Relevant bibliographies by topics / Psychotropic drugs – pharmacokinetics

Academic literature on the topic 'Psychotropic drugs – pharmacokinetics'

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Published: 26 July 2024
Last updated: 30 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Psychotropic drugs – pharmacokinetics"

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Fernandes Santos, C., and R. Gomes. "Specificities of the Use of Psychotropic Drugs in Bariatric Surgery." European Psychiatry 65, S1 (June 2022): S478—S479. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.1216.

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Introduction Bariatric surgery is considered an effective treatment against obesity. Psychiatric illness is relatively common in patients who have undergone bariatric surgery. Over one-third of these patients are prescribed psychotropic drugs, particularly antidepressants. Unlike medications for diabetes, hypertension or hyperlipidemia, which are generally reduced and at times discontinued, postsurgery psychotropic use is only slightly reduced. The surgical intervention and the subsequent weight loss can affect several pharmacokinetic parameters, leading to a possible need of dosing adjustment. Objectives To review the influence of bariatric surgery on the use and pharmacokinetics of psychotropic drugs. Methods Non-systematic review of literature through search on PubMed/MEDLINE for publications from 2011 to 2021, following the terms psychotropic and bariatric surgery. Textbooks were consulted. Results It is difficult to predict how psychotropics will be affected by bariatric surgery because of interindividual differences and limited data. Malabsorptive surgical procedures have a relatively greater potential to alter drug exposure. Medication disintegration, dissolution, absorption, metabolism and excretion have been found to be altered in postbariatric patients. Antidepressants are the best studied psychotropics in the bariatric population and their absorption is reduced. The risk of gastric bleeds with bariatric surgery will probably be increased by serotoninergic antidepressants. Antipsychotics and mood stabilisers are not well studied in these patients. Depot antipsychotics avoid the risk of reduced absorption after surgery. Lithium use requires particular close monitoring. Conclusions Close treatment monitoring and the ongoing monitoring of symptoms are needed after bariatric surgery. Many patients may not require significant changes to drug treatment after surgery. Disclosure No significant relationships.
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BOURIN, M., and A. COUETOUX DU TERTRE. "PHARMACOKINETICS OF PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS IN CHILDREN." Clinical Neuropharmacology 15 (1992): 224A—225A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002826-199201001-00117.

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Sit, D. K., J. M. Perel, J. Helsel, and K. L. Wisner. "Pharmacokinetics of psychotropic drugs in pregnancy." Neurotoxicology and Teratology 29, no. 3 (May 2007): 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ntt.2007.03.051.

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Burns, Alistair, and Robert Baldwin. "Prescribing psychotropic drugs for the elderly." Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 1, no. 1 (September 1994): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.1.1.23.

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The pharmacological treatment of the elderly differs from that of younger patients, mainly because of altered pharmacokinetics and the higher proportion of patients with organic disorders. We deal here with dementia, delirium, affective disorder, late-life schizophrenia, sleep disturbance, and rapid tranquillisation.
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Marazziti, Donatella, Stefano Baroni, Michela Picchetti, Armando Piccinni, Marina Carlini, Elena Vatteroni, Valentina Falaschi, Amedeo Lombardi, and Liliana Dell'Osso. "Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodinamics of psychotropic drugs: effect of sex." CNS Spectrums 18, no. 3 (February 4, 2013): 118–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852912001010.

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Data on the specific effects of sex on pharmacokinetics, as well as tolerability, safety, and efficacy of psychotropic medications are still meager, mainly because only recently sex-related issues have attracted a certain degree of interest within the pharmacological domain. Therefore, with the present study, we aimed to provide a comprehensive review of the literature on this topic, through careful MEDLINE and PubMed searches of the years 1990–2012.Generally, data on pharmacokinetics are more consistent and numerous than those on pharmacodynamics. Sex-related differences have been reported for several parameters that influence pharmacokinetics, such as gastric acidity, intestinal motility, body weight and composition, blood volume, liver enzymes (mainly the cytochrome P450), or renal excretion, which may alter plasma drug levels. Sex-related peculiarities may also account for a different sensitivity of men and women to side effects and toxicity of psychotropic drugs. Further, some differences in drug response, mainly to antipsychotics and antidepressants, have been described.Further studies are, however, necessary to explore more thoroughly the impact of sex on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of psychotropic drugs, in order to reach the most appropriate and tailored prescription for each patient.
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Baumann, P. "JS01-01 - Pharmacokinetics of psychotropic drugs - keys for treatments’ improvements." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)73698-7.

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Non-response, adverse effects and pharmacokinetic interactions with clinical consequences are frequent manifestations observed in psychiatric patients treated with psychotropic drugs. These risks are increased in patients belonging to the category of “special populations”: elderly patients, children and adolescents, patients with a genetic particularity of metabolism or suffering from somatic or psychic comorbidities. Increasingly, the use of generics has been shown to represent a source of unexpected treatment outcomes. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is not only recommended in these situations, but especially also in patients who are suspected to be non-compliant. In addition, the increasing knowledge of the metabolism of psychotropic drugs allows the use of phenotyping and/or genotyping techniques (e.g. cytochrome P-450, P-glycoprotein) in patients and to adapt their medication considering their pharmacogenetic status. Pharmacokinetic (TDM) and pharmacogenetic tests are therefore useful to solve problems in psychopharmacotherapy and thus improve efficacy and safety of the drugs. An earlier developed Consensus guideline on TDM (Baumann et al., 2004) has recently been updated (Hiemke et al., 2011).
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Pichini, Simona, Esther Papaseit, Xavier Joya, Oriol Vall, Magí Farré, Oscar Garcia-Algar, and Rafael de laTorre. "Pharmacokinetics and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Psychotropic Drugs in Pediatrics." Therapeutic Drug Monitoring 31, no. 3 (June 2009): 283–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ftd.0b013e31819f3328.

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Iannaccone, Teresa, Carmine Sellitto, Valentina Manzo, Francesca Colucci, Valentina Giudice, Berenice Stefanelli, Antonio Iuliano, Giulio Corrivetti, and Amelia Filippelli. "Pharmacogenetics of Carbamazepine and Valproate: Focus on Polymorphisms of Drug Metabolizing Enzymes and Transporters." Pharmaceuticals 14, no. 3 (March 1, 2021): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph14030204.

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Pharmacogenomics can identify polymorphisms in genes involved in drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics determining differences in efficacy and safety and causing inter-individual variability in drug response. Therefore, pharmacogenomics can help clinicians in optimizing therapy based on patient’s genotype, also in psychiatric and neurological settings. However, pharmacogenetic screenings for psychotropic drugs are not routinely employed in diagnosis and monitoring of patients treated with mood stabilizers, such as carbamazepine and valproate, because their benefit in clinical practice is still controversial. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on pharmacogenetic biomarkers of these anticonvulsant drugs.
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Moschny, Nicole, Gudrun Hefner, Renate Grohmann, Gabriel Eckermann, Hannah B. Maier, Johanna Seifert, Johannes Heck, et al. "Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Second- and Third-Generation Antipsychotic Drugs—Influence of Smoking Behavior and Inflammation on Pharmacokinetics." Pharmaceuticals 14, no. 6 (May 27, 2021): 514. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph14060514.

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Both inflammation and smoking can influence a drug’s pharmacokinetic properties, i.e., its liberation, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination. Depending on, e.g., pharmacogenetics, these changes may alter treatment response or cause serious adverse drug reactions and are thus of clinical relevance. Antipsychotic drugs, used in the treatment of psychosis and schizophrenia, should be closely monitored due to multiple factors (e.g., the narrow therapeutic window of certain psychotropic drugs, the chronicity of most mental illnesses, and the common occurrence of polypharmacotherapy in psychiatry). Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) aids with drug titration by enabling the quantification of patients’ drug levels. Recommendations on the use of TDM during treatment with psychotropic drugs are presented in the Consensus Guidelines for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Neuropsychopharmacology; however, data on antipsychotic drug levels during inflammation or after changes in smoking behavior—both clinically relevant in psychiatry—that can aid clinical decision making are sparse. The following narrative review provides an overview of relevant literature regarding TDM in psychiatry, particularly in the context of second- and third-generation antipsychotic drugs, inflammation, and smoking behavior. It aims to spread awareness regarding TDM (most pronouncedly of clozapine and olanzapine) as a tool to optimize drug safety and provide patient-tailored treatment.
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Telles-Correia, Diogo, António Barbosa, Helena Cortez-Pinto, Carlos Campos, Nuno B. F. Rocha, and Sérgio Machado. "Psychotropic drugs and liver disease: A critical review of pharmacokinetics and liver toxicity." World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology and Therapeutics 8, no. 1 (2017): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4292/wjgpt.v8.i1.26.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Psychotropic drugs – pharmacokinetics"

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Dos, Santos Pereira João Nuno [Verfasser], Jürgen [Akademischer Betreuer] Brockmöller, Gerhard [Akademischer Betreuer] Burckhardt, and Uwe-Karsten [Akademischer Betreuer] Hanisch. "The role of membrane transporters in the pharmacokinetics of psychotropic drugs: in vitro studies with special focus on organic cation transporters / João Nuno Dos Santos Pereira. Gutachter: Gerhard Burckhardt ; Uwe-Karsten Hanisch. Betreuer: Jürgen Brockmöller." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1068056185/34.

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Chapy, Hélène. "Identification fonctionnelle et moléculaire d'un transporteur de psychotropes et substances d'abus." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA05P603.

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Le système nerveux central est un organe privilégié et protégé, notamment grâce à l’existence des barrières histologiques entre le sang et les tissus nerveux. La barrière-hémato encéphalique (BHE) et la barrière hémato-rétinienne (BHR) séparent respectivement le parenchyme cérébral et la rétine des composés contenus dans l’espace vasculaire, grâce à l’expression de jonctions serrées et de transporteurs membranaires permettant une régulation spécifique des échanges entre le sang et le parenchyme nerveux. Ce travail a porté sur l’étude d’un nouveau transporteur de cations organiques mis en évidence fonctionnellement à la BHE de la souris. Ce transporteur appartenant très probablement à la superfamille des solute carrier (SLC), fonctionne comme un antiport proton. Actuellement, sa présence ne peut être démontrée que de façon fonctionnelle car son identité moléculaire est encore inconnue. Cet antiport proton constitue un nouvel acteur de la perméabilité cérébrale et ouvre une nouvelle voie d’accès au cerveau. Nous nous sommes tout d’abord attachés à approfondir les connaissances fonctionnelles de ce transporteur en étudiant de nouveaux substrats et tissus d’expression. Le transport cérébral de psychotropes a été étudié in vivo par la technique de perfusion carotidienne in situ chez la souris et in vitro grâce à une lignée de cellules endothéliales cérébrales humaines immortalisées (hCMEC/D3). Nous avons démontré que la haute perméabilité cérébrale de la cocaïne fait intervenir à la fois une diffusion passive et surtout une diffusion médiée par un antiport proton. La vitesse d’entrée des substances d’abus dans le cerveau est associée à un plus fort risque d’addiction et fait de ce transporteur un nouvel acteur critique de la régulation du passage cérébral. En effet, d’autres substances comme la nicotine et certaines amphétamines comme le MDPV et l'ecstasy sont également des substrats de cet antiport. Ce transporteur apparaît comme une cible pharmacologique potentielle dans la prise en charge de toxicomanies. Malgré la diversité chimique et pharmacologique d’interactions des composés avec cet antiport, les concentrations nécessaires pour l’inhiber dépassent celles retrouvées dans le sang. Pour aider l’identification d’inhibiteurs sélectifs et efficaces nous avons développé un modèle pharmacophorique d’inhibiteurs du transporteur à partir de données générées in vitro et de l’approche FLAPpharm. Ce modèle semble prédictif de nouveaux composés pouvant constituer de meilleurs inhibiteurs de ce transporteur. L’étude des échanges in vivo au niveau du tissu nerveux nous a menés à étudier l’impact de transporteurs ABC et de l’antiport-proton au niveau cérébral et rétinien à l’aide de substances spécifiques ou de substrats mixtes comme le vérapamil. L’antiport proton est fonctionnel au niveau de la BHR et transporte notamment la clonidine, le DPH et le vérapamil. Cependant, dans le cas d’un substrat mixte P-gp et SLC (ex : vérapamil), ce transport d’influx n’est visible à la BHE que lorsque la P-gp est neutralisée. Au contraire, à la BHR l’influx lié à cet SLC est visible naturellement. L’impact de la P-gp à la BHR étant 6.3-fois plus faible ce processus est probablement moins masqué. Cette étude illustre la difficulté actuelle de prédire l’impact fonctionnel d’un transporteur pour des substrats multi-spécifiques et l’existence d’une priorisation du transport. Enfin, nous avons essayé d’identifier l’antiport proton au niveau moléculaire par une méthode de photo-activation à l’aide d’un composé adapté. Cette méthode s’est avérée efficace pour fixer une molécule sur le transporteur, permettant par la suite de l’isoler plus facilement. En conclusion, ce travail a permis de mettre en évidence l’importance de l’antiport proton dans la distribution cérébrale de psychotropes et d’ouvrir de nouvelles perspectives dans l’addiction et la compréhension du transport de substrats multi-spécifiques
The central nervous system is a privilege organ protected by histological barriers between the blood and the nervous tissue. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-retinal barrier (BRB) separate cerebral parenchyma and retina from the circulating blood and both express tight junctions and membrane transporters, allowing a precise regulation of the exchanges between the blood and nervous tissues. We studied a new cationic transporter functionally evidenced at the mouse BBB. This molecularly unknown transporter belong to the solute carrier super family (SLC) and is a proton antiporter. It could constitute a new actor in the cerebral permeability and may be a new brain access pathway. First, we worked on the functional identification studying new substrates and new localization. Psychotropic brain transport was studied in vivo by brain in situ perfusion on mouse and in vitro with human immortalized endothelial cells (hCMEC/D3). We showed that cocaine brain entry depends on passive diffusion but also mainly on a proton antiporter. Brain entry rate of drugs of abuse is associated with modulation of addiction liability, making this transporter a new component of brain entry of cocaine, and also nicotine and some amphetamines such as ecstasy and MDPV. This proton antiporter appears to be a new potential target in addiction. Various chemical entities interact with this transporter; however concentrations used to inhibit the transporter are much higher than the one possibly found in the blood. In order to help find or design new selective and potent inhibitors, we developed a pharmacophore model of the proton antiporter inhibitors using in vitro data and the FLAPpharm approach. The model predicts well new possible inhibitors of this transporter. We also studied the impact of the ABC transporters and the proton antiporter at the BBB and the BRB using specific or multi-specific substrates such as verapamil. The proton antiporter is functionally expressed at the BRB and transports clonidine, DPH and verapamil. However, for the multi-specific (P-gp and SLC) compound verapamil, influx transport by the proton antiporter is visible at the BBB only when P-gp efflux is neutralized. On the contrary, at the BRB, the proton antiporter influx is always visible. This is certainly due to the lower impact (by 6.3 fold) of P-gp at the BRB compared to the BBB. These results show the difficulty to predict the functional impact of a transporter for multi-specific compounds and a probable transport prioritization. Finally we worked on the molecular identification of the proton antiporter using a photolabeling method. This work evidenced the importance of the proton antiporter in the brain distribution of psychotropic and drugs of abuse and opened toward new perspectives in addiction and transport comprehension
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Santos, Pereira João Nuno dos. "The role of membrane transporters in the pharmacokinetics of psychotropic drugs: in vitro studies with special focus on organic cation transporters." Doctoral thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0022-5DB2-5.

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Books on the topic "Psychotropic drugs – pharmacokinetics"

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N, Musa Mahmoud, ed. Pharmacokinetics and therapeutic monitoring of psychiatric drugs. Springfield, Ill., U.S.A: C.C. Thomas, 1993.

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J, Ferrando Stephen, Levenson James L, and Owen James A. 1949-, eds. Clinical manual of psychopharmacology in the medically ill. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Pub., 2010.

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Mrazek, David. Psychiatric pharmacogenomics. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010.

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Trachsel, Daniel. Psychedelische Chemie. 2nd ed. Solothurn: Nachtschatten Verlag, 2000.

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Ray, Oakley Stern. Drugs, society & human behavior. 4th ed. St. Louis: Times Mirror/Mosby College Pub., 1987.

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Charles, Ksir, ed. Drugs, society & human behavior. 7th ed. St. Louis: Mosby, 1996.

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Ray, Oakley Stern. Drugs, society & human behavior. 5th ed. St. Louis: Times Mirror/Mosby College Pub., 1990.

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Ray, Oakley Stern. Drugs, society & human behavior. 6th ed. St. Louis: Mosby Year Book, 1993.

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Ray, Oakley Stern. Drugs, society, and human behavior. 8th ed. Boston: WCB/McGraw-Hill, 1999.

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Ray, Oakley Stern. Drugs, society, and human behavior. 9th ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2002.

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Book chapters on the topic "Psychotropic drugs – pharmacokinetics"

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Guimarães, Marília Zaluar Passos, and Gilda Ângela Neves. "Pharmacology of Drugs of Abuse: Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Psychotropic Compounds." In Drugs and Human Behavior, 109–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62855-0_8.

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Brøsen, K., and L. F. Gram. "Pharmacokinetic and Clinical Significance of Genetic Variability in Psychotropic Drug Metabolism." In Clinical Pharmacology in Psychiatry, 192–200. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74430-3_20.

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Aronson, J. K. "General principles of drug therapy in psychiatry." In New Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry, 1168–77. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199696758.003.0151.

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The successful use of psychotropic drugs demands an understanding of their pharmaceutical, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic properties. ♦ Pharmaceutical properties: Pharmaceutical formulations can be manipulated to produce different durations of action, for example the use of oily emulsions of antipsychotic drugs in depot formulations. ♦ Pharmacokinetic properties: Pharmacokinetics is the mathe-matical description of the disposition of drugs in the body by absorption, distribution (to plasma proteins and tissues), and elimination (usually by hepatic metabolism and renal excretion). Differences in drug disposition determine differences in dosage regimens and are important for drug interactions. ♦ Pharmacodynamic properties: Pharmacodynamics is the study of the pharmacological actions of drugs and how actions at the molecular level are translated, via actions at cellular, tissue, and organ levels, into therapeutic or adverse effects. The known pharmacological actions of psychotropic drugs are not necessarily the actions that produce their therapeutic or adverse effects.
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Madhusoodanan, Subramoniam, Marina Tsoy-Podosenin, Leah R. Steinberg, and Nitin Tandan. "Drug interactions involving psychotropic drugs." In Mental Disorders in Primary Care. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198746638.003.0021.

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This chapter covers the various drug interactions of psychotropic agents with other drugs, over the counter (OTC) medications, food substances, herbals, alcohol, and smoking. The basic mechanisms of pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and other interactions are discussed. The disease states and age-related changes underlying the drug interactions in the elderly are briefly addressed. Drug interactions discussed have been classified as severe, moderate, or mild, according to the severity of their anticipated clinical consequences. Serious complications including death may occur in severe interactions involving cardiovascular drugs. A thorough understanding of the basis of drug interactions, and patient participation in the treatment are vital. It is also particularly important to compile a list of medications, including OTC and herbal drugs, currently taken by the patient.
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Pollock, Bruce G. "Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics In Late Life." In Late-Life Depression, 185–91. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195152746.003.0015.

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Abstract Older patients are a pharmacologically sensitive population. They frequently bear a high burden of medical illness, consume more drugs than younger patients, are subject to more extensive multiple medication regimens, and account for more adverse drug events. Complications from pharmacotherapy represent a major health problem for elders. For those in their 80s, adverse drug reactions are seven times higher than for those in their 20s (Beard, 1992). Psychoactive medications continue to rank with anticoagulants as the most common medications associated with preventable adverse drug events in nursing homes (Gurwitz et al., 2000). There is also a high prevalence of psychotropic medication use among homebound elders, a group that is at even higher risk of adverse drug experiences and is not subject to oversight by regulatory agencies (Golden et al., 1999).
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Harrison, Paul, Philip Cowen, Tom Burns, and Mina Fazel. "Drugs and other physical treatments." In Shorter Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry, 709–76. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198747437.003.0025.

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‘Drugs and other physical treatments’ provides coverage of the current drug and physical treatments used in the management of general psychiatric disorders. Following a historical introduction and general principles governing drug use and prescription, agents are considered according to the major psychotropic classes, namely: anxiolytic and hypnotic, antipsychotic, antidepressant, mood stabilizer, and psychostimulant. Each class is described according to its pharmacology, followed by the indications, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects and clinical use of individual compounds. Subsequent sections describe the indications, practical management, and adverse effects of electroconvulsive therapy, as well as other treatments designed to influence brain activity directly. Included here are descriptions of neurosurgery and various neurostimulation techniques (deep brain stimulation, transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation, and vagal nerve stimulation), together with the evidence for their effectiveness as well as their proposed indications and adverse effects.
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Vitiello, Benedetto. "Clinical trials methodology and design issues." In Pediatric Psychopharmacology: Principles and Practice, 712–24. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195141733.003.0053.

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Abstract There is an increasing interest in clinical trials of psychotropic medications in children and adolescents. Several factors contribute to this interest. It is now evident that mental illness often starts in the first two decades of life and both parents and clinicians are more attentive to the presence of psychopathology in youths. New classes of psychotropic medications with a more favorable safety profile than that of older drugs have become available, and are often prescribed to children off-label, that is without pediatric indications approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Efficacy and safety cannot be entirely extrapolated to children from data collected from adults, as development can affect pharmacokinetics, metabolism, therapeutic response, and drug toxicity. Thus, there are currently no reasonable alternatives to conducting well-designed clinical trials in youths with mental illness as a necessary step toward developing effective and safe treatments for this age group.
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GYÜRE, K. I., T. SZENTENDREI, M. I. K. FEKETE, and A. Z. RÓNAI. "THE EFFECT OF NOVEL PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS ON RAT BRAIN DOPAMINE- AND ALPHA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BINDING IN VITRO." In Receptors and Centrally Acting Drugs Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, 309–12. Elsevier, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-034191-0.50047-7.

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Gutierrez, Cynthia A., and Barry S. Fogel. "Pharmacokinetics of Psychotropic Drugs in the Context of General Medical Illness." In Psychiatric Care of the Medical Patient, 448–78. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199731855.003.0022.

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Laughren, Thomas P. "Regulatory issues." In Pediatric Psychopharmacology: Principles and Practice, 725–36. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195141733.003.0054.

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Abstract Psychiatric illness is recognized in the pediatric population, and there is evidence of substantial use of psychotropic medications in this age group, including in the preschool population (Zito et al., 2000). Unfortunately, the evidence base is inadequate to support the current level of prescribing in this area; neither the efficacy nor the safety of these medications in pediatric patients is well established for most indications. This lack of critical information to support prescribing is reflected in the approved labeling for most of the drug products that are prescribed for pediatric patients with psychiatric illness, which simply states that safety and effectiveness have not been established in pediatric patients. Thus, most prescribing of psychotropic drugs in the pediatric population is off-label, and each child treated is, in a sense, an experiment, but one that is not likely to generate much useful information. There is a critical need for more and better information on the efficacy, safety, dosing, and pharmacokinetics of the psychotropic drugs used to treat psychiatric illness in pediatric patients. There are a number of explanations for the lack of research in pediatric psychopharmacology (Jensen et al, 1994), but this is not the focus of this chapter. Rather, it will review Food and Drug Administration (FDA) initiatives in recent years to stimulate drug research in the pediatric population and the impact of these initiatives on drug development in pediatric psychopharmacology. The chapter will also consider the assessment of safety, the balancing of science and ethics, the preschool population, and other problems that must be addressed for drug development in this area to progress. The chapter will begin with a brief overview of drug development and the regulatory process. In some cases it will be necessary to limit details of the discussion to protect the proprietary rights of individual sponsors who have drug development programs underway in this area.
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Conference papers on the topic "Psychotropic drugs – pharmacokinetics"

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Schoretsanitis, G. "Establishing therapeutic drug monitoring to routinely assess pharmacokinetic changes for psychotropic medications prescribed during pregnancy and lactation." In XVth Symposium of the Task Force Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of the AGNP. Georg Thieme Verlag, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0044-1779547.

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