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Journal articles on the topic 'Psychotropic drugs'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2024

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1

Khrypunova, Tetiana. "Relationships between the Ukrainian Public's Awareness of Psychotropic Drugs, Stigmatizing People Taking Psychotropic Drugs and Stopping Psychotropic Drug Medication without Consulting with a Doctor." Ukraïnsʹkij žurnal medicini, bìologìï ta sportu 6, no. 5 (October 27, 2021): 370–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.26693/jmbs06.05.370.

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The purpose of the study was to outline possible relationships between public awareness of psychotropic drugs, stigmatization of people suffering from mental disorders and discontinuation of drugs without consultation with a doctor in Ukraine. Materials and methods. This study is based on the analysis of data obtained through an electronic questionnaire filled out by the Ukrainian public. Until April 2021 the questionnaire was freely available to everyone who wanted to take part in the survey. The questionnaire was distributed via an Internet link. Based on the obtained data, the respondents were divided into different categories depending on their education, profession (a medical worker was analyzed separately). Also, the respondents who had personal experience of using psychotropic drugs were interviewed especially deeply and in more details, depending on which group of drugs they used (antidepressants / antipsychotics / anxiolytics). The separate place in the study was given to identifying the general awareness of the Ukrainian public about correct and erroneous judgments about psychotropic drugs. Results and discussion. Based on the obtained data, main factors which are influencing people awareness of psychotropic drugs were identified, as well as the approximate percentage of citizens with erroneous judgments about psychotropic drugs. Thanks to the results of the questionnaire, the main possible reasons for the withdrawal of treatment with psychotropic drugs by patients without consultation with the attending physician were suggested (identified). Conclusion. It can be concluded from the obtained data that a person's awareness in the field of psychotropic drugs is most influenced by their own experience of their use. For this reason, the author would be interested to know how psychiatric patients are informed by their physicians. The author is aware that the amount of data obtained is not completely sufficient to create a significant picture of the general situation, but she hopes that the obtained data will still allow to get some idea of the situation as a whole. In conclusion, not only the obtained results in this study were outlined, but also possible further actions to obtain a more accurate picture of the situation were mentioned, and the topic of the next study was indicated in order to solve the identified problem

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Therrien, Rachel. "Managing Psychotropic Drugs with Efavirenz." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology 17, suppl d (2006): 15D—16D. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2006/736415.

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Efavirenz is in the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor category of HIV antiretroviral medicines. It is an in vivo inducer of the CYP3A4 isoenzyme within the cytochrome P450 (CYP450) system, and an in vitro inhibitor of the system’s CYP2C9/2C19, 3A4 and 2B6 isoenzymes; as a result, concentrations of psychotropic drugs can be increased or decreased depending on the specific enzyme pathway involved in their metabolism. CYP3A4 is responsible for metabolizing many benzodiazepines and other psychotropics, as well as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants. As an inducer of CYP3A4, efavirenz can increase the rate at which these agents are metabolized, resulting in administered psychotropic drug levels that are below their therapeutic thresholds. Conversely, efavirenz is an inhibitor of CYP2B6, which metabolizes agents such as bupropion; consequently, bupropion levels in the blood can increase. Given the existing conflicting data, the clinician may find it impractical to use an evidence-based approach when concomitantly prescribing efavirenz and psychotropic drugs to their HIV patients. Instead, it may be preferable to use a more pragmatic approach that applies knowledge of the most current pharmacological and pharmacokinetic data for psychotropics and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, which may help better predict their potential interactions.

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Wancata, J., N. Benda, U. Meise, and C. Müller. "Use of Psychotropic Drugs in Gynecological, Surgical, and Medical Wards of General Hospitals." International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine 28, no. 3 (September 1998): 303–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/8xtv-38n6-ewbj-08f1.

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Objective: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of psychotropic drug use and the predictors of use during hospitalization. Method: We investigated 728 patients admitted to medical, gynecological, and surgical wards of two non-university general hospitals in Austria for psychotropic drug use, psychiatric morbidity, and sociodemographic characteristics. Results: The use of psychotropics was highest in medical wards (67.6%), followed by surgical (59.3%), and gynecological wards (37.8%). Older age, psychiatric caseness, consultation by psychiatrists and use of psychotropics before admission were predictors for psychotropic drug use. Psychotropics were given for a longer duration to psychiatric cases than to non-cases. Anxiolytics were prescribed most often (39.6%), followed by hypnotics (16.9%), neuroleptics (10.7%), and antidepressants (7.0%). Conclusions: The fact that psychiatric illness is a significant predictor of psychotropic drug use suggests that these drugs were prescribed aptly. The longer duration of use among psychiatric cases supports the idea of appropriate prescriptions.

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&NA;. "Psychotropic drugs." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 1197 (July 1999): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-199911970-00034.

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Engstrom, Frederick, Kathryn (Kay) L. Hong, and Daniel G. Blazer. "Psychotropic drugs." Postgraduate Medicine 101, no. 3 (March 1997): 198–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3810/pgm.1997.03.174.

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Mericle, Bruce P. "Psychotropic Drugs." Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services 35, no. 10 (October 1997): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/0279-3695-19971001-21.

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7

Loudon, J. B. "Psychotropic drugs." BMJ 294, no. 6565 (January 17, 1987): 167–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.294.6565.167.

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8

Müller-Spahn. "Psychotropic drugs." Therapeutische Umschau 56, no. 12 (December 1, 1999): 719–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0040-5930.56.12.719.

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Unter Psychopharmaka wird eine Vielzahl unterschiedlicher Gruppen von Medikamenten zusammengefaßt, die der Behandlung psychischer Störungen dienen. Ihre Einführung Mitte der fünfziger Jahre bedeutete einen immensen Fortschritt sowohl in der Akut- als auch in der Langzeittherapie. Dazu gehören Neuroleptika, Antidepressiva, Tranquilizer, Hypnotika, Psychostimulantien, Nootropika und pflanzliche Substanzen. Am häufigsten werden die zu der Gruppe der Tranquilizer zählenden Benzodiazepine verordnet. Die Verordnung von Psychopharmaka erfolgt syndrom- und nicht nosologiespezifisch. Die Aufklärung ihrer Wirkmechanismen im Gehirn hat wesentlich zum besseren Verständnis der Ätiologie und Pathogenese psychischer Störungen beigetragen.

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Paulina Maya Octasari and Devita Wityaninda. "Pola Peresepan Obat Psikotropika Di Apotek Karangrejo Kota Semarang." Journal Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science 2, no. 2 (November 1, 2023): 09–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.61740/jcp2s.v2i2.39.

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Psychotropics can lead to dependence if misused or used without control and supervision. Psychotropic drugs can only be given using a prescription in healt facilities such as pharmacies, clinics or hospitals. One way to control and supervise psychotropic drugs is to plan. This study aims to determine the pattern of prescribing psychotropic drugs at the Karangrejo’s Pharmacy, Semarang City. This research is a type of descriptive observational research. The design of this research is a Cross-Sectional Study. The data collected is retrospective, in the period October - December 2022. The data source is a psychotropic drug prescription sheet at the Karangrejo Pharmacy, Semarang City. The data collected included date of prescription, prescription number, age, gender, origin of prescription, psychotropic drug used and dosage. The data were analyzed qualitatively, grouping data based on patient and prescription characteristics. Patient characteristics include the patient's age and gender while prescription characteristics include the origin of the prescription, and the psychotropic drugs used include the name of the drug, drug class, amount of drug therapy and drug combinations. Quantitative analysis is by calculating the percentage of data that has been processed. From this study, the data obtained were 106 patients who received psychotropic drugs at the Karangrejo Pharmacy, Semarang City. From the results of this study, it was obtained that the most age group was 56-65 years (34.91%) with the most gender, namely women (65.09%), the origin of the prescription that prescribed the most psychotropics was prescription from external doctors (50.94%) with the highest speciality of prescribing doctors, namely specialist doctors (82.07%), the most widely used type of psychotropic drug, namely Chlordiazepoxide (50.73%), the highest number of drug therapies, namely single drug therapy (76.42%), the highest drug combinations namely Chlordiazepoxide 5mg and diazepam 2mg (56%), and the most common class of therapy was antispasmodics (50.72%).

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Malm, Ulf. "Psychotropic drugs. Treatment of mental disorders with psychotropic drugs." Nordic Journal of Psychiatry 53, no. 4 (January 1999): 319–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/080394899427142.

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Konstantinidis, A., M. Letmaier, R. Grohmann, P. Stephan, R. Engel, and S. Kasper. "Polypharmacy in psychiatric inpatients: Data from amsp (arzneimittelsicherheit in der psychiatrie), a european pharmacovigilance system." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 591. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)72298-2.

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IntroductionPsychotropic polypharmacy is widely used in routine clinical practice although there is still a substantial deficit in established knowledge about combination and augmentation treatments. Polypharmacy is related with a higher risk of adverse drug reactions and incompliance.MethodsOn two reference days per hospital and per year, the following data are recorded for all patients on the wards under AMSP surveillance: all drugs applied on that day with the daily dosage for psychotropic drugs, ICD diagnosis, age, and sex. Data is stored at the study center in Munich. We evaluated data from 2000 (N = 5669) and 2007 (N = 8346).ResultsFrom 2000 to 2007 inpatient prescriptions including three or more drugs increased significantly from 59.4% to 69.3% (chi2: 144.913; df:1; p < 0.001). Furthermore the percentage of inpatients being prescribed three or more psychotropics increased significantly from 36.5% in 2000 to 47.97% in 2007 (chi2: 180.01; df:1; p < 0.001).Investigating further, which inpatients, diagnosed according to ICD-10, tend to be treated with more than two psychotropics, we found that this was more common in inpatients, who had an F2., F3. or F9. ICD-10 diagnosis. Especially inpatients with a bipolar disorder (F31.) showed an extremely high rate for psychotropic polypharmacy with three or more psychotropic drugs, with rates of 63,8% in 2000 and 75,2% in 2007.ConclusionPolypharmacy is still gaining ground. Our results show that psychotropic agents are commonly used in combination; therefore further studies evaluating assumable positive results of psychotropic combinations are needed.

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Linden, Michael, Thomas Bär, and Hanfried Helmchen. "Prevalence and appropriateness of psychotropic drug use in old age: results from the Berlin Aging Study (BASE)." International Psychogeriatrics 16, no. 4 (December 2004): 461–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610204000420.

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Background: The aim of this epidemiological study is to examine the prevalence and correlates of psychotropic drug use in the very old and to evaluate the appropriateness of psychotropic drug use in very old age.Methods: Data from the Berlin Aging Study (BASE), a multidisciplinary study of an age- and gender-stratified, randomly selected sample of elderly people living in Berlin are presented. Over-sampling, especially very old men, allows for powerful analyses of this population. All participants went through extensive psychiatric and somatic examinations. Medication intake was assessed by different data sources (interviewing patients and their family physicians, drug inspection at home). Results were brought together in a consensus-conference and research physicians gave operationalized ratings of medication appropriateness.Results: The prevalence of elderly people who were taking at least one psychotropic medication within the 14 days immediately preceding investigation was 29.8%. Of these medications, 68.4% had been taken for longer than one year. There was no effect of age or gender on the scope of psychotropic drug use. Benzodiazepines were taken by 19.8% of the elderly. Antidepressants, neuroleptics and anti-dementia drugs were taken by about 3–4% each. People taking psychotropic drugs had significantly higher levels of psychiatric morbidity, as measured by syndromes and specified diagnoses. Psychotropic drugs were significantly less often judged to be indicated than somatic medications. This is mostly due to benzodiazepines.Conclusions: Psychotropic drug use is common in old age, but there is no additional increase in usage beyond the age of 70. Intake of psychotropics is mostly oriented at symptoms or syndromes, which explains why benzodiazepines are still the most commonly prescribed psychotropics

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Hagen, Brad F., Chris Armstrong-Esther, Paddy Quail, Robert J. Williams, Peter Norton, Carole-Lynn Le Navenec, Roland Ikuta, Maureen Osis, Val Congdon, and Roxane Zieb. "Neuroleptic and benzodiazepine use in long-term care in urban and rural Alberta: characteristics and results of an education intervention to ensure appropriate use." International Psychogeriatrics 17, no. 4 (October 25, 2005): 631–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610205002188.

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Objectives: To examine the use of psychotropic drugs in 24 rural and urban long-term care (LTC) facilities, and compare the effect of an education intervention for LTC staff and family members on the use of psychotropic drugs in intervention versus control facilities.Methods: Interrupted time series with a non-equivalent no-treatment control group time series. Data on drug use were collected in 24 Western Canadian LTC facilities (10 urban, 14 rural) for three 2-month time periods before and after the intervention. Pharmacy records were used to collect data on drug, class of drug, dose, administration, and start/stop dates. Chart reviews provided demographics, pro re nata (prn) use, and indications for drug use. Subjects comprised 2443 residents living in the 24 LTC facilities during the 1-year study. An average of 796.33 residents (32.7%) received a psychotropic drug. An education intervention on psychotropic drug use in LTC was offered to intervention physicians, nursing staff, pharmacists and family members.Results: Approximately one-third of residents received a psychotropic drug during the study, often for considerable lengths of time. A minority of psychotropic drug prescriptions had a documented reason for their use, and 69.5% of the reasons would be inappropriate under Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA) legislation. Few psychotropic drug prescriptions were discontinued or reduced during the study. More urban LTC residents received neuroleptics and benzodiazepines than their rural counterparts (26.1% vs. 15.7%, and 18.0% vs. 7.6%, respectively). The education intervention did not result in any significant decline in the use of these drugs in intervention facilities.Conclusion: The results suggest substantial use of psychotropic drugs in LTC, although rural LTC residents received approximately half the number of psychotropic drugs compared with urban residents. A resource-intensive intervention did not significantly decrease the use of psychotropics. There is a need for better monitoring of psychotropic drugs in LTC, particularly given that voluntary educational efforts alone may be ineffective agents of change.

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Hagen, Brad F., Gary Nixon, and Tracey Peters. "The Greater of Two Evils? How People With Transformative Psychotic Experiences View Psychotropic Medications." Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry 12, no. 1 (April 2010): 44–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1559-4343.12.1.44.

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This article describes the results of a qualitative study with 22 participants who were originally interviewed about their experiences of the potentially transformational nature of psychotic episodes. During the interviews, however, the participants spontaneously described their experiences with taking psychotropic medications (particularly antipsychotics). Participants fell into three general groups in terms of their attitudes towards psychotropic medications: (a) those who complied with psychotropic use but felt that such use had considerable limitations, (b) those who felt that psychotropics should be used only in crisis situations, and (c) those who felt that the use of psychotropics was never justified. Overall, the majority of participants had very negative experiences with psychotropic medications, and this article presents a number of themes describing how participants felt that psychotropic medications caused them harm physically, cognitively, emotionally, and spiritually—and interfered with their eventual recovery from psychosis. Finally, this article presents themes that summarize how participants felt that mental health professionals contributed to their negative views toward taking psychotropic drugs.

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Filardi, Agnes Fonseca Ribeiro, Simone de Araújo Medina Mendonça, and Djenane Ramalho-de-Oliveira. "The use of psychotropic medications and non-pharmacological approaches in everyday life: a qualitative study of the lived experience." Revista Latinoamericana de Psicopatologia Fundamental 22, no. 4 (December 2019): 859–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1415-4714.2019v22n4p859.11.

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Increased consumption of psychotropic drugs has been noted in Brazil and other Western countries in the last few decades for different reasons. The objective of this study was to understand the lived experience of individuals who used psychotropic drugs to cope with the problems faced in daily life. A qualitative study guided by hermeneutic phenomenology was carried out. In-depth interviews were conducted. The experience was grouped into two themes: experience of using psychotropic and the search for non-pharmacological approaches. Psychotropics were considered necessary for regaining a point of equilibrium when the problems faced were recognized as having a high degree of difficulty. In some cases, the drugs were perceived as insufficient for solving the problem, leading or not to the search for alternatives to deal with the difficulty.

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Fernandes Santos, C., and R. Gomes. "Specificities of the Use of Psychotropic Drugs in Bariatric Surgery." European Psychiatry 65, S1 (June 2022): S478—S479. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.1216.

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Introduction Bariatric surgery is considered an effective treatment against obesity. Psychiatric illness is relatively common in patients who have undergone bariatric surgery. Over one-third of these patients are prescribed psychotropic drugs, particularly antidepressants. Unlike medications for diabetes, hypertension or hyperlipidemia, which are generally reduced and at times discontinued, postsurgery psychotropic use is only slightly reduced. The surgical intervention and the subsequent weight loss can affect several pharmacokinetic parameters, leading to a possible need of dosing adjustment. Objectives To review the influence of bariatric surgery on the use and pharmacokinetics of psychotropic drugs. Methods Non-systematic review of literature through search on PubMed/MEDLINE for publications from 2011 to 2021, following the terms psychotropic and bariatric surgery. Textbooks were consulted. Results It is difficult to predict how psychotropics will be affected by bariatric surgery because of interindividual differences and limited data. Malabsorptive surgical procedures have a relatively greater potential to alter drug exposure. Medication disintegration, dissolution, absorption, metabolism and excretion have been found to be altered in postbariatric patients. Antidepressants are the best studied psychotropics in the bariatric population and their absorption is reduced. The risk of gastric bleeds with bariatric surgery will probably be increased by serotoninergic antidepressants. Antipsychotics and mood stabilisers are not well studied in these patients. Depot antipsychotics avoid the risk of reduced absorption after surgery. Lithium use requires particular close monitoring. Conclusions Close treatment monitoring and the ongoing monitoring of symptoms are needed after bariatric surgery. Many patients may not require significant changes to drug treatment after surgery. Disclosure No significant relationships.

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Huang, Yu-Chi, Liang-Jen Wang, and Mian-Yoon Chong. "Differences in prescribing psychotropic drugs for elderly with depression." Acta Neuropsychiatrica 28, no. 5 (February 22, 2016): 296–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/neu.2016.4.

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ObjectiveThe escalating tendency of elderly population aged 65 and over, which grown up to 9% since 2001 in Taiwan, remarks the important issue of mental health among ageing population. Depression in the elderly is frequently undetected or inadequately treated. This study aimed to investigate the pharmacotherapy of elderly patients with depression by comparing the patterns of prescribing psychotropic drugs (psychotropics) of psychiatrists and non-psychiatrists.MethodsA random sampling of 5% of inpatients from the National Health Insurance (NHI) database in Taiwan from 2001 to 2003 was selected. In all, 1058 (0.9%) inpatients aged 65 and older with a diagnosis of any depressive disorder were included. The psychotropic prescribing pattern and the dosages used were analysed and compared. Physician specialties were based on the record of NHI database. Non-psychiatrists were defined by physicians other than psychiatry.ResultsA total of 88% of elderly depressed inpatients had two or more comorbid physical illnesses. The most commonly prescribed psychotropics were: antidepressants (71.4%), anxiolytics (62.6%) and hypnotics (51.4%). Psychiatrists had a higher rate of prescribing psychotropics, except anxiolytics, than non-psychiatrists. Although selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors were commonly prescribed, non-psychiatrists preferred the use of tricyclic antidepressants and moclobemide. Trazodone was the most preferred antidepressant, but was generally used in low dosages.ConclusionPsychiatrists generally utilised higher dosages of newer antidepressants than non-psychiatrists. Differences in the prescribing pattern of psychotropics existed between physician specialties. Further investigations are warranted to determine how the selection and dosing of drugs influence the outcome of depression on the elderly.

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Vívian Ferreira da Costa, Ana, Larissa De Carvalho Bezerra, and Juliane Dos Anjos de Paula. "Use of psychotropic drugs in the treatment of fibromyalgia: a systematic review." Journal of Human Growth and Development 31, no. 2 (August 3, 2021): 336–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.36311/jhgd.v31.12228.

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Introduction: The treatment of fibromyalgia is evolving, and more and more drugs are available on the market. Objective: To verify the response, tolerability, and adverse events of the use of psychotropic drugs in the treatment of fibromyalgia. Methods: A systematic review of articles on fibromyalgia and psychotropic medications were carried out, indexed in the MEDLINE database (PUBMED) with the MeSH terms: “fibromyalgia”, “psychotropic drugs,” and “treatment outcome”. Of the 89 studies identified, 23 met the eligibility criteria. Results: It has been seen that some classes of psychotropic medications have significantly improved patients' painful episodes, which have an important positive impact on quality of life. Thus, it was realized that the pharmacological treatment of psychiatric disorders associated with fibromyalgia improves the condition of the patient's acceptance of the disease. Most medications had a good impact on the patient's quality of life without major side effects. It is known that adverse events are proportional to the dose of psychotropics, so for each patient, it is necessary to individualize the conduct. Conclusion: Antidepressants were the best-tolerated drug class, but antipsychotics, anticonvulsants, and other more recent drugs such as agomelatine were part of the study of the main drugs used in clinical practice.

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Kovess, V., and M. Ortun. "French patterns of psychotropic drug use." Psychiatry and Psychobiology 5, no. 5 (1990): 301–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0767399x00003801.

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SummaryFrench publications on psychotropics are curiously few. Data are available and French consumption of psychotropics, at least minor tranquilizers has been consistently reported as being higher than that found in other countries. The authors attempt to answer three questions: is French consuption of psychotropics really higher than other countries? Who is consuming those drugs? In which context? After having reviewed comparative data on sales, data from population surveys are analysed together with samples of prescriptions by different categories of physicians. It seems likely that French people consume more anxiolytics but this does not apply to other psychotropic drugs. Given the fact that drugs are almost free of charge in France, it is always difficult to discriminate between what has been prescribed and what has been taken. Overconsumption of anxiolytics is due to the overconsumption of the elderly population (over 60). Minor tranquilizers are mainly prescribed by general practitioners for psychological reasons.

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Ghodse, Hamid. "Pain, anxiety and insomnia – a global perspective on the relief of suffering." British Journal of Psychiatry 183, no. 1 (July 2003): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.183.1.15.

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BackgroundThe unavailability of psychotropic and analgesic drugs for medical purposes results in suffering that goes unrelieved. Their excessive availability results in overmedication and suffering of a different kind.AimsTo highlight the discrepancies between the demand for and supply of controlled drugs for licit purposes by different communities, and to promote their rational utilisation.MethodReview of the United Nations, World Health Organization and other literature on the licit use of narcotic analgesics and psychotropic substances.ResultsThereare large differences in the use of psychotropics and analgesics by different countries. The differences between industrialised and non-industrialised countries are particularly striking. There is evidence of unmet need in some countries and overutilisation in others.ConclusionsGovernments, international organisations, health professionals and the pharmaceutical industry must work together to ensure an adequate supply of psychotropic and analgesic drugs for medical and scientific purposes, and to implement appropriate measures to minimise the development of misuse and dependence.

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SYAFITRI, FIYA DINDA, and YULIAWATI YULIAWATI. "STORAGE MANAGEMENT OF NARCOTICS AND PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS." International Journal of Prevention Practice and Research 02, no. 06 (November 4, 2022): 01–05. http://dx.doi.org/10.55640/medscience-abcd617.

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The storage management of narcotics and psychotropic drugs is a critical aspect of pharmaceutical practice, encompassing a set of stringent guidelines and protocols designed to ensure the safety, security, and regulatory compliance of these controlled substances. This abstract provides an overview of the key considerations in the storage of narcotics and psychotropic drugs, focusing on the challenges faced by healthcare professionals, regulatory frameworks governing storage practices, and emerging technologies that contribute to enhanced storage management. The article delves into the specific requirements for storing narcotics and psychotropic drugs, emphasizing the importance of controlled environments, secure storage facilities, and robust inventory control systems. It explores the impact of temperature, humidity, and light on the stability and efficacy of these substances, highlighting the need for precise environmental monitoring and control measures. Regulatory compliance is a cornerstone of storage management, and the abstract outlines the international and national regulations that govern the handling and storage of narcotics and psychotropic drugs. It discusses the role of regulatory bodies in setting standards, conducting inspections, and enforcing compliance to prevent diversion, theft, or misuse of these controlled substances. Furthermore, the abstract addresses the challenges faced by healthcare institutions and pharmacies in balancing the need for accessibility of these medications with the imperative to maintain strict security measures. It explores best practices in designing storage facilities, implementing access controls, and training personnel to ensure a seamless yet secure workflow. As technology continues to evolve, the abstract discusses innovative solutions that contribute to efficient storage management. This includes the integration of electronic monitoring systems, automation, and data analytics to enhance real-time tracking, reduce errors, and improve overall accountability in the storage of narcotics and psychotropic drugs.

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Lesén, Eva, Anders Carlsten, Ingmar Skoog, Margda Waern, Max Petzold, and Anne Börjesson-Hanson. "Psychotropic drug use in relation to mental disorders and institutionalization among 95-year-olds: a population-based study." International Psychogeriatrics 23, no. 8 (March 28, 2011): 1270–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610211000524.

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ABSTRACTBackground: The prevalence of psychotropic drug use is high among the elderly, but research on how psychotropic drugs are used among individuals aged 90 years and older is limited. An increased knowledge on this topic may contribute to improved prescribing patterns in this vulnerable population. The aim of this study was to assess the use of psychotropic drugs in relation to mental disorders and institutionalization among 95-year-olds and to identify use of potentially inappropriate psychotropic drugs.Methods: All 95-year-olds born in 1901–1903 living in nursing homes or community settings in Gothenburg, Sweden were invited to participate. The response rate was 65% and 338 95-year-olds were examined (263 women, 75 men). Psychotropic drug use in relation to mental disorders and institutionalization was assessed. Information on drug use was collected primarily from multi-dose drug dispensing lists. Participants were examined by trained psychiatrists using the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale and a battery of cognitive tests. Dementia, depression, anxiety and psychotic disorders were diagnosed according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, third edition, revised (DSM-III-R).Results: Sixty percent of the 95-year-old participants used psychotropic drugs; hypnotics were most common (44%). Potentially inappropriate psychotropics were observed in one third (33%). Antidepressants were used by 7% of the participants without dementia who fulfilled criteria for a depressive disorder, while 56% used hypnotics and 30% used anxiolytics.Conclusions: The high prevalence of psychotropic drug use and the nonspecific nature of these treatments among 95-year-olds indicate a need for improvement in prescribing patterns.

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Alam, Mohammad Tariqul, Mohammad Muntasir Maruf, Mekhala Sarkar, Helal Uddin Ahmed, and Mahfuza Akhter. "Pattern of prescribing psychotropics in the outpatient department of a tertiary psychiatric hospital." Bangladesh Journal of Psychiatry 29, no. 1 (June 7, 2017): 10–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpsy.v29i1.32745.

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Pattern of prescriptions for psychiatric patients varies which is influenced by patient variation, types of disorders, cultural and environmental influences, socioeconomic status, availability of drugs and psychiatrists own preference. The aim of this study was to determine the patterns of prescribing psychotropic drugs in psychiatry Outpatient Department (OPD) in a tertiary care hospital. The cross-sectional study was conducted in the OPD of National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), Dhaka from January to June, 2016. In the study, the prescriptions prescribed by psychiatrists were considered as study population. Using convenient sampling method, data were collected by observation using checklist from selected 604 latest prescriptions prescribed by psychiatrists in OPD of NIMH for the patients coming there for treatment. The data on the psychotropic drugs collected for the study were antipsychotics, antidepressants, mood stabilizers and sedative-hypnotics. Results showed that a total of 1802 psychotropic drugs were prescribed with an average of 2.98 psychotropics per prescription. The most common drug group prescribed was antipsychotics (44.8%). Majority (49.7%) of the prescriptions contained 3 psychotropics simultaneously. Most common (27.8%) combination was that of antipsychotics and sedativehypnotics. Dosage regimen was twice/day for the majority (55.6%). There was a combination of oral and parenteral drugs in 48.3% of prescriptions. All the drugs were prescribed by brand names. There was no diagnosis written in 60.9% of the prescriptions. The prescription pattern was not rational and this should be intervened by educating prescribers about rational prescribing in psychiatry.Bang J Psychiatry June 2015; 29(1): 10-13

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Konstantinidis, A., R. Grohmann, M. E. Friedrich, W. Greil, and S. Kasper. "Bipolar treatment in everyday practice - the European perspective; data from the international AMSP program." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 2027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)73730-0.

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In the last decade new psychotropic agents have been licensed for the treatment of bipolar depression and mania. We wanted to evaluate if this led to changes in psychotropic prescriptions for bipolar-inpatients over the time-period from 2000 to 2007.On two reference-days per hospital and per year, the following data are recorded for all patients on the wards under AMSP surveillance: all drugs applied on that day with the daily dosage for psychotropic drugs, ICD-diagnosis, age, and sex. In our analysis we evaluated data from 2000 (N = 210) and 2007 (N = 383).We found a decrease of psychotropic monotherapy from 13.8% in 2000 to 4.7% in 2007. The percentage of inpatients receiving 5 or more psychotropics increased significantly from 10.95% in 2000 to 22.19% in 2007 (chi2: 11.199, df:1, p < 0.001). Furthermore we found a significant decrease of prescriptions for one or two psychotropics (38.89% to 16.38%) in bipolar-depressed-inpatients, but not in bipolar-hypo/manic-inpatients (chi2: 17.929, df:1, p < 0.001). The most frequently prescribed psychotropic in bipolar depression in 2000 was lithium-carbonate (median-dosage: 675 mg/day) and in 2007 valproic-acid (median-dosage: 1000 mg/day). In bipolar hypo-/mania the most commonly prescribed psychotropic in 2000 was again lithium-carbonate (median-dosage: 675 mg/day) and in 2007 valproic-acid (median-dosage: 1500 mg/day). The most frequently prescribed combinations were those of cbamazepine with lithium-carbonate (4.76%) in 2000 and of valproic-acid with quetiapine (8.88%) in 2007.In our bipolar sample polypharmacy increased over the years. Further studies evaluating the safety of this polypharmacy, as well as putative effects of psychotropic combination-treatment in bipolar disorder are needed.

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25

Daniel, David G. "Psychotropic Drugs, 3rd ed." Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 63, no. 4 (April 15, 2002): 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/jcp.v63n0416c.

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Serretti, Alessandro. "Pharmacogenomics of psychotropic drugs." Pharmacogenomics 12, no. 11 (November 2011): 1509–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/pgs.11.125.

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27

Page, Michael M., and Luke M. Somerville-Brown. "Psychotropic drugs and dentistry." Australian Prescriber 30, no. 4 (August 1, 2007): 98–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.18773/austprescr.2007.059.

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Lee, Jung An, and Jung Goo Lee. "Pharmacogenetics in Psychotropic Drugs." Mood and Emotion 20, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.35986/me.2022.20.1.1.

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29

Rey, Joseph M., Garry Walter, and Philip L. Hazell. "Psychotropic drugs and preschoolers." Medical Journal of Australia 173, no. 4 (August 2000): 172–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.2000.tb125592.x.

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30

Miglani, Jasdeep S., and Stephen L. McNeil. "Psychotropic drugs and preschoolers." Medical Journal of Australia 174, no. 5 (March 2001): 259–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.2001.tb143259.x.

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Rey, Joseph M., Garry Walter, and Philip L. Hazell. "Psychotropic drugs and preschoolers." Medical Journal of Australia 174, no. 5 (March 2001): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.2001.tb143260.x.

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Brockmöller, Jürgen. "Pharmacogenetics of psychotropic drugs." Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 107, no. 5 (May 2003): 398–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0447.2003.00093.x.

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33

Davis, J., Z. Wang, P. Janicak, R. Sharma, A. Leach, and R. Newman. "EFFICACY OF PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS." Clinical Neuropharmacology 15 (1992): 350B. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002826-199202001-00678.

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34

Seelye, Edward E. "Psychotropic Drugs of Abuse." American Journal of Psychotherapy 45, no. 1 (January 1991): 131–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1991.45.1.131.

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35

Maxmen, J. S. "Psychotropic Drugs Fast Facts." International Clinical Psychopharmacology 7, no. 1 (1992): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004850-199200710-00010.

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36

Aanstoos, Christopher M. "Psychology and psychotropic drugs." Theoretical & Philosophical Psychology 8, no. 2 (1988): 54–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0091450.

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37

Tapia Nunez, J. "Pharmacogenetics of psychotropic drugs." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 74, no. 12 (December 1, 2003): 1700—b—1700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.74.12.1700-b.

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38

Sumner, Calvin R. "Pharmacogenetics of Psychotropic Drugs." Psychiatric Services 55, no. 1 (January 2004): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.55.1.93.

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39

Gupta, Madhulika A., Aditya K. Gupta, and Herbert F. Haberman. "Psychotropic drugs in dermatology." Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 14, no. 4 (April 1986): 633–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0190-9622(86)70081-9.

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40

Loudon, J. B. "Psychotropic drugs in pregnancy." Current Obstetrics & Gynaecology 2, no. 2 (June 1992): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0957-5847(05)80026-5.

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41

de Wied, D. "Neuropeptides as psychotropic drugs." Acta Neuropsychiatrica 4, no. 1 (March 1992): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0924270800034931.

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SummaryNeuropeptides are endogenous substances present in nerve cells and involved in nervous system functions. Neuropeptides are synthetized in large precursor proteins and several are formed in the same precursor. Neuropeptides affect learning and memory processes, social, sexual and maternal behavior, pain and addiction, body temperature, food and water intake e.a. In addition, neuropeptides possess trophic influences on the nervous system, neuroleptic-like andpsychostimulant-like activities. Disturbances in classical neurotransmitter activity as found in Parkinson's disease, psychoses, and dementia, may also be caused by disturbances in neuropeptide activity. In fact, alterations in the concentration of a number of neuropeptides in schizophrenia, depression, and dementia have been found.Much work has been done during the last decade on the influence of neuropeptides in schizophrenia, autism, depression, and in various disorders associated with memory disturbances. These studies concern neuropeptides related to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH), vasopressin- and endorphin-type neuropeptides, thyrotropic releasing hormone (TRH), and the C-terminal part of oxytocin Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2 (PLG). Several of these exert positive effects but in not more than 25% the response is clinically relevant. This may have to do with the severity of the disease and its chronicity. The modest effects may also be caused by the poor bioavailability of peptides and insufficient pharmacotherapeutic experience regarding dose, and duration of treatment.

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42

Bisi, A., A. Berti, and A. Papalini. "Psychotropic drugs and pregnancy." European Neuropsychopharmacology 10 (September 2000): 390. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-977x(00)80542-8.

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De Ponti, Fabrizio, Elisabetta Poluzzi, Nicola Montanaro, and John Ferguson. "QTc and psychotropic drugs." Lancet 356, no. 9223 (July 2000): 75–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)73412-7.

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Falisi, Giovanni, Claudio Rastelli, Fabrizio Panti, Horacio Maglione, and Raul Quezada Arcega. "Psychotropic drugs and bruxism." Expert Opinion on Drug Safety 13, no. 10 (September 6, 2014): 1319–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/14740338.2014.947262.

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45

Morgan, R., and A. K. Gopalaswamy. "Prescribing of Psychotropic Drugs." British Journal of Psychiatry 147, no. 4 (October 1985): 454. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s0007125000208040.

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46

Torales, Julio, and Iván Barrios. "Psychotropic drugs or psychotherapy?" Salud Uninorte 34, no. 1 (January 15, 2018): 243–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.14482/sun.34.1.9587.

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47

Rodríguez Martín, A. M., and M. González Padilla. "Psychotropic Drugs in Dermatology." Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas (English Edition) 106, no. 6 (July 2015): 507–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adengl.2014.10.007.

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48

Mendez, Mario F., Jeffrey L. Cummings, and D. Frank Benson. "Psychotropic drugs and epilepsy." Stress Medicine 2, no. 4 (October 1986): 325–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smi.2460020408.

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Selim, Khaled, and Neil Kaplowitz. "Hepatotoxicity of psychotropic drugs." Hepatology 29, no. 5 (May 1999): 1347–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep.510290535.

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50

Stella, Florindo, Dorgival Caetano, Jaime Lisandro Pacheco, Elisandra Villela Gasparetto Sé, and Acioly Luiz Tavares Lacerda. "Factors influencing psychotropic prescription by non-psychiatrist physicians in a nursing home for the elderly in Brazil." Sao Paulo Medical Journal 124, no. 5 (2006): 253–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-31802006000500003.

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CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Although psychotropics are one of the classes of medications most prescribed in nursing homes for the elderly, studies examining prescribing patterns are limited in both number and scope. The present study was undertaken to investigate factors associated with general psychotropic use in a nursing home in Brazil. DESIGN AND SETTING: Retrospective observational study at the Nursing Home for the Elderly, Institute of Biosciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista. METHODS: Information on prescriptions was retrieved from the medical records of 108 elderly residents in a nursing home. Sixty-five of these patients, with mean age 74.5 years (± standard deviation 9.4 years), who were taking medications on a regular basis, comprised the sample. The effects of demographic and clinical variables on the psychotropic prescription pattern were examined. RESULTS: Females were more likely to receive psychotropics (p = 0.038). Individuals on medicines for cardiovascular diseases received psychotropics less frequently (p = 0.001). The number of prescribed psychotropics correlated negatively with both age (p = 0.009) and number of non-psychotropic drugs (p = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS: Although preliminary, the present results indicated that cardiovascular disease was the clinical variable that most influenced psychotropic prescription. Physicians' overconcern regarding drug interactions might at least partially explain this result. Further investigations involving larger sample sizes from different regions are warranted to confirm these findings.

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