-governor of such role.
El presente documento nos introduce a la problemática suscitada en torno al rol del Estado en nuestros tiempos y su papel como impulsor del desarrollo y crecimiento del país. Para entender dicho rol, se hará un recuento desde la evolución del concepto de Estado, pasando por el auge del principio de colaboración público privada, la acogida de las asociaciones público privadas y la re configuración del rol del estado y el inversionista privado como cogobernante del Estado.

A presente tese tem por objetivo principal estudar a legitimação jurídico-moral da regulação estatal. Trata-se de tema de grande relevância e extrema atualidade em decorrência de dois fatores. Por um lado, desde o fenômeno da virada kantiana e da retomada da preocupação com o estabelecimento de uma teoria da justiça, tornou-se necessária a análise de justificação jurídico-moral de toda e qualquer instituição político-jurídica positivada. Por outro lado, entre as inúmeras instituições político-jurídicas positivadas, cresce cada vez mais a utilização das medidas jurídicas regulatórias, através das quais o Poder Público direciona ou controla a conduta dos agentes com o intuito de atingir determinada finalidade. Instituto econômico que é, ao interferir na alocação de riquezas, bens e serviços no mercado, a regulação estatal há tempos já vem sendo objeto de análise em uma perspectiva de legitimação econômica. Tradicionalmente, ainda dentro do paradigma da racionalidade, os economistas sempre apontaram as falhas de mercado como as razões a justificar as regulações estatais em um viés econômico. Mais recentemente, por sua vez, os adeptos da economia comportamental, rompendo ou relativizando as lições da Rational Choice Theory, têm apontado também as ações irracionais em heurística como razões a justificar as regulações estatais em um viés econômico. Ocorre, entretanto, que a regulação estatal é um instituto interdisciplinar. Ao direcionar ou controlar a conduta dos indivíduos, limitando ou implementando direitos e liberdades, a regulação constitui instituto simultaneamente jurídico e moral. A presente tese, portanto, buscará apresentar as razões a servir de justificação para a regulação estatal em uma perspectiva jurídico-moral. Neste ponto, adotar-se-á como paradigma de aferição de legitimação jurídico-moral das instituições político-jurídicas positivadas (entre as quais as regulações estatais) um liberalismo-republicano, consistente na compatibilização do liberalismo-igualitário com um republicanismo moderado. Desta forma, o estudo buscará defender a possibilidade de a legitimação jurídico-moral das diversas regulações estatais encontrar fundamento em um ou alguns de três valores jurídico-morais: a autonomia individual privada, as condições igualitárias e a autonomia pública. No que diz respeito à implementação da autonomia individual privada e das condições igualitárias, primeiramente, a tese defenderá a possibilidade de ser realizada uma nova leitura jurídico-moral dos institutos econômicos das falhas de mercado e das ações irracionais em heurística. Neste sentido, o conceito de falhas de mercado e o conceito de ações irracionais em heurística, em uma leitura jurídico-moral como razões a justificar a legitimação das regulações estatais, devem ser entendidos como situações em que o atuar livre dos agentes no mercado viole ou deixe de implementar os valores jurídico-morais fundamentais da autonomia individual privada e das condições igualitárias. Ainda no que diz respeito às influências liberal-igualitárias, a tese sustentará que, mesmo na inexistência de falhas de mercado ou de ações irracionais em heurística, será possível o estabelecimento de regulações estatais que encontrem justificação no valor jurídico-moral fundamental da igualdade, desde que tais regulações estejam destinadas a implementar as condições igualitárias mínimas necessárias à manutenção da própria autonomia individual privada e da dignidade humana. Por outro lado, no que diz respeito às influências republicanas, será exposto que as regulações estatais podem encontrar legitimação jurídico-moral também no valor jurídico-moral fundamental da autonomia pública. A saber, as regulações podem se encontrar legitimadas jurídico-moralmente quando da implementação dos projetos e políticas deliberados pelos cidadãos e pela sociedade no exercício da soberania popular, desde que tais projetos coletivos não violem os requisitos mínimos de dignidade humana dos indivíduos. A tese defenderá que os princípios da proporcionalidade e da igualdade podem exercer um papel de destaque na análise de legitimação jurídico-moral das regulações estatais. O princípio da proporcionalidade, neste ponto, será útil instrumental metodológico na aferição de legitimação jurídico-moral de uma medida regulatória em uma perspectiva interna, quando da aferição da relação estabelecida entre os meios e os fins da regulação. O princípio da igualdade, por sua vez, será útil instrumental metodológico na aferição de legitimação jurídico-moral de uma medida regulatória em uma perspectiva comparativa entre as diversas medidas regulatórias existentes. Por fim, uma vez enfrentados os pontos mais sensíveis pertinentes à justificação de toda e qualquer medida regulatória bem como estabelecida uma teoria geral acerca da legitimação jurídico-moral da regulação estatal, a presente tese realizará um estudo de caso acerca da legitimação jurídico-moral especificamente das regulações que utilizam argumentos de natureza paternalista. Trata-se de regulações que, ao direcionar a conduta de agentes com o intuito de zelar por bens, direitos e interesses destes próprios indivíduos cuja liberdade é restringida, apresentam-se extremamente controversas. Será exposto que, desde a clássica obra On Liberty de JONH STUART MILL, o paternalismo jurídico vem sendo tradicionalmente associado a uma conotação pejorativa de violação aos valores jurídico-morais fundamentais. A tese, porém, adotará posição segundo a qual as regulações paternalistas podem eventualmente encontrar legitimação jurídico-moral na promoção ou proteção dos valores jurídico-morais fundamentais da autonomia individual privada e da igualdade. Além disto, defenderá o estudo que os institutos econômicos das falhas de mercado da assimetria de informações e dos problemas de coordenação bem como os institutos econômicos das ações irracionais em heurística, adotados na nova leitura jurídico-moral proposta, servirão de instrumental útil na identificação das situações em que tais regulações paternalistas se encontram legitimadas jurídico-moralmente diante da premissa liberal-republicana.
The main objective of this thesis is to study the juridical-moral legitimation of public regulation. The theme is both important and current due to two factors. On one hand, since the Kantian turn and the retake of the concern with the establishment of a theory of justice, it became necessary to analyze the juridical-moral justification of every single positive political-juridical institution. On the other hand, among the countless positive political-juridical institutions, each day it increases the use of regulation, measures trough witch the State directs or controls the conducts of the agents in order to achieve a certain goal. Being an economic institution, as it interferes in the allocation of wealth, goods and services in the market, public regulation has already been for years object of analysis in a perspective of economic legitimation. Traditionally, still inside the paradigm of rationality, the economists have always pointed out the market failures as reasons to justify public regulation in an economic sense. More recently, the followers of the behavioral economics, breaking up with or mitigating the lessons of the Rational Choice Theory, have pointed out also the irrational actions in heuristics as reasons to justify public regulations in an economic sense. It happens, though, that regulation is an interdisciplinary institution. While it directs or controls conducts of individuals, limiting or enforcing rights and liberties, regulation presents itself also and at the same time as a juridical and moral institution. The thesis, then, will try to present the reasons that can be used in the justification of public regulation in a juridical-moral perspective. At this point, it will be used as a paradigm for the juridical-moral legitimation of the positive political-juridical institutions (among them the public regulation) a republican-liberalism, witch consists in an agreement established between the egalitarian-liberalism and a moderate conception of the republicanism. So being, the study will try to defend that the juridical-moral legitimation of the many existent public regulations can find foundation in one or some of three juridical-moral values: private individual autonomy, egalitarian conditions, and public autonomy. Concerning the enforcement of private individual autonomy and of egalitarian conditions, at first place, the thesis will defend the possibility of a new juridical-moral reading of the economic institutions of market failures and of irrational actions in heuristics. The concept of market failures and the concept of irrational actions in heuristic, in a juridical-moral reading as reasons to justify the legitimation of public regulations, should be understood as situations in witch the free acting of the agents in the market violates or isnt capable of enforcing the fundamental juridical-moral values of private individual autonomy and of egalitarian conditions. Still concerning the egalitarian-liberal influences, the thesis will hold up that, even when market failures and irrational actions in heuristics do not exist, it will be possible the establishment of public regulations that find justification in the juridical-moral foundation of equality, as long as these regulations are bound to improve the egalitarian conditions necessary to the maintenance of human dignity and private individual autonomy. On the other hand, concerning the republican influences, it will be shown that public regulation can find juridical-moral legitimation also in the fundamental juridical-moral value of public autonomy. This means that regulations might be juridical-morally legitimate when they implement projects and policies deliberated by citizens and society in the exercise of popular sovereignity, as long as these collective projects do not violate the minimum standards necessary to ensure human dignity. The thesis will defend that the principles of proportionality and of equality may play an important role in the analysis of juridical-moral legitimation of public regulation. The principle of proportionality can be an useful methodological instrument in the analysis of the juridical-moral legitimation of a regulatory measure in an internal perspective, questioning the relationship established between the means and ends of the regulation. The principle of equality, on its turn, can be an useful methodological instrument in the analysis of the juridical-moral legitimation of a regulatory measure in a comparative perspective between the numerous existent regulatory measures. At last, once studied the most important issues concerning the justification of every single regulatory measure and once established a general theory about the juridical-moral legitimation of public regulation, the thesis will develop a case study about the juridical-moral legitimation specifically of the regulations that use paternalistic arguments in their support. Those regulatory measures, as they direct the conducts of agents aiming to protect goods, rights and interests of these same individuals whose liberties are restricted, are very controversial. It will be shown that, since the classical work On Liberty by JOHN STUART MILL, legal paternalism has been traditionally associated to a negative connotation of fundamental juridical-moral value violation. The thesis, though, will adopt the position that regulatory measures may find juridical-moral legitimation in the enforcement or protection of the fundamental juridical-moral values of private individual autonomy and of equality. Besides, it will hold up that the economic institutions of market failures information asymmetry and coordination problems as well as the economic institutions of irrational actions in heuristics, adopted in the new juridical-moral reading suggested, may be useful tools in the identification of the situations in witch such paternalistic regulations are juridical-morally legitimate in face of the republican-liberalism.

The thesis investigates private versus public space and the natural tendency for an individual to seek out its own place within a group. More specifically, the project studies whether private and public could not only occupy the same geographic space independently, but also activate one another. A library was chosen as the program for its opportunity to serve as a â third placeâ in the community. A â third placeâ is a neutral ground that is neither a home nor workplace. The benefit of such a place is to stimulate conversation and interaction, to provide a way to either hide or be seen, and to encourage social cohesion as people meet that may not have through normal daily life. The site is on the corner of 12th and H Streets NE in Washington, DC. Its location in a rebounding streetscape demands that the library give the surrounding context a large role in its design. Public space is a priority, and the building is porous to extend the exterior into the interior and vice versa. The libraryâ s ever-changing role in a city inspires flexibility in the design and a life beyond normal library hours.
Master of Architecture

Inhalt: A. Verwaltungskooperation als Strategie der Staatsmodernisierung B. Public Private Partnerships I. Einsatzfelder, rechtliche Rahmenbedingungen und Implementationsprobleme II. Gesetzgeberische Reformbestrebungen C. Public Public Partnerships D. Zu Suche und Auswahl des Kooperationspartners E. Zukunftstrend Rekommunalisierung? F. Entwicklungsszenarien G. Anhang: Gesetz zur Erleichterung Öffentlich Privater Partnerschaften des Landes Schleswig-Holstein vom 19. 6. 2007 (GVBl S. 328) – Auszug

As proven in the preceding pilot study the historical Viennese ground floor originally presented an intruiging and essential semi-public sphere with no clear-cut boundary between inside and out. Rather, doors and windows were left open most of the time so that there were many points that gave access to the ground-floor premises. Original photos from the period attest to this: the ground-floor facades were permeable; semi-public or even private uses of the ground floor extended to the street, and conversely, the premises were easily accessible to the “public flow.” In addition many of the ground-floor premises in the chosen research area were connected with basement floors or cellars underneath, which meant a further extension of the urban parterre. The (commercial) use of the street-facing premises in most cases also included the interior courtyard. Today, interior courtyards mostly accommodate garbage cans or dumpsters; more intensive, diversified uses of this part of the StadtParterre nowadays are rare. Thus the historical StadtParterre was a ramified, varied, much-used and hence engaging space. Permeable ground-floor facades provided a flexible interface between public and semi-public spaces; intensely interacting with one another. First and foremost, though, the point here is to acknowledge the significance of the urban parterre for the functoning of a city—a fact that has somewhat fallen into oblivion in the noughties of the 21st century ever since the emergence of 3D city modeling. The reason for this may be that conventional 3D city models canot really represent intricate, small-scale, multilayered, and ramified ground-floor structures und thus prevent us from perceiving them in a broader functional perspective.The paper discusses reasons and socio-urban effects of a dis-linked, malfunctioning urban parterre.References Anderson, S. ed. (1978): On Streets. Cambridge, MA, and London: MIT Press. Appleyard, D. (1981): Livable streets. Berkeley: University of California Press. Davis, H. (2012): Living Over the Store: Architecture and Urban Life. London and New York: Routledge. Gehl, J. (1996): Life between Buildings: Using Public Space. Translated by Jo Koch. Copenhagen: Arkitektens Forlag (orig. Livet mellem husene. 1978). Krusche, J. and Vogt, G. (2011): Strassenräume Berlin, Shanghai, Tokyo, Zürich: Eine foto-ethnografische Untersuchung. Baden, CH: Lars Müller Publishers. Scheuvens, R. and Schütz, T. (2012): Perspektive Erdgeschoss, Werkstattbericht 121. Vienna: Magistratsabteilung 18, Stadtentwicklung und Stadtplanung.

Universities are becoming entrepreneurial due to highly competitive environment, decreased government funding and external and internal pressure to generate income from research and education services. It is argued in literature that the competitiveness of higher education institutions (HEIs) will increasingly depend on their ability to operate internationally in the near future. However, the knowledge of entrepreneurial university management especially the ways to create the international presence and provide educational services cross-border is lacking and this research is contribution to filling this gap. The transition of higher education conception from public good to private good or tradable service in line with the contemporary theories and practices in international higher education have been analysed in the paper to illustrate the shift in approach to international activities of HEIs. The paper undertakes an analysis of the premises associated with the entrepreneurial model of university management, as well as analysis illustrating the growing transnational education (TNE) consumption globally and the growth of international education market as the potential venue of an entrepreneurial university.

Globalization, automation, the process of reducing carbon emissions and the development of digital technology have a profound and immediate impact on the industrial sectors, jobs, profitable businesses and the way the economy and society operate and evolve. The digitization process has acquired multiple characteristics, becoming not only imperative but also universal and imminent for innovation and progress. However, Romania ranks 26th out of the 28 EU member states in the Digital Economy and Society Index for 2020. Connectivity has improved, but the available infrastructure is still insufficient of widespread to meet the rapidly growing needs in this area. In order to improve the situation, the EU has decided to redirect the funds available to support the digitalisation of its economies and societies by setting up a new funding program, called Digital Europe, for the period 2021-2027. Therefore, in the next financial period, the Romanian state has the premises for the increasing of digitalization by accessing and using specially dedicated funds. This scientific research aims to identify areas that require technological improvements, incorporating both public institutions and private entities. Following the obtained results, untapped opportunities for digitization will be analysed and proposals will be made for the extension of the technological sphere in Romania. The main hypothesis highlights the sustainability of the economy generated by the modernization of public services and the versatility of business. The present research can provide support for reforming public services and industrial sectors and is useful in supporting the adoption of legislative measures to digitally transform a state that has the necessary know-how, qualified human resources and wide availability of high and very high speed fixed broadband networks (especially in urban areas).

Turkish health care system is going on health care transitions nowadays. Fundamental role of government in providing, financing and managing public services, including health care are changed. Health care marketers insist that competition and aggressive management will raise health care productivity. Health economist suggests that health is a public service and has a value. The Health Care System in Turkey is financed by public funds, compulsory insurance premiums and delivered (90%) by The Ministry of Health (MoH) that also manages the system. For the sustainability of universal access to health care special insurance programs according the rule of political economy should be built. Poor and severe ill people who cannot work and elderly may not get access to public medical insurance. So, for contributing to the nationwide public health care system rich people could give some extra insurance premium and obtain additional private insurance as well. Referral chain might be established in the country in between primary, secondary and tertiary care.

Housing Finance system has provided funds to households and organizations for buying their homes and premises. There are different type of housing finance systems which are applied by different countries. Housing finance systems can be more efficient, if private sector and public sector work together and harmoniously. Housing Finance system has made considerable progress in Turkey in the last 20 years. Before housing finance system was developed in Turkey, people could have bought houses by combining their retirement allowances and savings. Another method for financing their house, people could have borrowed from relatives or close friends along with their own savings. The Mass Housing Law (Law No: 2985) entered into force in 1984.The main target of the law, to find a solution of the housing problem in Turkey. Law also determines the tasks of the Housing Development Administration (TOKİ). After 2000’s Turkish Banks began to extend long term housing loans, but there was not mortgage system. Due to inadequate saving and income levels, it was not easy to use banking finance system for the low and middle income groups. In 2007, new legal regulations come into force, which is called Mortgage Law, for improving legal framework for borrowers and lenders in the primary markets and also made regulations for integrating primary mortgage market to the capital markets. In our paper, the finance methods and improvements in the housing finance in Turkey have been analyzed evaluating legal regulations and also the methods which is used by banks and other related institutions.