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Journal articles on the topic 'PTC ceramics'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 28 June 2021
Last updated: 11 February 2022

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1

Mittal, Prakhar, Shiva Naresh, Priyanka Luthra, Amardeep Singh, Jatinder Singh Dhaliwal, and Gurpreet Singh Kapur. "Polypropylene composites reinforced with hybrid inorganic fillers: Morphological, mechanical, and rheological properties." Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 32, no. 6 (July 16, 2018): 848–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0892705718785674.

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Mineral fillers like talc and mica are commonly used in the plastic industry because of their tendency to alter the properties of thermoplastic materials. Polypropylene (PP)-talc (PTC), PP-mica (PMC), and PP-talc/mica hybrid composites (PHC) were prepared. Results indicated that filler particle size, type, and content greatly influence the mechanical and rheological properties of the composites. Shear viscosity decreased with the increase in shear rate. At 40°C, an increase of approximately 120% in storage modulus ( E′) was observed in PMC composites. C parameter increased, whereas reinforcing efficiency ( r) decreased with the increase in filler loading. Percent elongation of each type of composites decreased with the increase in filler loading. Tensile modulus of PTC composite increased significantly by 103% (571 MPa) at 20% loading of talc, whereas for PHC and PMC composites, increase of 93% (543 MPa) and 81% (511 MPa) was observed. Flexural modulus also increased considerably by 88% (2413 MPa), 80% (2313 MPa), and 62% (2084 MPa) of PTC, PHC, and PMC composites at 20% filler loading.
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2

Yang, Ai Mei, Jian Ming Deng, Cong Xue Su, Wen Hao Jia, and Lai Jun Liu. "Effect of Defect Characteristics on the Color of BaTiO3-Based PTC Ceramic." Key Engineering Materials 697 (July 2016): 243–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.697.243.

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The barium titanium based PTC ceramic with two kind of colors, light blue and yellow, were obtained by changing sintering processing. In order to reveal the relationship between color and electrical properties of the ceramics. The phase structure and microstructure of as synthesized samples were investigated by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis. The micro area elements were characterized by electron probe micro-analyzer (EPMA) and x-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS). The thermo-sensitive properties were studied by resistance-temperature measurement system. The results reveal that two kinds of PTC ceramics have the same structure, similar elements, but different microstructure and valence concentration of titanium. It is suggested that difference of color of the PTC ceramics are originated from the defect concentration of titanium.
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3

Chen, Bin Bin, Shu Ping Gong, Jian Qiao Liu, Lian Hua Li, and Dong Xiang Zhou. "Effects of BN Dopant on Electrical Characteristics of Barium-Excessive BaTiO3 Ceramics for Laminated Positive Temperature Coefficient Thermistors Fabricated by Tape Casting Technique." Advanced Materials Research 415-417 (December 2011): 994–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.415-417.994.

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The barium-excessive BaTiO3 ceramics with BN addition for laminated positive temperature coefficient (PTC)thermistors are fabricated. The tape casting technique and reduction/reoxidation process are employed into the fabricating procedure. The influences of BN additive on ceramic characteristics are discussed. The addition over 5% leads to rectangular and abnormal large grains. The 5% BN-doped ceramics shows a resistivity of 233 Ω•cm and PTC jump of 3.4 orders of magnitude. The charge carrier density in grain bulk and acceptor state density at grain boundaries are evaluated. The correlation of BN doping amount with room temperature resistivity, PTC jump, reoxidation effect as well as charge carrier and acceptor state density are investigated.
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4

Liu, Huan, Shu Ping Gong, Dong Xiang Zhou, Chun Fang Cheng, Zhi Ping Zheng, and Yun Xiang Hu. "Microstructure and Electrical Properties of BaTiO3-Based PTC Ceramics Prepared from Nanopowders." Key Engineering Materials 368-372 (February 2008): 456–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.368-372.456.

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Dense PTC ceramics were prepared with BaTiO3 nanopowders synthesized by hydrothermal method. BaCO3 and Ti(OC4H9)4 were used as barium and titanium sources, and Y(NO)3·6H2O as the donor dopant respectively. The average grain size of the powders obtained after hydrothermal treatment at 160°C for 9h was about 30nm with cubic structure. Mn(NO3)2 was introduced to the as-prepared nanopowders in order to improve the PTC effect. After sintered at 1280°C, the PTC ceramic samples exhibited sufficient resistance jump ratio(1.086×103) around Curie temperature, the density of which was 5.81g/cm3(96.5% of the theoretical density).
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5

Wang, D. J., J. Qiu, Y. C. Guo, Z. L. Gui, and L. T. Li. "Grain boundary effects in NTC-PTC composite thermistor materials." Journal of Materials Research 14, no. 1 (January 1999): 120–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1999.0019.

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Yttrium-doped (Sr0.45Pb0.55)TiO3 ceramics have been studied by complex impedance analysis. As a sort of NTC-PTC composite thermistor, it exhibited a significantly large negative temperature coefficient of resistivity below Tc in addition to the ordinary PTC characteristics above Tc. It is found that the NTC effect in NTC-PTC materials was not originated from the deep energy level of donor (bulk behavior), but from the electrical behavior of the grain boundary. Therefore, the NTC-PTC composite effect was assumed to be a grain boundary effect, and yttrium was a donor at shallow energy level. The NTC-PTC ceramics were grain boundary controlled materials.
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6

Wu, Hongya, Caihui Wang, Hua Fu, Ji Zhou, and Shuzhi Zheng. "Unipolar memristive switching in bulk positive temperature coefficient ceramic thermistor." Modern Physics Letters B 30, no. 04 (February 10, 2016): 1650025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984916500251.

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A memristive switching phenomena was investigated in macroscale bulk positive temperature coefficient (PTC) thermosensitive ceramics. (Ba[Formula: see text]Sr[Formula: see text])TiO3, which is a well-known PTC thermistor, was taken as an example to analyze the memristive behavior of those macroscale bulk ceramics. Hysteretic current–voltage (I–V) characteristics, which are the features of memristor were obtained. The origin of the effect is attributed to the PTC thermosensitive characteristic of the bulk ceramics, and a switching mechanism driven by competing field-driven heat generation and heat dissipation was proposed.
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7

Takagi, Hiroshi. "History and Future Prospect of Electro-ceramics in Japan and Asia." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2012, CICMT (September 1, 2012): 000002–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/cicmt-2012-kn2_murata.

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On the background of a long history of Japanese ceramics, various electro-ceramic materials have been studied and many kinds of electronic components using them have been developed in Japan. The first invention of electro-ceramics in Japan should be a ferrite at Tokyo Institute of Technology in 1930, and the mass production of ferrite started in 1937. Then, Japanese electro-ceramic industry has led the world on electro-ceramic materials and components until now, especially in the fields of BaTiO3, PZT, PTC thermistor, ZnO varistor and insulating ceramics. In recent years, new electro-ceramic materials, their processes and new devices using them have been still studied actively in Japan. Currently, R&D activities in Asia outside of Japan, and electro-ceramic industries in those areas have been grown steadily.
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8

Qu, Yuan Fang, Guang Jun Yang, Xiao Lei Li, and Wei Bing Ma. "Study of Graphite/Bakelite/BaTiO3-Based PTC Ceramics Composite." Key Engineering Materials 280-283 (February 2007): 345–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.280-283.345.

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The influence of grahtite and bakelite content of Graphite/Bakelite/BaTiO3-based PTC ceramic composite on their properties was studied. It was found that the composite's room- temperature resistivity was decreased and the PTC intensity was assured. This method offered a new way to solving the problem of high room-temperature resistivity of the BaTiO3-based PTC ceramic.
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9

Takada, Masaaki, Shinichi Umino, and Koji Hayashi. "Properties of PTC Ceramics/Metal Sintered Compact." Journal of the Japan Institute of Metals 56, no. 3 (1992): 303–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/jinstmet1952.56.3_303.

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10

Michiue, Masakuni, Hideji Igarashi, and Kiyoshi Okazaki. "Measurement of Internal Stress in PTC Ceramics." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 24, S3 (January 1, 1985): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/jjaps.24s3.110.

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11

Ruan, Li-Jian. "XPS study of (V0.995Al0.005)2O3 PTC ceramics." Journal of Materials Science Letters 15, no. 8 (1996): 706–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00264121.

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12

Yang, Ai Mei, Gui Zhong Li, Shao Ying Zhen, and Lai Jun Liu. "Electrode Interface Polarization in BaTiO3-Based PTC Ceramics." Key Engineering Materials 697 (July 2016): 248–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.697.248.

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Electrodes play a vital role on the electrical properties of positive temperature coefficient (PTC) ceramics. An ohmic contract between ceramics and electrodes is necessary for the PTC effect. In this work, silver mixed aluminium electrode and pure silver electrode were pasted on BaTiO3-based PTC ceramics, which results in an ohmic contact and non-ohmic contact, respectively. Impedance spectroscopy and dielectric and conductivity properties was investigated at different temperature for the two contacts. Small difference of electrical properties was found between the two contacts above the Curie temperature. Below the Curie temperature, however, carriers could pass through the interface of ohmic contract but gather on the interface of non-ohmic contact. The latter resulted in a space charge polarization, which increased low-frequency dielectric permittivity.
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13

Sundaram, S. K., Yolande Berta, and Robert F. Speyer. "Domain structures in donor-doped barium titanate ceramics." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 51 (August 1, 1993): 930–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100150484.

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The effects of cooling rate and soaking time on the positive temperature coefficient of resistivity (PTCR) of donor-doped barium titanate ceramics have been well studied. Daniels and Wernicke presented a model which predicted that an increasing grain boundary thickness led to a continuous transition from a PTC thermistor to an intergranular capacitor. Common in grain boundary potential layer models of PTC behavior, is the assumption that the polarization vector is parallel to the domain boundary (180° domains). Haanstra and Ihrig observed only 90° domains (perpendicular polarization vectors in neighboring domains) in these materials. They did not observe any intergranular second phase in their microstructures, which had grain boundary thicknesses of 2 - 10 nm. They discarded the potential barrier model proposed by Hoffmann in which a 500 am thick second phase layer (possibly Ti-rich) was assumed to be present at the grain boundary. In the present investigation, the domain structures and grain boundary thicknesses in BaTiO3 PTC thermistor, and the intergranular capacitor specimens were studied.
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14

Igarashi, H., M. Michiue, and K. Okazaki. "Anisotropic Resistivity under Uniaxial Pressure in PTC Ceramics." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 24, S2 (January 1, 1985): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/jjaps.24s2.305.

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15

Qu, Yuan Fang, Juan Du, Wei Bing Ma, and Xiao Lei Li. "Ni/Graphite/BaTiO3 PTCR Composites." Key Engineering Materials 280-283 (February 2007): 353–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.280-283.353.

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Nickel/graphite/BaTiO3 PTC composites with lower room-temperature resistivity and higher resistance jump were fabricated by adding graphite and nickel powders into BaTiO3 PTC ceramics. Characteristics and conductive mechanism of the composites were discussed based on the experimental results.
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16

Takeda, Hiroaki, Han Joong Sang, Takashi Tateishi, Spela Kunej, Colin Leach, Robert Freer, Takuya Hoshina, and Takaaki Tsurumi. "Characterization of Grain Boundaries of Lead-Free Semiconducting Ceramics Using BaTiO3-(Bi1/2K1/2)TiO3 System." Key Engineering Materials 485 (July 2011): 241–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.485.241.

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BaTiO3–(Bi1/2K1/2)TiO3 (abbreviated as BT-BKT) solid solution ceramics, as a lead-free PTC (positive temperature coefficient of resistivity) thermistor material usable over 130°C, has been synthesized by sintering in N2 atmosphere and after annealing in air over 1200°C. In the BT-BKT ceramics with PTC property, the impedance/modulus spectroscopic plots have revealed that a third resistance-capacitance (RC) response besides grains and grain boundaries. Using the remote electron beam induced current (REBIC) configuration, imaging has revealed EBIC contrast consistent with the presence of negatively charged electrostatic grain boundary barriers in the BT-BKT semiconducting ceramics.
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17

Pu, Yong Ping, Yu Qin Mao, and Ji Feng Wei. "PTC Behavior and Microstructure of Zn-Ni-Ti-O Ceramics." Advanced Materials Research 146-147 (October 2010): 1013–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.146-147.1013.

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Zn-Ni-Ti-O system ceramics were prepared by solid state reaction method using two different routes. The positive temperature coefficient of resistivity (PTCR) behavior and microstructure were investigated in terms of different composition and synthetic routes. It was found that using ZnO, NiO and TiO2 as the starting materials (route A), the prepared ceramics exhibited low room temperature resistivity (ρRT was ~102 Ω•cm) and inferior resistivity jump (ρmax/ρmin<50) starting at the temperature when it began to rise. However, using ZnOss (Zn0.95Ni0.05O), NiOss (Ni0.55Zn0.45O) and spinel phase (ZnNiTiO4) as starting materials (route B), the ceramics revealed ρRT >103 Ω•cm and marked resistivity jump (ρmax/ρmin was ~102) starting at ~200 °C. The microstructure showed that the ceramics prepared by route B possessed clear-cut grain boundaries but the grains of ceramics prepared by route A were irregular shape and distribution.
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18

Wang, Jun, and Xiao Lu Li. "Dynamic Temperature Test for PTC Material Used to Heat Diesel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 321-324 (June 2013): 158–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.321-324.158.

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This paper gives a way which utilizes the PTC (positive temperature coefficient) materials to preheat diesel in the injector in order to improve the cold start performance and emissions of engine. Combining high performance data acquisition system based on MSP430F149, a dynamic temperature testing system was developed to test fuel temperature heated by PTC in injector. The software and hardware electrocircuit were expounded in detail. The temperature varying law of diesel fuel heated with PTC ceramics was measured under different voltage. A conclusion can be draw that diesel fuel may be heated to self-defined temperature around Curie point when diesel fuel was heated with PTC material.
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19

Zheng, Zhi Ping, Shu Ping Gong, Shu Fen Cheng, Dong Xiang Zhou, Yun Xiang Hu, and Huan Liu. "Fabrication of BaTiO3-Based Semiconducting Ceramic Thick Films by Aqueous Tape Casting." Key Engineering Materials 368-372 (February 2008): 469–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.368-372.469.

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Semiconducting barium titanate powderss with an average particle size less than 40 nm were used for tape casting. Green tapes with a thickness of 100-500 μm were tape-cast from aqueous slurry of barium titanate powders using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as binder and polyelectrolyte ammonium salt as dispersant. The solid loading, viscosity and rheological properties of the ceramic slurries were investigated. Slurries with low viscosity were obtained when the concentration of dispersant was 1.5-2.0 wt% (based on ceramic powders weight) with fixed 75 wt% solid loading. The highest solid loading and optimum dispersion were determined through the proper viscosity to cast. Microstructure and PTC effect of the ceramic chips were studied as a function of firing temperature. Yttrium ions were homogeneously diffused into barium lattices at a low temperature of 1240 °C, and fine-grained PTC ceramics with grain size of 1-2 μm were developed successfully. These results can be explained by the higher rate of reactivity of finer powders and stable behavior of the suspension.
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20

Hayashi, Katsuya, T. Yamamoto, and Takaaki Sakuma. "Grain Boundary Potential Barrier in Barium Titanate PTC Ceramics." Key Engineering Materials 157-158 (May 1998): 199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.157-158.199.

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21

Sawaguchi, Takahiro, Takashi Kanou, Koukou Zou, Hitoshi Takamura, and Masuo Okada. "New PTC Materials Based on Bi Metal/Ceramics Composites." Materials Transactions, JIM 38, no. 4 (1997): 353–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/matertrans1989.38.353.

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22

Liu, Fang, and Yuangfang Qu. "Effect of sintering atmosphere on Ni/PTC composites ceramics." Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 68, no. 1 (January 2007): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpcs.2006.09.004.

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23

Gillot, C., and J. P. Michenaud. "Microscopic origin of ptc effect in doped BaTiO3 ceramics." Ferroelectrics 186, no. 1 (September 1, 1996): 273–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00150199608218082.

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24

Ruan, Li-Jian, and Wan-Qiu Cui. "Mössbauer study of iron in V2O3-based PTC ceramics." Journal of Materials Science Letters 16, no. 14 (July 1997): 1231–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02765419.

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25

Cheng, Xu Xin, Hai Ning Cui, Dong Xiang Zhou, and Qiu Yun Fu. "The Influence of Donor-Doped Content on PTC Effect of Ba-Excess BaTiO3 Based Ceramics Fired in Reducing Atmosphere." Advanced Materials Research 1015 (August 2014): 425–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1015.425.

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We investigated the influence of the Sm-doped contentration on the electrical properties and PTC effect of Ba-excess BaTiO3Based Ceramics, which were fired at 1300 °C for 30 min in a reducing atmosphere and then reoxidized at 850 °C for 1 h. The results showed that the donor dopant affected PTC characteristics and the electrical properties of the BSMT ceramics, whose room temperature resistivity first decreased and then increased with an increase in the Sm3+-doped content across the range from 0.1 to 0.5 mol%. The BSMT specimens exhibited a remarkable PTC effect, with a resistance jump greater by 2.7 orders of magnitude, along with a low room temperature resistivity of 128.6 Ω∙cm at the donor-doped content of 0.3 mol%. The influence of the donor dopant on the grain size of the as-fired samples has been also investigated.
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26

Yang, Meng Meng, Zhi Jian Peng, Cheng Biao Wang, and Xiu Li Fu. "Influence of (Bi0.5M0.5)TiO3 (M=Li, Na, K, Rb) Addition on the Curie Temperature and PTC Effect of BaTiO3-Based Ceramics." Key Engineering Materials 697 (July 2016): 239–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.697.239.

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In order to investigate the influence of (Bi0.5M0.5)TiO3 (M=Li, Na, K, Rb) addition on the Curie temperature (Tc) and positive temperature coefficient (PTC) effect of BaTiO3-based ceramics, BaTiO3-(Bi0.5M0.5)TiO3 (M=Li, Na, K, Rb) solid solutions were prepared by a conventional solid sintering reaction using high-purity reagents. It was found that the Tc of the samples would vary with (Bi0.5M0.5)TiO3 of different alkali ions, in which BT-BKT ceramics had the highest value (about 148 °C). Moreover, the incorporation of alkali ions would influence the PTC effect of the sample, which can be defined by the resistivity jump with the ratio of maximum to minimum resistivity (ρmax/ρmin). Under the present conditions, the ρmax/ρmin of BT-BRT and BT-BLT ceramics were almost equal and higher than those of BT-BNT and BT-BKT ceramics.
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27

HISHITA, Shunichi, Kenji ITO, Jean-François BAUMARD, and Pierre ABÉLARD. "Degradation Mechanism in PTC Barium Titanate Ceramics under Reduced Atmosphere." Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan 98, no. 1140 (1990): 885–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2109/jcersj.98.885.

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28

Jingchang, Zhao, Li Longtu, and Gui Zhilun. "A study of V-shaped PTC behaviour of Sr0.4Pb0.6TiO3 ceramics." Journal of the European Ceramic Society 22, no. 7 (July 2002): 1171–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0955-2219(01)00413-7.

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29

HISHITA, S., J. F. BAUMARD, and P. ABELARD. "DC AND AC ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF PTC BARIUM TITANATE CERAMICS." Le Journal de Physique Colloques 51, no. C1 (January 1990): C1–979—C1–984. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jphyscol:19901152.

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30

Jia, J. L., L. Zhu, W. Y. Zhou, Z. G. Chang, and M. L. Yang. "Preparation and characterisation of BaTiO3based PTC ceramics with high performance." Advances in Applied Ceramics 108, no. 2 (February 2009): 132–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174367608x319311.

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31

Gao, Chao, Qiuyun Fu, Dongxiang Zhou, Hao Zu, Tao Chen, Fei Xue, Yunxiang Hu, Zhiping Zheng, and Wei Luo. "Nanocrystalline semiconducting donor-doped BaTiO3 ceramics for laminated PTC thermistor." Journal of the European Ceramic Society 37, no. 4 (April 2017): 1523–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2016.11.001.

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32

Wanping, Chen, Li Longtu, and Gui Zhilun. "Effects of Electroless Nickel Plating on Resistivity-temperature Characteristics of (Ba1-xPbx)TiO3thermistor." Journal of Materials Research 12, no. 4 (April 1997): 877–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1997.0127.

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Effects of electroless nickel plating on resistivity-temperature (R-T) characteristics of (Ba1-xPbx)TiO3 thermistor were studied. Comparison experiments showed that not only the permeation of plating solution, but also the reaction of electroless nickel plating influences the positive temperature coefficient (PTC) effect, and that the two effects are different in nature. It is first proposed in this paper that hydrogen atoms generated in electroless nickel plating may reduce components of PTC ceramics.
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33

Li, Guo Rong, Sen Lin Leng, Liao Ying Zheng, Jiang Tao Zeng, Zhi Jun Xu, and Rui Qing Chu. "Electrical Properties of Nb-Doped and Nb-Mn-Codoped BaTiO3-(Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3 Lead-Free PTCR Ceramics." Advances in Science and Technology 67 (October 2010): 134–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.67.134.

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Nb-doped and Nb-Mn-codoped (1-xmol%)BaTiO3-xmol%(Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3 (BBNTx) lead-free positive temperature coefficient of resistivity (PTCR) ceramics were prepared by the conventional solid state reaction method. The XRD patterns indicated that all BBNTx samples formed a single perovskite structure with tetragonal phase. 0.25 mol% Nb doped BBNT1 ceramic, sintered at 1330°C for 1h in air, had low room-temperature resistivity (ρ25) of 80 Ω•cm and a high resistivity jump (maximum resistivity [ρmax]/minimum resistivity [ρmin]) of 4.2 orders of magnitude with Tc about 152°C. The Nb-doped BBNTx (10≤x≤60) ceramics also showed distinct PTC effect with Tc between 185 and 232°C by sintering in N2, which was shut off when samples were cooled to a low temperature. In addition, The Nb-Mn-codoped BBNT1 ceramics exhibited higher resistivity jump than the single Nb-doped ones, with increasing the room-temperature resistivity.
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34

Gong, Shu Ping, C. Huang, Dong Xiang Zhou, and Zhi Ping Zheng. "Liquid Desiccant Drying Method for Gelcasting PTC Ceramics Based on BaTiO3." Key Engineering Materials 336-338 (April 2007): 665–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.336-338.665.

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In this work, aqueous gel-casting (AGC) method was used for preparing PTC (positive temperature coefficient) ceramic green body based on BaTiO3. We studied on modeling of liquid desiccant drying method for gelcasting ceramic bodies, and compared with the conventional drying methods.
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35

Shang, Xiaobiao, Junruo Chen, and Jinhui Peng. "Dynamic Transmission Performances of Alumina and Mullite Refractory Ceramics in Microwave High-Temperature Heating." High Temperature Materials and Processes 35, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2014-0167.

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AbstractThis paper proposes an analytical approach to optimize the thickness of refractories for achieving maximum microwave power transmission in microwave heating based on the analysis of power transmission coefficient (PTC). The microwave PTCs of alumina (Al2O3) ceramics over the temperature range of 22–1,379°C at 2,450 MHz, mullite ceramics in the temperature range of 27–1,027°C at 2.45 GHz and 400–1,300°C at 915 MHz are studied. The results show that there are several transmission peaks in the PTC patterns. The transmission peak amplitude depends sensitively on the thickness of the refractory and the peak shifting towards a smaller thickness as the temperature of the refractory increases. We also show that high microwave transmission can only be achieved in a refractory with a small thickness corresponding to a slight transmission peak shift in the entire microwave heating (less than one eighth wavelength in the refractory).
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36

Kuwabara, Makoto, Ken-ichiro Morimo, and Tatsuya Matsunaga. "Single-Grain Boundaries in PTC Resistors." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 79, no. 4 (April 1996): 997–1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1996.tb08538.x.

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37

Chun, Myoung Pyo, Hyo Soon Shin, Sang Il Hyun, and Byung Ik Kim. "Microstructures and Electrical Properties of BaTiO3 PTC Ceramics." Advanced Materials Research 804 (September 2013): 118–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.804.118.

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The microstructure, especially porosity, of PTC (positive temperature coefficient) thermistor based on BaTiO3 was controlled with a forming pressure. The relationship between theirPTCR properties and microstructureswas investigated with an optical and SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) images and digital multimeter. Disk samples were fabricated by pressinguniaxially at various pressures of 100~15000kg/cm2 and sintering at 1265°C in reducing atmosphere and finally re-oxidizing at 700°C in air. The porosity of the samples decreased rapidly from 45% to 8% with increasing the forming pressure from 100 to 1000kg/cm2andbecame 4% at 15000kg/cm2with slowdecreasing of porosity in the pressure range of 1000~15000kg/cm2.With increasing the forming pressure, the resistivity jump of samplesdecreased rapidlyfrom 0.5 to 2.9 at about1000kg/cm2that corresponds tothe porosity of 15% and was saturated above this pressure. It is considered that there is a critical amount of porosity for having PTCR effect, which was about 15% in our samples. In addition, the porosity of the sample has a greater influence on the resistivity jump than on theresistivity at room temperature, which is due to the oxidation of grain boundary through a favorable channel of oxygen such as a pore.
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38

Ding, S. W., G. Jia, J. Wang, and Z. Y. He. "Electrical properties of Y- and Mn-doped BaTiO3-based PTC ceramics." Ceramics International 34, no. 8 (December 2008): 2007–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2007.07.023.

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39

Prasad, V. C. S. "R&D and Commercialization of a High Technology Ceramic Component—A Case Study on PTC Ceramics." Transactions of the Indian Ceramic Society 50, no. 3 (January 1991): 60–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0371750x.1991.10804489.

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40

Tateishi, Takashi, Han Joong Sang, Hiroaki Takeda, Takuya Hoshina, Spela Kunej, and Takaaki Tsurumi. "Fabrication of Lead-Free Semiconducting Ceramics Using BaTiO3-(Bi1/2Na1/2)TiO3 System by Sintering in Air Atmosphere." Key Engineering Materials 485 (July 2011): 245–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.485.245.

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BaTiO3–(Bi1/2Na1/2)TiO3(abbreviated as BT-BNT) solid solution ceramics, as a lead-free PTC (Positive Temperature Coefficient of resistivity) thermistor material usable over 130°C, were synthesized in air atmosphere. By conventional processes, La-doping was not effective in giving semiconducting property to the BT-BNT ceramics because of volatilization of sodium and bismuth during sintering. By preventing the volatilization by lowering the sintering temperature using very fine TiO2powder and by adding calcium oxide to calcined BT-BNT powders, we obtained BT-BNT semiconducting ceramics which shows a resistivity change near Curie temperature.
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41

WANG, MENG KUI, and YU QIANG YANG. "PREPARING DOUBLE-BASE THERMO-SENSITIVE CERAMICS WITH NANOPOWDERS." International Journal of Nanoscience 05, no. 02n03 (April 2006): 265–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x06004346.

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The preparing process and the properties of thick-film double-based thermo-sensitive material were studied. The preparing steps were as follows: (i) preparing Ba 1-x Sr x TiO 3 micro-powders with chemical co-precipitation method; (ii) adding dispersants and surface active agents into crushing medium powders to prepare Ba 1-x Sr x TiO 3 nanopowders; (iii) preparing V 2 O 3-based micro-powders; (iv) mixing Ba 1-x Sr x TiO 3 nanopowders, V 2 O 3-based micro-powders, donor impurities, acceptor impurities and micro additives according to a certain ratio to make thick-film thermo-sensitive ceramic material. The presintering and sintering temperature of the prepared PTC ceramics were both reduced, which is very meaningful in using cheaper SiC instead of more expensive MoSi 2, prolonging the kiln's life, and lowering the production cost. The samples we prepared did not contain PbO , so they are safe to the environment.
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42

Ito, Kentaro, and Tatsuo Fukami. "PTC effect in diode consisting of metal-insulator-semiconducting titanate ceramics structure." Ferroelectrics 109, no. 1 (September 1990): 161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00150199008211407.

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43

Lin, Tsai-Fa, Chen-Ti Hu, and I.-Nan Lin. "Defects restoration during cooling and annealing in PTC type barium titanate ceramics." Journal of Materials Science 25, no. 6 (June 1990): 3029–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00584922.

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44

SABURI, Toshiki, Makoto HORI, Mitsuru ASANO, Hajime HANEDA, Junzo TANAKA, and Shinichi SIRASAKI. "Oxygen Diffusion in BaTiO3-PTC." Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan 98, no. 1137 (1990): 510–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2109/jcersj.98.510.

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45

Chandramani Singh, K., and Chongtham Jiten. "Production of BaTiO2 Nanocrystalline Powders by High Energy Milling and Piezoelectric Properties of Corresponding Ceramics." Key Engineering Materials 547 (April 2013): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.547.133.

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Barium titanate (BaTiO3 or BT) has become one of the most studied functional materials due to its potential application as multilayer ceramic capacitors, PTC thermistors, electromechanical devices, piezoelectric transducers, actuators, dynamic RAM or logic circuitry as well as a great variety of electro-optical devices. In the present study, high energy ball milling has been used to produce nanocrystalline powders of BT. Two categories of powders having average particle size of 35 nm and 25 nm were prepared by setting the milling speed at 250 rpm and 300 rpm respectively, fixing the milling time at 30 hours. Four ceramic samples, BT35-1350, BT25-1350, BT35-1400 and BT25-1400, were formed by sintering the two types of powders at 1350oC and 1400oC for 3 hours. The ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties of the ceramic samples were studied and found to be dependent on the size of the starting nanopowders. The bulk density and piezoelectric constant (d33) of B25-1350 were found to be less than those of BT35-1350, while the reverse was true in case of BT25-1400 and BT35-1400. Well saturated P-E hysteresis loops were observed for all the ceramics with the size and shape of the loops appearing different for the four samples. For both the pairs of ceramics sintered at 1350oC and 1400oC, the remnant polarization (Pr) decreases with starting particle size, that is, as we go from BT35-1350 to BT25-1350 as well as from BT35-1400 to BT25-1400. However, with decreasing particle size of the starting powders, the coercive field (Ec) increases for the ceramics sintered at 1350oC and decreases for the ceramics sintered at 1400oC. The study reveals the importance of an optimized combination of the size of the starting nanopowders and sintering temperature for obtaining BT ceramics with the desired properties.
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46

Mei, X. A., M. Chen, R. F. Liu, Y. H. Sun, and J. Liu. "Negative Resistance Behavior of Ferroelectric Bismuth Titanate Ceramics at Low Field." Key Engineering Materials 492 (September 2011): 234–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.492.234.

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Ferroelectric Bi4Ti3O12ceramics are fabricated by conventional solid-state reaction process. The current-voltage characteristic of Bi4Ti3O12sample exhibits a voltage-controlled negative differential resistance behavior at low field (E≤100V/mm), and an obvious PTC effect appears at around 100°C on the resistance-temperature curve. Based on conducting filament model about electrical transport, instead of Heywang-Jonker model, the experimental results of Bi4Ti3O12ceramics are suitably explained.
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47

Zhou, Zhi Gang, Zi Long Tang, and Zhong Tai Zhang. "Impedance Analysis Study on the Sensing Process of BaTiO3 Based PTC Ceramics in CO Gas." Key Engineering Materials 280-283 (February 2007): 369–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.280-283.369.

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Impedance spectroscopy is suitable to evaluate the electric structure and behavior by probing the relaxational processes during the charge transport within this kind of electrically inhomogeneous PTCR ceramics. This technique has been used to characterize the change of structure and behavior in sensing process of La-doped PTC-type BaTiO3 as a CO gas sensor. The kinetic behavior of PTCR-CO ceramics in sensing process was detected. The sensitivity of the PTCR-CO comes from the change in the grain-boundary resistance of the ceramics with different temperatures in surrounding atmosphere. An important indirect evidence for the creation of new electron traps in grain boundaries of the semiconducting PTCR ceramics have been found using by impedance spectrum. And the creation of the new defects and electron traps in grain boundaries, [VO •], [e¢], and/or [Vo ×], still plays a dominate role.
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48

Völtzke, D., H. P. Abicht, E. Pippel, and J. Woltersdorf. "Ca-containing additives in PTC-BaTiO 3 ceramics: effects on the microstructural evolution." Journal of the European Ceramic Society 20, no. 11 (October 2000): 1663–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0955-2219(00)00061-3.

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49

Fang, Chao, Dong Xiang Zhou, Hu An Liu, and Shu Ping Gong. "Simulation of the Grain Boundary Effects in PTCR Ceramics." Key Engineering Materials 368-372 (February 2008): 1692–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.368-372.1692.

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The positive temperature coefficient of resistivity (PTCR) behavior of semiconductive BaTiO3 ceramics is often explained by the Heywang model. However, Heywang model couldn’t explain some experimental phenomena of jump range more than 106. This paper considered that the migration of donors, electrons and holes has important influence on grain boundary effect. A differential equation about Fermi level was established on the base of Heywang model. By solving the equation the jump range can be calculated quantitatively. It was found that a potential well exists on the edge of grain due to the donor ionization, and the experimental phenomena of PTC jump range more than 106 could be explained.
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50

Chung, Yong-Keun, and Sung-Churl Choi. "Effects of the Re-oxidation Temperature and Time on the PTC Properties of Sm-doped BaTiO3." Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society 46, no. 3 (May 31, 2009): 330–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4191/kcers.2009.46.3.330.

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