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Journal articles on the topic 'PTSD'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2024

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1

Stojakovic, Milan. "Forensic psychiatric expertise: Posttraumatic stress disorder." Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 139, suppl. 1 (2011): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh11s1046s.

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Introduction. This article presents our experiences in the field of forensic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Objective. The study examined parameters of 30 patients with PTSD who were the subject of forensic expertise (PTSDF) and in 30 patients with PTSD who were not (PTSDN). Methods. Clinical research and the battery of tests (Impact of Event Scale - IES, Mississippi Scale, and list of symptoms of PCL-M) covered a total of 60 male subjects with a verified diagnosis of PTSD. The study involved socio-demographic variables, catastrophic experience, enduring personality change after catastrophic experience (EPCACE), comorbidity disorders and non-material damage. Results. In terms of respondents? average age, years of education, marital status, time of military engagement, there were no statistically significant differences between PTSDF and PTSDN groups. In terms of EPCACE statistically significant differences were found in both PTSDF and PTSDN groups. Among PTSDF respondents (N=30) EPCACE was verified in 83.33% (N=25), and among PTSDN in 23.33% (N=7) (p<0.05). In terms of comorbidity disorders and the parameter of non-material damage no statistically significant differences were found either in PTSDF or PTSDN group. Conclusion. In terms of EPCACE there were statistically significant differences both in PTSDF and PTSDN group. Forensic and psychiatric meaning of PTSD encompasses a number of complex elements on which forensic expert opinion depends, while the existence of PTSD diagnosis itself does not affect creation of opinions. The study should serve to identify methodological and conceptual problems in the field of forensic aspects of PTSD.

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2

Sarimin, Dorce Sisfiani, and Tinneke A. Tololiu. "Effectiveness of cognitive behavior therapy in comparison to CBT- plus play therapy among children with post-traumatic stress disorder in Manado, Indonesia." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 5, no. 4 (March 28, 2017): 1589. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20171270.

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Background: Disaster may bring such impacts as PTSD. Concerning flood that befell in Manado City, this study examined the effectiveness of CBT and CBT-plus intervention to overcome PTSD among school-age children that have been affected by flood disaster in this city.Methods: This quasi experiment pre-post-test study was done two a total of sixty children, divided into CBT group and CBT plus group. Play therapy was employed to for CBT plus group to see the difference of the PTSD score in comparison to the CBT only group’s PTSD score.Results: There were decreases in the score of PTSD among the children both in CBT only group and CBT plus group. Play therapy in CBT plus group could give higher reduction in PTDS score in comparison to children who received CBT only intervention.Conclusions: CBT plus intervention is proven effective in reducing PTDS score among children who are affected with PTDS.

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3

Solomon, Zahava, and Avi Bleich. "Comorbidity of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Depression in Israeli Veterans." CNS Spectrums 3, S2 (August 1998): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900007288.

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AbstractThis article reviews a series of studies conducted on Israeli war veterans that assessed the interrelationship of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and comorbid disorder, focusing on five issues in particular: (1) the frequency of comorbidity among veterans diagnosed with PTSD; (2) how this comorbidity can be accounted for; (3) whether PTSDs with and without comorbidity are different; (4) the validity of PTSD as a distinct diagnosis; and (5) the clinical implications of comorbidity of PTSD.

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Shamrey, V. K., V. M. Lytkin, K. V. Barazenko, and S. A. Zun. "PTSD development and dynamics." Medicо-Biological and Socio-Psychological Problems of Safety in Emergency Situations, no. 1 (May 5, 2023): 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.25016/2541-7487-2023-0-1-68-77.

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Relevance. The prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder ranges from 1 to 12 % among the general population and reaches 30 % among the population affected by various emergencies, which makes the PTSD problem ever more relevant considering the special military operation in Ukraine.Objectives. The aim is to study and describe the main clinical approaches to the treatment of PTSD.Methods. The clinical and bibliographic method were used to perform a comparative analysis of academic research papers published in 2008 to 2022.Results and discussion. Treatment of PTSD requires an interdisciplinary approach with a particular focus on individually specific psychotherapeutic methods, as well as administration of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) as antidepressants. We analyzed clinical and diagnostic aspects of combat PTSDs, their pathology, origin, treatment options and challenges for discussion. Currently, combat PTSDs are acquiring extra relevance.Conclusion. While trying to investigate the development of clinical PTSD manifestations, the focus is shifted from syndrome-associated parameters towards understanding PTSD as an integral disorder of psychogenic origin with polysyndromic and multisystemic characteristics.

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5

Lee, Seung-Hoon, Changsu Han, Junhyung Kim, Hyun-Ghang Jeong, Moon-Soo Lee, Jin Hee Choi, and Hayun Choi. "Embitterment in Vietnam War Veterans Predicted by Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder." Psychiatry Investigation 21, no. 2 (February 25, 2024): 191–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.30773/pi.2023.0299.

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Objective Research on the association between posttraumatic embitterment disorder (PTED) and other psychopathologies in veterans and adults aged ≥65 years is lacking. This study aimed to assess embitterment among elderly war veterans and its association with major psychopathological factors.Methods Participants included Vietnam War veterans who visited a psychiatric clinic. Based on the Posttraumatic Embitterment Disorder Self-Rating Scale (PTEDS) score, the participants were divided into the embitterment (PTED(+), mean score of PTEDS items [mPTEDS] ≥1.6) and non-embitterment (PTED(-), mPTEDS <1.6) groups. Demographic characteristics, combat exposure severity, depression, anxiety, sleep, and alcohol use disorder symptom scores of the participants were collected and compared between the PTED(+) and PTED(-) groups. A correlation analysis between symptom measure scores and the mPTEDS was conducted. The influence of psychopathology on embitterment was investigated using stepwise multiple linear regression analysis.Results In total, 60 participants (28 in PTED(+) and 32 in PTED(-)) were included. Among those in PTED(+), 21 (35.0%) showed mild embitterment symptoms (1.6≤ mPTEDS <2.5) and 7 (11.7%) reported moderate or severe embitterment symptoms (mPTEDS ≥2.5). The mean scores of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and anxiety were significantly higher in the PTED(+) than in the PTED(-) group. The mPTEDS were significantly correlated with PTSD, depression, anxiety, and sleep disorder scores. The PTSD symptoms significantly explained the higher mPTEDS score in a regression model.Conclusion Embitterment symptoms were associated with PTSD, depression, anxiety, and insomnia symptoms in elderly veterans, similar to the results of prior studies involving only the general population.

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Rzeszutek, Marcin, and Włodzimierz Oniszczenko. "Association between social support and temperament and the intensity of PTSD symptoms in a sample of HIV positives." Polish Psychological Bulletin 44, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 431–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ppb-2013-0046.

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Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the association between temperament and social support and the level of quantitatively rated PTSD symptoms in a sample of HIV+ and HIV/AIDS men and women. A total of 310 men and women, including 182 HIV+ and 128 HIV/AIDS, were studied. Social support was assessed with the Berlin Social Support Scales (BSSS). Temperament was assessed with the Formal Characteristics of Behaviour - Temperament Inventory (FCBTI). Intensity of PTSD symptoms was assessed with the PTSDF (PTSD Factorial Version inventory). The best predictors of intensity of PTSD symptoms in HIV+ participants were support seeking and sensory sensitivity. Support seeking was positively associated, and sensory sensitivity was negatively associated with intensity of PTSD symptoms.

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7

de Zulueta, Felicity. "Post-traumatic stress disorder and attachment: possible links with borderline personality disorder." Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 15, no. 3 (May 2009): 172–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.bp.106.003418.

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SummaryThis article discusses the aetiology of both simple and complex post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSDs) in terms of attachment theory, and points out the similarities between the diagnosis of complex PTSD and of borderline personality disorder. Case vignettes illustrate an outline of the assessment and treatment of the psychobiological symptoms of PTSD informed by attachment research.

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8

Sabic, D., and A. Sabic. "Embitterment in war veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S359—S360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.02.354.

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The aim of this study was to analyse frequency of embitterment in war veterans with Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as well as the potential impact of embitterment on the development of chronic PTSD.Patients and methodsIt was analyzed 174 subjects (from Health Center Zivinice/mental health center) through a survey conducted in the period from March 2015 to June 2016, of which 87 war veterans with PTSD and control subjects 87 war veterans without PTSD. The primary outcome measure was the post-traumatic embitterment disorder self-rating scale (PTED Scale) who contains 19 items designed to assess features of embitterment reactions to negative life events. Secondary efficacy measures included the clinician-administered PTSD scale–V (CAPS), the PTSD checklist (PCL), the combat exposure scale (CES), the Hamilton depression rating scale (HAM-D), the Hamilton anxiety rating scale (HAM-A) and the World health organization quality of life scale (WHOQOL-Bref). All subjects were male. The average age of patients in the group war veterans with PTSD was 52.78 ± 5.99. In the control group, average age was 51.42 ± 5.98. Statistical data were analyzed in SPSS statistical program.ResultsComparing the results, t-tests revealed significant difference between group veterans with PTSD and control group (t = −21,21, P < 0.0001). War veterans group with PTSD (X = 51.41, SD = 8,91), control group (X = 14.39, SD = 13.61).ConclusionEmbitterment is frequent in war veterans with PTSD.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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9

Tajik, Masoumeh, Mohammadali Emamhadi, Sedigheh Amir Ali Akbari, Mahbobeh Ahmadi Doulabi, and Parisa Reza NejadAsl. "The Relationship Between Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder After Childbirth and Social Support and Marital Satisfaction." International Journal of Medical Toxicology and Forensic Medicine 12, no. 1 (March 13, 2022): 35741. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/ijmtfm.v12i1.35741.

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Background: Childbirth is among the most significant and pleasant events in a woman’s life. This event can be a traumatic event and a threat to the mother’s mental health. This study recognizes the relationship between Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) after childbirth and social support and marital satisfaction. Methods: This Cross-sectional analytical study was performed on a sample of 400 mothers who had delivered at Shohadaye-15-Khordad Hospital in Varamin (in two groups with & without PTSD). The research instruments include the Demographic, Midwifery, Neonatal Factors checklist, Enrich Marital Satisfaction, Weinfeld and Tigman Social Support, and the PTSD Symptoms Scale. We used SPSS to analyze the descriptive and Pearson correlation and logistic regression data. A P<0.05 was considered significant. Results: The prevalence of PTDS in this study was equal to 16.8%. There was no significant correlation between the mean of the total score of PTSD in all dimensions with social support (P>0.05). Marital satisfaction significantly affected the probability of PTSD after childbirth (P=0.001). There was a significant correlation between PTSD total score and dimension of avoidance symptoms and infant gender (P=0.038). There was also a significant correlation between gestational age and avoidance symptoms (P=0.001) and type of nutrition feeding and motivational symptoms (P=0.041) of PTSD dimensions. Conclusion: According to the relationship between marital satisfaction and PTSD, it is recommended to design suitable interventions to improve the marital status and promptly diagnose the susceptible mothers to prevent the spread of this complication.

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10

Kozarov, T. J. "PTSD." European Psychiatry 22 (March 2007): S209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2007.01.697.

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11

Gill, Jessica, Leorey N. Saligan, Wendy A. Henderson, and Sarah Szanton. "PTSD." Nurse Practitioner 34, no. 7 (July 2009): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.npr.0000357246.55505.f4.

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&NA;. "PTSD." Nurse Practitioner 34, no. 7 (July 2009): 37–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.npr.0000357247.63128.0e.

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13

Wynn, Gary H., and David M. Benedek. "PTSD." Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 205, no. 2 (February 2017): 75–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/nmd.0000000000000662.

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14

Romero, Don. "PTSD." Museums & Social Issues 6, no. 2 (September 2011): 161–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/msi.2011.6.2.161.

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15

Hansen, Maj, Tonny Elmose Andersen, Cherie Armour, Ask Elklit, Sabina Palic, and Thomas Mackrill. "PTSD-8: A Short PTSD Inventory." Clinical Practice & Epidemiology in Mental Health 6, no. 1 (September 28, 2010): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1745017901006010101.

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Traumatic events pose great challenges on mental health services in scarcity of specialist trauma clinicians and services. Simple short screening instruments for detecting adverse psychological responses are needed. Several brief screening instruments have been developed. However, some are limited, especially in relation to reflecting the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnosis. Recently, several studies have challenged pre-existing ideas about PTSD’s latent structure. Factor analytic research currently supports two four factor models. One particular model contains a dysphoria factor which has been associated with depression and anxiety. The symptoms in this factor have been hailed as less specific to PTSD. The scope of this article is therefore to present a short screening instrument, based on this research; Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) – 8 items. The PTSD-8 is shown to have good psychometric properties in three independent samples of whiplash patients (n=1710), rape victims (n=305), and disaster victims (n=516). Good test-rest reliability is also shown in a pilot study of young adults from families with alcohol problems (n=56).

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16

Rice, Eli N., Haolin Xu, Ziyi Wang, Laura Webb, Laine Thomas, Emilie F. Kadhim, Julio C. Nunes, Kathryn C. Adair, and Emily C. O’Brien. "Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: Analysis of the HERO Registry." PLOS ONE 18, no. 11 (November 9, 2023): e0293392. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0293392.

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Little is known about the mental health consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic in healthcare workers (HCWs). Past literature has shown that chronic strain caused by pandemics can adversely impact a variety of mental health outcomes in HCWs. There is growing recognition of the risk of stress and loss of resilience to HCWs during the COVID-19 pandemic, although the risk of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in HCWs during the COVID-19 pandemic remains poorly understood. We wanted to understand the relationship between the COVID-19 pandemic and the risk of PTDS symptoms in HCWs during the COVID-19 pandemic. We surveyed 2038 health care workers enrolled in the Healthcare Worker Exposure Response & Outcomes (HERO) study, which is a large standardized national registry of health care workers. Participants answered questions about demographics, COVID-19 exposure, job burnout, and PTSD symptoms. We characterize the burden of PTSD symptoms among HCWs, and determined the association between high PTSD symptoms and race, gender, professional role, work setting, and geographic region using multivariable regression. In a fully adjusted model, we found that older HCWs were less likely to report high PTSD symptoms compared with younger HCWs. Additionally, we found that physicians were less likely to report high PTSD symptoms compared with nurses. These data add to the growing literature on increased risks of mental health challenges to healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic.

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17

Washington, Donna L., and Elizabeth M. Yano. "PTSD Women Veterans’ Prevalence of PTSD Care." Journal of General Internal Medicine 28, no. 10 (May 21, 2013): 1265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11606-013-2488-z.

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Lutwak, Nancy. "PTSD Women Veterans’ Prevalence of PTSD Care." Journal of General Internal Medicine 28, no. 10 (May 18, 2013): 1264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11606-013-2489-y.

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Mark, Joshua. "PTSD in Children and Adolescents Treating Trauma Survivors With PTSD Gender and PTSD." Psychiatric Services 55, no. 4 (April 2004): 456. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.55.4.456.

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20

Armour, Cherie, Karen-Inge Karstoft, and J. Don Richardson. "The co-occurrence of PTSD and dissociation: differentiating severe PTSD from dissociative-PTSD." Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 49, no. 8 (January 21, 2014): 1297–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00127-014-0819-y.

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21

Ghader, Nariman, Noor AlMheiri, Asma Fikri, Hira AbdulRazzak, Hassan Saleheen, Basema Saddik, Yousef Aljawarneh, et al. "Prevalence and factors associated with mental illness symptoms among school students post lockdown of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Arab Emirates: A cross-sectional national study." PLOS ONE 19, no. 2 (February 1, 2024): e0296479. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0296479.

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Limited data exists on the mental health of children in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). This study aimed to fill this gap by examining the prevalence of anxiety, depression, and risk for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) among school students in post-lockdown of the COVID-19 pandemic. A sample of 3,745 school students participated, responding to standardized tests (Mood and Feeling Questionnaire-Child Self-Report, Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders-Child Version, and Children’s Revised Impact of Event Scale-8). Findings showed that the risk for PTSD was the most prevalent (40.6%), followed by symptoms of anxiety (23.3%), and depression (17.1%). For gender differences, symptoms of the three conditions (depression, anxiety, and PTSD) were higher in female students (9.2%) compared to male peers (7.7%) (p = 0.09). Moreover, symptoms of depression and anxiety were found to be higher among late adolescents (p<0.05). Further analysis revealed that having medical problems was a positive predictor for anxiety (OR = 2.0, p<0.01) and risk for PTSD (OR = 1.3, p = 0.002); similarly, witnessing the death of a close family member due to COVID-19 (OR for depression, anxiety, and PTSD = 1.7, p<0.01) were positive predictors associated with PTDS, depression, and anxiety. The study concluded that post COVID-19 lockdown, symptoms of anxiety, depression, and risk for PTSD were found to be prevalent among school students in the UAE. Researchers put forward recommendations on the initiation of a national school mental health screening program, the provision of follow-up services for vulnerable students, and the integration of a mental health support system in the disaster preparedness plans.

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22

Precin, Pat. "Pretraumatic stress prevention (PTSP) versus posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)." Work 38, no. 1 (2011): 89–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/wor-2011-1108.

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23

Laukkala, Tanja, Robert Bor, Bruce Budowle, Pooshan Navathe, Antti Sajantila, Markku Sainio, and Alpo Vuorio. "Pilot Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Fatal Aviation Accidents." Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors 8, no. 2 (September 2018): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/2192-0923/a000144.

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Abstract. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) database was searched to identify fatal accidents in aviation related to trauma and stressor-related disorders in the United States and the medical requirements of aviation authorities were assessed. Between 2000 and 2015, eight pilots with a diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; of which two were aviation-related PTSDs) died in aviation accidents. These results indicate a minimum frequency of history of diagnosed PTSD in aviation fatalities to be 8 out of 4,862 fatal accidents (0.16%) in the United States. The guidance from aviation regulatory authorities is to medically assess pilots with a prior history of PTSD based on individual functional impairment and treatment response. The assessment of individual impairment would be significantly improved by the systematic data collection following aviation- and work-related traumatic events. It is also important for investigators to recognize the traumatization that occurs in aviation accident and incident investigations.

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24

Christman, Brian W. "Lapse (PTSD)." Annals of Internal Medicine 170, no. 7 (April 2, 2019): 502. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/m18-2494.

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25

Foy, David W. "Treating PTSD." Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 13, no. 5 (October 1993): 371???373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004714-199310000-00021.

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Barglow, Peter. "PTSD Diagnosis." Psychiatric News 41, no. 19 (October 6, 2006): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/pn.41.19.0038a.

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McDonald, William M., and Sanne J. H. van Rooij. "Targeting PTSD." American Journal of Psychiatry 176, no. 11 (November 1, 2019): 894–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.19080895.

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28

Miller, Joseph A. "Updating PTSD." Social Work 40, no. 4 (July 1995): 576. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sw/40.4.576-a.

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29

Rosen, Gerald M., and Steven Taylor. "Pseudo-PTSD." Journal of Anxiety Disorders 21, no. 2 (January 2007): 201–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.09.011.

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Becker-Blease, Kathryn A., and Jennifer J. Freyd. "Beyond PTSD." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 20, no. 4 (April 2005): 403–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260504269485.

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Nievergelt, Chair: Caroline, Co-chair: Jennifer Sumner, and Discussant: Kerry Ressler. "PGC-PTSD." European Neuropsychopharmacology 29 (October 2019): S41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2019.07.081.

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Hampton, Tracy. "PTSD Enzyme." JAMA 305, no. 13 (April 6, 2011): 1290. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.388.

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33

Letica-Crepulja, Marina, Aleksandra Stevanović, Marina Protuđer, Tanja Grahovac Juretić, Jelena Rebić, and Tanja Frančišković. "Complex PTSD among treatment-seeking veterans with PTSD." European Journal of Psychotraumatology 11, no. 1 (February 26, 2020): 1716593. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2020.1716593.

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Adams, Richard E., and Joseph A. Boscarino. "Predictors of PTSD and Delayed PTSD After Disaster." Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 194, no. 7 (July 2006): 485–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.nmd.0000228503.95503.e9.

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Young, Gerald. "PTSD in Court I: Introducing PTSD for Court." International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 49 (November 2016): 238–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2016.10.012.

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Morina, Nexhmedin, Ulrich Stangier, and Anne Katrin Risch. "Experiential Avoidance in Civilian War Survivors With Current Versus Recovered Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Pilot Study." Behaviour Change 25, no. 1 (April 1, 2008): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/bech.25.1.15.

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AbstractThe present study investigated the role of experiential avoidance in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following war-related stress. Eighty-four civilian war survivors were assigned to one of three PTSD groups — current PTSD, recovered PTSD and non-PTSD. Groups were subsequently compared in regard to experiential avoidance. Results indicated significantly higher rates of experiential avoidance and psychological distress in the current PTSD group as compared with the recovered PTSD and non-PTSD groups. The recovered PTSD and non-PTSD groups did not significantly differ.

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Nania, Tiziana, Rosario Caruso, Claudia Aparrecida de Morais, and Federica Dellafiore. "What is the level of post-traumatic stress disorder experienced by Italian University students during the Covid-19 pandemic? Result of an online survey." Brazilian Journal of Global Health 1, no. 2 (February 27, 2021): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.56242/globalhealth;2021;1;2;72-77.

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OBJECTIVE: To date, level of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms experienced from university students during the peak of Covid-19 in Italy is until under investigated. Therefore, this study aims to describe PTDS related to the Covid-19 outbreak among Italian university students. METHODS: A multicentre cross-sectional study was conducted, involving convenience and consecutive sampling of Italians University students. A self-reported web questionnaire on the on-line platform Qualtrics®, was used to data collect, in March and April 2020. RESULTS: Overall, 720 Italian University students participated to this study. The sample are major male (80.7%) with an average mean of 23.52 years. The results of data analysis highlighted the important level of PTSD experienced from Italian University students during the Covid-19 outbreak, especially by female students that presented higher levels of PTSD. Additionally, no differences were found between students in healthcare field and not in healthcare field. CONCLUSION: The results showed, for the first time, the level of PTSD experienced by Italian Universities students, triggered by the psychological consequences of the health emergency Covid-19. This situation requires public health interventions aimed at preventing the early development of such mental disorders, which negatively affect the growth of future generations.

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Pietrzak, Robert H., Frances G. Javier, John H. Krystal, and Steven M. Southwick. "Subthreshold post-traumatic stress disorder as a risk factor for post-traumatic stress disorder: results from a sample of USA veterans." British Journal of Psychiatry 219, no. 2 (March 19, 2021): 456–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2021.17.

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Subthreshold post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is more prevalent than PTSD, yet its role as a potential risk factor for PTSD is unknown. To address this gap, we analysed data from a 7-year, prospective national cohort of USA veterans. Of veterans with subthreshold PTSD at wave 1, 34.3% developed PTSD compared with 7.6% of trauma-exposed veterans without subthreshold PTSD (relative risk ratio 6.4). Among veterans with subthreshold PTSD, specific PTSD symptoms, greater age, cognitive difficulties, lower dispositional optimism and new-onset traumas predicted incident PTSD. Results suggest that preventive interventions targeting subthreshold PTSD and associated factors may help mitigate risk for PTSD in USA veterans.

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Kennis, Mitzy, Arthur R. Rademaker, Sanne J. H. van Rooij, René S. Kahn, and Elbert Geuze. "Altered functional connectivity in posttraumatic stress disorder with versus without comorbid major depressive disorder: a resting state fMRI study." F1000Research 2 (December 30, 2013): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.2-289.v1.

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Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder that is often diagnosed with comorbid depressive disorder. Therefore, neuroimaging studies investigating PTSD typically include both patients with and without comorbid depression. Differences in activity of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and insula have been shown to differentiate PTSD patients with and without major depressive disorder (MDD). Whether or not comorbid MDD affects resting state functional connectivity of PTSD patients has not been investigated to our knowledge. Here, resting state functional connectivity of PTSD patients with (PTSD+MDD; n=27) and without (PTSD-MDD; n=23) comorbid MDD was investigated. The subgenual ACC and insula were investigated as seed regions. Connectivity between the subgenual ACC and perigenual parts of the ACC was increased in PTSD+MDD versus PTSD-MDD. Reduced functional connectivity of the subgenual ACC with the thalamus was found in the PTSD+MDD group versus the PTSD-MDD group. These results remained significant after controlling for PTSD severity. In addition, the PTSD+MDD group showed reduced functional connectivity of the insula with the hippocampus compared to the PTSD-MDD group. However, this cluster was no longer significantly different when controlling for PTSD severity. Thus, resting state functional connectivity of the subgenual ACC may distinguish PTSD+MDD from PTSD-MDD. As PTSD patients with comorbid MDD are more treatment resistant, this result may be important for treatment development.

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BRESLAU, NAOMI, VICTORIA C. LUCIA, and GLENN C. DAVIS. "Partial PTSD versus full PTSD: an empirical examination of associated impairment." Psychological Medicine 34, no. 7 (October 2004): 1205–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291704002594.

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Background. Partial PTSD, employed initially in relation to Vietnam veterans, has been recently extended to civilian victims of trauma. We examined the extent to which partial PTSD is distinguishable from full DSM-PTSD with respect to level of impairment.Method. A representative sample of 2181 persons was interviewed by telephone to record lifetime traumatic events and to assess DSM-IV PTSD criteria. Partial PTSD was defined as [ges ]1 symptom in each of three symptom groups (criteria B, C and D) and duration of [ges ]1 month. Impairment in persons with PTSD and partial PTSD was measured by number of work-related and personal disability days during the 30-day period when the respondent was most upset by the trauma.Results. Compared to exposed persons with neither PTSD nor partial PTSD, increment in work-loss days associated with PTSD was 11·4 (S.E.=0·6) days and with partial PTSD, 3·3 (S.E.=0·4) days (adjusted for sex, education and employment). Similar disparities were found across other impairment indicators. Persons who fell short of PTSD criteria by one symptom of avoidance and numbing reported an increment of 5·0 (S.E.=0·7) work-loss days, 6·0 fewer than full PTSD. PTSD was associated with excess impairment, controlling for number of symptoms. A significantly lower proportion of persons with partial PTSD than full PTSD experienced symptoms for more than 2 years. A lower proportion of persons with partial PTSD than full PTSD had an etiologic event of high magnitude.Conclusions. PTSD identifies the most severe trauma victims, who are markedly distinguishable from victims with subthreshold PTSD.

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N, Walker, Scott T, Spellman J, Rivera J, Waltzman D, Mcnerney M, and Madore M. "A-130 An Exploratory Analysis of the Impact PTSD Related Sleep Disturbance has on Language Generativity in Veterans with mTBI." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 35, no. 6 (August 28, 2020): 923. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acaa068.130.

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Abstract Objective Reviewed literature suggests that individuals with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) demonstrate cognitive deficits in attention, learning/memory, and executive functions. Less is known regarding the relationship between sleep disturbance and language abilities among individuals with PTSD. We hypothesized that subjective perceptions of PTSD-related sleep disturbance would impact language generativity in Veterans with PTSD. Methods 38 individuals (mean age = 46.58, SD = 13.55; 10% female) were administered a brief neurocognitive battery including measures of verbal generativity [i.e., Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System: Verbal fluency subtest], PTSD symptoms (i.e., clinically significant PTSD = > 35 on the PTSD Checklist for DSM-IV), self-report measures of sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Inventory; PSQI), and PTSD-related sleep disturbances (PSQI – Addendum for PTSD). All participants had a history of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). An analysis of covariance was used to assess the contribution of PTSD-related sleep disturbance on verbal fluency in Veterans with PTSD. Post-hoc analyses were conducted. Results Those without PTSD performed better on letter fluency than those with PTSD (p=.019). There was no significant effect of PTSD (presence or absence) on letter fluency performance after controlling for subjective sleep quality, F(1, 35) = 1.43, p = .239. Follow up analyses failed to show any associations between PTSD and other cognitive measures. Conclusions PTSD related sleep disturbance accounts for a significant portion of the variance in the relationship between PTSD and verbal generativity. Individuals with a history of mTBI and current PTSD symptoms, may have worse verbal generativity but is partially accounted for by PTSD related sleep disturbance.

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Perrin, Sean, Vincent B. Van Hasselt, and Michel Hersen. "Validation of the Keane MMPI-PTSD Scale Against DSM-III-R Criteria in a Sample of Battered Women." Violence and Victims 12, no. 1 (January 1997): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.12.1.99.

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The Keane, Malloy, & Fairbank (1984) MMPI-PTSD Scale has proven to be a reliable and valid measure of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in combat veterans. However, few studies have examined the MMPI-PTSD Scale’s validity in civilian trauma victims, including battered women. In the present study, 46 battered women who completed the MMPI-PTSD Scale were assigned to PTSD-Positive and PTSD-Negative groups based on a structured diagnostic interview and then contrasted on the MMPI-PTSD Scale. Significantly higher scores on the scale were found in the PTSD-Positive group. Also, a cutoff score of 22 on the MMPI-PTSD Scale correctly classified 80.4% of the sample. Correlations between the MMPI-PTSD and DSM-III-R criteria suggest that the scale is moderately sensitive to many of the symptoms particularly those involving intrusion and psychological arousal, comprising the diagnosis of PTSD. This investigation provides further support for the validity of the MMPI-PTSD Scale and its utility in screening battered women for PTSD.

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Manukhina, Eugenia B., Vadim E. Tseilikman, Marina N. Karpenko, Nina S. Pestereva, Olga B. Tseilikman, Maria V. Komelkova, Marina V. Kondashevskaya, et al. "Intermittent Hypoxic Conditioning Alleviates Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder-Induced Damage and Dysfunction of Rat Visceral Organs and Brain." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 1 (January 5, 2020): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21010345.

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Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) causes mental and somatic diseases. Intermittent hypoxic conditioning (IHC) has cardio-, vaso-, and neuroprotective effects and alleviates experimental PTSD. IHC’s ability to alleviate harmful PTSD effects on rat heart, liver, and brain was examined. PTSD was induced by 10-day exposure to cat urine scent (PTSD rats). Some rats were then adapted to 14-day IHC (PTSD+IHC rats), while PTSD and untreated control rats were cage rested. PTSD rats had a higher anxiety index (AI, X-maze test), than control or PTSD+IHC rats. This higher AI was associated with reduced glycogen content and histological signs of metabolic and hypoxic damage and of impaired contractility. The livers of PTSD rats had reduced glycogen content. Liver and blood alanine and aspartate aminotransferase activities of PTSD rats were significantly increased. PTSD rats had increased norepinephrine concentration and decreased monoamine oxidase A activity in cerebral cortex. The PTSD-induced elevation of carbonylated proteins and lipid peroxidation products in these organs reflects oxidative stress, a known cause of organ pathology. IHC alleviated PTSD-induced metabolic and structural injury and reduced oxidative stress. Therefore, IHC is a promising preventive treatment for PTSD-related morphological and functional damage to organs, due, in part, to IHC’s reduction of oxidative stress.

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Kennis, Mitzy, Arthur R. Rademaker, Sanne J. H. van Rooij, René S. Kahn, and Elbert Geuze. "Altered functional connectivity in posttraumatic stress disorder with versus without comorbid major depressive disorder: a resting state fMRI study." F1000Research 2 (April 16, 2014): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.2-289.v2.

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Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder that is often diagnosed with comorbid depressive disorder. Therefore, neuroimaging studies investigating PTSD typically include both patients with and without comorbid depression. Differences in activity of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and insula have been shown to differentiate PTSD patients with and without major depressive disorder (MDD). Whether or not comorbid MDD affects resting state functional connectivity of PTSD patients has not been investigated to our knowledge. Here, resting state functional connectivity of PTSD patients with (PTSD+MDD; n=27) and without (PTSD-MDD; n=23) comorbid MDD was investigated. The subgenual ACC and insula were investigated as seed regions. Connectivity between the subgenual ACC and perigenual parts of the ACC was increased in PTSD+MDD versus PTSD-MDD, which may reflect the presence of depressive specific symptoms such as rumination. Functional connectivity of the subgenual ACC with the thalamus was reduced, potentially related to more severe deficits in executive functioning in the PTSD+MDD group versus the PTSD-MDD group. In addition, the PTSD+MDD group showed reduced functional connectivity of the insula with the hippocampus compared to the PTSD-MDD group. However, this cluster was no longer significantly different when PTSD patients that were using medication were excluded from analyses. Thus, resting state functional connectivity of the subgenual ACC can distinguish PTSD+MDD from PTSD-MDD, and this may therefore be used as a neurobiological marker for comorbid MDD in the presence of PTSD. As PTSD+MDD are more treatment resistant, these findings can also guide treatment development, for example by targeting the subgenual ACC network with treatment.

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Simonović, M. M., M. M. Radisavljević, and G. B. Grbeša. "Clinical presentation of the posttraumatic stress disorder with and without traumatic brain injuries." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 1070. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)72775-4.

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The aim of the investigation was to determine the difference between the severities of the symptom's in PTSD with and without the history of TBI.The estimation of the PTSD in 60 patients was performed using the CAPS-DX. The estimation of the TBI was performed using the Glasgow Coma Scale. The data were analysed using ANOVA and PostHoc analysis.Severity of the reexperiencing symptoms were higher in PTSD with TBI vs PTSD w/o TBI: in nightmares, reexperiencing, psychological distress (p < 0,05), in intrusive recollections and in total score of reexperiencing symptoms (p < 0,01). PostHoc analysis showed higher scores of intrusive recollections (p < 0,01) and psychological distress (p < 0,05) in PTSD with moderate/severe TBI vs PTSD w/o TBISeverity of the avoidance symptoms were higher in PTSD with moderate/severe TBI vs PTSD w/o TBI: in avoidance of thoughts, avoidance of activities (p < 0,05), in detachment and in total avoidance symptom's scores in PTSD with moderate/severe TBI vs PTSD w/o TBI. PostHoc analysis showed higher score of detachment in PTSD with mild TBI vs PTSD w/o TBI.Severity of hyperarousal symptoms were higher in PTSD with TBI: in sleep disturbances, difficulty concentrating (p < 0,05), and in total huperarousal symptom's score (p < 0,01). PostHoc analysis showed greater severity of sleep disturbances in PTSD with moderate/severe TBI vs PTSD with mild TBI (p < 0,05), and in PTSD without TBI (p < 0,01), and greater score of difficulties concentrating (p < 0,01) and total huperarousal symptom's (p < 0,05) in PTSD with mild TBI vs PTSD without TBI.

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Jehel, Louis, Sabrina Paterniti, Alain Brunet, Clara Duchet, and Julien Daniel Guelfi. "Prediction of the occurrence and intensity of post-traumatic stress disorder in victims 32 months after bomb attack." European Psychiatry 18, no. 4 (June 2003): 172–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(03)00043-9.

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AbstractIntroductionOur objective was to identify factors that predict occurrence and severity of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after a terrorism attack.PopulationWe evaluated 32 victims of a bomb attack in a Paris subway in December 1996 at 6 and 32 months.MethodsSociodemographic characteristics, clinical data and physical injuries were used to predict PTSD occurrence and severity in 32 victims. The Watson’s PTSD Inventory (PTSD-I) and the Impact of Event Scale (IES) by Horowitz were used to evaluate occurrence and severity of PTSD, respectively.ResultsThirty-nine percent of participants met PTSD criteria at 6 months, 25% still had PTSD at 32 months. Women had PTSD 32 months after the bomb attack more frequently than men. Employment predicted PTSD severity at 32 months. PTSD scores assessed by PTSD-I at 6 months were significantly and positively associated with IES scores at 32-month follow-up (r = 0.55, P = 0.004). Psychotropic drug use before the bomb attack significantly predicted PTSD occurrence and severity at 6 and 32 months. In a linear regression model, physical injuries, employment status and psychotropic drug use before the bomb attack were independent predictors of severity of PTSD at 32 months.ConclusionsBomb attack exposure resulted in persisting PTSD in a significant proportion of victims; the severity was predicted at 32 months by physical injuries and psychotropic drug use before the terrorism attack and by the PTSD score few months after the bomb attack.

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De Bellis, Michael D., Stephen R. Hooper, Steven D. Chen, James M. Provenzale, Brian D. Boyd, Christopher E. Glessner, James R. MacFall, Martha E. Payne, Robert Rybczynski, and Donald P. Woolley. "Posterior structural brain volumes differ in maltreated youth with and without chronic posttraumatic stress disorder." Development and Psychopathology 27, no. 4pt2 (November 2015): 1555–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579415000942.

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AbstractMagnetic resonance imaging studies of maltreated children with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) suggest that maltreatment-related PTSD is associated with adverse brain development. Maltreated youth resilient to chronic PTSD were not previously investigated and may elucidate neuromechanisms of the stress diathesis that leads to resilience to chronic PTSD. In this cross-sectional study, anatomical volumetric and corpus callosum diffusion tensor imaging measures were examined using magnetic resonance imaging in maltreated youth with chronic PTSD (N = 38), without PTSD (N = 35), and nonmaltreated participants (n = 59). Groups were sociodemographically similar. Participants underwent assessments for strict inclusion/exclusion criteria and psychopathology. Maltreated youth with PTSD were psychobiologically different from maltreated youth without PTSD and nonmaltreated controls. Maltreated youth with PTSD had smaller posterior cerebral and cerebellar gray matter volumes than did maltreated youth without PTSD and nonmaltreated participants. Cerebral and cerebellar gray matter volumes inversely correlated with PTSD symptoms. Posterior corpus callosum microstructure in pediatric maltreatment-related PTSD differed compared to maltreated youth without PTSD and controls. The group differences remained significant when controlling for psychopathology, numbers of Axis I disorders, and trauma load. Alterations of these posterior brain structures may result from a shared trauma-related mechanism or an inherent vulnerability that mediates the pathway from chronic PTSD to comorbidity.

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Havelka Meštrović, Ana, Marina Domijan, Vlatko Mičković, and Zoran Lončar. "Cognitive Functions in Combat Posttraumatic Stress Disorder." Collegium antropologicum 44, no. 4 (2020): 199–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.5671/ca.44.4.2.

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Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with changes in cognitive functions. The aim of the study was to investigate differences in cognitive abilities between PTSD patients and healthy controls. As PTSD is often accompanied by comorbidity, the PTSD patients with comorbid diagnoses were also included in our study. The study participants included 254 Croatian combat veterans (60 PTSD and 194 PTSD plus comorbidity) and control group of 125 healthy Croatian military and civilian pilots. The diagnosis of PTSD was made by clinical scale for PTSD assessment (CAPS), while cognitive abilities were measured by Wechsler intelligence scale (WAIS-III-R) and Rey test (ROCFT). The study results have confirmed that there is a significant difference in cognitive functions between the PTSD patients and healthy controls regarding age and education. The PTSD patients (PTSD only and PTSD with comorbidity) have shown lower general intellectual abilities, reduced capacity of working, numerical and visual memory, and decreased executive functions when compared to healthy controls. These results are an additional contribution to a better understanding and determination of changes in cognitive functions that occur in combat PTSD as a result of traumatic stress.

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ZLOTNICK, CARON, JENNIFER JOHNSON, ROBERT KOHN, BENJAMIN VICENTE, PEDRO RIOSECO, and SANDRA SALDIVIA. "Epidemiology of trauma, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and co-morbid disorders in Chile." Psychological Medicine 36, no. 11 (July 20, 2006): 1523–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291706008282.

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Background. In this study we examined the prevalence rates of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), types of trauma most often associated with PTSD, the co-morbidity of PTSD with other lifetime psychiatric disorders, which disorders preceded PTSD, and gender differences in PTSD and trauma exposure in a representative sample of Chileans.Method. The DSM-III-R PTSD and antisocial personality disorder modules from the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) and modules for a range of DSM-III-R diagnoses from the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) were administered to a representative sample of 2390 persons aged 15 to over 64 years in three cities in Chile.Results. The lifetime prevalence of PTSD was 4·4% (2·5% for men and 6·2% for women). Among persons exposed to trauma, rape was most strongly associated with PTSD. Onset of PTSD significantly increased the risk of developing each of the 10 other tested disorders. Among those exposed to trauma, women were significantly more likely to develop PTSD, after controlling for assaultive violence.Conclusions. This study highlights the importance of investigating the prevalence of PTSD, patterns of co-morbidity of PTSD, and gender differences in PTSD in non-English-speaking countries.

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Channer, Kerrie, and Laura Jobson. "Self-Complexity and Perceived Self-Aspect Control in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 46, no. 1 (July 31, 2017): 50–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465817000431.

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Background: Post-traumatic stress disorder often brings about profound, lasting, structural changes to one's sense of self. Aims: This study investigated self-complexity and self-aspect control in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Method: Trauma survivors with (n = 103) and without (n = 102) PTSD completed an online questionnaire which involved the completion of a self-complexity task and measures of PTSD. Results: It was found that those with PTSD had significantly greater overall self-complexity than those without PTSD. Furthermore, when considering self-description valence, it was found that those with PTSD had significantly greater negative self-complexity than those without PTSD, but the groups did not differ in terms of positive self-complexity. Second, those with PTSD reported significantly less control over their self-aspects. Third, for those with PTSD, lower levels of self-aspect control were significantly correlated with greater negative self-complexity and lower positive self-complexity. Finally, self-aspect control mediated the relationship between self-complexity and PTSD symptoms. Conclusion: The theoretical implications for PTSD models and the clinical implications for the treatment of those with PTSD are explored.

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