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Diana, Francesco, Salvatore Mangiafico, Vinicio Valente, Andrea Wlderk, Giovanni Grillea, Claudio Colonnese, and Marcello Bartolo. "Persistent trigeminal artery aneurysms: case report and systematic review." Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery 11, no. 12 (June 26, 2019): 1261–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/neurintsurg-2019-015046.
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BackgroundThe persistent trigeminal artery (PTA) is an adult carotid-basilar anastomosis with debated pathologic aspects, such as its association with brain aneurysms. True trigeminal artery aneurysms are rare vascular anomalies, reported in a few case reports.ObjectiveTo report our experience with a ruptured trigeminal artery aneurysm and to provide a systematic review of the literature in order to analyse potential links between the anatomic configuration of the PTA and PTA aneurysm (PTAA) type, and implications of each PTAA type for the diagnostic and therapeutic approach.MethodsWe reviewed the medical literature on trigeminal artery aneurysms according to the PRISMA guidelines. Population characteristics, aneurysms features, and PTA type and side were assessed.Results40 previously published cases of PTAAs were included in the analysis. The mean age of subjects was 55 years, with a strong female predominance (77%). Four PTAAs were accidentally discovered, while 16 caused compressive symptoms and 20 were ruptured. Successful endovascular treatment was performed in 62% of cases.ConclusionsPTAAs are rare vascular anomalies, underdiagnosed in the presence of a trigemino-cavernous fistula. Parent vessel occlusion seems to be the best therapeutic option for ruptured or symptomatic unruptured PTAAs in Saltzman type II and III PTAs. Patency of the parent vessel is the main target in Saltzman type I PTA.
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Drobinsky, Sergey, Mark Verjans, Philipp Schleer, Benedikt Kolk, Henrike Bensiek, Klaus Radermacher, and Armin Janß. "Workflow and Human-Centered Risk Analysis for Novel Mechatronic Rescue Aids II." Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 6, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 616–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2020-3157.
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AbstractParamedics face rising numbers of deployments every year. As obstacles like stairs occur often, paramedics must frequently manually carry patients and are thereby exposed to loads multitudes higher than recommended. This creates the need for patient transport aids (PTA), which can physically support paramedics in a wide variety of transport situations, without slowing down the transport. In this paper a workflow analysis for transport missions in an urban context and basic tasks for PTAs are presented. Subsequently, the high-level task modelling and human-centered risk analysis according to the HiFEM method are presented for the use case of a patient transport over stairs with a passive PTA, like a rescue chair, and an active PTA like the novel SEBARES prototype. The analysis shows that conventional PTA’s have a simple linear use process, however, impose excessive physical workloads, which cause risks like the paramedic or the PTA falling down the stairs. Contrary, active PTA’s reduce physical workloads, however, introduce additional concurrent steps, like identifying and correcting misalignments, which create further risks. In order to mitigate risks with active, stair climbing PTAs, either new kinematic designs or intelligent assistance functions, like automatic stair detection, are necessary.
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Drobinsky, Sergey, Mark Verjans, Philipp Schleer, Benedikt Kolk, Henrike Bensiek, Klaus Radermacher, and Armin Janß. "Workflow and Human-Centered Risk Analysis for Novel Mechatronic Rescue Aids I." Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 6, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 612–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2020-3156.
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AbstractParamedics face rising numbers of deployments every year. As obstacles like stairs occur often, paramedics must frequently manually carry patients and are thereby exposed to loads multitudes higher than recommended. This creates the need for patient transport aids (PTA), which can physically support paramedics in a wide variety of transport situations, without slowing down the transport. In this paper a workflow analysis for transport missions in an urban context and basic tasks for PTAs are presented. Subsequently, the high-level task modelling and human-centered risk analysis according to the HiFEM method are presented for the use case of a patient transport over stairs with a passive PTA, like a rescue chair, and an active PTA like the novel SEBARES prototype. The analysis shows that conventional PTA’s have a simple linear use process, however, impose excessive physical workloads, which cause risks like the paramedic or the PTA falling down the stairs. Contrary, active PTA’s reduce physical workloads, however, introduce additional concurrent steps, like identifying and correcting misalignments, which create further risks. In order to mitigate risks with active, stair climbing PTAs either new kinematic designs or intelligent assistance functions, like automatic stair detection, are necessary.
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El Junusi, Rahman. "STRATEGI PENINGKATAN MUTU PERGURUAN TINGGI AGAMA ISLAM SWASTA (PTAIS) DI LINGKUNGAN KOPERTAIS WILAYAH X JAWA TENGAH (Dalam Perspektif Stakeholders)." At-Taqaddum 7, no. 2 (February 6, 2017): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.21580/at.v7i2.1207.
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<p>Penyelenggaraan PTAIS di Kopertasis X Jawa tengah terdapat 36 PTAIS yang telah melaksanakan kegiatan proses belajar mengajar, ada 11 PTAIS yang telah mengantongi Akreditasi. Dari sebelas PTAI dapat akreditasi A hanya satu yaitu FT. Unissula. 11 prodi mendapat akreditasi B dan 3 prodi mendapat akreditasi C. Sedangkan yang lain belum mengurus akreditasi Dari data tersebut dapat dilihat fenomena bahwa beberapa PTAIS tidak mempunyai ijin penyelenggaraan pendidikan dan akreditasi. Dari potret tersebut dapat dipahami bahwa kualitas PTAIS masih minim. Oleh karena itu dalam rangka meningkatkan mutu PTAIS diperlukan rumusan strategi peningkatan kinerja PTAIS untuk mencapai visi dan misi PTAI melalui meningkatkan kualitas pendidik dan tenaga. Oleh karena itu peneliti menawarkan konsep <em>balanced scorecad</em> yang bersifat teknis, taktis dan operasional dengan mengimplementasikan prinsisp-prinsip<em> good governance</em> sebagai bahan kebijakan strategi pengembangan PTAIS di masa yang akan datang.</p>Peneliti mengembangkan model <em>balanced scorcard</em> dari Kaplan (1996) yang didasarkan pada perspektif pemangku kepentingan <em>(stakeholders), </em>Adapun tujuan penelitian adalah (1) untuk mengetahui implementasi <em>balanced scorecard</em> pada PTAIS, (2) untuk strategi peningkatan mutu PTAIS berdasarkan pendekatan <em>balanced scorecard</em> kurang baik, hal ini disebabkan bebrapa keterbatasan antara lain : Mahasiswa Baru Sebagian besar PTAIS mengalami penurunan. Jumlah lulusan yang dapat bekerja, Jumlah Kerjasama dengan lembaga lain, Jumlah Penelitian dan publikasi Dosen.
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Syukri, Syukri. "Strategi Pemikiran Pengembangan Lembaga PTAIS Menghadapi Era Globalisasi di Indonesia." Aqlania 8, no. 2 (December 31, 2017): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.32678/aqlania.v8i02.1024.
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Lembaga Perguruan Tinggi Agama Islam (PTAIS) mempunyai peran yang sangat urgen untuk menjamin perkembangan dan kelangsungan kehidupan bangsa Indonesia. PTAIS juga menjadi tolok ukur kemajuan suatu bangsa dan menjadi cermin kepribadian masyarakatnya. PTAIS dalam relevansinya dengan globalisasi di Indonesia terus dikembangkan dan diarahkan untuk mendidik anak bangsa agar mampu meningkatkan daya penalaran, menguasai IPTEK dan IMTAK, karena itu, tata kehidupan akademik kampus lembaga PTAIS dikembangkan sebagai masyarakat ilmiah yang berwawasan budaya bangsa, sehingga mampu bersaing dalam menghadapi era globalisasi. Untuk tujuan itu, PTAIS harus mengembangkan langkah-langkah pemikiran strategis, yaitu; materi keilmuan dan kurikulum PTAIS harus kembali kepada sumber utama ajaran Islam dan tujuan pendidikan nasional, tidak ada dikhotomi antara ilmu-ilmu keislaman dengan umum, melahirkan ijtihad atau pemikiran baru dan aktualisasi tradisi, PTAIS memiliki sarana, fasilitas, biaya operasional dan donator kelangsungan pendidikan, memilki tenaga pendidik dan kependidikan yang profesional dan proporsional, maka barulah PTAIS dapat menghadapi era globalisasi yang handal di Indonesia.
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Guise, Erika, Jason E. Engel, Maxx L. Williams, Fakhri Mahdi, Gene L. Bidwell, and Alejandro R. Chade. "Biopolymer-delivered vascular endothelial growth factor improves renal outcomes following revascularization." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 316, no. 5 (May 1, 2019): F1016—F1025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00607.2018.
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Renal angioplasty and stenting (PTRAs) resolves renal artery stenosis, but inconsistently improves renal function, possibly due to persistent parenchymal damage. We developed a bioengineered fusion of a drug delivery vector (elastin-like polypeptide, ELP) with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and showed its therapeutic efficacy. We tested the hypothesis that combined ELP-VEGF therapy with PTRAs improves renal recovery more efficiently than PTRAs alone, by protecting the stenotic renal parenchyma. Unilateral renovascular disease (RVD) was induced by renal artery stenosis in 14 pigs. Six weeks later, stenotic kidney blood flow (RBF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were quantified in vivo using multidetector CT. Blood and urine were collected during in vivo studies. All pigs underwent PTRAs and then were randomized into single intrarenal ELP-VEGF administration or placebo ( n = 7 each) groups. Pigs were observed for four additional weeks, in vivo CT studies were repeated, and then pigs were euthanized for ex vivo studies to quantify renal microvascular (MV) density, angiogenic factor expression, and morphometric analysis. Renal hemodynamics were similarly blunted in all RVD pigs. PTRAs resolved stenosis but modestly improved RBF and GFR. However, combined PTRAs+ ELP-VEGF improved RBF, GFR, regional perfusion, plasma creatinine, asymmetric dimethlyarginine (ADMA), and albuminuria compared with PTRAs alone, accompanied by improved angiogenic signaling, MV density, and renal fibrosis. Greater improvement of renal function via coadjuvant ELP-VEGF therapy may be driven by enhanced MV proliferation and repair, which ameliorates MV rarefaction and fibrogenic activity that PTRAs alone cannot offset. Thus, our study supports a novel strategy to boost renal recovery in RVD after PTRAs.
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Hoefel, Lauren, Krystina B. Lewis, Annette O’Connor, and Dawn Stacey. "20th Anniversary Update of the Ottawa Decision Support Framework: Part 2 Subanalysis of a Systematic Review of Patient Decision Aids." Medical Decision Making 40, no. 4 (May 2020): 522–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272989x20924645.
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Background. The Ottawa Decision Support Framework (ODSF) has guided the development of patient decision aids (PtDAs) for 20 years and needs updating across a range of decisions and hypothesized outcomes. Purpose. To determine the effectiveness of ODSF-developed PtDAs on hypothesized outcomes and to recommend framework changes. Data Source. A subanalysis of randomized controlled trials included in the 2017 Cochrane review of PtDAs comparing PtDAs to usual care in adults considering health treatment or screening decisions (searched to 2015). Study Selection. Trials in the original review that evaluated ODSF-developed PtDAs. Data Synthesis. Meta-analyses of ODSF outcomes with similar measurements and descriptions of other reported outcomes. Results. Of 105 trials, 24 evaluated ODSF-developed PtDAs. Compared with usual care, ODSF PtDAs improved knowledge (mean difference [MD] 13.85; 95% confidence interval [CI] 10.32−17.37; 14 trials), increased accurate risk perceptions (risk ratio [RR] 2.41; 95% CI 1.66−3.48; 7 trials), and increased congruence between informed values and chosen options (RR 1.32; 95% CI 1.09−1.59; 4 trials). They reduced perceived decisional needs as measured using the Decisional Conflict Scale (MD −5.92; 95% CI −8.58 to −3.26; 15 trials) and the proportion of undecided patients (RR 0.65; 95% CI 0.50−0.83; 13 trials). Non-ODSF PtDAs, designed with or without a specific framework, also outperformed usual care. Few ODSF trials measured secondary outcomes. Limitations. The included trials had heterogeneity. Conclusion. ODSF PtDAs address decisional needs and improve decision quality; the best indicator of addressing perceived uncertainty is “proportion undecided.” Secondary ODSF outcomes should be reduced to adherence to one’s chosen option and use/costs of health services, which warrant further research.
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Thompson, Jocelyn S., Daniel D. Matlock, Megan A. Morris, Colleen K. McIlvennan, and Larry A. Allen. "Organic Dissemination and Real-World Implementation of Patient Decision Aids for Left Ventricular Assist Device." MDM Policy & Practice 3, no. 1 (January 2018): 238146831876765. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2381468318767658.
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Background. Although patient decision aids (PtDAs) have been shown to improve patient knowledge and satisfaction, they are infrequently used in the real world. We aimed to understand how our publicly available PtDAs developed for destination therapy left ventricular assist device (DT LVAD) were implemented in clinical practice and characterize factors influencing adoption. Methods. We contacted 39 people, 31 who had independently emailed inquiring about our DT LVAD PtDAs and 8 identified through snowball sampling. Thirty people from 23 programs participated in semistructured interviews, which were analyzed using normalization process theory. Results. Eleven programs currently use the PtDAs, 5 plan to use them but have not yet, and 7 do not currently use them nor have active plans to use them. Due to major tradeoffs and preference sensitivity of the DT LVAD decision, participants recognized a role for shared decision making and a need for significant information transfer. Due to a relative lack of resources, participants saw the PtDAs as a way to help facilitate a higher quality decision-making process. Limited time, lack of personnel, and perceived burden to implementing system-level change were cited as barriers to use. Initial implementation was accomplished by a champion of the PtDAs. Actual use of the PtDAs most commonly occurred through LVAD coordinators at the start of formal patient teaching sessions, where the PtDAs could be integrated into the existing LVAD consent and education structure. Conclusion. Interest in and implementation of PtDAs occurred independently at several LVAD programs due to a favorable decisional context, including a perceived role for shared decision making in the high-stakes decision around DT LVAD, unmet informational needs, preexisting education sessions, and invested clinical champions.
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CHEEWATRAKOOLPONG, KORNKARUN. "ARE PREFERENTIAL TRADE AGREEMENTS STUMBLING BLOCKS?" Singapore Economic Review 57, no. 04 (December 2012): 1250030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590812500300.
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This paper studies the effect of preferential trade agreements (PTAs) on multilateral trading system using a sequential bargaining game. The study considers two formats of PTAs, i.e., when the PTA tariffs are specified before the formation of PTAs and when PTA members have to negotiate PTA tariffs after the formation of PTAs. The study finds that PTAs with specified tariffs can be building blocks to multilateral liberalization while PTAs without specified tariffs are stumbling blocks. The paper also concludes that PTAs can eliminate bargaining inefficiency called forward manipulation when PTA tariffs are specified before PTA negotiation.
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Bugerenko, A. E. "Twin anemia polycythemia sequence after fetoscopy: predictors of development." Voprosy ginekologii, akušerstva i perinatologii 20, no. 1 (2021): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.20953/1726-1678-2021-1-29-33.
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Objective. To identify predictors of post-fetoscopic twin anemia polycythemia sequence (pTAPS) after fetoscopic laser photocoagulation (FLP) of placental anastomoses for twin–twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS). Patients and methods. The study included 195 patients who underwent FLP of anastomoses for TTTS during the period from 2010 to September 2019. A group of 13 pregnant women in whom pTAPS developed in the postoperative period was selected. Results. Out of 169 pregnancies lasting for more than 2 weeks after FLP of anastomoses, pTAPS developed in 13 (7.7%). It was revealed that FLP was performed before 20 weeks in 85% of those who developed pTAPS, while the average period in the group was 22.1 weeks. Localization of the placenta along the anterior wall of the uterus with pTAPS was observed 3 times more often than along the posterior wall, while in the rest of the operated patients this ratio was approximately 1:1. The number of anastomoses ranged from 3 to 11, most frequently – 5. Conclusion. With the development of pTAPS, there is a high probability of an unfavorable outcome. Localization of the placenta along the anterior wall of the uterus, localization of the anastomoses in the amniotic cavity of the donor twin are the factors that predispose to the development of pTAPS. The presence of 1–2 large AV anastomoses together with no more than 5 small anastomoses may serve as a probable predictor of the pTAPS development. Key words: multiple pregnancy, twin anemia polycythemia sequence, twin-twin transusion syndrome, fetoscopy
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Ambrose-Walsh, Laurie. "Defining the PTA's Roles." Physical Therapy 76, no. 4 (April 1, 1996): 410–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ptj/76.4.410b.
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Yamamoto Rosenbaum, Chika. "Strategic choices of bilateral and multilateral preferential trade agreements: empirical analysis." Japanese Journal of Political Science 19, no. 3 (July 16, 2018): 530–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1468109918000245.
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AbstractThe rapid proliferation of preferential trade agreements (PTAs) has prompted numerous studies on why states seek PTAs. However, very little research examines why states vary in choosing different forms of PTAs, while states’ decisions to enter bilateral or multilateral PTA affect the global, regional, and national political economies. This paper thus finds global patterns regarding which pairs of states are more likely to enter bilateral or multilateral PTAs. Based on a wide range of existing research, the paper begins with hypothesizing different effects of economic and political factors that give rise to these PTAs during the last two decades. The empirical analysis then tests these hypotheses. The result shows stark differences in pairs of states joining the two types of PTAs. Bilateral PTAs are more likely to develop between democratic states with a large market size and the World Trade Organization (WTO) membership. Multilateral PTAs tend to form between less democratic states with greater political affinity.
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Winterbottom, Anna E., Andrew Mooney, Lynne Russon, Vicki Hipkiss, Lucy Ziegler, Richard Williams, Jeanette Finderup, and Hilary L. Bekker. "Kidney disease pathways, options and decisions: an environmental scan of international patient decision aids." Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 35, no. 12 (August 23, 2020): 2072–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfaa102.
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Abstract Background Conservative management is recognized as an acceptable treatment for people with worsening chronic kidney disease; however, patients consistently report they lack understanding about their changing disease state and feel unsupported in making shared decisions about future treatment. The purpose of this review was to critically evaluate patient decision aids (PtDAs) developed to support patient–professional shared decision-making between dialysis and conservative management treatment pathways. Methods We performed a systematic review of resources accessible in English using environmental scan methods. Data sources included online databases of research publications, repositories for clinical guidelines, research projects and PtDAs, international PtDA expert lists and reference lists from relevant publications. The resource selection was from 56 screened records; 17 PtDAs were included. A data extraction sheet was applied to all eligible resources, eliciting resource characteristics, decision architecture to boost/bias thinking, indicators of quality such as International Standards for Patient Decision Aids Standards checklist and engagement with health services. Results PtDAs were developed in five countries; eleven were publically available via the Internet. Treatment options described were dialysis (n = 17), conservative management (n = 9) and transplant (n = 5). Eight resources signposted conservative management as an option rather than an active choice. Ten different labels across 14 resources were used to name ‘conservative management’. The readability of the resources was good. Six publications detail decision aid development and/or evaluation research. Using PtDAs improved treatment decision-making by patients. Only resources identified as PtDAs and available in English were included. Conclusions PtDAs are used by some services to support patients choosing between dialysis options or end-of-life options. PtDAs developed to proactively support people making informed decisions between conservative management and dialysis treatments are likely to enable services to meet current best practice.
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Qi, Xin, Fangfang Yu, Yan Wen, Ping Li, Bolun Cheng, Mei Ma, Shiqiang Cheng, et al. "Integration of transcriptome-wide association study and messenger RNA expression profile to identify genes associated with osteoarthritis." Bone & Joint Research 9, no. 3 (March 2020): 130–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/2046-3758.93.bjr-2019-0137.r1.
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Aims Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent joint disease. However, the specific and definitive genetic mechanisms of OA are still unclear. Methods Tissue-related transcriptome-wide association studies (TWAS) of hip OA and knee OA were performed utilizing the genome-wide association study (GWAS) data of hip OA and knee OA (including 2,396 hospital-diagnosed hip OA patients versus 9,593 controls, and 4,462 hospital-diagnosed knee OA patients versus 17,885 controls) and gene expression reference to skeletal muscle and blood. The OA-associated genes identified by TWAS were further compared with the differentially expressed genes detected by the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression profiles of hip OA and knee OA. Functional enrichment and annotation analysis of identified genes was performed by the DAVID and FUMAGWAS tools. Results We detected 33 common genes, eight common gene ontology (GO) terms, and one common pathway for hip OA, such as calcium and integrin-binding protein 1 (CIB1) (PTWAS = 0.025, FCmRNA = -1.575 for skeletal muscle), adrenomedullin (ADM) (PTWAS = 0.022, FCmRNA = -4.644 for blood), Golgi apparatus (PTWAS <0.001, PmRNA = 0.012 for blood), and phosphatidylinositol 3' -kinase-protein kinase B (PI3K-Akt) signalling pathway (PTWAS = 0.033, PmRNA = 0.005 for blood). For knee OA, we detected 24 common genes, eight common GO terms, and two common pathways, such as histocompatibility complex, class II, DR beta 1 (HLA-DRB1) (PTWAS = 0.040, FCmRNA = 4.062 for skeletal muscle), Follistatin-like 1 (FSTL1) (PTWAS = 0.048, FCmRNA = 3.000 for blood), cytoplasm (PTWAS < 0.001, PmRNA = 0.005 for blood), and complement and coagulation cascades (PTWAS = 0.017, PmRNA = 0.001 for skeletal muscle). Conclusion We identified a group of OA-associated genes and pathways, providing novel clues for understanding the genetic mechanism of OA. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res. 2020;9(3):130–138.
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Baccini, Leonardo. "The Economics and Politics of Preferential Trade Agreements." Annual Review of Political Science 22, no. 1 (May 11, 2019): 75–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-050317-070708.
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The number of preferential trade agreements (PTAs) has skyrocketed over the past 20 years. In addition to reducing barriers at the border, modern PTAs remove many behind-the-border barriers by regulating foreign direct investment (FDI), liberalizing services, and protecting intellectual property rights. This article surveys the literature explaining the formation of PTAs and their consequences. Regarding the formation of PTAs, studies have gradually moved from exploring the macro-foundation of preferential liberalization to focusing on the micro-foundation of PTAs, relying on industry- and firm-level data. Regarding the effect of PTAs, there is robust evidence that PTAs substantively increase trade flows and FDI and are associated with economic reforms in developing countries, though the general welfare effect of preferential liberalization remains largely unexplored. I make some concrete suggestions on avenues toward which to push the research on PTAs. In particular, I argue that scholars interested in PTAs would benefit from engaging in debate about the distributional consequences of trade liberalization, which not only informs much of the current academic and policy research but also features in political debates taking place in democratic polities.
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Pacheco, Yilly Vanessa. "Untapping the potential of Preferential Trade Agreements to promote forest protection: A comparison on forest-related provisions and their enforcement in the US and EU PTAs." Meždunarodnoe pravosudie 11, no. 3 (2021): 127–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21128/2226-2059-2021-3-127-140.
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The EU and the US are the actors with the highest number of environmental provisions in their Preferential Trade Agreements. Since 1999, specific rules on forest governance and Sustainable Forest Management have been incorporated in their PTAs. The implementation of such forest-related provisions in PTAs is mostly linked to cooperation among the Parties. However, in cases of noncompliance, PTAs provide for bilateral consultations, the application of the general dispute settlement mechanism, and even trade sanctions. The enforcement approaches differ in the US and the EU PTAs. This study focuses on the question of the potential of PTAs to contribute to forest governance and SFM and analyses the disputes that arose so far. It shows how forest issues may play a key role in negotiating and implementing PTAs, promoting compliance of Multilateral Environmental Agreements, and promoting public participation in environmental matters. The paper concludes that PTAs provide further options to develop and implement International Forest Law beyond the Multilateral Environmental Agreements.
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Widiatedja, I. Gusti Ngurah Parikesit. "ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN UNDER INDONESIA’S PREFERENTIAL TRADE AGREEMENTS (PTAs)." Yustisia Jurnal Hukum 8, no. 2 (October 1, 2019): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/yustisia.v8i2.24594.
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<p>International trade has resulted positive impacts, such as alleviating poverty and increasing jobs. All countries then start concluding trade agreements multilaterally, regionally and bilaterally. The existence of preferential trade agreements is increasingly significant due to the deadlock of multilateral trade agreements. Although providing benefits, international trade has adversely affected environment. Some international treaties suggest how countries should include environmental concern in their PTAs. Unlike traditional PTAs, most of modern PTAs have incorporated environmental concern, reconciling the goal of trade liberalization and environmental protection. In Indonesia, there is a link between international trade and environmental harm. This article aims to show the existing Indonesia’s PTAs, analysing how Indonesia has put, and how it should put environmental concern in its PTAs. This article argues that only a few Indonesia’s PTAs have incorporated environmental concern in their provisions. Moreover, when they include environmental concern, there is no further elaboration on how this process should be undertaken. Compare to other existing PTAs, Indonesia should start incorporating environmental concern in its PTAs, and then allow the right of government to impose protective measure in order to preserve environment. </p>
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Panagariya, Arvind. "Preferential Trade Liberalization: The Traditional Theory and New Developments." Journal of Economic Literature 38, no. 2 (June 1, 2000): 287–331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.38.2.287.
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This paper begins by systematically developing the “static” theory of preferential trade areas (PTAs) and showing that neither a large volume of initial intra-union trade nor geographical proximity can serve as a guide to welfare enhancing PTAs. The paper then discusses the modern literature addressing welfare effects of simultaneous division of the world into many PTAs, the impact of the decision to form a PTA on external tariffs and the “dynamic” time-path question of whether PTAs are building blocks or stumbling blocks towards multilateral freeing of trade. A final section discusses key theoretical considerations in the empirical evaluation of PTAs.
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Martinez, Mario Luiz, Rui da Silva Verneque, Roberto Luiz Teodoro, José de Paula Campos, Mauro Cruz, and Luiz Ronaldo Oliveira de Paula. "Relações entre as capacidades preditas de transmissão de touros Gir e a produção de leite de suas filhas puras e mestiças." Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 29, no. 3 (June 2000): 692–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-35982000000300008.
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Os registros de produção de leite de 5258 lactações ao primeiro parto, provenientes de vacas puras Gir e mestiças Gir:Holandês, foram utilizados para se avaliar a relação entre a capacidade predita de transmissão (PTA) de um touro e a produção de leite de suas progênies. O modelo animal foi utilizado para se estimarem as PTAs dos touros, considerando-se apenas as filhas puras Gir, apenas as filhas mestiças e todas as filhas ao mesmo tempo. Posteriormente, estimaram-se as regressões e correlações das PTA dos touros, obtidas sob as diferentes alternativas, com as produções de leite de suas filhas puras e/ou mestiças. O coeficiente de regressão estimado das PTAs de 48 touros Gir avaliados com filhas puras sobre a produção de suas filhas mestiças foi de 0,75, enquanto o da regressão das PTAs de 50 touros Gir avaliados com base na produção de filhas mestiças, sobre a produção de suas filhas puras, foi de 1,11. Os coeficientes de correlação entre as PTAs dos touros e a produção de leite de suas filhas, para as diferentes alternativas, variaram de 0,05 a 0,17. As correlações de ordem entre os valores das PTA variaram de 0,34 a 0,94, em que a menor foi observada entre as PTAs com informações das filhas mestiças e as PTAs obtidas com informações das filhas puras, e a maior, entre as PTAs obtidas pela média ponderada das PTAs obtidas com as filhas puras e mestiças com as PTAs obtidas com dados de filhas puras.
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Yao, Xing, Yongzhong Zhang, Rizwana Yasmeen, and Zhen Cai. "The impact of preferential trade agreements on bilateral trade: A structural gravity model analysis." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 30, 2021): e0249118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249118.
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Trade agreements are thought to raise trade integration, but existing preferential trade agreements (PTAs) are insufficient in measuring market access of products. This study develops a product-based coverage index of PTAs using the World Trade Organization (WTO) preferential trade agreements and calculates bilateral trade measures using the EORA multi-regional input-output (MRIO) tables covering 189 countries worldwide over the period 1990–2015; the structural gravity model is employed to test how PTAs affect bilateral trade. Our findings show that countries sharing a common PTA could boost the trade volume compared to those without PTAs, supporting the trade creation effect. However, the trade promotion effect of the product-based coverage index of PTAs is significant only if the member countries are low-and middle-income countries. Further, the wide range of product liberalization brought by PTAs can promote global production networks by stimulating the trade of intermediate goods. Our results are important for understanding the market access effect of PTAs with the increasing development of trade integration and global value chains (GVCs).
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DUBOIS, ALAIN, and PATRICK DAVID. "The nomenclatural status of Zaocys carinatus Günther, 1864 (Squamata, Serpentes)." Bionomina 19, no. 1 (September 10, 2020): 110–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/bionomina.19.1.7.
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The nomen ‘Ptyas carinata (Günther, 1858)’, applied since 1864 to a large colubrid snake species of the Oriental region first reported from Borneo, is shown to be in fact an invalid junior objective synonym of Ptyas dhumnades (Cantor, 1842), a species of the same genus inhabiting China, Laos and Vietnam. In order to preserve the use of the well-known combination Ptyas carinata for the former species, Article 23.9 on reversal of precedence is used to validate Zaocys carinata Günther, 1864 against its senior secondary homonym Coryphodon carinatus Günther, 1858.
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Oszkinis, G., F. Pukacki, R. Juszkat, J. B. Weigele, M. Gabriel, Z. Krasinski, M. Zieliński, and J. Krejza. "Restenosis after Carotid Endarterectomy: Incidence and Endovascular Management." Interventional Neuroradiology 13, no. 4 (December 2007): 345–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/159101990701300405.
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Surgical procedures designed to restore vascular patency for a recurrent stenosis following carotid endarterectomy (CEA) are burdened with technical difficulties as well as with the possibility of serious neurological complications. An endovascular approach employing transluminal percutaneous angioplasty and stenting (PTAS) is a promising solution to these problems. We aimed to evaluate the incidence of carotid artery restenosis following CEA, and to evaluate the safety and efficacy of treating post-CEA restenosis with an endovascular technique (PTAS). One hundred and two patients who underwent CEA for symptomatic and asymptomatic stenosis were included in the analysis. Clinical and sonographic follow-up examinations identified carotid artery restenosis in 16 patients, who fulfilled our criteria for endovascular treatment. Carotid PTAS was performed on symptomatic patients with a stenosis over 60% of the artery lumen (n=7) and in asymptomatic patients with a stenosis over 80% (n=9). The post-PTAS patients were evaluated by duplex sonography every three months over a 24 month follow-up period for evidence of restenosis. The cumulative incidence of post-CEA carotid restenosis qualifying for PTAS was 9.3% during an average 12-month follow-up interval. The average time from CEA to carotid PTAS was 11 months. All 16 endovascular procedures were technically successful. All of the carotid arteries were widely patent following PTAS. There were no immediate perioperative complications. One patient died two days after carotid PTAS from a cerebral hemorrhage. Thirteen of the 16 patients remained asymptomatic and had no sonographic evidence of significant restenosis during the 24-month post-PTAS follow-up period. One patient developed a symptomatic 80% restenosis proximal to the stent six months after carotid PTAS. Another patient developed an asymptomatic 60% restenosis proximal to the stent at 24 months. One patient was lost to follow-up. Following CEA, there is a significant risk of developing a symptomatic or high-grade carotid artery restenosis requiring correction. Endovascular treatment (PTAS) of a recurrent stenosis after CEA is a safe and effective alternative to repeat carotid surgery.
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Melillo, Margherita. "Informal Dispute Resolution in Preferential Trade Agreements." Journal of World Trade 53, Issue 1 (February 1, 2019): 95–127. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2019005.
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Noting that very few disputes have been adjudicated, many scholars have expressed doubts whether the dispute settlement mechanisms of preferential trade agreements (PTAs) will ever be used. This article argues that looking only at the number of formal disputes (i.e. disputes that lead to the adoption of a decision by third party adjudicators) tells an incomplete story about dispute resolution in PTAs (i.e. resolution of disputed issues). Focusing on the PTAs concluded by the European Union (EU), this article contends that the framework established by the PTAs can have a complementary role to litigation. Like the committees at the World Trade Organization, the committees established by the PTAs can foster dialogue and find technical solutions to disputed issues. By looking at the text of the EU PTAs as well as at available documents on their implementation, this article shows how these committees can tackle disputes.
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Holder, Nicole L., Holly A. Clark, John M. DiBlasio, Carol L. Hughes, John W. Scherpf, Linn Harding, and Katherine F. Shepard. "Cause, Prevalence, and Response to Occupational Musculoskeletal Injuries Reported by Physical Therapists and Physical Therapist Assistants." Physical Therapy 79, no. 7 (July 1, 1999): 642–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ptj/79.7.642.
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AbstractBackground and Purpose. Physical therapists (PTs) and physical therapist assistants (PTAs) are susceptible to occupational musculoskeletal injuries. The purpose of this study was to examine the reported causes and prevalence of occupational musculoskeletal injuries to PTs and PTAs during a 2-year period. Subjects. A questionnaire was mailed to 500 PTs and 500 PTAs randomly selected from the American Physical Therapy Association 1996 active membership list. Six hundred sixty-seven questionnaires were returned, giving a response rate of 67%. Method. Based on a literature review and a pilot study, an occupational injury questionnaire was constructed and mailed. Self-reports of injuries were obtained. Results. Thirty-two percent of the PTs and 35% of the PTAs reported sustaining a musculoskeletal injury. The highest prevalence of injury was to the low back (62% of injured PTs and 56% of injured PTAs). The PTs reported the upper back and the wrist and hand as having the second highest prevalence (23%). The PTAs reported the upper back as having the second highest prevalence (28%). The PTs and PTAs reported making changes in their work habits of improved body mechanics, increased use of other personnel, and frequent change of work position. The majority of PTs and PTAs reported they did not limit patient contact time or area of practice after sustaining an injury. Conclusion and Discussion. Although PTs and PTAs are recognized to knowledgeable in prevention and treatment of musculoskeletal injuries, they are susceptible to sustaining occupational musculoskeletal injuries because of performing labor-intensive tasks.
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David, Anthony. "Making your PTA's contribution matter." Fundraising for Schools 2014, no. 155 (April 2, 2014): 12–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/fund.2014.1.155.12.
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David, Anthony. "Making your PTA's contribution matter." Fundraising for Schools 4, no. 155 (April 2014): 12–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/fund.2014.4.155.12.
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Milewicz, Karolina, James Hollway, Claire Peacock, and Duncan Snidal. "Beyond Trade." Journal of Conflict Resolution 62, no. 4 (September 23, 2016): 743–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002716662687.
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Increased complexity and density of transnational problems create unprecedented challenges and opportunities for contemporary international governance. “Issue linkage” is one institutional arrangement through which states address these changing circumstances. In this article, we examine the widening scope of the nontrade agenda in preferential trade agreements (PTAs). Nontrade issues (NTIs) such as human rights, democracy, environment, corruption, and labor standards are increasingly linked to PTAs. This issue linkage has important implications for understanding changing patterns of international trade, including the shift to PTAs and the rise of NTIs. We show that (1) states’ choices to commit to bilateral or plurilateral versions of traditional PTAs and to PTAs with NTIs are highly interdependent, (2) states increasingly incorporate NTIs into PTAs, as the associated costs of policy change are lowered through earlier agreements, and (3) network pressures favor the increasing adoption of bilateral and especially plurilateral NTIs over time. Using an original data set on NTIs covering 522 PTAs and spanning the period 1951 to 2009, we evaluate states’ motives behind the widening nontrade agenda of trade agreements using longitudinal network modeling. We employ multiplex coevolution stochastic actor-oriented network models in a novel design to account for interdependencies within and across states’ decisions. Following a descriptive mapping of major NTIs, we evaluate our theoretical arguments. Testing against the alternative explanations of power and commitment, we find that endogenous cost considerations are the most significant factor explaining the inclusion of NTIs into PTAs.
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Kawecka-Wyrzykowska, Elżbieta. "Importance and Motives of Preferential Trade Agreements in the EU's External Trade." Economics and Business Review 6 (20), no. 3 (2020): 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.18559/ebr.2020.3.1.
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As a result of previous multilateral negotiations tariff rates are generally low and cannot explain the reasons for recent proliferation of preferential trade agreements (PTAs). The aim of the paper is to look for other motivations of EU PTAs and to assess their importance for the EU. The main research methods are statistical, review and assessment of WTO documents and critical analysis of literature. First, the present level of tariff protection on selected import markets was estimated. This level illustrates the scale of countries’ interest in their elimination of the existing tariffs. Also the share of preferential imports in the EU extra-trade was calculated and compared with trade on MFN basis. Next, reasons for PTAs were identified. The conclusions prove that 21st century PTAs are mainly motivated not by a reduction of tariffs but by the willingness to reduce the regulatory barriers (contained in rules on public procurement, environmental protection, etc.). The most dynamic trade nowadays involves flows of accessories and services. In this situation the importance of PTAs results from the fact that they serve as instruments eliminating national regulatory barriers faced by exporters of goods and resources on foreign markets. Thus PTAs support production and sales abroad. In the EU political motivations of PTAs are important as well.
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Hallaert, Jean-Jacques. "Proliferation of Preferential Trade Agreements: Quantifying its Welfare Impact and Preference Erosion." Journal of World Trade 42, Issue 5 (October 1, 2008): 813–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2008033.
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Literature has frequently evaluated the proliferation of preferential trade agreement (PTAs) by counting the number of PTAs or the share of international trade covered by these agreements. But these indicators have been recently criticized. This article, using a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model, attempts to quantify the economic impact (measured by its welfare effect) of the proliferation of PTAs. Results show that the welfare impact is limited and often vanishes quickly because preferences are eroded by the proliferation of PTAs. This contrasts with the gains from non–discriminatory liberalization. Therefore, proliferation of PTAs is unlikely to continue. This article also has methodological implications for CGE modelling: ignoring the proliferation of PTA significantly bias the results; and the bias is not only potentially large but also its direction is a priori uncertain.
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Mrode, R., M. P. Coffey, and K. Moore. "Evaluation of genetic trends for milk yield and somatic cell counts in the Holstein breed in terms of changes in the lactation curve." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2009 (April 2009): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200028945.
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The use of test day model (TDM) for genetic evaluation results in predicted transmitting abilities (PTAs) for any stage of lactation. However, in the United Kingdom (UK), publication and selection of parents are still based on PTAs computed on a 305-day basis from the random regression coefficients of the TDM. It is expected from selection index theory, that selection on 305-day PTAs would place different weights on PTAs at different days in milk (DIM). This could result in changes in the lactation curve of animals over time as a result of genetic progress. This study evaluates genetic trends in terms of changes in PTAs at different DIM for production traits and somatic cell counts (SCC) in the Holstein breed. In addition, the inclusion of SCC in the national profitable life index (£PLI) is based on its relationship with milk computed on a 305-day basis. This study also examines what impact such selection has on the relationship between PTAs for milk and SCC at different DIM.
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Ishiguro, Kaoru. "Preferential Trade Agreements under Declining American Hegemony." International Journal of Financial Research 9, no. 1 (November 30, 2017): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijfr.v9n1p163.
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We examine the international determinants of the formation of preferential trade agreements (PTAs) according to the theory of hegemonic stability. The main conclusions are as follows. First, as the theory of hegemonic stability argues, the lack of a stable hegemon fosters the formation of PTAs. When hegemony is measured by trade share and investment share in the global economy, the erosion of hegemony fosters PTAs. Second, hegemony measured by GDP share has a positive effect on PTA formation; however, this measure is not consistent with the theory’s prediction. Third, improvement in the level of democracy worldwide is unrelated to the formation of PTAs.
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Stacey, Dawn, Victoria Suwalska, Laura Boland, Krystina B. Lewis, Justin Presseau, and Richard Thomson. "Are Patient Decision Aids Used in Clinical Practice after Rigorous Evaluation? A Survey of Trial Authors." Medical Decision Making 39, no. 7 (August 17, 2019): 805–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272989x19868193.
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Background. Patient decision aids (PtDAs) are effective interventions to support patient involvement in health care decisions, but there is little use in practice. Our study aimed to determine subsequent PtDA use in clinical practice following published randomized controlled trials. Design. A descriptive study using an e-mail-embedded questionnaire survey targeting authors of 133 trials included in Cochrane Reviews of PtDAs (106 authors). We classified PtDA level of use as a) implementation, defined as integrating within care processes; b) dissemination to target users with planned strategies; and c) diffusion, defined as passive, unplanned spread. We conducted content analysis to identify barriers and enablers guided by the Ottawa Model of Research Use. Results. Ninety-eight authors responded (92.5%) on 108 trialed PtDAs. Reported levels of use were implementation ( n = 29; 28%), dissemination to target user(s) ( n = 9; 9%), and diffusion ( n = 7; 7%); 57 (55%) reported no uptake, and 1 had no response (1%). Barriers to use in clinical practice were identified at the level of researchers (e.g., lack of posttrial plan), PtDAs (e.g., outdated, delivery mechanism), clinicians (e.g., disagreed with PtDA use), and practice environment (e.g., infrastructure support; funding). Enablers were online delivery, organizational endorsement (e.g., professional organization, charity, government), and design for and integration into the care process. Limitations. Self-report bias and potential for recall bias. Conclusions. Only 44% of PtDA trial authors indicated some level of subsequent use following their trial. The most commonly reported barriers were lack of funding, outdated PtDAs, and clinician disagreement with PtDA use. To improve subsequent use, researchers should codesign PtDAs with end users to ensure fit with clinical practice and develop an implementation plan. National systems (e.g., platforms, endorsement, funding) can enable use.
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ABDUL RANI, ABDUL ISMAIL, Muhammad Afif Abd Rani, Samat Iderus, Mohd Shahril Osman, Norjannah Yusop, Chee Fuei Pien, and Rosfayanti Rasmidi. "Temperature Effect on Structural and Optical Characteristics of Solution-processed Polytriarylamine (PTAA) Thin Films for Optoelectronic Applications." ASM Science Journal 16 (July 26, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.32802/asmscj.2021.813.
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Polytriarylamine (PTAA) is a promising yet trending organic semiconductor material in which has unique characteristics that are low-cost fabrication, flexible and stable in room condition. The unique characteristic of PTAA thin films have attracted researchers to explore more on its ability as future green technology solutions. In this works, the effect of annealing temperature towards PTAA thin films are focused. PTAA thin films is fabricated by solution processed technique and sintered onto the glass substrate by spin coating method. The spin coating speed are 1000 RPM to 5000 RPM. The PTAA thin films are further annealed for an hour with temperatures of 80 oC, 120 oC and 150 oC. It is shown that grain size of thin films are increasing as the temperature increased based on XRD analysis. As for 1000 to 5000 RPM, the highest grain size obtain are 26.46 nm, 31.34 nm, 37.19 nm, 39.96 nm and 42.72 nm, respectively. Optical characteristic also reveals that band gap energy value is perpendicular to the increasing in temperature obtain from the UV-Vis spectrum. The results strongly show that annealing temperature had significantly affected both structural and optical properties of PTAA thin films.
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Ghosh, Anindita, and Chinmay Kumar Panda. "Role of Pentacyclic Triterpenoid Acids in the Treatment of Bladder Cancer." Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry 22, no. 9 (May 2022): 1331–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389557521666211022145052.
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Abstract: Bladder cancer carries a poor prognosis and has proven resistance to chemotherapy. Pentacyclic Triterpenoid Acids (PTAs) are natural bioactive compounds that have a well-known impact on cancer research because of their cytotoxic and chemopreventive activities. This review focuses on bladder cancer which can no longer be successfully treated by DNA damaging drugs. Unlike most of the existing drugs against bladder cancer, PTAs are non-toxic to normal cells. Collecting findings from both in vitro and in vivo studies, it has been concluded that PTAs may serve as promising agents in future bladder cancer therapy. In this review, the roles of various PTAs in bladder cancer have been explored, and their mechanisms of action in the treatment of bladder cancer have been described. Specific PTAs have been shortlisted from each of the chief skeletons of pentacyclic triterpenoids, which could be effective against bladder cancer because of their mode of action. This review thereby throws light on the multi targets and mechanisms of PTAs, which are responsible for their selective anticancer effects and provides guidelines for further research and development of new natural antitumor compounds.
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Saepudin, Juju. "KAPASITAS KOPERTAIS WILAYAH XIII DALAM MENINGKATKAN MUTU PTAIS DI PROVINSI JAMBI." Al-Qalam 21, no. 2 (January 10, 2016): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.31969/alq.v21i2.231.
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<p>Penelitian “Kapasitas Kopertais Wilayah XIII Dalam Meningkatkan Mutu PTAIS di Provinsi Jambi”<br />didasari oleh pemikiran bahwa Koordinatorat Perguruan Tinggi Agama Islam Swasta (Kopertais)<br />merupakan institusi yang memiliki andil yang banyak dalam rangka meningkatkan mutu pendidikan<br />di lingkungan Perguruan Tinggi Agama Islam Swasta (PTAIS), karena pengawasan, pengendalian<br />dan pembinaan PTAIS sesungguhnya merupakan tugas eksistensi lembaga ini. Pendekatan yang<br />digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan kualitatif dengan menggunakan metode gabungan<br />(mixed methods). Hasil analisis terhadap data kualitatif yang terkumpul melalui wawancara dan studi<br />dokumentasi serta data kuantitatif melalui penyebaran kuesioner menyimpulkan bahwa Kopertais<br />Wilayah XIII belum berdiri sendiri sebagai satuan kerja karena menginduk ke IAIN Sulthan Thaha<br />Saifuddin Jambi, sehingga berdampak pada terhambatnya program kerja Kopertais yang berefek<br />terhadap mutu PTAIS. Dengan demikian, perlu segera dilakukan restrukturisasi kelembagaan Kopertais,<br />dengan memberikan kepastian kewenangan, penganggaran dan eselonering pengelola Kopertais.</p>
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Delera, Michele, and Neil Foster-McGregor. "On PTAs and Bilateral Trade: Is GVC Trade Sensitive to the Breadth of Trade Policy Cooperation?" Economies 8, no. 4 (October 15, 2020): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies8040084.
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We study the relationship between the scope of trade policy cooperation and bilateral trade flows with a particular focus on global value chain (GVC) trade using data on the core and non-core provisions included in preferential trade agreements (PTAs). We find that broader PTAs have a larger impact on trade flows involving intermediates relative to flows involving all products, suggesting that GVC trade is particularly sensitive to the scope of trade policy cooperation. We also investigate different dimensions of heterogeneity in PTAs. We find that core provisions tend to drive the effect of PTAs on the level of GVC trade and that PTAs are particularly effective in raising the level of GVC trade between developing economies. We explore these issues using a sample of 189 countries over the period 1990–2015, with data obtained from the latest release of the EORA multi-regional input–output tables and UN-COMTRADE data.
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VILLALTA PUIG, GONZALO, and ERIC D. DALKE. "Nature and Enforceability of WTO-plus SPS and TBT Provisions in Canada's PTAs: From NAFTA to CETA." World Trade Review 15, no. 1 (October 19, 2015): 51–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745615000464.
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AbstractSafety standards can function as non-tariff barriers to trade. Canada is a large exporter of goods and so it has an interest in the regulation of safety standards, both at the multilateral level through its membership of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and, most especially, at the bilateral and regional level through its Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs). Canada has signed PTAs with provisions that go beyond the obligations of WTO Members under the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures and the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade. This article analyses the nature and enforceability of WTO-plus provisions on sanitary and phytosanitary standards (SPS) as well as product standards (TBT) in Canada's PTAs, from the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) between Canada, Mexico, and the United States to the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) between Canada and the European Union. First, it finds that the inclusion of WTO-plus SPS and TBT provisions in Canada's PTAs is a relatively recent practice that is still in development. Only about half of Canada's PTAs contain WTO-plus SPS and TBT provisions and, those treaties that do, commonly concern institutions for regulatory cooperation and information exchange arrangements, without much commitment to harmonization. Secondly, it finds that nearly half of the SPS and TBT provisions in Canada's PTAs are unenforceable. They either are in a language that is too imprecise for enforcement or do not allow access to a dispute settlement mechanism. Thirdly, it finds that, by global standards, most of Canada's PTAs are modest in their approach to SPS and TBT issues, with NAFTA and CETA as key exceptions. The article concludes that the extent to which regulatory convergence occurs on safety standards for Canada is dependent more on political cooperation between the parties than on the nature and enforceability of SPS and TBT provisions in its PTAs.
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Hsu, Jin-Yi, Yuan-Chih Su, Jen-Hung Wang, and Boon Lead Tee. "Long-term stroke incidence in proximal thoracic aorta aneurysm survivors." International Journal of Stroke 15, no. 4 (April 2, 2019): 421–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747493019840944.
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Background Aneurysm of proximal thoracic aorta (pTAA) is an often indolent, yet fatal disease. Although advancements in aneurysmal repair techniques have increased long-term survival rates, studies have proven that there are increases in perioperative risk for stroke incidence after pTAA surgery. Conversely, there is little evidence regarding the long-term stroke incidence in pTAA individuals, which strongly influences the morbidity, mortality, and usage of antithrombotic agents. Methods Using the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database, a nationwide population-based cohort, we recruited 3013 pTAA survivors hospitalized from 1 January 2000 to 31 December 2012. To ensure study cohort quality, only patients aged 20 years and above who underwent aneurysmal repair surgery are included. The control cohort is identified by matching background features (comorbidities, age, gender) at a 1:4 ratio through the use of frequency matching. The primary outcomes include incidence of ischemic stroke and intracranial hemorrhage one month after aneurysmal repair surgery. Results The mortality of pTAA survivors is nearly twice of the matched controls despite aneurysmal repair (28.5 % vs. 15.2%, p < 0.001). Long-term follow-up of participants indicated that pTAA survivors had a higher risk for hemorrhage stroke (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR): 1.93; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.47–2.53), but no significant increase in risk for ischemic stroke (aHR: 1.07; 95% CI: 0.92–1.25). Hemorrhagic stroke occurrence was found to be associated with age and diabetes mellitus. Comparison on hemorrhagic stroke subtypes between study and matched cohorts showed no statistical differences in intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Conclusions Despite the advancement of aneurysmal repair surgery, this study suggests that pTAA patients may still face an increased risk of hemorrhage stroke. Further investigation is warranted to provide better long-term care for the pTAA population.
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Korupalli, Chiranjeevi, Poliraju Kalluru, Karthik Nuthalapati, Naresh Kuthala, Suresh Thangudu, and Raviraj Vankayala. "Recent Advances of Polyaniline-Based Biomaterials for Phototherapeutic Treatments of Tumors and Bacterial Infections." Bioengineering 7, no. 3 (August 13, 2020): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering7030094.
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Conventional treatments fail to completely eradicate tumor or bacterial infections due to their inherent shortcomings. In recent years, photothermal therapy (PTT) has emerged as an attractive treatment modality that relies on the absorption of photothermal agents (PTAs) at a specific wavelength, thereby transforming the excitation light energy into heat. The advantages of PTT are its high efficacy, specificity, and minimal damage to normal tissues. To this end, various inorganic nanomaterials such as gold nanostructures, carbon nanostructures, and transition metal dichalcogenides have been extensively explored for PTT applications. Subsequently, the focus has shifted to the development of polymeric PTAs, owing to their unique properties such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, non-immunogenicity, and low toxicity when compared to inorganic PTAs. Among various organic PTAs, polyaniline (PANI) is one of the best-known and earliest-reported organic PTAs. Hence, in this review, we cover the recent advances and progress of PANI-based biomaterials for PTT application in tumors and bacterial infections. The future prospects in this exciting area are also addressed.
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Tang, Yi Shin. "The Politics and Outcomes of Preferential Trade Strategies: Evidence from TRIPS-Plus Provisions in US-Latin America Relations." Journal of World Trade 50, Issue 6 (December 1, 2016): 1061–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2016042.
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This article investigates the circumstances under which the agenda of intellectual property rights (IPRs) influences the decision of states to pursue preferential trade agreements (PTAs). Governments are often prone to negotiate PTAs due to distinctive pressures from IPR-intensive industries to disseminate TRIPS-Plus standards, which are particularly willing to capitalize on the advantages of preferential arrangements. To illustrate this argument, we examine the processes around the expansion of IPR provisions in the PTAs signed by the United States with Latin American countries, as enabled by the Trade Promotion Authority Act of 2002. We find that, while broad variations of TRIPS-Plus standards emerged across these PTAs, both governments and private sector tend to perceive gains from this setup, since PTAs are unlikely to undermine the IPR standards achieved by the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (hereinafter ‘TRIPS Agreement’), but still provide opportunity for the promotion of higher IPR standards in each individual market.
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Limão, Nuno. "Preferential Trade Agreements as Stumbling Blocks for Multilateral Trade Liberalization: Evidence for the United States." American Economic Review 96, no. 3 (May 1, 2006): 896–914. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.96.3.896.
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Most countries are members of preferential trade agreements (PTAs). The effect of these agreements has attracted much interest and raised the question of whether PTAs promote or slow multilateral trade liberalization, i.e., whether they are a “building block” or “stumbling block” to multilateral liberalization. Despite this long-standing concern with PTAs and the lack of theoretical consensus, there is no systematic evidence on whether they are actually a stumbling block to multilateral liberalization. We use detailed data on U.S. multilateral tariffs to provide the first systematic evidence that the direct effect of PTAs was to generate a stumbling block to its MTL. We also provide evidence of reciprocity in multilateral tariff reductions.
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Li, Zhong-Hao, Zhen-Hua Zhou, Xian-Jin Zhu, Wei Liu, Ya-Wen Chen, Zi-Yao Chen, and Zun-Jing Liu. "Current Status and Future Perspective of Stenting for Symptomatic Intracranial Atherosclerotic Disease: A Meta-Analysis." BioMed Research International 2017 (2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3258681.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stenting (PTAS) for intracranial atherosclerotic disease (ICAD) by conducting a meta-analysis. Two independent observers searched PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library for relevant studies up to 31 December 2016. A meta-analysis was conducted using Review Manager 5.3. Three studies involving 581 cases were included. The meta-analysis indicated that any stroke (RR = 3.13; 95% CI: 1.80–5.42), ischemic stroke (RR = 2.15; 95% CI: 1.19–3.89), and intracranial hemorrhage (RR = 14.71; 95% CI: 1.96–110.48) within 30 days in medical therapy alone were lower compared with PTAS plus medical therapy, but there were no significant differences in any stroke and ischemic stroke beyond 30 days between the two groups. There were also no significant differences in any death and myocardial infarction between the two groups. This meta-analysis demonstrated that, compared with medical therapy alone, PTAS for ICAD had a high risk of complication, but most complications in PTAS group occurred within 30 days after the operation, and beyond 30 days the PTAS was not inferior compared with medical therapy alone. Further studies are needed to reduce the periprocedural complications and reappraise the PTAS.
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Kikarea, Eirini. "Brexit and Preferential Trade Agreements: Issues of Termination and Survival Clauses." Legal Issues of Economic Integration 46, Issue 1 (February 1, 2019): 53–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/leie2019004.
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This article examines the fate of preferential trade agreements (PTAs) concluded between the United Kingdom (UK), the European Union (EU) and third States after Brexit. It examines EU-only and mixed PTAs separately. Regarding mixed PTAs, it is argued that Brexit will not lead to their automatic termination. The UK will possess all rights and obligations under these agreements, unless they contain provisions limiting their scope, such as respective powers and territorial application clauses, often found in bilateral mixed PTAs. The effect of the former is that the UK will remain Party to mixed PTAs but will not fall within the personal scope of rights and obligations thereunder. This situation gives rise to a series of questions, among others, whether the UK will be able to terminate the treaties and whether survival clauses will be triggered. It is argued that the UK will be able to rely on PTAs’ termination provisions and potentially Article 62 VCLT (fundamental change in circumstances), and that survival clauses are also triggered by permanent de facto termination events. Regarding EU-only treaties, it is argued the UK will be neither bound thereby under international law nor obliged to act in conformity with them under European law.
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Carstens, Agustín. "Making Regional Economic Integration Work (The Quaid-i-Azam Memorial Lecture)." Pakistan Development Review 43, no. 4I (December 1, 2004): 335–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v43i4ipp.335-352.
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The world has been witnessing a wave of regionalism in recent years. Preferential trade arrangements (PTAs) have been a central element of most regional agreements. This paper looks at the growing international experience with PTAs. It first provides some basic facts on the extent of regionalism and discusses the motives for entering into regional arrangements. This is followed by an analysis of the impact of PTAs on trade, growth, and welfare, based on traditional and new trade theories. Although the paper finds that empirical studies seem to conclude that in practice PTAs are not harmful or necessarily very beneficial, the main conclusion of the paper is that regional integration can work if done right, and can be pursued in parallel with, or as a stepping-stone towards, multilateral trade liberalisation. The paper provides four major recommendations to ensure that PTAs have a positive impact on member (and nonmember) countries. These include: (i) a large and diverse membership; (ii) continued reduction in external tariffs; (iii) comprehensive product coverage, with simple and transparent rules of origin; and (iv) effective implementation.
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Leu, Guanyi. "ASEAN's Preferential Trade Agreements (PTA) Strategy." Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 30, no. 2 (June 2011): 31–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/186810341103000203.
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This paper provides a diversification explanation in order understand the development of PTAs in Southeast Asia. I argue that an important reason why ASEAN states participate in PTAs has been to diversify existing trade ties and to reduce overdependence on a narrow range of export markets. Southeast Asian countries have formed PTAs with markets with which they had weak or unexplored economic relations, as demonstrated by three case analyses: the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA), the ASEAN-China Free Trade Agreement (ACFTA) and the ASEAN-Japan Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (AJCEP). To maximise the economic gains and the diversification effects of PTA participation, ASEAN countries have pursued a strategy of strengthening economic unity while keeping external economic linkages as diversified as possible. Although East Asia, and especially China, was an important alternative market to reduce ASEAN's dependence on trade with America, ASEAN countries have also pursued PTAs with a number of other trading partners. This paper explains how PTAs have helped ASEAN states to develop more policy autonomy in their trading environment.
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Wang, Sheng, Jing Lin, and Peng Huang. "Advances on the Use of Biodegradable Proteins/Peptides in Photothermal Theranostics." Journal of Nanomaterials 2016 (2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5810952.
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Recently, photothermal therapy (PTT) which employs light-induced heating to destroy cancer tissues/cells has received tremendous attention due to its improved selectivity and minimal invasion to surrounding healthy tissues. A variety of photothermal conversion agents (PTCAs) with high near-infrared (NIR) light absorbance have been widely explored for NIR light-induced PTT. However, many of them cannot be used directlyin vivoowing to their nonbiodegradability, immunogenicity, poor pharmacokinetics, or potential long-term toxicity. Proteins and peptides with inherent biocompatibility and biodegradability have been used as delivery vehicles for PTCAs or used as biotemplates to direct the synthesis of PTCAs. In this review, we will summarize recent advances in the development of protein/peptide-based photothermal cancer theranostics. The perspectives and challenges of these nanoplatforms will also be discussed.
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Bannister, Nick, and Jane Galbraith. "Tips on maximising your PTA's fundraising." Fundraising for Schools 2014, no. 155 (April 2, 2014): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/fund.2014.1.155.3.
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Bannister, Nick, and Jane Galbraith. "Tips on maximising your PTA's fundraising." Fundraising for Schools 4, no. 155 (April 2014): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/fund.2014.4.155.3.
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Fransiska, Eunike Melanda, Iwan Sahrial Hamid, Aditya Yudhana, Nusdianto Triakoso, Ratih Novita Praja, and Faisal Fikri. "Sparganosis pada Ular Jali (Ptyas korros)." Jurnal Medik Veteriner 3, no. 2 (September 26, 2020): 258. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jmv.vol3.iss2.2020.258-262.
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Ular Ptyas korros atau ular jali merupakan salah jenis ular yang ada di Indonesia.. Berbagai penyebab kepunahan adalah salah satunya masalah kesehatan seperti penyakit yang disebabkan parasit. Laporan kasus ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi cacing yang ditemukan pada ular P. korros yang telah mati, metode identifikasi menggunaka pewarnaan carmine dan diamati dibawah mikroskop dengan perbesaran 40x dan 100x. Hasil identifikasi ditemukan cacing pita Spirometra sp. sebanyak 18 ekor di daerah subkutan dan muskulus sepanjang tubuh ular. Cacing Spirometra sp. menyebabkan penyakit spargonosis yang bersifat zoonosis atau dapat menular pada manusia.
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Carmi, Paz, Matthew J. Katz, Rachel Saban, and Yael Stein. "Improved PTASs for convex barrier coverage." Computational Geometry 92 (January 2021): 101684. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comgeo.2020.101684.
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