Journal articles on the topic 'Public and private distribution systems'
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Pudovkin, A. V. "PRIVATE AND PUBLIC PENSION SYSTEMS WORLWIDE: CASE OF RUSSIA." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 3(48) (June 28, 2016): 258–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2016-3-48-258-264.
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The article deals with the Russian pension system and make recommendations for its further development on the basis of international experience. The Russian pension system is in a state of transition. The reform of 2013-2015 is not completed, since in its current state pension system is still characterized by very low replacement rate value at a very high level of government spending. Moratorium on pension accumulation introduced in the course of recent reforms calls into question the future of the mandatory funded pension system. Review of international pension systems formation suggests that the most successful of them are not limited solely to public system, and use a combination of distribution and accumulation units. When choosing between mandatory or voluntary options they are guided by the characteristics of the national economy. Studying the successes and mistakes of world practice of voluntary and mandatory funded pension systems is of great scientific and practical interest, since it can contribute to a more accurate choice of the future path of development of the national pension system.
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Dasgupta, Meeta, and R. K. Gupta. "Technological innovation and technology strategy: a public-private comparison in Indian power distribution." International Journal of Logistics Systems and Management 14, no. 4 (2013): 426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijlsm.2013.052746.
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Xiong, Xingxing, Shubo Liu, Dan Li, Zhaohui Cai, and Xiaoguang Niu. "A Comprehensive Survey on Local Differential Privacy." Security and Communication Networks 2020 (October 8, 2020): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8829523.
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With the advent of the era of big data, privacy issues have been becoming a hot topic in public. Local differential privacy (LDP) is a state-of-the-art privacy preservation technique that allows to perform big data analysis (e.g., statistical estimation, statistical learning, and data mining) while guaranteeing each individual participant’s privacy. In this paper, we present a comprehensive survey of LDP. We first give an overview on the fundamental knowledge of LDP and its frameworks. We then introduce the mainstream privatization mechanisms and methods in detail from the perspective of frequency oracle and give insights into recent studied on private basic statistical estimation (e.g., frequency estimation and mean estimation) and complex statistical estimation (e.g., multivariate distribution estimation and private estimation over complex data) under LDP. Furthermore, we present current research circumstances on LDP including the private statistical learning/inferencing, private statistical data analysis, privacy amplification techniques for LDP, and some application fields under LDP. Finally, we identify future research directions and open challenges for LDP. This survey can serve as a good reference source for the research of LDP to deal with various privacy-related scenarios to be encountered in practice.
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Minat, Valerij N. "Public-private partnerships in US innovation." Izvestiya of Saratov University. Economics. Management. Law 21, no. 4 (December 16, 2021): 380–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1994-2540-2021-21-4-380-391.
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Introduction. The subject of the research is public-private partnership (PPP), which contributes, through funding and incentives, to the spatial development of innovation in the United States. As an economic phenomenon, PPP is seen as an effective mechanism for integrating investors, business (primarily venture capital) and the state aimed at implementing the innovation process at the meso-spatial level – states and regions (subregions) of the United States – within the framework of regional innovation systems (RIS), contributing to territorial differentiation. Theoretical analysis reveals the factors and mechanisms of public-private interaction in the space of the corresponding RIS states and sub-regions of the country, characterized by the institutional and functional role of American forms of PPP in the implementation of innovative projects at the regional level. A hypothesis is formulated about the heterogeneity and unevenness of the united innovation space in the United States, one of the foundations of which is the differential nature of state financing of innovation activities at the regional level. Empirical analysis. A correlation is shown between indicative indicators reflecting the level of innovative potential and characterizing the innovative activity of the RIS of the states and subregions of the United States as a whole, on the one hand, and the degree of development of the innovative potential of PPP within the RIS of the corresponding territory, on the other hand. The carried out typological grouping of RIS states based on the lognormal distribution reflects the statistical commonality of the analyzed indicators. Results. Based on the available values of the indices characterizing the innovation activity of the RIS of specific states and subregions of the United States, as well as the calculation of integral indicators that make it possible to assess the interaction of PPP subjects, which are at the same time the institutional and functional elements of the corresponding RIS, a hypothetical statement about the unevenness of the US innovative development has been confirmed. In this case, the territorial differentiation of innovation in the United States and its impact on the spatial aspect of the development of an innovative economy, and, consequently, on economic growth, is determined by the intensity of the use of innovative potential by forms of PPP, which involves proactive financing and stimulation of innovative business projects at the expense of budgetary funds in the RIS of specific groups of states and sub-regions of the United States.
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Edwards, M. "Controlling corrosion in drinking water distribution systems: a grand challenge for the 21st century." Water Science and Technology 49, no. 2 (January 1, 2004): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0073.
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It is argued that the water distribution system will be a key public health battlefield of the 21st century. Corrosion in private plumbing is deserving of special attention, since the health and economic impacts are probably of equal or greater magnitude compared to public systems, and there has not been an advocate working on behalf of the consumer to solve these problems. To better serve society in this endeavour we will need educational programs, aggressive research to minimize the unsustainable costs of corrosion, and to consider our legacy to future generations when making decisions on materials use.
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Dinesh Rajassekharan. "A Review on Unstructured Data Processing in Hybrid Cloud Platform." December 2022 4, no. 4 (November 1, 2022): 210–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.36548/jscp.2022.4.001.
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Cloud storage systems are widely employed in many applications due to their improvement in cost, storage availability and security. Hybrid cloud platform refers to the architecture of a cloud system that combines more than one computing environments at a time. It can be either with one public and one private platform or the combination of two private or two public platforms. The hybrid cloud platform has the ability to share the information among the connected systems and that can be processed parallelly while accessing the data. The data that are stored in cloud platforms are mostly in unstructured format that could not be used for any applications like prediction, recommendation, and estimations. This paper reviews the attainments of the previous works that were used for data distribution and partitioning in a hybrid cloud platform, by ensuring the privacy and security of the stored data. The work also explores the future directions on the unstructured data processing by summarizing the research issues observed from the review analysis.
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Santos, Priscilla Paiva Gê Vilella dos, Ricardo Antunes Dantas de Oliveira, and Mariana Vercesi de Albuquerque. "Inequalities in the provision of hospital care in the Covid-19 pandemic in Brazil: an integrative review." Saúde em Debate 46, spe1 (2022): 322–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-11042022e122i.
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ABSTRACT The Covid-19 pandemic raises concern about global health systems’ response capacity and resilience. In Brazil, several studies analyzed this issue of providing health services and resources to meet the Sars-CoV-2 cases. This study aims to understand and analyze the inequalities in providing hospital care of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS) to care for severe Covid-19 cases. An integrative literature review was carried out from March to December 2020, mainly in Public Health, focusing on the regional distribution and the public-private relationship of hospital care. We employed databases BVS and SciELO and institutional sources. Forty-two studies were analyzed from geographic space, seen by socio-spatial inequalities, and from the social protection system in health, through public-private relationships. The studies indicate significant inequalities in public-private arrangements and the regional distribution of the supply of resources analyzed in the most diverse spatial scales. Inequalities are significant even in regions historically privileged by hospital resources. Supply segmentation and interdependence between the public and private sectors impose severe limitations to combat Covid-19 in Brazil and exacerbate health inequalities.
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Schneider, Mark. "The discerning voter: Party–voter linkages and local distribution under multilevel governance." Party Politics 26, no. 2 (February 28, 2018): 191–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354068818761195.
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What shapes voters’ expectations of receiving private benefits and local public goods in developing world democracies? Models of instrumental voting suggest that voters’ expectations are shaped by co-partisanship; however, this work does not consider the calculations that voters make in multilevel systems where different types of goods are allocated by different tiers of government. In this article, I argue that voters condition their expectations of private benefits on co-partisan ties with the local leader, but only do so with respect to local public goods when the local leader is aligned with the state government that controls the allocation of pork barrel spending. I test my argument with a vignette experiment conducted in rural India that randomly assigns the partisan affiliation of real village politicians and find empirical support for the argument. I also find suggestive evidence of strategic voting in local elections towards leaders aligned with the ruling party.
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Nikiforov, Petro, Artur Zhavoronok, Maksym Marych, Nataliia Bak, and Nataliia Marusiak. "Conceptual principles of state policy of regulation of development of public- private partnerships." Cuestiones Políticas 40, no. 73 (July 29, 2022): 417–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4073.22.
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The purpose of the proposed research is to form conceptual state policy foundations of regulating public-private partnerships development of countries with economies in transition. The need for substantiation of the regulating state policy of public-private partnership development in the transition economy and transformation processes has determined the topic relevance. The development of theoretical foundations for the state policy is based on systemic and institutional methodological approaches. There were used the method of comparative analysis, statistical analysis, structuring, method of abstraction and formalization. It has been determined that insufficient activity of countries with economies in transition in the public-private partnership projects implementation is due to imperfect legal framework, lack of clarity in the distribution of risks between agreement participants, political crisis and instability, lack of a unified state policy to develop partnerships. The principles of promoting the public-private partnership relations in countries with economies in transition have been identified, which include the formation of advanced legal mechanisms and systems of regulatory bodies, that monitor the public-private partnership implementation; stakeholder support by taking into account private interests, public authorities and end users; careful business partners selection. Basic determinants and a set of conceptual requirements for policy formation have been formed.
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Zullo, Roland. "Better to Own or to Regulate? The Case of Alcohol Distribution and Sales." Administration & Society 49, no. 2 (July 27, 2016): 190–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095399714527754.
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Alcohol-related income generation is compared across monopoly and license off-premise alcohol regulatory models in U.S. states, 1977-2010. An optimum organizational-ownership mix is found when states directly own alcohol wholesale and employ a network of state-owned retailers serving urban regions and private agents serving less-populated regions. Per capita alcohol-related income in US dollars for these optimal systems was $58.82 compared with $26.72 with license systems. This disparity held after controlling for alcohol sales and retail hours of operation. The findings challenge the wisdom of asset divestment as a response to fiscal stress and contradict a central tenet of New Public Management (NPM) Theory.
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Masood Ali Shaikh. "Urban rural differentials in spatial distribution of pregnant women’s choice of delivery place by district in Punjab — Results from Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurements Survey 2014-15." Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association 72, no. 2 (March 24, 2022): 366–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.47391/jpma.22-35.
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Madam, home deliveries are fraught with higher risks of maternal and neonatal complications, but in many developing countries childbearing women choose to deliver at home.1-3 Utilization of public or private maternal healthcare services is predicated on availability of, access to, and cost concerns. Public sector healthcare facilities are designed to essentially provide free services.1-3 In this study, percent of delivery sites utilization, disaggregated by urban and rural residency status in each district of the Punjab province were mapped using Geographic information Systems. The spatial distribution of delivery site percentages, disaggregated by three places of either home delivery, delivery at government facilities (hospital, Rural Health Center, and Basic Health Units), and delivery at private hospitals or clinics was done to highlight the urban and rural distribution, including the differences between urban and rural percentages.
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Hrazhevska, N., and А. Tyngisheva. "Public administration models and healthcare system regulation in foreign countries." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Economics, no. 214 (2021): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2667.2021/214-1/2.
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The article examines main models of public administration and regulation of health care systems, assessed with an account for their organizational and financial characteristics: predominantly state, predominantly social and insurance, predominantly private models. The predominantly state model characterized by a significant role of the state is observed in the UK, Greece, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, etc., the predominantly social and insurance model is found in Austria, Belgium, Netherlands, Germany, France, Switzerland, and Japan with the predominantly private model followed in the USA, South Korea, and other counties. The international ranking on the effectiveness of health systems is attained in terms of their response to challenges of the global COVID-19 pandemic. Based on the analysis, the critical issues for the health care systems were highlighted: insufficient funding of the public health care system, irrational distribution of health care costs, as well as the fact that health care systems were not designed for an emergency situations. The irrational distribution of public funds is a consequence of the low efficiency of health care management at all levels, which leads to concomitant problems in health care, such as staffing and material support. Based on the study of the main foreign models of public administration and regulation of the health care system, it was shown that for the Kazakh and Ukrainian models of the health-care system public administration, it is feasible to follow Germany and Singapore with their developed health insurance system based on a combination of the principles of individual responsibility and universal affordable medical care, as well as the well-coordinated systemic work of public health authorities in a state of emergency. Thus, further improving the efficiency of health care system management is one of the main tasks for social policy in Kazakhstan and Ukraine. Dealing with this task largely depends on the correct choice of the appropriate model of the health-care system public administration.
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Guerlain, Cindy, Samuel Renault, Francesco Ferrero, and Sébastien Faye. "Decision Support Systems for Smarter and Sustainable Logistics of Construction Sites." Sustainability 11, no. 10 (May 14, 2019): 2762. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11102762.
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Efficient logistics in urban areas is crucial for construction companies since building materials account for 30–40% of all construction costs and the space on site is highly constrained. To face these challenges, actions coming from both public and private decision-makers to find more sustainable solutions related to the distribution of building materials in urban areas become urgent. Although barely used in such contexts, can decision support systems be of support, and for who and for which purpose? This paper proposes a set of decision support systems addressing public and private decision-makers to improve the construction logistics and supply chain with evidence-based decision-making mechanisms. Those systems are, in particular, a public participatory geographical information system for determining the impact of policy measures, a consolidation center locator, a consolidation center planner, and an innovation measures selector. The paper explains how these decision support systems are settled and experimented from the analysis of pilot sites in European cities and in collaboration with the companies. Our diverse experiments demonstrate that data-driven decision-making is worth it to trigger thought on improvement measures for construction freight transport in urban area. We conclude that additional attention should be devoted to this specific sector.
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Nundoochan, Ajoy. "Improving equity in the distribution and financing of health services in Mauritius, a small island state with deeply rooted welfare state standards." BMJ Global Health 6, no. 12 (December 2021): e006757. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-006757.
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BackgroundEnsuring benefits of free healthcare services are accessible to those in need is essential to achieve universal health coverage (UHC). Mauritius has sustained a welfare state over four decades with free health services in all public facilities. However, paradoxically, the national UHC service coverage index stood at only 63 in 2017. An assessment of who benefits from health interventions is, therefore, vital to shape future health financing strategies.MethodsThe study applied benefit incidence analysis (BIA) to understand the distribution of healthcare utilisation and spending in comparison to income distribution. Also, a financial incidence analysis (FIA) was conducted to assess the progressivity of the health financing systems. Data from the national survey on household out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditure for health were used for the purpose of BIA and FIA. Concentration curves and concentration indices (CI) were nationally estimated and disaggregated to rural/urban levels. Kakwani index (KI) was calculated to assess the progressivity of private healthcare financing.ResultsThe CI for outpatient, inpatient and day care within the public health sector is estimated at −0.33, –0.14 and −0.14, respectively. Overall, CI in the public sector is −0.26. Benefit distribution in the private sector is pro-rich with CI of 0.27. Healthcare financing is regressive as demonstrated by a KI of −0.004, with the poorest population groups contributing a large share, in terms of taxes and OOP, to finance the health system.ConclusionThe BIA posits that government spending on public healthcare has resulted in significant pro-poor services distribution. This is largely offset by pro-rich distribution in the private sector. Thus, implying health financing strategies must be reviewed to promote financial protection against catastrophic health payments and bolster efforts to improve UHC service coverage index and achieve UHC Target 3.8 under Sustainable Development Goal 3.
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Canedo, Edna Dias, Ana Paula Morais do Vale, Rogério Machado Gravina, Alessandra de Vasconcelos Sales, Bruno J. G. Praciano, Vinicius Eloy dos Reis, Fábio Lúcio Lopes Mendonça, and Rafael Timóteo de Sousa Júnior. "ICT Governance and Management Macroprocesses of a Brazilian Federal Government Agency." Information 13, no. 5 (April 30, 2022): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info13050231.
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The process of identifying and managing Information and Communication Technology (ICT) risks has become a concern and a challenge for public and private organizations. In this context, risk management methodologies within the Brazilian Federal Public Administration organizations have become indispensable to help the managers of these organizations in decision making, especially in the distribution of public funds, elaboration of public policies focused on transparency, social actions contemplating indemnities, and social benefits, among others. In addition, the various ICT projects controlled by the public administration need a methodology to perform their management of ICT resources. In this article, we present the Governance and Risk Management methodology used to model the Administrative Council for Economic Defense (CADE) macro processes. The proposed methodology used the risk management process aligned to the ISO 31000 standards. This alignment was necessary for mapping CADE’s risk events, regardless of their complexity. The modeled ICT risk processes will support the organization’s managers in decision making and may be used or customized by any other organization of the Brazilian Federal Public Administration.
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Ntombela, Xolani H., Babongile MW Zulu, Molikane Masenya, Ben Sartorius, and Thandinkosi E. Madiba. "Is the clinicopathological pattern of colorectal carcinoma similar in the state and private healthcare systems of South Africa? Analysis of a Durban colorectal cancer database." Tropical Doctor 47, no. 4 (May 24, 2017): 360–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0049475517710887.
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Previous state hospital-based local studies suggest varying population-based clinicopathological patterns of colorectal cancer (CRC). Patients diagnosed with CRC in the state and private sector hospitals in Durban, South Africa over a 12-month period (January–December 2009) form the basis of our study. Of 491 patients (172 state and 319 private sector patients), 258 were men. State patients were younger than private patients. Anatomical site distribution was similar in both groups with minor variations. Stage IV disease was more common in state patients. State patients were younger, presented with advanced disease and had a lower resection rate. Black patients were the youngest, presented with advanced disease and had the lowest resection rate.
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Badugu, Jayababu, Y. P. Obulesu, and Ch Sai Babu. "Investigation of THD Analysis in Residential Distribution Systems with Different Penetration Levels of Electric Vehicles." International journal of electrical and computer engineering systems 9, no. 1 (2018): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.32985/ijeces.9.1.4.
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Electric Vehicles (EVs) are becoming a viable transportation option because they are environmentally friendly and provide solutions to high oil prices. This paper investigates the impacts of electric vehicles on harmonic distortions in urban radial residential distribution systems. The accomplishment of EV innovation relies on the accessibility of EV charging stations. To meet the power demand of growing EVs, utilities are introducing EV charging stations in private and public areas; this led to a change in the residential distribution system infrastructure. In this paper, an urban radial residential distribution system with the integration of an electric vehicle charging facility is considered for investigation. An impact of different EV penetration levels on voltage distortion is analysed. Different penetration levels of EVs into the residential distribution system are considered. Simulation results are presented to validate the work carried out in this paper. An attempt has been made to establish the relationship between the level of penetration of the EVs and voltage distortion in terms of THD (Total Harmonic Distortion)
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GAL, JOHN. "How well does a partnership in pensions really work? The Israeli public/private pension mix." Ageing and Society 22, no. 2 (March 2002): 161–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x02008619.
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This paper takes the old-age pension system in Israel as a test case to examine the implications of proposals for pension reform now being debated or implemented in many welfare states. For over a decade, high on the agenda of decision-makers on both national and international levels, there has been the notion of moving towards a changing ‘partnership in pensions’ or, to put it more bluntly, towards greater privatisation of social security. Virtually since its emergence in the 1950s, the Israeli old-age pension has been based primarily upon a mix of low universal state pensions and income-related private occupational pensions. This paper compares the British and Israeli social security systems for older people in the wake of the reforms recently introduced in Britain and analyses the implications of the Israeli structure on the distribution of social security spending and on the wellbeing of different categories of older individuals.
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Davidich, Natalia, Andrii Galkin, Yurii Davidich, Tibor Schlosser, Silvia Capayova, Joanna Nowakowska-Grunt, Yevhen Kush, and Russell Thompson. "Intelligent Decision Support System for Modeling Transport and Passenger Flows in Human-Centric Urban Transport Systems." Energies 15, no. 7 (March 29, 2022): 2495. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15072495.
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Engineering human-centric urban transport systems should be carried out using information technology in forecasting traffic and passenger flows. One of the most important objects of urban transport systems’ progress is modeling patterns of transport flows and their distribution on the road network. These patterns are determined by the subjective choice of city residents of traffic routes using public and private transport. This study aimed to form a sequence of stages of modeling transport and passenger flows in human-centric urban transport systems and passenger flows in the human-centric urban intelligent transport systems and to determine the patterns of change to the gravity function of employees of municipal services. It was revealed that the trip distribution function of workers of urban service enterprises can be described by the attributes of the structure of the city, socio-economic data, and attributes characterizing the zones and its residents.
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Han, Zhe, Juan Diego Porras-Alvarado, Jingran Sun, and Zhanmin Zhang. "Monte Carlo Simulation–Based Assessment of Risks Associated with Public–Private Partnership Investments in Toll Highway Infrastructure." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2670, no. 1 (January 2017): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2670-08.
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The demands for delivering highway services keep growing worldwide. However, funding from government and public agencies alone cannot cover the capital needed to operate and maintain existing highway systems, much less to construct new ones. Public–private partnerships (PPPs) are an innovative funding mechanism for highway agencies to use private capital and expertise in transportation infrastructure projects so as to increase funding options to bridge the budget gap. Even though parties involved in PPPs take different roles and responsibilities, there are still risks taken or shared by the public and private sectors. In particular, assessing risks associated with the potential returns of investments is of great importance to the private and public sectors. This paper presents a methodological framework for assessing the investment risks of PPP toll highway projects, which may help decision makers. The financial viability associated with the components of a project is considered and analyzed, and the Monte Carlo simulation technique is applied to evaluate the overall project risks. Finally, a numerical case study is conducted to demonstrate the application of the proposed method. The risk analysis provides statistical distribution of investment returns for the project under analysis, which will supply decision makers with direct information to estimate the project’s overall financial risks and develop corresponding risk control measures. The risk simulation results are interpreted so that quantitative information can be provided to agencies to establish investment decision criteria.
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Morgado-Gamero, Wendy Beatriz, Martha Mendoza Hernandez, Margarita Castillo Ramirez, Jhorma Medina-Altahona, Stephanie De La Hoz, Heidy Posso Mendoza, Alexander Parody, Elba C. Teixeira, and Dayana Milena Agudelo-Castañeda. "Antibiotic Resistance of Airborne Viable Bacteria and Size Distribution in Neonatal Intensive Care Units." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 18 (September 10, 2019): 3340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183340.
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Despite their significant impact on public health, antibiotic resistance and size distributions of airborne viable bacteria in indoor environments in neonatal intensive care units (NICU) remain understudied. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the antibiotic resistance of airborne viable bacteria for different sizes (0.65–7 µm) in private-style and public-style neonatal intensive care units (NICU). Airborne bacteria concentrations were assessed by a six-stage Andersen impactor, operating at 28.3 L/min. Public-style NICU revealed higher concentrations of airborne viable bacteria (53.00 to 214.37 CFU/m3) than private-style NICU (151.94–466.43), indicating a possible threat to health. In the public-style NICU, Staphylococcus was the highest bacterial genera identified in the present study, were Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Staphylococcus epidermidis predominated, especially in the second bronchi and alveoli size ranges. Alloiococcus otitidis, Bacillus subtiles, Bacillus thuringiensis, Kocuria rosea, and Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligene, were identified in the alveoli size range. In NICU#2, eight species were identified in the alveoli size range: Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus thuringiensis, Eikenella corrodens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Streptococcus gordoni. Multi-drug-resistant organisms (MDROs) were found in both of the NICUs. Bacillus cereus strains were resistant to Ampicillin, Cefoxitin, Ceftaroline, and Penicillin G. Staphylococcus cohnii ssp. cohnii was resistant in parallel to ampicillin and G penicillin. Staphylococcus saprophyticus strains were resistant to Ampicillin, Penicillin G, Oxaxilin, and Erythromycin. Results may indicate a potential threat to human health due to the airborne bacteria concentration and their antibiotic resistance ability. The results may provide evidence for the need of interventions to reduce indoor airborne particle concentrations and their transfer to premature infants with underdeveloped immune systems, even though protocols for visitors and cleaning are well-established.
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Zahari, Afzal Izzaz, Jamaliah Said, and Roshayani Arshad. "The Effect of Internal Control Systems and Procrastination on Public Sector Employees." Indian-Pacific Journal of Accounting and Finance 3, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 50–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.52962/ipjaf.2019.3.1.65.
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Internal control is a control mechanism that keeps in check the structure for it to operate within the intended parameters and target objectives. The paper offers an overview effectiveness of internal control on whether it achieves the purpose of control the organisation in reducing the laziness in public sector employees. The overall design approach is through the analysis of internal control systems from the Committee of Sponsoring Organisation (COSO) framework. Data was collected through the distribution of questionnaires towards 106 government organisations based on the contents of five components of internal control, which consist of the control environment, risk assessment, control activities, information and monitoring activities. A total sample of 118 government employees returned the questionnaires. Through the analysis of the internal control system, the overview is then observed on whether it would improve overall organisational performance. The study indicated that only a single component of internal control systems (monitoring) is an effective mechanism towards reducing procrastination. The usefulness on whether having strong controls can improve overall organisation performance in the public sector provides a different perspective as government employees have different motivations from private sector employees. The paper contributes towards understanding human behaviour in terms of its reaction towards control systems. It is also from a public sector viewpoint of which internal control effectiveness must be strong in order to increase effectiveness.
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Alazeb, Abdulwahab, Brajendra Panda, Sultan Almakdi, and Mohammed Alshehri. "Data Integrity Preservation Schemes in Smart Healthcare Systems That Use Fog Computing Distribution." Electronics 10, no. 11 (May 30, 2021): 1314. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10111314.
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The volume of data generated worldwide is rapidly growing. Cloud computing, fog computing, and the Internet of things (IoT) technologies have been adapted to compute and process this high data volume. In coming years information technology will enable extensive developments in the field of healthcare and offer health care providers and patients broadened opportunities to enhance their healthcare experiences and services owing to heightened availability and enriched services through real-time data exchange. As promising as these technological innovations are, security issues such as data integrity and data consistency remain widely unaddressed. Therefore, it is important to engineer a solution to these issues. Developing a damage assessment and recovery control model for fog computing is critical. This paper proposes two models for using fog computing in healthcare: one for private fog computing distribution and one for public fog computing distribution. For each model, we propose a unique scheme to assess the damage caused by malicious attack, to accurately identify affected transactions and recover damaged data if needed. A transaction-dependency graph technique is used for both models to observe and monitor all transactions in the whole system. We conducted a simulation study to assess the applicability and efficacy of the proposed models. The evaluation rendered these models practicable and effective.
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В. В., Борисова,. "LOGISTIC SYSTEMS OF MOBILIZATION TYPE IN CONDITIONS OF SANCTIONS CHALLENGES." Vestnik of Rostov state University (RINH), no. 2(78) (November 23, 2022): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.54220/v.rsue.1991-0533.2022.78.2.013.
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Автор рассматривает сложнейшую научную и практическую проблему: влияние санкционной войны, которую ведут страны Запада против российской экономики, и возможности преодоления ее негативных эффектов (шоков) с помощью логистических систем мобилизационного типа. В условиях санкционных ограничений российские логистические структуры выбирают межотраслевые/межрегиональные взаимодействия участников в формате государственно-частного партнерства. Интегрирующая роль в консолидации отраслевой и региональной логистической инфраструктуры отводится высокотехнологичным распределительным логистическим центрам. Author considers the most complex scientific and practical problem: impact of sanctions war waged by Western countries against Russian economy, and the possibility of overcoming its negative effects (shocks) with the help of logistics systems of mobilization type. In context of sanctions restrictions, Russian logistics structures choose intersectoral/interregional interactions of participants in format of public-private partnership. Integrating role in consolidation of sectoral and regional logistics infrastructure is assigned to high-tech distribution logistics centers.
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Brezovnik, Boštjan. "Topical Issues on the Legal Regulation of the Public Enterprise in Slovenia." Lex localis - Journal of Local Self-Government 7, no. 2 (September 8, 2009): 177–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4335/80.
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When national authorities decide what activities will be needed to provide public goods and to what extent, they must also make a decision on the modes of allocation and distribution of public goods (which are the objects of public service provision) among users. In the practice of the EU Member States, a variety of diverse public service provision systems can be found. They vary between the public sector and the market, and they include numerous and highly diverse organisational forms of public service provision. A public enterprise is one of them. In the Slovenian legal regulation, a variety of problems arise due to the deficiencies in the existing public enterprise organisation. These problems mostly result from some public enterprise status issues regulated under private law. The biggest problem of statutory regulation of the public enterprise status in Slovenia is certainly the absence of a special organisational model of the public enterprise.
KEYWORDS: • public services • public enterprise • legal framework • Slovenia
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Hawsawi, Taghreed, and Noura Abouammoh. "Distribution of hospital beds across Saudi Arabia from 2015 to 2019: a cross-sectional study." Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 28, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/emhj.22.003.
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Background: Adequate access to health care systems is considered a basic human right. Therefore, it is important that health care services be delivered to those who need them most in the most efficient manner possible. Aims: We evaluated the distribution of hospital beds across Saudi Arabia from 2015 to 2019 to assess inequalities in hospital resource allocation. Methods: This cross-sectional study utilized data from the Health Statistical Yearbook published by the Ministry of Health during the period 2015–2019. The number of hospital beds per 100 000 population was calculated for the 20 health regions. Generation of other parameters, such as the Gini index and the Lorenz curve, was performed to assess the distribution of beds. The Pearson coefficient was calculated to assess the correlation between beds and population in each health region Results: The ratio of hospital beds to population improved from 2015 to 2019 in areas such as Ha’il, Tabouk and Ta’if, which increased by 89.6, 72.5 and 32.5 respectively. The calculated mean Gini index for bed distribution in the public sector was 0.21; in the private sector it was 0.53. There was a strong positive correlation between population and hospital beds in Riyadh, Qaseem, Eastern and Ha’il regions. Conclusion: In Saudi Arabia the observed inequalities in hospital bed distributions lie mainly in the private sector. It is recommended that policymakers be aware of such inequalities and work on possible reforms to achieve the goals of Saudi Vision 2030.
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Raghunandan, K. R., Aithal Ganesh, Shetty Surendra, and K. Bhavya. "Key Generation Using Generalized Pell’s Equation in Public Key Cryptography Based on the Prime Fake Modulus Principle to Image Encryption and Its Security Analysis." Cybernetics and Information Technologies 20, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 86–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cait-2020-0030.
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AbstractRSA is one among the most popular public key cryptographic algorithm for security systems. It is explored in the results that RSA is prone to factorization problem, since it is sharing common modulus and public key exponent. In this paper the concept of fake modulus and generalized Pell’s equation is used for enhancing the security of RSA. Using generalized Pell’s equation it is explored that public key exponent depends on several parameters, hence obtaining private key parameter itself is a big challenge. Fake modulus concept eliminates the distribution of common modulus, by replacing it with a prime integer, which will reduce the problem of factorization. It also emphasizes the algebraic cryptanalysis methods by exploring Fermat’s factorization, Wiener’s attack, and Trial and division attacks.
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Stoilova, Tsvetelina, Maarten van Zonneveld, Ralph Roothaert, and Pepijn Schreinemachers. "Connecting genebanks to farmers in East Africa through the distribution of vegetable seed kits." Plant Genetic Resources: Characterization and Utilization 17, no. 03 (February 15, 2019): 306–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262119000017.
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AbstractGenebanks explore new partnerships with farmers and other user groups to provide smallholder farmers in Africa better access to crop diversity for improved nutrition, climate change adaptation and agricultural diversification. This paper shows how the World Vegetable Center (WorldVeg) genebank of traditional African vegetables and its partners distributed over 42,000 seed kits containing over 183,000 vegetable seed samples from 2013 to 2017 to smallholder farmers in Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda. The seed kits contained seed samples of promising accessions and open-pollinated breeding lines of traditional African vegetables, and to a lower degree of tomato,Capsicumpepper and soybean, usually enough to plant in a home garden. We identified four research questions to better understand the role of vegetable seed kits in strengthening local seed systems, impact on local vegetable diversity, improving human nutrition and supporting climate-resilient agriculture. As formal seed systems expand their reach, the genebank's role to supply vegetable diversity to public and private breeding programmes becomes more important. To optimize supply of vegetable diversity, the WorldVeg genebank of traditional African vegetables continues working with partners in both formal and local seed systems.
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Manimegalai, A. P. "An Analysis of the Drug Distribution Model in the Public Health Services in Tamil Nadu." Scholars Academic Journal of Pharmacy 10, no. 12 (December 13, 2021): 206–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.36347/sajp.2021.v10i12.002.
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Based on the field work in Tamil Nadu, this article analyses the procurement and dissemination functioning of the Tamil Nadu Medical Services Corporation (TNMSC), including the problems faced by different stakeholders’ viz. doctors, patients and pharmaceutical companies and also the stakeholders outside Tamil Nadu. The Tamil Nadu model of procurement and distribution of medicines under TNMSC is acclaimed as a successful model for its centralized-swift actions. However there were some inconsistencies hampering TNMSC to remain a model as there were the no availability of drugs as per approved essential drugs list, shortage and incomplete availability of drugs, and a shift from centralized procurement to local purchase arrangement of some drugs across Tamil Nadu. It also observed not only the quantity, quality and number of drugs procured and distributed, not matching with the health need of patients, but also the doses are not effective. In order to do that there is a need to revamp its centralized procurement pattern and dissemination of drugs to various public health systems in Tamil Nadu. By doing this, it can avoid the high-cost private medicines being promoted even by government doctors, and truly make the public health system successful and a top model in this country.
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Dell’Olio, Luigi, Angel Ibeas, Alberto Dominguez, and Felipe Gonzalez. "PASSENGER PREFERENCE ANALYSIS: LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT OR BUS VERSUS CAR." TRANSPORT 27, no. 3 (September 19, 2012): 276–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2012.719839.
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To begin with, his article studies the user's preferences when faced with the introduction of two completely different public transport systems: the bus and the Light Rail Transit (LRT). Also, it examines how the modal distribution varies between the private car and each of the new systems, in particular. In addition, the most important variables for users when travelling in a congested corridor are individualized and a study is made on how these variables influence on the modal distribution. The results of the stated preferences of surveys are modelled using mixed logit models. Values are estimated for user's time and the demand elasticity is determined with respect to the relevant variables. Different situations are created to analyse how user's behaviour changes with the changes in the most important variables. Furthermore, this article quantifies the effects of the more relevant variables and shows that the LRT can attract more demand than a bus service, but it must guarantee a regular and frequent service, at the same time as charging competitive fares. It is also shown that for the introduction to be more successful any taken action should be accompanied by policies that chastise the use of the private car such as increased parking charges or higher fuel taxes.
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Dordyai, V. "Administrative and legal bases of functioning of the institute of private performers in Ukraine." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law, no. 69 (April 15, 2022): 281–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2021.69.47.
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During the study, the author considers the administrative and legal principles and factors that contributed to the reform of the penitentiary system in Ukraine, analyzes the types of penitentiary systems operating in European countries, the impact of European experience on reforming domestic legislation and bringing it into line with European Union requirements. compliance with the third Copenhagen and Madrid criteria for membership in the European Union through the adaptation of domestic legislation, the establishment of relevant institutions of the legal system of Ukraine acquis communautaire. The special approach of Ukraine during the reform in terms of uneven, special, inherent in Ukraine distribution of powers between private and public performers is outlined. The research of domestic scientists of the institute of private executors and the system of executive proceedings after the reform as a whole is presented. The efficiency of private performers' activity is determined, as well as problematic issues of full-fledged existence of the institute of private performers in Ukraine. The statistical data operated by international experts, as well as the Association of Private Performers of Ukraine are given. A thorough study of the main factors that hinder the proper development of private performers in today's conditions. Ways to improve the institution of private performers, by continuing to reform, improving the legislation governing the selection and further activities of private performers are proposed.
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Melo, Angelita C., Guilherme M. Trindade, Alessandra R. Freitas, Karina A. Resende, and Tarcísio J. Palhano. "Community pharmacies and pharmacists in Brazil: A missed opportunity." Pharmacy Practice 19, no. 2 (June 22, 2021): 2467. http://dx.doi.org/10.18549/pharmpract.2021.2.2467.
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The Brazilian National Health System (BR-NHS) is one of the largest public health systems in the world. In 2019 Brazil had 114,352 community pharmacies (76.8% private owned), that represent the first point of access to healthcare in Brazil due to their wide distribution. Unfortunately, from the government's point of view, the main expected activity of private and public community pharmacies is related to dispensing medicines and other health products. Public community pharmacies can be part of a healthcare center or be in a separate location, sometimes without the presence of a pharmacist. Pharmacists working in these separated locations do not have access to patients’ medical records, and they have difficulty in accessing other members of the patient care team. Pharmacists working in public pharmacies located in healthcare centers may have access to patients’ medical records, but pharmacy activities are frequently under other professional’s supervision (e.g., nurses). Private pharmacies are usually open 24/7 with the presence of a pharmacist for 8 hours on business days. Private community pharmacies have a very limited integration in the BR-NHS and pharmacists are the third largest healthcare workforce in Brazil with more than 221,000 registered in the Brazilian Federal Pharmacist Association [CFF - Conselho Federal de Farmácia]. A University degree in pharmacy is the only requirement to entry into the profession, without any proficiency exam for maintenance or career progression. The Brazilian pharmacist's annual income is ranked as the 2nd better-paid profession with an annual average income of € 5502.37 (in 2020). Description of clinical activities for pharmacies by the CFF increased in the recent years, however there is still a long way to effectively implement them into practice.
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Vergoossen, Tom, Robert Bedington, James A. Grieve, and Alexander Ling. "Satellite Quantum Communications When Man-in-the-Middle Attacks Are Excluded." Entropy 21, no. 4 (April 10, 2019): 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e21040387.
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An application of quantum communications is the transmission of qubits to create shared symmetric encryption keys in a process called quantum key distribution (QKD). Contrary to public-private key encryption, symmetric encryption is considered safe from (quantum) computing attacks, i.e. it provides forward security and is thus attractive for secure communications. In this paper we argue that for free-space quantum communications, especially with satellites, if one assumes that man-in-the-middle attacks can be detected by classical channel monitoring techniques, simplified quantum communications protocols and hardware systems can be implemented that offer improved key rates. We term these protocols photon key distribution (PKD) to differentiate them from the standard QKD protocols. We identify three types of photon sources and calculate asymptotic secret key rates for PKD protocols and compare them to their QKD counterparts. PKD protocols use only one measurement basis which we show roughly doubles the key rates. Furthermore, with the relaxed security assumptions one can establish keys at very high losses, in contrast to QKD where at the same losses privacy amplification would make key generation impossible.
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Ruzhytskyi, Andrii. "PROBLEMS OF ENTERPRISES FOR EXTERNAL LIGHTING OF SETTLEMENTS AND DIRECTIONS OF THEIR SOLUTION." Economic Synergy 1, no. 1 (June 2021): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.53920/es-2021-1-3.
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The article investigates the existing problems of outdoor lighting enterprises in settlements and identifies areas for their leveling. The data on the number of electricity meters consumed by outdoor lighting systems of settlements and the costs of their maintenance are analyzed. It is revealed that the positive dynamics is the increase in the share of differential metering devices. But, due to the increase in the cost of electricity, the cost of maintaining one light point in 2018 increased compared to 2017 and amounted to 255.2 UAH. Positive dynamics is marked by a decrease in the amount of electricity consumed and the costs per operation of one light point, especially in the context of rising electricity tariffs, the reason for this reduction in costs is the increase in LED light sources. The study of electricity distribution companies providing lighting of settlements made it possible to identify certain common problems, namely: insufficient working capital, unsatisfactory liquidity of enterprises, general technical wear and innovative backwardness of electricity distribution equipment, high operating costs and insufficient lighting equipment , lack of funding from local budgets for the modernization of urban outdoor lighting, lack of long-term strategic planning of innovative activities of enterprises and measures to attract investment resources, lack of efficiency in collecting and publishing information. It is established that one of the main directions of solving the existing problems of electricity distribution companies, given that most of them are communal enterprises, is to intensify the attraction of investment resources from various sources of investment, including through public-private partnerships, which is also confirmed world experience in the development of such enterprises. Attracting investment resources on the basis of public-private partnership makes it possible to: apply the latest innovative technologies, partially transfer project risks to a private partner, reduce the cost of investment projects through the use of optimal technologies and motivation of the private partner.
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Kessey, Kwaku D., and Irene Ampaabeng. "Management in Public Utility Companies in Ghana: An Appraisal of Ghana Water Company Limited." International Journal of Management and Sustainability 3, no. 8 (July 15, 2014): 500–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/journal.11/2014.3.8/11.8.500.516.
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Urban water provision system in Ghana covers 70 percent of the resident population but it is estimated that only 40 per cent of residents connected to the supply system have regular supplies. The Ghana Water Company Limited (GWCL) which is responsible for production, distribution of potable water, billing and revenue collection from consumers is beset with many challenges. It faces several management challenges manifested in poor service delivery in terms of quantity and quality, poor cost recovery, weak capacity for operation and maintenance and poor financial management. This state of affairs has compelled the Government of Ghana to initiate reforms of the water sector including reengineering of the systems and possible Private Sector Participation in urban water provision. Presently, government has started physical expansion works in the water sector of many cities in Ghana. But not much has been done on the management system and its effect on water provision. The contention is that without effective management the expansion and reengineering works will not have sustainable effect on urban water provision. Given this scenario, Cape Coast, capital of Central region was chosen as case study on the management dimension of urban water provision. The institutional management assessment revealed that the GWCL as a quasi-state institution has limited autonomy for effective operation. This has culminated in poor performance and negative public image. The staff of the company admitted its poor service delivery and financial management. They are of the opinion that public-private partnership investment would improve the situation. However, consumers are unwilling to accept private investors’ participation in water provision due to the general perception that partnership will increase water tariffs.
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Al Yousuf, M., T. M. Akerele, and Y. Y. Al Mazrou. "Organization of the Saudi health system." Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 8, no. 4-5 (August 31, 2021): 645–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/2002.8.4-5.645.
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Using existing data, we reviewed the organizational structure of the Saudi Arabian health system: its demography and history, principal health indicators, organization and management, type and distribution of facilities, financial base, and the impact on it of the Haj. We noted duplication of services, inadequate coordination between some health industry sectors, and the need for a more extensive and rational health centre network with improved information systems and data collection. We also noted scope for a greater role for the private health sector and increased cooperation between it and the public sector to improve health service delivery and population health
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S., Muzakkir. "BUSINESS DISTRIBUTION RESULTS OF SHARIA FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS IN HADITS PERSPECTIVE." Mu'amalat: Jurnal Kajian Hukum Ekonomi Syariah 11, no. 1 (June 26, 2019): 89–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.20414/mu.v11i1.2038.
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All results of operations managed in a Sharia Financial Institution should use a system that does not harm either party in accordance with applicable accounting standards. The accounting basis is the accounting principle that determines when the effects of transactions or events must be recognized for financial reporting purposes. Which accounting base is used by a particular organization, depending on the policies and conditions that exist. Regardless of which accounting basis is used, this paper will explain both of these accounting bases that exist in practice, both in the private sector and the public sector including government, to review the National Sharia Board Fatwa Number 14 / DSN-DSN / IX / 2000 Concerning Distribution Systems Business Results in Islamic Financial Institutions.The approach used in this paper is the hadith study approach to the legal basis contained in the DSN Fatwa concerning Business Results Distribution System in Islamic Financial Institutions. This approach is expected to be able to describe the conceptual framework related to the legal basis for establishing a fatwa.
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Borrone, Lillian C. "Sparking the Globalized Trade and Transportation Connection." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1906, no. 1 (January 2005): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105190600101.
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Over the past few decades, the U.S. government and private industry have actively worked to promote global trade. However, sufficient attention has not been paid to updating and improving the corresponding national transportation assets required to take full advantage of the economic opportunities in today's dynamic world market. This paper reviews the growth trends in international trade, including major shifts in the sourcing and distribution of U.S. goods from overwhelmingly domestic systems to increasingly global ones. It highlights the great stresses that these changes in freight movement place on all transport modes, especially those at international gateways, where the modes interface. The paper then examines several structural, conceptual, and funding barriers that the American private and public sectors face in framing an effective response. These transportation and trade conditions are aptly called “wicked problems,” complex problems that sow confusion and fragmentation wherever they arise. The fragmentation that wicked problems create is best faced by increased dialogue and collaboration among key stakeholders. The recommendations for dealing with the critical issues raised here stress the need for better data, the creation of common and compelling overarching goals, and an industry-wide commitment to building, educating, and motivating leadership. Three specific recommendations suggest ways that joint public and private cooperation can move the United States forward in transportation policy and practice: develop a national transportation policy framework, prepare an action plan, and set priorities to direct the needed resources and employ the best talent to move the nation's transportation systems from their lagging 20th-century position to a renewed leadership position for the 21st century.
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Rajfur, Piotr. "Selected models and the classification of health care systems." Medical Science Pulse 13, no. 1 (February 27, 2019): 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.0513.
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Health care is a fundamental element of each country’s social policy. It is mainly organised and implemented through the adoption of a certain political framework (defined objectives and priorities), strategic and operational management (planning, organising, motivating and controlling), and generation of resources (e.g. defined activities of collection and distribution of financial resources, training of medical professionals, and the purchase of technology and pharmaceuticals). These principles are either formulated on the basis of already functioning health care models or bespoke models are being created. An important element of a given model is to define its mission (the reasons for its creation and operation), while such elements as the functions, objectives, resources and methods of operation attribute to its individual properties and values. Health care systems may be organised differently. Their main distinguishing features are the ownership (public, private or mixed), sources of financing (public, private or mixed) and management (centralised, dispersed), or they can be structured with regard to political aspects (single-centric, multi-centric and pluralistic). This article, based on the latest scientific developments, presents the historical outline of the selected models for health care systems and the new concepts regarding their classification. The article also offers theoretical analyses of those health systems, which have become the models for others. The aim of this article is to present the classification and the characteristics of the selected models for health care systems, both from the historical perspective and the perspective of those currently in operation. The documents analysis method was used, which included the leading positions in the Polish and foreign literature, in the field of the issues addressed, as well as the literature published by the related institutions. This topic is already being discussed within the literature of the subject, nevertheless it is still relevant and, due to its undeniable importance, deserves further examination because it directly or indirectly concerns every human being.
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Meinzen-Dick, Ruth. "Performance of Groundwater Markets in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 32, no. 4II (December 1, 1993): 833–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v32i4iipp.833-845.
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Irrigation provides crucial water for agricultural production on over 80 percent of the gross cropped area in Pakistan. Most of this irrigation comes through public canal systems, but groundwater has become a crucial input, both as a sole source of irrigation and as a supplement to surface irrigation in canal irrigation commands. However, ownership of private tubewells is concentrated among large farmers: 70 percent of all tubewells are owned by farmers with over 12.5 acres and half are owned by farmers with over 25 acres, which seems "to point toward an adverse effect of private tubewells on income distribution within agriculture" [World Bank (1984), p. 35]. Institutional arrangements are needed to spread access to groundwater to other farmers, to increase agricultural productivity and improve equity in the use of irrigation water resources without overcapitalisation of agriculture. Water m~kets provide one of the most promising institutional mechanisms for increasing access to irrigation from private groundwater, for providing vertical drainage, and for increasing the efficiency of water use in irrigation systems see Rosegrant and Binswanger (1992). While such markets are not formalised or officially recognised, the sale of water from private tubewells is a growing form of private irrigation development. I This paper examines the nature and operation of markets for groundwater in Pakistan. It deals with the extent of water market development, who participates, and the effect of purchased irrigation on the productivity of irrigated agriculture. It concludes with policy issues for improving the performance of water markets.
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N, Bondar, Sukmaniuk V, and Yurchenko A. "THEORETICAL BACKGROUND OF THE PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP BASIS AS AN INSTRUMENT FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF THE STATE POLICY FOR DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE." National Transport University Bulletin 2, no. 47 (2020): 36–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33744/2308-6645-2020-2-47-036-046.
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The object of the research is the theoretical basis for the substantiation of partner interactions between the state and private business. The purpose of the work is to study theoretical approaches to substantiating partner interactions between the state and private business, and the principle approaches regarding the distribution of responsibilities and risks between partners. The research method is monographic. The article is devoted to the study of economic theories, which can most adequately reflect the content and nature of partner interactions between the state and private business in solving socially significant task. It is revealed that the complexity of the PPP as an economic category leads to the objective impossibility of the existence of a unified theory or concept for describing the construction and functioning of a model of partner interactions between the state and business. The development of the concept of management of the development of transport infrastructure with the benefits of PPP has a broad scientific theoretical and methodological basis – these are theories of fundamental and applied nature. It is made up of theories as fundamental (the theory of neo-institutional economy and new institutional policies, the theory of management of socio-economic systems, the concept of public administration) and applied (project, investment, financial management, economic analysis) character. The results of the article can be implemented during the development and substantiation of the forms of application of partner interactions of the state and private business as an instrument of realization of the state policy of development of transport infrastructure of Ukraine. KEYWORDS: INFRASTRUCTURE, TRANSPORT, STATE POLICY, ECONOMIC THEORY, DEVELOPMENT.
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Shabbiruddin, Sandeep Chakravorty, Karma Sonam Sherpa, and Amitava Ray. "Optimal Power Distribution System Planning and Analysis Using Q-GIS and Soft Computing." International Journal of Decision Support System Technology 12, no. 1 (January 2020): 70–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijdsst.2020010104.
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The selection of power sub-station location and distribution line routing in power systems is one of the important strategic decisions for both private and public sectors. In general, contradictory factors such as availability, and cost, affects the appropriate selection which adheres to vague and inexact data. The work presented in this research deals with the development of models and techniques for planning and operation of power distribution system. The work comprises a wider framework from the siting of a sub-station to load flow analysis. Work done also shows the application of quantum- geographic information system (Q-GIS) in finding load point coordinates and existing sub-station locations. The proposed integrated approach provides realistic and reliable results, and facilitates decision makers to handle multiple contradictory decision perspectives. To accredit the proposed model, it is implemented for power distribution planning in Bihar which consists of 9 divisions. A Cubic Spline Function-based load flow analysis method is developed to validate the proposal.
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Cline, Melinda, and Carl S. Guynes. "Improving The Operational Environment Thru Internet Utilization." International Journal of Management & Information Systems (IJMIS) 13, no. 1 (July 11, 2011): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/ijmis.v13i1.4936.
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This study demonstrates how an Internet based network of railroad information resources can provide a dynamic, cost effective resource to help management improve their operational environment. The informational and knowledge sources needed to support the interoperability and integration of rail networks and their employees are increasingly available via the Internet. Public resources on the Internet primarily support the distribution of industry publications, notice and proceedings of industry conferences and meetings, communications about legal and legislative issues, and advertisements. Private resources on the Internet support reservation and scheduling of rail equipment, tendering shipment information, tracking equipment movements, and verifying billing information. Much of the private information is incorporated into the knowledge management systems developed by individual railroads. The study provides a proposed stratification of these resources into seven categories: Research and Statistical Resources, Newsletters and Press Releases, Industry Initiatives, Legislative Information, Industry Publications, Professional Associations, and Educational Resources.
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Zetland, David, and Bene Colenbrander. "Water Civilization: The Evolution of the Dutch Drinking Water Sector." Water Economics and Policy 04, no. 03 (July 2018): 1850012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2382624x18500121.
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Dutch drinking water companies now deliver safe affordable water to the entire population, but this result was not planned. It emerged, rather, from an evolutionary process in which various pressures on the commons resulted in changes to drinking water systems that addressed old concerns but uncovered new problems. Our analytical narrative traces this problem-solution-new problem pattern through four eras in which a common-pool dilemma is addressed by a private-good solution (1850–1880), a club-good solution (1880–1910) and a public-good solution (1910–1950) before returning to a private-good solution in the last 1950–1990 era. Actions, like the dates just given, were not always exact or effective, as the process was shaped by changing social norms regarding the distribution of costs and benefits from improved water services. This Dutch history is unique, but its insights can help improve drinking water services elsewhere.
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Lee, EunSu, Yi-Yu Chen, Melanie McDonald, and Erin O’Neill. "Dynamic Response Systems of Healthcare Mask Production to COVID-19: A Case Study of Korea." Systems 8, no. 2 (May 29, 2020): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/systems8020018.
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Korea initiated a new experiment, called a dynamic response system for open democratic societies as a principle to respond to the novel coronavirus (COVID-19). The global pandemic of COVID-19 led to a surge in demand for healthcare medical masks and respirators, and strained the global supply chain of mask production and distribution systems. This study provides a systemic view of critical personal protective equipment for both healthcare staff and the public to stop the spread of COVID-19. This study investigates the dynamic response system of healthcare mask production to the coronavirus and discusses lessons learned in view of systems thinking. The study shows that it is critical to developing a quick and dynamic response system to the evolving market conditions with flexible and agile operations. Visibility with transparency with information sharing with the public is also critical under global pandemic. Due to the shortage of mask supply, smart consumption is required along with collaboration with public and private sectors, as well as global organizations. Democratic leadership and a well-prepared strategic plan for long-term period are essential to the open society to prepare the global pandemic in the future. This study serves as a benchmark for dynamic and timely responses to the global pandemic.
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A. D., Azernikov, Norkina A. N., Myseva E. R., and Chicherov K. A. "Innovative Technologies in Combating Cyber Crime." KnE Social Sciences 3, no. 2 (February 15, 2018): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kss.v3i2.1550.
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So far, development and enhancement of global communication networks, distribution of software, and upgrading of computer systems are accompanied by the evolution of criminal environment, with the latter evolving not only within one particular nation but throughout the international community. New opportunities in cyber crime translate into new threats for global information networks and community as a whole, which in terms of preventing and combating cyber crime requires substantial strengthening of information security measures and an approach that is completely different from that applied to combating common crime. The article presents innovative technologies in combating cyber crime and an ever-increasing significance of information security as a system of protecting private, public and state interests. Keywords: cyber crime, cyber security, Internet, information security, innovative technologies, computer systems, information technologies (IT), cyber threats, cyber space.
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Kloetzli, John, and Dan Billingsley. "NIDDESC: Meeting the Data Exchange Challenge Through a Cooperative Effort." Journal of Ship Production 6, no. 02 (May 1, 1990): 125–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jsp.1990.6.2.125.
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The application of computer-aided design (CAD) and manufacturing (CAM) techniques in the marine industry has increased significantly in recent years. With more individual designers and shipyards using CAD within their organizations, the pressure to transfer CAD data between organizations has also increased. The Navy/Industry Digital Data Exchange Standards Committee (NIDDESC) provides a mechanism for public and private organizations to cooperate in the development of digital data transfer techniques. Organizationally, NIDDESC is a cost-sharing venture between private firms and government organizations. This effort arose from the Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA) in cooperation with the National Shipbuilding Research Program. The members include leading professionals in the marine industry from several major design firms, private shipyards, naval shipyards, and government laboratories. All members are directly involved in CAD/CAM in their organizations and together represent a broad spectrum of experience and perspectives. NIDDESC has many subcommittees devoted to specific areas of digital data transfer. The basic objective is to develop an industry-wide consensus on product data models for ship structure and distribution systems. Efforts include contributions to the Initial Graphics Exchange Standard, the Product Data Exchange Standard, preparation of a Recommended Practices Manual and the analysis of ship production data flows. NIDDESC has made contributions to the development of CALS standards, including MIL-STD-1840, DOD-IGES, SGML, and MIL-D-28000.
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Deane, Kevin, Joyce Wamoyi, Samwel Mgunga, and John Changalucha. "A win-win scenario? Employers’ responses to HIV in Tanzania: A qualitative study." PLOS Global Public Health 2, no. 11 (November 21, 2022): e0000058. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0000058.
Full textAbstract:
Workplaces have been increasingly promoted as key sites for HIV interventions, with cost-benefit analyses employed to demonstrate the financial benefits to employers for implementing workplace HIV programmes. In these analyses, the potential costs of having HIV positive employees are weighed against the costs of the workplace programmes. Despite evidence that shows some firms have saved significant sums of money through these interventions, the general response from the private sector has been limited, with most positive case studies originating from high prevalence settings. This article reports findings from qualitative fieldwork conducted in Tanzania with private and public sector employers that aimed to understand how HIV was addressed in their organisations. Our findings suggest that HIV is not generally a serious issue, and hence HIV interventions are primarily ad-hoc with few formal HIV workplace programmes. We also found that in cases where compulsory testing programmes were implemented, employees did not turn up for testing and thus lost access to employment. Our findings suggest that relying on workplace programmes in lower prevalence settings is no substitute for investment in public health systems. Employer interventions should emphasise education and awareness, condom distribution and the promotion and provision of self-testing kits.
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Ermolieva, Eleonora, and Elena Shestakova. "CURRENT TRANSFORMATIONS OF PENSION SYSTEMS IN EUROPEAN AND LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES." Urgent Problems of Europe, no. 3 (2022): 87–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/ape/2022.03.04.
Full textAbstract:
The article observes the evolution of pension policy in European and Latin American countries over the last 25-30 years. The main reason for the profound changes occurred in this area lies in the marked acceleration in population aging, taking place both in the Old and the New World, including Latin America, considered a young region for a long time. The cross-country comparative analysis shows that the main tasks of reforms consist in ensuring the long-term financial sustainability of pension systems, preventing further growth of spending on public pension schemes by raising the retirement age and prolonging the labor activity of senior people. Gradual expansion of population covered by accumulative (funded) pension plans, in addition to distribution component, is another tool. Meanwhile the actual situation demonstrates that the initiatives of some European governments, following the recommendations of international financial institutions, are not always adequately perceived by the society (Spanish and French cases are representative examples). Moreover, it should be pointed out that European experience is actively examined in Latin America during the ongoing reforms to create multi-level national retirement systems, and greater attraction of private entrepreneurial capital for public financing of social security models. A review of the publications of Russian scientists shows that the latest world experience is not ignored in our country, where the task of more reliable social protection of pensioners is on the agenda.
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Abdelmoumin, Ghada, Jessica Whitaker, Danda B. Rawat, and Abdul Rahman. "A Survey on Data-Driven Learning for Intelligent Network Intrusion Detection Systems." Electronics 11, no. 2 (January 11, 2022): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11020213.
Full textAbstract:
An effective anomaly-based intelligent IDS (AN-Intel-IDS) must detect both known and unknown attacks. Hence, there is a need to train AN-Intel-IDS using dynamically generated, real-time data in an adversarial setting. Unfortunately, the public datasets available to train AN-Intel-IDS are ineluctably static, unrealistic, and prone to obsolescence. Further, the need to protect private data and conceal sensitive data features has limited data sharing, thus encouraging the use of synthetic data for training predictive and intrusion detection models. However, synthetic data can be unrealistic and potentially bias. On the other hand, real-time data are realistic and current; however, it is inherently imbalanced due to the uneven distribution of anomalous and non-anomalous examples. In general, non-anomalous or normal examples are more frequent than anomalous or attack examples, thus leading to skewed distribution. While imbalanced data are commonly predominant in intrusion detection applications, it can lead to inaccurate predictions and degraded performance. Furthermore, the lack of real-time data produces potentially biased models that are less effective in predicting unknown attacks. Therefore, training AN-Intel-IDS using imbalanced and adversarial learning is instrumental to their efficacy and high performance. This paper investigates imbalanced learning and adversarial learning for training AN-Intel-IDS using a qualitative study. It surveys and synthesizes generative-based data augmentation techniques for addressing the uneven data distribution and generative-based adversarial techniques for generating synthetic yet realistic data in an adversarial setting using rapid review, structured reporting, and subgroup analysis.