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Journal articles on the topic 'Pteropus spp'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 3 February 2022

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1

Oo, Khin Swe, Hsu Lae Win, Paul J. J. Bates, and Malcolm Pearch. "The ecology and distribution of Flying Foxes (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae: Pteropus) in Tanintharyi Region, Myanmar with a first mainland record of Pteropus hypomelanus geminorum from Myeik." Journal of Threatened Taxa 9, no. 8 (August 26, 2017): 10528. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.3517.9.8.10528-10537.

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Roosting colonies of Pteropus spp. at Myeik and Nyaung-zin in Myanmar’s Tanintharyi Region were surveyed between March and October 2016. Flying Foxes from 12 roost sites in Myeik town are considered to represent the taxon Pteropus hypomelanus geminorum based on the collection of a single specimen, which is the first record of the taxon from a mainland location. Further information was gathered from local people concerning the ecology and seasonal migration of Flying Fox colonies at the coastal village of Shaw-Taw-Maw and on the small island of The-byu. Data are presented on the roost tree species selected by Pteropus colonies and local threats to the bats and their habitat.

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2

Bell, Edward, Eluned Price, Samantha Balthes, Matthew Cordon, and Dominic Wormell. "Flight patterns in zoo‐housed fruit bats ( Pteropus spp.)." Zoo Biology 38, no. 3 (March 12, 2019): 248–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zoo.21481.

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3

Westcott, David, and Adam McKeown. "Observer error in exit counts of flying-foxes (Pteropus spp.)." Wildlife Research 31, no. 5 (2004): 551. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr03091.

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Population estimation and monitoring is a fundamental component in the conservation management of any species. For species such as flying-foxes (Pteropus spp.) population estimation is complicated by the large number of animals involved, their mobility and the conditions under which counts are conducted. Because count results are used in the determination of management requirements, they are the focus of much critical attention. Despite this, while measures of the precision of fly-out counts of Pteropus spp. have been published, measures of their accuracy have not. In this paper we present an assessment of the accuracy and precision of observer counts of dusk fly-outs by comparing recordings of observers’ counts with a video of the same fly-out. Observer’s counts were significantly related to the video-count (rs = 0.69, P < 0.0001), with the average observer’s count underestimating the video-count by 14.7% (± 25, s.d.) of the video-count. Observers’ errors increased with the rate at which flying-foxes left the camp and with the width of the fly-out stream. These results suggest that while observers’ errors are inherent in dusk fly-out counts, these errors are manageable and relatively predictable. Other sources of error are likely to have a greater impact on the final population estimate at both camp and regional scales.

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Lavery, Tyrone H., and John Fasi. "Buying through your teeth: traditional currency and conservation of flying foxes Pteropus spp. in Solomon Islands." Oryx 53, no. 3 (October 16, 2017): 505–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605317001004.

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AbstractGlobally, island bats are vulnerable to subsistence hunting, with widespread population declines, local extirpations and extinctions. Bats are important to the ecological functioning of remote oceanic islands, and thus the sustainable management of hunting of flying foxes Pteropus spp. is a conservation priority in the Pacific. In Solomon Islands people hunt flying foxes for bushmeat and their canine teeth, which are used as traditional currency. The value of teeth potentially increases hunting pressure on species of Pteropus. We interviewed 197 people on Makira Island to determine the nature of this use and how it may influence flying-fox populations. We asked questions to gather information about hunting practices, the value of canine teeth, utilization of traditional currency, and population trends of Pteropus. Flying-fox teeth remain highly valued on Makira. It is primarily the teeth of P. tonganus that are used rather than those of the smaller P. cognatus. Although flying foxes are not targeted solely for their teeth, this added value seemingly drives hunters to focus on P. tonganus. Hunting varied across five regions of Makira and high hunting pressure corresponded with perceived rarity of P. tonganus. Regions with low hunting pressure may be opportune locations to initiate flying-fox conservation on Makira.

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5

McMichael, Lee, Daniel Edson, Craig Smith, David Mayer, Ina Smith, Steven Kopp, Joanne Meers, and Hume Field. "Physiological stress and Hendra virus in flying-foxes (Pteropus spp.), Australia." PLOS ONE 12, no. 8 (August 2, 2017): e0182171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0182171.

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6

Philbey, AW, PD Kirkland, AD Ross, HE Field, M. Srivastava, RJ Davis, and RJ Love. "Infection with Menangle virus in flying foxes (Pteropus spp.) in Australia." Australian Veterinary Journal 86, no. 11 (October 26, 2008): 449–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2008.00361.x.

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7

Melville, D. F., E. G. Crichton, and S. D. Johnston. "Semen collection, ejaculate characteristics and in vitro manipulation of spermatozoa from six species of captive flying-fox (Pteropus spp.)." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 27, no. 8 (2015): 1233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd13391.

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Seminal characteristics are described in six Pteropus species including the critically endangered P. rodricensis. Spermic ejaculates (~40 μL) were collected using electro-ejaculation on 406 of 413 attempts. All flying-fox species had mean percentages of acrosome- and plasma-membrane (PM)-intact spermatozoa of >66% and >73%, respectively; the predominant sperm abnormalities found across all species were damaged, folded or missing acrosomes, bent midpieces and coiled tails. Seminal pH ranged from a low of 7.5 in P. giganteus to a high of 8.2 in P. alecto with the other species in between. Electro-ejaculates recovered in short succession from P. alecto revealed no differences in sperm quality, allowing spermatozoa to be utilised for multi-treatment experiments that evaluated the effects of transportation, incubation temperature and in vitro physico-chemical environments on acrosome and PM integrity. Pteropus alecto spermatozoa were successfully held at ~27°C and 37°C for up to 6 h before a reduction in PM integrity (P = 0.003) was observed. Acrosome and PM integrity decreased (P < 0.000) when P. alecto spermatozoa were incubated at 37°C for 30 min in a Tris–citrate buffer of pH 9.0 but remained stable at pH 5.0 to 8.0. Pteropus alecto mean (± s.e.m.) seminal osmolality was 307.0 ± 2.5 mOsm kg–1; nevertheless, spermatozoa were tolerant of media ranging from 160 to 1190 mOsm kg–1 but exposure to media of ≤160 mOsm kg–1 resulted in increased acrosome damage (P < 0.000).

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8

BARRETT, JL, MS CARLISLE, and P. PROCIV. "Neuro-angiostrongylosis in wild Black and Grey-headed flying foxes (Pteropus spp)." Australian Veterinary Journal 80, no. 9 (September 2002): 554–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2002.tb11039.x.

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9

McIlwee, A. P., and L. Martin. "On the intrinsic capacity for increase of Australian flying-foxes (Pteropus spp., Megachiroptera)." Australian Zoologist 32, no. 1 (April 2002): 76–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.7882/az.2002.008.

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10

Wiles, Gary J., and Nicholas H. Payne. "The trade in fruit bats Pteropus spp. on Guam and other Pacific islands." Biological Conservation 38, no. 2 (1986): 143–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(86)90070-4.

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11

Markus, Nicola, and Les Hall. "Foraging behaviour of the black flying-fox (Pteropus alecto) in the urban landscape of Brisbane, Queensland." Wildlife Research 31, no. 3 (2004): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr01117.

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The foraging movements of 13 Pteropus alecto from four camps in suburban Brisbane were monitored over two summer and one winter season between 1998 and 2000. By means of radio-telemetry, the flying-foxes were tracked to their foraging sites over 49 nights for a total of 237 h. Data from flying-foxes tracked from dusk to dawn showed that bats travelled directly to a foraging site early in the night and undertook smaller movements between foraging sites for the remainder of the night. Bats undertook a greater number of nocturnal movements during a food resource shortage than during a season of greater resource abundance. Mean distances (±s.e.) travelled from camps to foraging sites varied between camps and ranged from 2.9 ± 0.3 km (n = 24) to 7.6 ± 0.07 km (n = 2). In all three seasons, flying-foxes foraged on a variety of native and exotic plant species. Dominant exotics included Cocos palms (Sygarus romanzoffiana), Chinese elm trees (Celtis sinensis) and Cadaghi (Corymbia torrelliana), while highly utilised native food plants included figs (Ficus spp.), grevilleas (Grevillea spp.) and bottlebrushes (Callistemon spp.).

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12

Epstein, Jonathan H., Simon J. Anthony, Ariful Islam, A. Marm Kilpatrick, Shahneaz Ali Khan, Maria D. Balkey, Noam Ross, et al. "Nipah virus dynamics in bats and implications for spillover to humans." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 46 (November 2, 2020): 29190–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2000429117.

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Nipah virus (NiV) is an emerging bat-borne zoonotic virus that causes near-annual outbreaks of fatal encephalitis in South Asia—one of the most populous regions on Earth. In Bangladesh, infection occurs when people drink date-palm sap contaminated with bat excreta. Outbreaks are sporadic, and the influence of viral dynamics in bats on their temporal and spatial distribution is poorly understood. We analyzed data on host ecology, molecular epidemiology, serological dynamics, and viral genetics to characterize spatiotemporal patterns of NiV dynamics in its wildlife reservoir,Pteropus mediusbats, in Bangladesh. We found that NiV transmission occurred throughout the country and throughout the year. Model results indicated that local transmission dynamics were modulated by density-dependent transmission, acquired immunity that is lost over time, and recrudescence. Increased transmission followed multiyear periods of declining seroprevalence due to bat-population turnover and individual loss of humoral immunity. Individual bats had smaller host ranges than otherPteropusspecies (spp.), although movement data and the discovery of a Malaysia-clade NiV strain in eastern Bangladesh suggest connectivity with bats east of Bangladesh. These data suggest that discrete multiannual local epizootics in bat populations contribute to the sporadic nature of NiV outbreaks in South Asia. At the same time, the broad spatial and temporal extent of NiV transmission, including the recent outbreak in Kerala, India, highlights the continued risk of spillover to humans wherever they may interact with pteropid bats and the importance of limiting opportunities for spillover throughoutPteropus’s range.

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13

Aul, Bandana, P. J. J. Bates, D. L. Harrison, and G. Marimuthu. "Diversity, distribution and status of bats on the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India." Oryx 48, no. 2 (February 21, 2014): 204–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605312000646.

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AbstractInformation on the bat fauna of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands was limited previously to the results of sporadic surveys, with no specific focus on the habitats or distribution of the species. We carried out the first extensive survey of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands during 2003–2006, covering 40 islands. Our objective was to map the bat species, their habitats and distribution. This resulted in identification of 25 bat species representing 13 genera, location of > 300 roosts and validation of previously recorded species. Notable findings included the rediscovery of the endemic Nicobar flying fox Pteropus faunulus after a century and its extinction from the type locality on Car Nicobar Island, the sighting of an albino Hipposideros diadema nicobarensis from Katchal Island, and the first records of Rhinolophus yunanensis, Murina cyclotis and Hipposideros larvatus from the Andaman Islands, and Taphozous melanopogon, Murina cyclotis, Pipistrellus spp., Myotis horsfieldii dryas and Cynopterus brachyotis from the Nicobar Islands. Threats to the bat fauna appear to be primarily roost disturbance and hunting for sport. Anthropogenic pressure on species of Pteropus is high as hunting occurs throughout the year. Secondary sources and our field observations confirmed the decline of Pteropus in several islands as a result of hunting and alteration to habitats. We introduced a community initiative to monitor and protect roosts and foraging sites close to settlements in the Nicobar Islands. Priorities identified for conservation of the bat fauna of the archipelagos are mitigation of threats to flying foxes and cave dwelling bats, initiation of research on endemic bat species such as P. faunulus, and a voluntary ban by local communities on hunting in specific areas and seasons.

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14

Tidemann, Christopher R., Michael J. Vardon, Ronald A. Loughland, and Peter J. Brocklehurst. "Dry season camps of flying-foxes (Pteropus spp.) in Kakadu World Heritage Area, north Australia." Journal of Zoology 247, no. 2 (February 1999): 155–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1999.tb00979.x.

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15

Prajapati, Jamuna, Mukesh Kumar Chalise, and Dikpal Krishna Karmacharya. "Habitat and Behavioral Observation of Indian Flying Fox Pteropus giganteus (BRÜNNICH, 1782) in Sallaghari, Bhaktapur, Nepal." Journal of Natural History Museum 31, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 79–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnhm.v31i1.39376.

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The study on Indian flying fox (Pteropus giganteus), the most diverse group of mammals, was conducted from17th September, 2016 to 3rd March, 2017 at Sallaghari, Bhaktapur to collect baseline information on habitat, behavior, population and threats. The population structure and estimated populations along with their habitat using direct observation and the branch estimation method were assessed. The general behaviour of the individual animal was observed and recorded using focal animal sampling over a 10 minute periods either in the morning or evening. Local people and members of the Nepal Army were interviewed using semi-structured questionnaires in order to assess threats. Most flyng fox were found roosting in tall Eucalyptus spp. trees and the highly branched Populus spp. Resting was observed as the most the dominant behavior among male, female and young individuals during the study period. Highest populations (n=1421) were observed in September 2016 and lowest (n=36) in February 2017. Habitat destruction, lack of food, urbanization and electrocution were the major threats to P. giganteus. The population is decreasing compared to previous studies. Electrocution and persecution by humans are the major causes of accidental death each year. Therefore, in order to conserve and save this species, habitat and afforestation along with awareness programs should be implemented urgently.

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16

Keast, Janet R. "Catecholamine innervation of the intestine of flying foxes (Pteropus spp.): a substantial supply from enteric neurons." Cell and Tissue Research 276, no. 2 (May 1994): 403–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00306126.

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17

Keast, Janet R. "Catecholamine innervation of the intestine of flying foxes (Pteropus spp.): a substantial supply from enteric neurons." Cell and Tissue Research 276, no. 2 (May 1, 1994): 403–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410050103.

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18

Plowright, Raina K., Patrick Foley, Hume E. Field, Andy P. Dobson, Janet E. Foley, Peggy Eby, and Peter Daszak. "Urban habituation, ecological connectivity and epidemic dampening: the emergence of Hendra virus from flying foxes ( Pteropus spp.)." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, no. 1725 (May 11, 2011): 3703–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.0522.

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Anthropogenic environmental change is often implicated in the emergence of new zoonoses from wildlife; however, there is little mechanistic understanding of these causal links. Here, we examine the transmission dynamics of an emerging zoonotic paramyxovirus, Hendra virus (HeV), in its endemic host, Australian Pteropus bats (fruit bats or flying foxes). HeV is a biosecurity level 4 (BSL-4) pathogen, with a high case-fatality rate in humans and horses. With models parametrized from field and laboratory data, we explore a set of probable contributory mechanisms that explain the spatial and temporal pattern of HeV emergence; including urban habituation and decreased migration—two widely observed changes in flying fox ecology that result from anthropogenic transformation of bat habitat in Australia. Urban habituation increases the number of flying foxes in contact with human and domestic animal populations, and our models suggest that, in addition, decreased bat migratory behaviour could lead to a decline in population immunity, giving rise to more intense outbreaks after local viral reintroduction. Ten of the 14 known HeV outbreaks occurred near urbanized or sedentary flying fox populations, supporting these predictions. We also demonstrate that by incorporating waning maternal immunity into our models, the peak modelled prevalence coincides with the peak annual spill-over hazard for HeV. These results provide the first detailed mechanistic framework for understanding the sporadic temporal pattern of HeV emergence, and of the urban/peri-urban distribution of HeV outbreaks in horses and people.

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19

Parsons, Jennifer G., Andi Cairns, Christopher N. Johnson, Simon K. A. Robson, Louise A. Shilton, and David A. Westcott. "Dietary variation in spectacled flying foxes (Pteropus conspicillatus) of the Australian Wet Tropics." Australian Journal of Zoology 54, no. 6 (2006): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo06092.

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The diet of Pteropus conspicillatus, a large flying fox, was examined by collecting faeces in traps beneath daytime roost trees in four geographically distinct camps in the Wet Tropics bioregion of North-eastern Queensland, Australia. Faecal analyses revealed that P. conspicillatus utilise a broad variety of plant resources from a variety of habitats. Seed and pulp from figs (Ficus spp., Moraceae) and pollen from the family Myrtaceae were most frequently represented in the faeces from a range of both wet sclerophyll and rainforest habitats. The dietary composition of P. conspicillatus at individual camps could not be predicted by the habitats located within a typical foraging distance of each camp (20 km), and although consistent dietary changes were seen across all camps over time, each camp had a unique dietary signature indicative of feeding on a distinct subset of available vegetation. The unique diet of each camp and the variety of dietary items consumed suggest that camps may need to be managed on an individual camp-specific basis, and that P. conspicillatus are utilising a broader range of resources than would be expected if the species was a strict ‘rainforest-fruit specialist’.

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de Jong, C. E., N. Jonsson, H. Field, C. Smith, E. G. Crichton, N. Phillips, and S. D. Johnston. "Collection, seminal characteristics and chilled storage of spermatozoa from three species of free-range flying fox (Pteropus spp.)." Theriogenology 64, no. 5 (September 2005): 1072–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2005.02.016.

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21

Dhivahar, J., Ameer Khusro, Paul Agastian, and S. Suthakar Isaac. "Isolation and Characterization of Hyper-Xylanase Producing Bacillus spp. from Faeces of the Indian Flying Fox (Pteropus giganteus)." Acta Chiropterologica 21, no. 1 (October 5, 2019): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.3161/15081109acc2019.21.1.019.

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22

Lindhe-Norberg, U. M., A. P. Brooke, and W. J. Trewhella. "Soaring and non-soaring bats of the family pteropodidae (flying foxes, Pteropus spp.): wing morphology and flight performance." Journal of Experimental Biology 203, no. 3 (February 1, 2000): 651–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.203.3.651.

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On oceanic islands, some large diurnal megachiropteran bat species (flying foxes; Pteropus spp.) frequently use thermal or slope soaring during foraging flights to save energy. We compared the flight morphology and gliding/soaring performance of soaring versus non-soaring Pteropus species, one pair on American Samoa and one pair on the Comoro Islands, and two other soaring/flap-gliding species and one non-soaring species. We predicted that the soaring species should have a lower body mass, longer wings and, hence, lower wing loadings than those species that use mainly flapping flight. This would give a lower sinking speed during gliding, a higher glide ratio, and enable the bats to make tighter turns with lower sinking speeds than in the non-soaring species. We theoretically calculated the gliding and circling performances of both the soaring and non-soaring species. Our results show that there are tendencies towards longer wings and lower wing loadings in relation to body size in the gliding/soaring flying foxes than in the non-soaring ones. In the species-pair comparison of the soaring and non-soaring species on American Samoa and the Comoro Islands, the soarers on both islands turn out to have lower wing loadings than their non-soaring partners in spite of opposite size differences among the pairs. These characteristics are in accordance with our hypothesis on morphological adaptations. Most differences are, however, only significant at a level of P<0.1, which may be due to the small sample size, but overlap also occurs. Therefore, we must conclude that wing morphology does not seem to be a limiting factor preventing the non-soarers from soaring. Instead, diurnality in the soaring species seems to be the ultimate determinant of soaring behaviour. The morphological differences cause visible differences in soaring and gliding performance. The glider/soarers turn out to have lower minimum sinking speeds, lower best glide speeds and smaller turning radii than the non-soarers. When the wing measurements and soaring performance are normalized to a body mass of 0.5 kg for all species, the minimum sinking speed becomes significantly lower (P<0.05) in the three soaring and the one flap-gliding species (0.63 m s(−)(1)) than in the three non-soaring species (0.69 m s(−)(1)). Interestingly, the zones in the diagrams for the glide polars and circling envelopes of these similar-sized bats become displaced for the glider/soarers versus the non-soarers. The glide polars overlap slightly only at the gliding speeds appropriate for these bats, whereas the circling envelopes do not overlap at the appropriate bank angles and turning radii. This points towards adaptations for better gliding/soaring performance in the soaring and gliding species.

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23

Scanlon, Annette T., Sophie Petit, and Leonel da S. Sternberg. "Insectivory in Fijian flying foxes (Pteropodidae)." Australian Journal of Zoology 61, no. 4 (2013): 342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo13047.

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We used scat and isotope analyses to assess insectivory in Fijian flying foxes (Pteropodidae), seeking insights into niche partitioning of co-occurring bat species with high plant diet overlap. Moth scales were most common in scats of Notopteris macdonaldi (87%; P. tonganus: 62%; Pteropus samoensis: 36%) and may indicate shared resources. The small and highly manoeuvrable N. macdonaldi exploited nectar-rich flowers also favoured by moths (e.g. Barringtonia spp.). Other invertebrate remains were most frequent in scats of P. tonganus (69%). On the basis of scat results and ecological observations, P. tonganus uses a combination of insectivory and a highly varied plant diet to obtain sufficient nutrients. Scats of P. samoensis contained few invertebrate remains, but abundant protein-rich plant species (including Freycinetia spp.), and juveniles seemed to consume moths frequently. Clustered δ15N and δ13C for N. macdonaldi and P. samoensis indicated a narrower dietary breadth than that of P. tonganus. P. tonganus juveniles appeared at a significantly higher trophic level than did adults, probably the result of milk consumption and/or higher rates of protein synthesis. The methods used detected little evidence that bats partitioned resources vertically. This study generates hypotheses for the further examination of flying-fox diets.

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24

Lo, Michael K., Friederike Feldmann, Joy M. Gary, Robert Jordan, Roy Bannister, Jacqueline Cronin, Nishi R. Patel, et al. "Remdesivir (GS-5734) protects African green monkeys from Nipah virus challenge." Science Translational Medicine 11, no. 494 (May 29, 2019): eaau9242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aau9242.

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Nipah virus is an emerging pathogen in the Paramyxoviridae family. Upon transmission of Nipah virus from its natural reservoir, Pteropus spp. fruit bats, to humans, it causes respiratory and neurological disease with a case-fatality rate about 70%. Human-to-human transmission has been observed during Nipah virus outbreaks in Bangladesh and India. A therapeutic treatment for Nipah virus disease is urgently needed. Here, we tested the efficacy of remdesivir (GS-5734), a broad-acting antiviral nucleotide prodrug, against Nipah virus Bangladesh genotype in African green monkeys. Animals were inoculated with a lethal dose of Nipah virus, and a once-daily intravenous remdesivir treatment was initiated 24 hours later and continued for 12 days. Mild respiratory signs were observed in two of four treated animals, whereas all control animals developed severe respiratory disease signs. In contrast to control animals, which all succumbed to the infection, all remsdesivir-treated animals survived the lethal challenge, indicating that remdesivir represents a promising antiviral treatment for Nipah virus infection.

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Melville, D. F., E. G. Crichton, G. M. O'Brien, and S. D. Johnston. "12 PHARMACOLOGICAL STIMULATION OF OVULATION IN THE BLACK FLYING-FOX (PTEROPUS ALECTO)." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 21, no. 1 (2009): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv21n1ab12.

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Artificial insemination (AI) involves the accurate detection of oestrus, the ability to pharmacologically induce ovulation, or both. This is particularly important in flying-foxes (Pteropus spp.) that do not have an overt behavioural oestrus. Pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) stimulates folliculogenesis and ovulation in the Little Red Flying-fox (P. scapulatus; Towers PA and Martin L 1985 Proc. Aust. Soc. Reprod. Biol. 17, 115). In this study, a dose rate of 15 IU PMSG was used. Our study investigated if 15 IU PMSG would sufficiently induce ovulation in the larger, Black Flying-fox (P. alecto) or if a higher dose (30 IU) would be necessary. Before the mating season, a single injection of PMSG (Folligon®, Intervet Australia Pty Ltd, Bendigo East, Australia) was administered i.m. to eight adult females at 15 IU (n = 4) or 30 IU (n = 4) on Day 0. On Day 4, semen was collected by electro-ejaculation from adult males and inseminated intravaginally into females under isoflurane (Forthane®, Abbott Australasia Pty Ltd, Sydney, Australia) anaesthesia. Ovaries and reproductive tracts were surgically removed on Day 6, fixed, serially sectioned and stained using Gomori’s Stain. Histological sections were examined for evidence of ovarian activity and the presence of ova and spermatozoa in the reproductive tracts. Preliminary observations showed evidence of ovulation in both groups in the form of at least one CL in either ovary and an ovum in the ipsilateral oviduct or uterine horn. Ovaries of females stimulated with 30 IU PMSG differed noticeably from those treated with 15 IU in containing multiple, large, collapsed luteinized follicles with retained oocytes. Vascularization and glandular hypertrophy of the endometrium was also more evident in the higher dose group. No spermatozoa were observed in any of the excised tracts. These results suggest that whereas both doses of PMSG induce ovulation, the administration of 30 IU PMSG may over-stimulate the ovaries. This, in turn, could lead to an unphysiological environment for successful fertilization and embryonic development. A dose level of 15 IU or slightly above may be sufficient for subsequent attempts to stimulate folliculogenesis and ovulation in P. alecto. The absence of spermatozoa suggests that the site of insemination, the number of spermatozoa inseminated, or both requires further investigation if AI is to be successfully implemented in these species. We conclude that the ovarian responses to PMSG indicate that pharmacological induction of ovulation can be successfully achieved and thereby utilized in AI programs of endangered Pteropus species.

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26

Singh, P., S. Barolia, D. Sharma, and A. Patni. "Molecular Characterization and Identification of Bacillus spp. MLSU-PSSKB Isolated from Fecal Contents of Pteropus giganteus in Udaipur, Rajasthan, India." Journal of Applied Life Sciences International 5, no. 4 (January 10, 2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jalsi/2016/24759.

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27

Melville, D. F., S. D. Johnston, and R. R. Miller. "Flying-fox (Pteropus spp.) sperm membrane fatty acid composition, its relationship to cold shock injury and implications for cryopreservation success." Cryobiology 65, no. 3 (December 2012): 224–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cryobiol.2012.06.007.

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28

Sa’diyah, S. N., F. J. I. C. Situmorang, and Kholik. "The differential account of white blood cell as an image of immune system from flying fox (Pteropus spp) as a reservoir host." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1430 (January 2020): 012024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1430/1/012024.

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29

Páez, David J., Olivier Restif, Peggy Eby, and Raina K. Plowright. "Optimal foraging in seasonal environments: implications for residency of Australian flying foxes in food-subsidized urban landscapes." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 373, no. 1745 (March 12, 2018): 20170097. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0097.

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Bats provide important ecosystem services such as pollination of native forests; they are also a source of zoonotic pathogens for humans and domestic animals. Human-induced changes to native habitats may have created more opportunities for bats to reside in urban settings, thus decreasing pollination services to native forests and increasing opportunities for zoonotic transmission. In Australia, fruit bats ( Pteropus spp. flying foxes) are increasingly inhabiting urban areas where they feed on anthropogenic food sources with nutritional characteristics and phenology that differ from native habitats. We use optimal foraging theory to investigate the relationship between bat residence time in a patch, the time it takes to search for a new patch (simulating loss of native habitat) and seasonal resource production. We show that it can be beneficial to reside in a patch, even when food productivity is low, as long as foraging intensity is low and the expected searching time is high. A small increase in the expected patch searching time greatly increases the residence time, suggesting nonlinear associations between patch residence and loss of seasonal native resources. We also found that sudden increases in resource consumption due to an influx of new bats has complex effects on patch departure times that again depend on expected searching times and seasonality. Our results suggest that the increased use of urban landscapes by bats may be a response to new spatial and temporal configurations of foraging opportunities. Given that bats are reservoir hosts of zoonotic diseases, our results provide a framework to study the effects of foraging ecology on disease dynamics. One contribution of 14 to a theme isssue ‘Anthropogenic resource subsidies and host–parasite dynamics in wildlife’.

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Matthews, DG, and JA Morris. "Intersex in male invasive Atlantic lionfish, Pterois spp." Aquatic Biology 28 (January 10, 2019): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/ab00705.

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Ivory, Jami A., Deborah K. Steinberg, and Robert J. Latour. "Diel, seasonal, and interannual patterns in mesozooplankton abundance in the Sargasso Sea." ICES Journal of Marine Science 76, no. 1 (October 26, 2018): 217–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsy117.

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Abstract Temporal changes in mesozooplankton abundance affect planktonic food web interactions and biogeochemistry. We enumerated mesozooplankton from monthly day and night tows in the epipelagic zone at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) site in the Sargasso Sea (1999–2010). Abundances of each taxon were determined using a ZooScan imaging system and microscopy. Generalized linear models were used to determine environmental parameters that best explained abundance patterns. Taxa with pronounced diel vertical migration included euphausiids, amphipods, Limacina spp. pteropods, and other shelled pteropods. Taxa with a pronounced spring abundance peak included euphausiids, appendicularians, and Limacina spp., while harpacticoid copepods peaked in late summer, and calanoid copepods in late winter/early spring and summer. Many taxa increased in 2003, coincident with a diatom bloom and the largest primary production peak in the time series. Long-term, increasing trends occurred in calanoid and oncaeid copepods, and ostracods, with barnacle nauplii significantly increasing. Sub-decadal-scale climate oscillations and long-term warming may be driving decreases in shelled pteropods and appendicularians. Chaetognath abundance increased in response to increased density of a major prey taxon, calanoid copepods. Calanoid copepods and ostracods increased with increasing water column stratification index and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation index, indicating warmer sea surface temperatures favour these taxa.

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Montoya-Mendoza, Jesús, Tomás Camarena-Luhrs, María del Refugio Castañeda-Chávez, and Fabiola Lango-Reynoso. "Helminth Parasites of Red Lionfish, Pterois volitans from the Veracruz Coral Reef System, Mexico, Southern Gulf of Mexico." Journal of Agricultural Science 9, no. 11 (October 16, 2017): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v9n11p30.

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A helminthological survey was conducted on 78 red lionfish, Pterois volitans, collected in the Veracruz Reef System National Park (VRSNP). Register: trematodes (5 spp.), cestodes (1), and nematodes (2). Prevalence per species < 30% and mean intensity < 6.0. Three new host records are reported herein. The red lionfish is infected by species of endoparasites generalist and played a role as accidental host.

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Gress, Erika, Dominic A. Andradi-Brown, Lucy Woodall, Pamela J. Schofield, Karl Stanley, and Alex D. Rogers. "Lionfish (Pterois spp.) invade the upper-bathyal zone in the western Atlantic." PeerJ 5 (August 17, 2017): e3683. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3683.

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Non-native lionfish have been recorded throughout the western Atlantic on both shallow and mesophotic reefs, where they have been linked to declines in reef health. In this study we report the first lionfish observations from the deep sea (>200 m) in Bermuda and Roatan, Honduras, with lionfish observed to a maximum depth of 304 m off the Bermuda platform, and 250 m off West End, Roatan. Placed in the context of other deeper lionfish observations and records, our results imply that lionfish may be present in the 200–300 m depth range of the upper-bathyal zone across many locations in the western Atlantic, but currently are under-sampled compared to shallow habitats. We highlight the need for considering deep-sea lionfish populations in future invasive lionfish management.

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Djoronga, Muhammad Ikhlas, Dingse Pandiangan, Febby Ester F. Kandou, and Agustina M. Tangapo. "Penapisan Alkaloid Pada Tumbuhan Paku dari Halmahera Utara." Jurnal MIPA 3, no. 2 (August 13, 2014): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.35799/jm.3.2.2014.5860.

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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan penapisan senyawa alkaloid pada beberapa jenis tumbuhan paku yang ditemukan di Halmahera Utara. Metoda yang digunakan untuk penelitian ini adalah metoda deskriptif, pengambilan sampel menggunakan teknik metoda jelajah di sepanjang jalan yang dilalui. Penapisan alkaloid menggunakan Reagen Mayer, Wagner dan Dragendorff, sampel yang digunakan dari daun yang dewasa, sekitar 2 g. Hasil yang didapatkan sebanyak 70 spesies sampel tumbuhan paku. Hasil penapisan alkaloid diperoleh 30 spesies sampel yang positif mengandung alkaloid. Sampel tersebut adalah Selaginella plana, Cyclopeltis sp., Diplazim dilatatum, Cyclosorus sp., Tectaria angulata, Microlepia sp., Sphaerostephanus unitus, Pteris tripartia, Blechinum sp.1, Nephrolepis biserrata, Selaginella sp.(daun panjang), Diplazium esculentum, Sphaerosthanos sp., Asplenium serra, Lomagramma sumatrana, Thelypteris dentata, Microsorum pteropus, Tectaria sp.1, Nephrolepis undulata, Selaginella delicatula, Pityrogramma calomelanos, Lycopodium phlegmaria, Loxogramme scolopendria, Phyrrosia longifolia, Vittaria elongata, Psilotum sp., Elaphoglossum sp.1, Elaphoglossum sp.2, Adiantum lunulatu dan ada satu spesies yang belum teridentifikasi yaitu sp3.This research to conduct screening of alkaloid compounds in some species of ferns found in North Halmahera. The method used for this research is descriptive method, sampling using the method cruising along the path traversed. Screening of alkaloids using reagents is Mayer, Wagner and Dragendorff, used samples of mature leaves, about 2 g. The results obtained were 70 species of fern samples. Only 30 species positive contain alkaloids. The sample is Selaginella plana, Cyclopeltis sp., Diplazim dilatatum, Cyclosorus sp., Tectaria angulata, Microlepia sp., Sphaerostephanus unitus, Pteris tripartia, Blechinum sp.1, Nephrolepis biserrata, Selaginella sp.(daun panjang), Diplazium esculentum, Sphaerosthanos sp., Asplenium serra, Lomagramma sumatrana, Thelypteris dentata, Microsorum pteropus, Tectaria sp.1, Nephrolepis undulata, Selaginella delicatula, Pityrogramma calomelanos, Lycopodium phlegmaria, Loxogramme scolopendria, Phyrrosia longifolia, Vittaria elongata, Psilotum sp., Elaphoglossum sp.1, Elaphoglossum sp.2, Adiantum lunulatu, and there is one species that has not been identified is Sp3.

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35

Mostowy, Jason, Estrella Malca, Leif Rasmuson, Lourdes Vásquez-Yeomans, Trika Gerard, Eloy Sosa Cordero, Laura Carrillo, and John T. Lamkin. "Early life ecology of the invasive lionfish (Pterois spp.) in the western Atlantic." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 10, 2020): e0243138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243138.

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The invasion of the western Atlantic by the Indo-Pacific lionfish (Pterois volitans/miles) is a serious threat to the ecological stability of the region. The early life history of the lionfish remains poorly understood despite the important role that larval supply plays reef fish population dynamics. In this study, we characterized patterns in the horizontal and vertical distributions of larval lionfish collected in the western Caribbean, US Caribbean, and the Gulf of Mexico from 19 ichthyoplankton surveys conducted from 2009–2016. Using generalized additive models (GAMs), we assessed the relative effects of spatiotemporal and environmental variation on the distribution of lionfish larvae. We also examined otoliths to determine larval ages and report the first larval growth rate estimates for this species. Lionfish larvae were present at 7.8% of all stations sampled and our model suggests that lionfish presence is related to sea surface temperature and the lunar cycle. Year and location also strongly affected the larval distribution, likely reflecting the ongoing expansion of the species during our sampling timeframe. Much of the variation in larval lionfish presence remained unexplained, and future studies should incorporate additional environmental factors to improve model predictions. This study improves our understanding of the lionfish life cycle and accentuates the need for further research into the early life history of this invasive species. The design and implementation of effective long-term lionfish control mechanisms will require an understanding of their entire life history.

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Jud, Zachary R., Patrick K. Nichols, and Craig A. Layman. "Broad salinity tolerance in the invasive lionfish Pterois spp. may facilitate estuarine colonization." Environmental Biology of Fishes 98, no. 1 (February 7, 2014): 135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10641-014-0242-y.

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37

Levasseur, M., M. D. Keller, E. Bonneau, D. D'Amours, and W. K. Bellows. "Oceanographic Basis of a DMS-Related Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua) Fishery Problem: Blackberry Feed." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 51, no. 4 (April 1, 1994): 881–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f94-087.

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Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) caught along the Labrador and Newfoundland coasts and in the Strait of Belle Isle often smell strongly of sulfur, a problem locally called "blackberry feed". Early studies have shown that the sulfurous-smelling cod had fed almost exclusively on the pteropod Limacina helicina and that dimethylsufide (DMS) was responsible for the odor. In August 1991, we conducted a cruise in the northeastern Gulf of St. Lawrence and in the Strait of Belle Isle in order to confirm the algal origin of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP, the precursor of DMS) and to determine the factors responsible for its transfer in the food web. A significant correlation was found between the distribution of DMSP and the abundance of microflagellates, dinoflagellates, cryptomonads, and prymnesiophytes (mostly Chrysochromulina spp.). The concentration of DMSP in L. helicina and in particles were also linearly related, suggesting rapid accumulation of DMSP in pteropod. The weight-specific DMSP content of L. helicina was always high (1–21 mg DMSP/g) and apparently sufficient to create blackberry feed symptoms in cod. Results from bioassay experiments demontrated that L. helicina may significantly influence the DMSP–DMS dynamics in subarctic waters.

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Jud, Zachary R., and Craig A. Layman. "Site fidelity and movement patterns of invasive lionfish, Pterois spp., in a Florida estuary." Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 414-415 (March 2012): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2012.01.015.

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39

Steell, S. Clay, Travis E. Van Leeuwen, Jacob W. Brownscombe, Steven J. Cooke, and Erika J. Eliason. "An appetite for invasion: digestive physiology, thermal performance and food intake in lionfish (Pterois spp.)." Journal of Experimental Biology 222, no. 19 (September 16, 2019): jeb209437. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.209437.

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40

Chen, Yu-Kai, Chia-Yi Pan, Yi-Chen Wang, Hsiu-Ju Tseng, Bo-Kun Su, and Ming-An Lee. "Interannual variability of larval fish assemblages associated with water masses in winter in the Taiwan Strait during 2007–2013." Fisheries Science 87, no. 1 (January 2021): 131–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12562-020-01489-z.

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AbstractIn this study, the interannual variations of ichthyoplankton assemblages in the Taiwan Strait (TS) during the winters of 2007–2013 were determined. The cold China Coastal Current (CCC) and Mixed China Coastal Water (MCCW) intruded into the TS and impinged with the warm Kuroshio Branch Current (KBC) with annual variations. Consequently, the ichthyoplankton community in the TS was mainly structured into two assemblages characterized by differing environmental conditions. The composition of the warm KBC assemblage was relatively stable and was characterized by Diaphus B and Bregmaceros spp. By contrast, the cold MCCW assemblage demonstrated considerable variations over the years, with demersal Gobiidae and Scorpaenidae families considered the most representative. In addition, Benthosema pterotum and Trichiurus spp. were common in both KBC and MCCW assemblages. The distribution of the KBC assemblage demonstrated sharp boundaries in the frontal zones, whereas changes in the assemblage structure between the frontal zones were gradual for the MCCW assemblage, particularly when demersal taxa were dominant. Sea surface temperature and salinity were most strongly associated with variability in the assemblage structure during the study period. Thus, this paper provides a better understanding of long-term larval fish dynamics during winter in the TS.

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41

Muñoz, RoldanC. "Evidence of natural predation on invasive lionfish, Pterois spp., by the spotted moray eel, Gymnothorax moringa." Bulletin of Marine Science 93, no. 3 (July 1, 2017): 789–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5343/bms.2016.1135.

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42

Trehern, RH, A. Garg, WB Bigelow, H. Hauptman, A. Brooks, LA Hawkes, and TE Van Leeuwen. "Low salinity negatively affects metabolic rate, food consumption, digestion and growth in invasive lionfish Pterois spp." Marine Ecology Progress Series 644 (June 25, 2020): 157–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps13340.

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The establishment of the piscivorous lionfish Pterois spp. in the Western Atlantic and wider Caribbean is a well-documented example of a successful marine invasion. Recently, lionfish have been shown to colonise a wide range of ecosystems and tolerate a wider range of salinities than previously thought. In the present study, lionfish were maintained in aquaria under differing salinity treatments (10, 20 and 37 psu) similar to those they might experience in an estuarine ecosystem. The effects of long-term hyposaline exposure on growth, metabolic rate, maximum food consumption and digestion were examined. Consistent with previous studies, lionfish were able to survive in hyposaline conditions for extended periods of time. However, lionfish in the most hyposaline treatment (10 psu) exhibited reduced growth under low food conditions, lower maximum metabolic rate, lower aerobic scope, lower maximum food consumption, took longer to digest a standardized meal size and occupied a greater percentage of their aerobic scope during digestion. Results suggest that (1) given the ability of lionfish to tolerate low salinity, updated range expansion models should incorporate salinity data to improve accuracy of predicted range expansion and (2) the invasion of lionfish into low salinity ecosystems, although a serious concern, will not likely lead to the same level of population increase observed for coral reef habitats due to the physiological costs associated with living in low salinities.

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Kulbicki, M., J. Beets, P. Chabanet, K. Cure, E. Darling, SR Floeter, R. Galzin, et al. "Distributions of Indo-Pacific lionfishes Pterois spp. in their native ranges: implications for the Atlantic invasion." Marine Ecology Progress Series 446 (February 2, 2012): 189–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps09442.

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44

Soliño, Lucía, Saha Widgy, Anthony Pautonnier, Jean Turquet, Christopher R. Loeffler, Harold A. Flores Quintana, and Jorge Diogène. "Prevalence of ciguatoxins in lionfish (Pterois spp.) from Guadeloupe, Saint Martin, and Saint Barthélmy Islands (Caribbean)." Toxicon 102 (August 2015): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.05.015.

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45

Bos, Arthur R., Ashraf M. Sanad, and Khamis Elsayed. "Gymnothorax spp. (Muraenidae) as natural predators of the lionfish Pterois miles in its native biogeographical range." Environmental Biology of Fishes 100, no. 6 (April 14, 2017): 745–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10641-017-0600-7.

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46

Edwards, Morgan A., Thomas K. Frazer, and Charles A. Jacoby. "Age and growth of invasive lionfish (Pterois spp.) in the Caribbean Sea, with implications for management." Bulletin of Marine Science 90, no. 4 (October 1, 2014): 953–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5343/bms.2014.1022.

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47

Trehern, Rebekah H., Cameron Raguse, William F. Bigelow, Aneri Garg, Hannah Hauptman, Annabelle Brooks, Travis E. Van Leeuwen, and Lucy A. Hawkes. "The effect of salinity on behavioural interactions between native Schoolmaster snapper (Lutjanus apodus) and invasive lionfish (Pterois spp)." Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 530-531 (September 2020): 151414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2020.151414.

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48

Certoma, Andrea, Ross A. Lunt, Wilna Vosloo, Ina Smith, Axel Colling, David T. Williams, Thao Tran, and Stuart D. Blacksell. "Assessment of a Rabies Virus Rapid Diagnostic Test for the Detection of Australian Bat Lyssavirus." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 3, no. 4 (October 4, 2018): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed3040109.

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Australian bat lyssavirus (ABLV) is closely related to the classical rabies virus and has been associated with three human fatalities and two equine fatalities in Australia. ABLV infection in humans causes encephalomyelitis, resulting in fatal disease, but has no effective therapy. The virus is maintained in enzootic circulation within fruit bats (Pteropid spp.) and at least one insectivorous bat variety (Saccolaimus flaviventris). Most frequently, laboratory testing is conducted on pteropodid bat brains, either following a potential human exposure through bites, scratches and other direct contacts with bats, or as opportunistic assessment of sick or dead bats. The level of medical intervention and post-exposure prophylaxis is largely determined on laboratory testing for antigen/virus as the demonstrable infection status of the in-contact bat. This study evaluates the comparative diagnostic performance of a lateral flow test, Anigen Rabies Ag detection rapid test (RDT), in pteropodid variant of ABLV-infected bat brain tissues. The RDT demonstrated 100% agreement with the reference standard fluorescent antibody test on 43 clinical samples suggesting a potential application in rapid diagnosis of pteropodid variant of ABLV infection. A weighted Kappa value of 0.95 confirmed a high level of agreement between both tests.

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Sabido-Itzá, Miguel Mateo, José Manuel Castro-Pérez, Gabriela Nava-Martínez, Alejandro Medina-Quej, and Martha Beatriz Hernández-Millán. "Los censos visuales en transecto de banda subestiman la abundancia del pez león Pterois spp. en arrecifes coralinos del Caribe." Revista de Biología Marina y Oceanografía 54, no. 3 (January 17, 2020): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.22370/rbmo.2019.54.3.2028.

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The visual census of band transect (CVB) is one of the most used monitoring protocol on reefs, however this study confirms that its application fail in the detection and estimation of abundance of invasive lionfish. CVB vs Lionfish Search Census (CBP) was compared on Mexican Caribbean reefs. Differences in abundance of lionfish were found between CVB and CBP. Bias among both methods was significantly correlated to the cryptic behavior of inactivity and depth of the site. Finally, the use of different lionfish sampling methods and the application of CBP for monitoring reefs in the region are discussed.

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Blakeway, Raven D., Glenn A. Jones, and Byron Boekhoudt. "Controlling lionfishes ( Pterois spp.) with consumption: Survey data from Aruba demonstrate acceptance of non‐native lionfishes on the menu and in seafood markets." Fisheries Management and Ecology 27, no. 3 (November 17, 2019): 227–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/fme.12404.

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