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Journal articles on the topic 'Psychotropic drug use'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 5 February 2022

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1

Wancata, J., N. Benda, U. Meise, and C. Müller. "Use of Psychotropic Drugs in Gynecological, Surgical, and Medical Wards of General Hospitals." International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine 28, no. 3 (September 1998): 303–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/8xtv-38n6-ewbj-08f1.

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Objective: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of psychotropic drug use and the predictors of use during hospitalization. Method: We investigated 728 patients admitted to medical, gynecological, and surgical wards of two non-university general hospitals in Austria for psychotropic drug use, psychiatric morbidity, and sociodemographic characteristics. Results: The use of psychotropics was highest in medical wards (67.6%), followed by surgical (59.3%), and gynecological wards (37.8%). Older age, psychiatric caseness, consultation by psychiatrists and use of psychotropics before admission were predictors for psychotropic drug use. Psychotropics were given for a longer duration to psychiatric cases than to non-cases. Anxiolytics were prescribed most often (39.6%), followed by hypnotics (16.9%), neuroleptics (10.7%), and antidepressants (7.0%). Conclusions: The fact that psychiatric illness is a significant predictor of psychotropic drug use suggests that these drugs were prescribed aptly. The longer duration of use among psychiatric cases supports the idea of appropriate prescriptions.
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Hagen, Brad F., Chris Armstrong-Esther, Paddy Quail, Robert J. Williams, Peter Norton, Carole-Lynn Le Navenec, Roland Ikuta, Maureen Osis, Val Congdon, and Roxane Zieb. "Neuroleptic and benzodiazepine use in long-term care in urban and rural Alberta: characteristics and results of an education intervention to ensure appropriate use." International Psychogeriatrics 17, no. 4 (October 25, 2005): 631–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610205002188.

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Objectives: To examine the use of psychotropic drugs in 24 rural and urban long-term care (LTC) facilities, and compare the effect of an education intervention for LTC staff and family members on the use of psychotropic drugs in intervention versus control facilities.Methods: Interrupted time series with a non-equivalent no-treatment control group time series. Data on drug use were collected in 24 Western Canadian LTC facilities (10 urban, 14 rural) for three 2-month time periods before and after the intervention. Pharmacy records were used to collect data on drug, class of drug, dose, administration, and start/stop dates. Chart reviews provided demographics, pro re nata (prn) use, and indications for drug use. Subjects comprised 2443 residents living in the 24 LTC facilities during the 1-year study. An average of 796.33 residents (32.7%) received a psychotropic drug. An education intervention on psychotropic drug use in LTC was offered to intervention physicians, nursing staff, pharmacists and family members.Results: Approximately one-third of residents received a psychotropic drug during the study, often for considerable lengths of time. A minority of psychotropic drug prescriptions had a documented reason for their use, and 69.5% of the reasons would be inappropriate under Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA) legislation. Few psychotropic drug prescriptions were discontinued or reduced during the study. More urban LTC residents received neuroleptics and benzodiazepines than their rural counterparts (26.1% vs. 15.7%, and 18.0% vs. 7.6%, respectively). The education intervention did not result in any significant decline in the use of these drugs in intervention facilities.Conclusion: The results suggest substantial use of psychotropic drugs in LTC, although rural LTC residents received approximately half the number of psychotropic drugs compared with urban residents. A resource-intensive intervention did not significantly decrease the use of psychotropics. There is a need for better monitoring of psychotropic drugs in LTC, particularly given that voluntary educational efforts alone may be ineffective agents of change.
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3

Kovess, V., and M. Ortun. "French patterns of psychotropic drug use." Psychiatry and Psychobiology 5, no. 5 (1990): 301–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0767399x00003801.

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SummaryFrench publications on psychotropics are curiously few. Data are available and French consumption of psychotropics, at least minor tranquilizers has been consistently reported as being higher than that found in other countries. The authors attempt to answer three questions: is French consuption of psychotropics really higher than other countries? Who is consuming those drugs? In which context? After having reviewed comparative data on sales, data from population surveys are analysed together with samples of prescriptions by different categories of physicians. It seems likely that French people consume more anxiolytics but this does not apply to other psychotropic drugs. Given the fact that drugs are almost free of charge in France, it is always difficult to discriminate between what has been prescribed and what has been taken. Overconsumption of anxiolytics is due to the overconsumption of the elderly population (over 60). Minor tranquilizers are mainly prescribed by general practitioners for psychological reasons.
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Linden, Michael, Thomas Bär, and Hanfried Helmchen. "Prevalence and appropriateness of psychotropic drug use in old age: results from the Berlin Aging Study (BASE)." International Psychogeriatrics 16, no. 4 (December 2004): 461–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610204000420.

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Background: The aim of this epidemiological study is to examine the prevalence and correlates of psychotropic drug use in the very old and to evaluate the appropriateness of psychotropic drug use in very old age.Methods: Data from the Berlin Aging Study (BASE), a multidisciplinary study of an age- and gender-stratified, randomly selected sample of elderly people living in Berlin are presented. Over-sampling, especially very old men, allows for powerful analyses of this population. All participants went through extensive psychiatric and somatic examinations. Medication intake was assessed by different data sources (interviewing patients and their family physicians, drug inspection at home). Results were brought together in a consensus-conference and research physicians gave operationalized ratings of medication appropriateness.Results: The prevalence of elderly people who were taking at least one psychotropic medication within the 14 days immediately preceding investigation was 29.8%. Of these medications, 68.4% had been taken for longer than one year. There was no effect of age or gender on the scope of psychotropic drug use. Benzodiazepines were taken by 19.8% of the elderly. Antidepressants, neuroleptics and anti-dementia drugs were taken by about 3–4% each. People taking psychotropic drugs had significantly higher levels of psychiatric morbidity, as measured by syndromes and specified diagnoses. Psychotropic drugs were significantly less often judged to be indicated than somatic medications. This is mostly due to benzodiazepines.Conclusions: Psychotropic drug use is common in old age, but there is no additional increase in usage beyond the age of 70. Intake of psychotropics is mostly oriented at symptoms or syndromes, which explains why benzodiazepines are still the most commonly prescribed psychotropics
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5

Lesén, Eva, Anders Carlsten, Ingmar Skoog, Margda Waern, Max Petzold, and Anne Börjesson-Hanson. "Psychotropic drug use in relation to mental disorders and institutionalization among 95-year-olds: a population-based study." International Psychogeriatrics 23, no. 8 (March 28, 2011): 1270–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610211000524.

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ABSTRACTBackground: The prevalence of psychotropic drug use is high among the elderly, but research on how psychotropic drugs are used among individuals aged 90 years and older is limited. An increased knowledge on this topic may contribute to improved prescribing patterns in this vulnerable population. The aim of this study was to assess the use of psychotropic drugs in relation to mental disorders and institutionalization among 95-year-olds and to identify use of potentially inappropriate psychotropic drugs.Methods: All 95-year-olds born in 1901–1903 living in nursing homes or community settings in Gothenburg, Sweden were invited to participate. The response rate was 65% and 338 95-year-olds were examined (263 women, 75 men). Psychotropic drug use in relation to mental disorders and institutionalization was assessed. Information on drug use was collected primarily from multi-dose drug dispensing lists. Participants were examined by trained psychiatrists using the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale and a battery of cognitive tests. Dementia, depression, anxiety and psychotic disorders were diagnosed according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, third edition, revised (DSM-III-R).Results: Sixty percent of the 95-year-old participants used psychotropic drugs; hypnotics were most common (44%). Potentially inappropriate psychotropics were observed in one third (33%). Antidepressants were used by 7% of the participants without dementia who fulfilled criteria for a depressive disorder, while 56% used hypnotics and 30% used anxiolytics.Conclusions: The high prevalence of psychotropic drug use and the nonspecific nature of these treatments among 95-year-olds indicate a need for improvement in prescribing patterns.
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Goodlet, Kellie J., Monika T. Zmarlicka, and Alyssa M. Peckham. "Drug–drug interactions and clinical considerations with co-administration of antiretrovirals and psychotropic drugs." CNS Spectrums 24, no. 03 (October 8, 2018): 287–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s109285291800113x.

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Psychotropic medications are frequently co-prescribed with antiretroviral therapy (ART), owing to a high prevalence of psychiatric illness within the population living with HIV, as well as a 7-fold increased risk of HIV infection among patients with psychiatric illness. While ART has been notoriously associated with a multitude of pharmacokinetic drug interactions involving the cytochrome P450 enzyme system, the magnitude and clinical impact of these interactions with psychotropics may range from negligible effects on plasma concentrations to life-threatening torsades de pointes or respiratory depression. This comprehensive review summarizes the currently available information regarding drug–drug interactions between antiretrovirals and pharmacologic agents utilized in the treatment of psychiatric disorders—antidepressants, stimulants, antipsychotics, anxiolytics, mood stabilizers, and treatments for opioid use disorder and alcohol use disorder—and provides recommendations for their management. Additionally, overlapping toxicities between antiretrovirals and the psychotropic classes are highlighted. Knowledge of the interaction and adverse effect potential of specific antiretrovirals and psychotropics will allow clinicians to make informed prescribing decisions to better promote the health and wellness of this high-risk population.
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Sheehan, Rory. "Optimising psychotropic medication use." Tizard Learning Disability Review 23, no. 1 (January 2, 2018): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tldr-07-2017-0031.

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Purpose This commentary accompanies Clare et al.’s study investigating psychotropic drug prescribing for adults with intellectual disability who were referred to specialist community learning disability teams in the east of England. The purpose of this paper is to explore some of the background to psychotropic drug prescribing for people with intellectual disability, review important contextual factors that influence prescribing decisions, and consider how we might make the best use of psychotropic drugs in this group. Design/methodology/approach Narrative summary and opinion, supported by reference to recent research literature. Findings Psychotropic drug use for people with intellectual disability raises complex issues, not least because of the lack of research evidence that exists on the topic. Psychotropic drugs can be an important part of treatment for people with mental illness but further research is needed to support prescribing for challenging behaviour. Medication optimisation is a framework within which individual preferences and values are considered alongside the evidence base and clinical judgement in order to inform safe, effective, and collaborative management decisions. Practical implications Prescribing decisions should be individualised and reviewed regularly, incorporating evidence from patients and carers. Improving the use of psychotropic medication requires concerted action, adequate social support, and the provision of alternative, non-pharmacological interventions that are acceptable and effective. Originality/value This paper reviews some of the current concerns about the use of psychotropic drugs and opens up new avenues of discussion.
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8

Rasmussen, Lotte, Niels Bilenberg, Martin Thomsen Ernst, Sidsel Abitz Boysen, and Anton Pottegård. "Use of Psychotropic Drugs among Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorders in Denmark: A Nationwide Drug Utilization Study." Journal of Clinical Medicine 7, no. 10 (October 10, 2018): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm7100339.

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Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have a considerable use of psychotropics. Leveraging nationwide registry data, we aimed to describe the use of psychotropics among children and adolescents with ASD in Denmark. Use of melatonin and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medication increased from 2010 to 2017, while there were limited changes in use of antidepressants and antipsychotics. Thirty percent of the identified children used psychotropics in 2017 most commonly ADHD medication (17%) and melatonin (13%). Methylphenidate, sertraline and risperidone were most often prescribed. Most children filled more than one prescription and, across drug classes, at least 38% received treatment two years after treatment initiation. Use of psychotropics followed psychiatric comorbidities. Comorbidities did not affect age at treatment initiation. Use of psychotropics varied according to age and sex with limited use in the youngest children. In summary, psychotropic drug use has increased in children with ASD mainly due to an increase in the use of ADHD medication and melatonin. In accordance with previous studies, use seems to follow comorbidities. The long treatment duration underlines the need to investigate long-term effects of psychotropic drug use in children with ASD.
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9

&NA;. "Psychotropic drug use in pregnancy." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 698 (April 1998): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-199806980-00003.

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10

Grinshpoon, Alexander, Eli Marom, Abraham Weizman, and Alexander M. Ponizovsky. "Psychotropic Drug Use in Israel." Primary Care Companion to The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 09, no. 05 (October 15, 2007): 356–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/pcc.v09n0504.

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11

Simoni-Wastila, Linda. "Gender and Psychotropic Drug Use." Medical Care 36, no. 1 (January 1998): 88–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005650-199801000-00010.

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12

Cohen, Lee S. "Psychotropic Drug Use in Pregnancy." Psychiatric Services 40, no. 6 (June 1989): 566–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ps.40.6.566.

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13

Stingl, Julia C., Katja S. Just, Marlen Schurig, Miriam Böhme, Michael Steffens, Matthias Schwab, Thomas Seufferlein, and Harald Dormann. "Prevalence of Psychotropic Drugs in Cases of Severe Adverse Drug Reactions Leading to Unplanned Emergency Visits in General Hospitals." Pharmacopsychiatry 53, no. 03 (February 27, 2020): 133–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1110-1010.

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Abstract Introduction The prevalence of psychotropic drug use in our society is increasing especially in older adults, thereby provoking severe adverse drug reactions (ADR). To identify specific patient risk profiles associated with psychotropic drug use in the situation of polymedication. Methods Cases of ADRs in general emergency departments (ED) collected within the multi-center prospective observational study (ADRED) were analyzed (n=2215). We compared cases with use of psychotropic drugs and without concerning their clinical presentation at the ED. Results A third of patients (n=731, 33%) presenting to the ED with an ADR took at least 1 psychotropic drug. Patients with psychotropic drug use tended to be older, more often female, and took a higher number of drugs (all p<0.001). The frequency of falls was almost 3 times higher than compared to the non-psychotropic drug group (10.5 vs. 3.9%, p<0.001), and similar syncope was also more often seen in the psychotropic drug users (8.8 vs. 5.5%, p=0.004). The use of psychotropic drugs increased the risk for falls by a factor of 2.82 (OR, 95% CI (1.90–4.18)), when adjusting for gender, age, numbers of pre-existing diseases, and drugs, respectively. Discussion The association of psychotropic drug use with fall and syncope in combination with polymedication and older age leads to the suspicion that psychotropic drugs might be potentially harmful in specific risk populations such as older adults. It may lead us to thoroughly weigh the benefit against risk in a patient-oriented way, leading to an integrative personalized therapy approach.
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Selbæk, G., S. I. M. Janus, S. Bergh, K. Engedal, S. Ruths, A. S. Helvik, J. Šaltyte Benth, and S. U. Zuidema. "Change in psychotropic drug use in Norwegian nursing homes between 2004 and 2011." International Psychogeriatrics 30, no. 3 (October 9, 2017): 385–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610217001788.

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ABSTRACTBackground:We aimed to assess whether there were any changes in the use of psychotropic drugs in Norwegian nursing homes between 2004 and 2011. Also, we investigated whether the predictors of use of specific psychotropic drug groups have changed.Methods:We conducted a secondary analysis of two cohort studies of two Norwegian nursing home samples (2004/05 and 2010/11). Multivariate models were applied.Results:We found a significant decrease in the prescription of antipsychotic drugs between 2004 and 2011 (0.63 OR, 95%CI = 0.49–0.82, p < 0.001) even after adjusting for relevant demographic and clinical variables. There are only minor changes for the other psychotropic drugs. We found that (1) the use of specific psychotropic drug groups as well as the number of psychotropic drugs used was associated with more affective symptoms and (2) the use of specific psychotropic drug groups as well as the number of psychotropic drugs used was associated with lower scores on the Physical Self-Maintenance scale.Conclusion:This is the first study to show a robust decrease in antipsychotic drug use in nursing home patients with dementia unrelated to possible changes in case mix. The change might be explained by treatment recommendations against its use except in the most severe conditions of aggression or psychosis. Our findings indicate that it takes several years to implement scientific knowledge in clinical practice in nursing homes.
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Vívian Ferreira da Costa, Ana, Larissa De Carvalho Bezerra, and Juliane Dos Anjos de Paula. "Use of psychotropic drugs in the treatment of fibromyalgia: a systematic review." Journal of Human Growth and Development 31, no. 2 (August 3, 2021): 336–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.36311/jhgd.v31.12228.

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Introduction: The treatment of fibromyalgia is evolving, and more and more drugs are available on the market. Objective: To verify the response, tolerability, and adverse events of the use of psychotropic drugs in the treatment of fibromyalgia. Methods: A systematic review of articles on fibromyalgia and psychotropic medications were carried out, indexed in the MEDLINE database (PUBMED) with the MeSH terms: “fibromyalgia”, “psychotropic drugs,” and “treatment outcome”. Of the 89 studies identified, 23 met the eligibility criteria. Results: It has been seen that some classes of psychotropic medications have significantly improved patients' painful episodes, which have an important positive impact on quality of life. Thus, it was realized that the pharmacological treatment of psychiatric disorders associated with fibromyalgia improves the condition of the patient's acceptance of the disease. Most medications had a good impact on the patient's quality of life without major side effects. It is known that adverse events are proportional to the dose of psychotropics, so for each patient, it is necessary to individualize the conduct. Conclusion: Antidepressants were the best-tolerated drug class, but antipsychotics, anticonvulsants, and other more recent drugs such as agomelatine were part of the study of the main drugs used in clinical practice.
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Rikala, Maria, Maarit Jaana Korhonen, Raimo Sulkava, and Sirpa Hartikainen. "The effects of medication assessment on psychotropic drug use in the community-dwelling elderly." International Psychogeriatrics 23, no. 3 (September 14, 2010): 473–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610210001547.

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ABSTRACTBackground:The study evaluated the effects of an annual medication assessment conducted as part of a Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA) on the prevalence of psychotropic drug use in community-dwelling elderly people.Methods:Randomly selected persons (n = 1000) aged ≥75 years living in the city of Kuopio, Finland were randomized to intervention and control groups. The intervention group underwent an annual (2004–2006) medication assessment as part of a CGA by physicians. Data on drug use were gathered by interviews at baseline (2004) and in three following years (2005–2007). Generalized estimating equations (GEE) were applied to explore whether the prevalence of psychotropic drug use differed between the community-dwelling participants of the intervention (n = 361) and control groups (n = 339) over time.Results:At baseline, nearly 40% of the participants used psychotropic drugs in each group. In the intervention group, the study physicians implemented 126 psychotropic drug-related changes, 39% of which were persistent after one year. The prevalence of use of psychotropic drugs, antipsychotics and anxiolytic/hypnotics did not differ between the groups over time. The prevalence of antidepressant use remained constant in the intervention group, but increased in the control group (p-value for interaction = 0.039). The prevalence of concomitant use of psychotropic drugs decreased non-significantly in the intervention group, but increased in the control group (p-value for interaction = 0.009).Conclusions:Conducting an annual medication assessment outside the usual primary health care system does not appear to reduce the prevalence of psychotropic drug use in community-dwelling elderly people. However, it may prevent concomitant use of psychotropic drugs.
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Johnell, Kristina, Johan Fastbom, Måns Rosén, and Andrejs Leimanis. "Inappropriate Drug Use in the Elderly: a Nationwide Register-Based Study." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 41, no. 7-8 (July 2007): 1243–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1345/aph.1k154.

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Background: Potentially inappropriate drug use (IDU) is an important and preventable safety concern in the care of elderly patients and has been associated with adverse drug reactions, hospitalization, and mortality. Objective: To estimate the prevalence of potentially IDU among the elderly in Sweden and investigate whether age. sex, and number of dispensed drugs are associated with IDU. Methods: We analyzed data on age, sex, and dispensed drugs for people aged 75 years and older who were listed in the Swedish Prescribed Drug Register from October–December 2005 (N = 732 226). The main outcome measures of IDU were prescription of anticholinergics, prescription of long-acting benzodiazepines, concurrent use of 3 or more psychotropic drugs, and an indication of potentially serious drug-drug interactions. Results: Prevalence for IDU was 17%; for anticholinergic drugs 6%, long-acting benzodiazepines 5%, 3 or more psychotropic drugs 5%, and potentially serious drug–drug interactions 4%. After adjustment for age and sex, number of dispensed drugs was strongly associated with all 4 measures of IDU. After adjustment for sex and number of dispensed drugs, increasing age was moderately associated with a higher probability of IDU, long-acting benzodiazepines, and 3 or more psychotropic drugs, After adjustment for age and number of dispensed drugs, women had a slightly increased probability of IDU, anticholinergic drugs, long-acting benzodiazepines, and 3 or more psychotropic drugs. Conclusions: IDU was fairly common among the elderly in Sweden in 2005 and was strongly connected to the number of dispensed drugs they were taking. Older age and female sex were related to inappropriate use of psychotropic drugs, whereas the opposite relationship prevailed for potentially serious drug–drug interactions. Future research is needed to determine whether IDU will become more common due to increasing use of drugs among elderly persons. The challenge is to balance the problems related to IDU without denying older people potentially valuable drug therapy.
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Seifert, Randall D. "Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: Psychotropic Drugs." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 2, no. 6 (December 1989): 403–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089719008900200609.

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The therapeutic monitoring of patients who take antipsychotic drugs can be both challenging and rewarding. Antipsychotics have been in clinical use for over 30 years; yet, their complex pharmacology is not fully understood and parallels our infant knowledge of human brain chemistry. The art of successful therapeutic drug monitoring depends on the clinician's knowledge of basic pharmacology, an understanding of psychiatric disorders, and a sensitivity for careful patient observation. In addition, a thorough history, well thought out goals, and reasonable recovery expectations are essential. Antipsychotic drugs are never curative and should be used judiciously for indications where positive results outweigh the risks of adverse effects. This article will provide the reader with sound, practical knowledge of how to monitor these drugs in any clinical setting. © 1989 by W.B. Saunders Company.
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Miller, John L. "Psychotropic drug use rising among preschoolers." American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 57, no. 8 (April 15, 2000): 732–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/57.8.732.

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20

PATERNITI, S., C. DUFOUIL, J. C. BISSERBE, and A. ALPÉROVITCH. "Anxiety, depression, psychotropic drug use and cognitive impairment." Psychological Medicine 29, no. 2 (March 1999): 421–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291798008010.

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Background. Numerous studies have shown that anxiety and depression are related to cognitive impairment, but the concomitant association between anxious symptoms, depressive symptoms and cognitive function has not been investigated, and, most studies have not considered psychotropic drug use as a possible confounding factor.Methods. We assessed the independent association between depression, anxiety, psychotropic drug use and cognitive performance in 457 men and 659 women, aged 59–71 years living in the community. Data on demographic background, occupation, medical history, drug use and personal habits were obtained using a standardized questionnaire. The Spielberger Inventory Trait and the Center for Epidemiologic Study-Depression (CES-D) scales were used to evaluate anxious and depressive symptomatology respectively. Cognitive assessment included six traditional tests covering the main areas of cognitive functioning.Results. In men, anxious and depressive symptomatologies had independent significant associations with most cognitive abilities, independent of psychotropic drug use. In women, the association between anxiety or depression and cognitive functioning was less strong and disappeared after adjustment for psychotropic drug use. Psychotropic drug use was associated with lower cognitive scores in both sexes. In men with high CES-D scores, we found positive correlations between anxiety level and cognitive scores.Conclusions. The study showed that anxiety, depression and psychotropic drug use were significantly and independently associated with cognitive functioning in elderly men. The high prevalence of psychotropic drug use in women with or without psychological disorders may explain its major effect in women. Results suggested that anxiety may partly compensate for some negative effects of depression on cognitive functioning.
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Janus, Sarah I. M., Jeannette G. van Manen, Maarten J. IJzerman, and Sytse U. Zuidema. "Psychotropic drug prescriptions in Western European nursing homes." International Psychogeriatrics 28, no. 11 (July 29, 2016): 1775–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610216001150.

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ABSTRACTBackground:Despite the numerous warnings of European and national drug agencies as well as clinical guidelines since the year 2004, psychotropic drugs are still frequently used in dementia. A systematic review comparing the use of psychotropic drugs in nursing homes from different European countries is lacking.Objective:The aim of this study was to examine prescription rates of psychotropic drug use in nursing home patients between different Western European countries since the first warnings were published.Methods:A literature review was performed and the various psychotropic prescribing rates in European nursing homes were investigated. The prescription rates of antipsychotic and antidepressants were pooled per country. Other classes of psychotropic drugs could not be pooled because of the limited number of studies found.Results:Thirty-seven studies on antipsychotic drug use and 27 studies on antidepressant drug use conducted in 12 different European countries. The antipsychotic use in nursing homes ranged from 12% to 59% and antidepressant use from 19% to 68%. The highest rates of antipsychotic drug prescription were found in Austria, Ireland, and Belgium while for antidepressants in Belgium, Sweden, and France.Conclusions:Despite warnings about the side effects and recommendation to focus on non-pharmacological interventions, antipsychotics and antidepressants are commonly used drugs in nursing homes. The data suggest that Norway does best with regards having a low antipsychotic drug usage. Studies are needed to explain the differences between Norway and other European countries.
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Therrien, Rachel. "Managing Psychotropic Drugs with Efavirenz." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology 17, suppl d (2006): 15D—16D. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2006/736415.

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Efavirenz is in the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor category of HIV antiretroviral medicines. It is an in vivo inducer of the CYP3A4 isoenzyme within the cytochrome P450 (CYP450) system, and an in vitro inhibitor of the system’s CYP2C9/2C19, 3A4 and 2B6 isoenzymes; as a result, concentrations of psychotropic drugs can be increased or decreased depending on the specific enzyme pathway involved in their metabolism. CYP3A4 is responsible for metabolizing many benzodiazepines and other psychotropics, as well as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants. As an inducer of CYP3A4, efavirenz can increase the rate at which these agents are metabolized, resulting in administered psychotropic drug levels that are below their therapeutic thresholds. Conversely, efavirenz is an inhibitor of CYP2B6, which metabolizes agents such as bupropion; consequently, bupropion levels in the blood can increase. Given the existing conflicting data, the clinician may find it impractical to use an evidence-based approach when concomitantly prescribing efavirenz and psychotropic drugs to their HIV patients. Instead, it may be preferable to use a more pragmatic approach that applies knowledge of the most current pharmacological and pharmacokinetic data for psychotropics and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, which may help better predict their potential interactions.
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Gustafsson, Maria, Per-Olof Sandman, Stig Karlsson, Yngve Gustafson, and Hugo Lövheim. "Association between behavioral and psychological symptoms and psychotropic drug use among old people with cognitive impairment living in geriatric care settings." International Psychogeriatrics 25, no. 9 (June 20, 2013): 1415–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610213000859.

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ABSTRACTBackground:Behavioral and psychological symptoms are common among cognitively impaired individuals and psychotropic drugs are widely used for their treatment. The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence and associated factors of psychotropic and anti-dementia drug use among old people with cognitive impairment living in geriatric care settings.Methods:The study comprised 2,019 cognitively impaired people living in geriatric care units in the county of Västerbotten, Sweden. Data concerning psychotropic and anti-dementia drug use, function in activities of daily living, cognitive function, and prevalence of behavioral and psychological symptoms were collected, using the Multi-Dimensional Dementia Assessment Scale.Results:Of the study population, 1,442 individuals (71%) were prescribed at least one psychotropic drug (antidepressants (49%), anxiolytics, hypnotics, and sedatives (36%), antipsychotics (25%)). Furthermore, 363 individuals (18%) received anti-dementia drugs. Associations between various behavioral and psychological symptoms were found for all psychotropic drug classes and anti-dementia drugs. Verbally disruptive/attention-seeking behavior was associated with all psychotropic drugs. Use of antipsychotics was associated with several behavioral and psychological symptoms, including aggressive behavior.Conclusion:The associations between behavioral and psychological symptoms and psychotropic drug use found in this study indicate that these drugs are prescribed to treat behavioral and psychological symptoms among cognitively impaired individuals despite limited evidence of their efficacy. Given the significant risk of adverse effects among old people with cognitive impairment, it is important to ensure that any medication used is both appropriate and safe.
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Williams, Paul, Cesario Bellantuono, Roberto Fiorio, and Michele Tansella. "Psychotropic drug use in Italy: national trends and regional differences." Psychological Medicine 16, no. 4 (November 1986): 841–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700011855.

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SynopsisPsychotropic drug sales data for Italy were examined for the years 1975–84. The principal findings were of more-or-less consistent annual increases in sales of antidepressants, minor tranquillizers and, to a lesser extent, of neuroleptics. These trends are interpreted in the context of the characteristics of the Italian National Health Service (NHS), and in relation to findings from psychotropic drug utilization studies in other Western countries.Regional differences in psychotropic drug sales for 1983/4 were also examined. Marked differences were found and, in general, levels of use were higher in North/Central Italy than in the South. Factors influencing regional differences were explored using regression analysis. Regional NHS expenditure (excluding that on drugs) was found to influence strongly the sales of all categories of psychotropic drug, whereas there was also a marked urban > rural difference in the sales tranquillizers.
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Johannesen, Aud, Knut Engedal, Marianne Larsen, Elin Lillehovde, Line Tegner Stelander, and Anne-Sofie Helvik. "Alcohol and prescribed psychotropic drug use among patients admitted to a department of old-age psychiatry in Norway." Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 34, no. 1 (February 2017): 57–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1455072516682642.

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Background: Although alcohol and prescribed psychotropic drug use has increased among older people, the usefulness of information provided about these substances in patients’ referrals to departments of old-age psychiatry (OAPsy) is unknown. Aims: To examine whether patients’ self-reported elevated use of alcohol and prescribed psychotropic drugs corresponds with information provided in the referrals to OAPsy departments and to explore the factors associated with elevated self-reported use of these substances. Methods: We recorded the information provided in referrals about the elevated use of alcohol and psychotropic drugs in a sample of 206 patients (69 men) from 12 OAPsy departments. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and Drug Use Disorders Identification Test (DUDIT) helped to assess self-reported use. We also collected demographic data, as well as information about cognitive functioning and symptoms of anxiety and depression. Results: Seventy-three patients (35%) scored above the cut-off for alcohol use for women/men (AUDIT ≥ 3/4) or psychotropic drugs (DUDIT ≥ 6/8), if not both. Twenty patients (10%) reported an elevated use of both alcohol and psychotropic drugs, and the referrals for eight (40%) and ten (50%) of them, respectively, included information about this use. There was a significant association between self-reported use of alcohol above the cut-off and information about elevated use in the referrals. However, no such association was found between information in the referrals and self-reported use of prescribed psychotropic drugs. Elevated alcohol use was associated with more years of education, while elevated use of psychotropic drugs was associated with younger age and severe symptoms of anxiety and depression. Conclusion: The information reported in referrals about the elevated use of alcohol and psychotropic drugs demonstrated a trend in associations with self-reported use. However, the risk factors for elevated use of alcohol and psychotropic drugs in the elderly need to be examined further.
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Koopmans, Raymond T. C. M., Renate Reinders, Deliane van Vliet, Frans R. J. Verhey, Marjolein E. de Vugt, Hans Bor, and Christian Bakker. "Prevalence and correlates of psychotropic drug use in community-dwelling people with young-onset dementia: the NeedYD-study." International Psychogeriatrics 26, no. 12 (January 10, 2014): 1983–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610213002330.

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ABSTRACTBackground:Young-onset dementia (YOD) is defined as dementia that develops before the age of 65 years. The prevalence and type of neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) in YOD differ from patients with late onset dementia. NPS in dementia patients are often treated with psychotropic drugs. The aim of this study was to investigate psychotropic drug use (PDU) in Dutch community-dwelling YOD patients and the association between age, gender, dementia etiology and severity, symptoms of depression, disease awareness, unmet needs, and type of NPS.Methods:Psychotropic drug use in 196 YOD patients was registered. Drugs were categorized according to the Anatomical Therapeutical Chemical classification. The association between age, gender, dementia type, dementia stage, type of NPS, depressive symptoms, disease awareness, and amount of unmet needs on total PDU was analyzed using binomial logistic regression analysis.Results:Fifty-two percent of the patients were prescribed at least one psychotropic drug; 36.2% of patients used one drug, and 12.2% used two different drugs. Antidepressants (36.2%) and antipsychotic drugs (17.3%) were the most frequently prescribed psychotropic drugs. Anti-dementia drugs were prescribed in 51.5% of the patients. Increasing age and moderate to severe depressive symptoms were positively associated with the total use of psychotropic drugs.Conclusions:Community-dwelling YOD patients have a high prevalence of PDU. More research is needed to study the association between unmet needs, NPS, and PDU, and psychosocial interventions have to be developed to limit the use of psychotropic drugs in YOD.
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Stella, Florindo, Dorgival Caetano, Jaime Lisandro Pacheco, Elisandra Villela Gasparetto Sé, and Acioly Luiz Tavares Lacerda. "Factors influencing psychotropic prescription by non-psychiatrist physicians in a nursing home for the elderly in Brazil." Sao Paulo Medical Journal 124, no. 5 (2006): 253–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-31802006000500003.

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CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Although psychotropics are one of the classes of medications most prescribed in nursing homes for the elderly, studies examining prescribing patterns are limited in both number and scope. The present study was undertaken to investigate factors associated with general psychotropic use in a nursing home in Brazil. DESIGN AND SETTING: Retrospective observational study at the Nursing Home for the Elderly, Institute of Biosciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista. METHODS: Information on prescriptions was retrieved from the medical records of 108 elderly residents in a nursing home. Sixty-five of these patients, with mean age 74.5 years (± standard deviation 9.4 years), who were taking medications on a regular basis, comprised the sample. The effects of demographic and clinical variables on the psychotropic prescription pattern were examined. RESULTS: Females were more likely to receive psychotropics (p = 0.038). Individuals on medicines for cardiovascular diseases received psychotropics less frequently (p = 0.001). The number of prescribed psychotropics correlated negatively with both age (p = 0.009) and number of non-psychotropic drugs (p = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS: Although preliminary, the present results indicated that cardiovascular disease was the clinical variable that most influenced psychotropic prescription. Physicians' overconcern regarding drug interactions might at least partially explain this result. Further investigations involving larger sample sizes from different regions are warranted to confirm these findings.
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Siciliani, O., C. Bellantuono, P. Williams, and M. Tansella. "Self-reported use of psychotropic drugs and alcohol abuse in South-Verona." Psychological Medicine 15, no. 4 (November 1985): 821–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700005055.

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SynopsisThe data for this cross-sectional survey were obtained from a stratified probability sample of 510 residents in South-Verona during the period May–June 1980. The two-week prevalence of psychotropic drug consumption was found to be 13%. The prevalence was higher in women (18%) than in men (9%). The most commonly consumed category of psychotropic drugs were the benzodiazepines, which accounted for 70% of all the psychotropic drugs consumed by women and 85% of those consumed by men. Using a logistic analysis, a strong association between drug consumption and minor psychiatric morbidity, as indicated by the GHQ scores, was found for both sexes, a finding not significantly different from that found in the West London study by Murray et al. (1981). Alcohol abuse in men was less prevalent in the youngest age-group. Thirty-three (19%) of the male GHQ low scorers were alcohol abusers, compared with 12 (40%) of the high scorers. No significant association was found between psychotropic drug consumption and alcohol abuse in men.
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Gilles, Macaigne. "Amphetamine use Associated with Acute Pancreatitis." Gastroenterology Pancreatology and Hepatobilary Disorders 4, no. 1 (July 10, 2020): 01–02. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2641-5194/013.

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The MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine) is a synthetic psychotropic molecule of the amphetamine class. It is a stimulant of the central nervous system which possesses particular psychotropic characteristics, of a powerful serotoninergic which provides it in high doses or in case of regular use a neurotoxic power [1]. The MDMA is a consumable drug in the form of crystals or pills, more commonly known under the name of ecstasy.
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Abiodun, O. A., and O. O. Ogunremi. "Psychotropic Drug use in Medical and Surgical Wards of a Teaching Hospital in Northern Nigeria." British Journal of Psychiatry 159, no. 4 (October 1991): 570–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.159.4.570.

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The overall prescription rate of psychotropic drugs in a Nigerian teaching hospital was 33.1%. This was slightly higher among surgical than medical patients. It is suggested that more attention needs to be paid to psychotropic drug education in developing countries in order to ensure a more rational use of these drugs.
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31

Ashton, Heather. "Psychotropic-Drug Prescribing for Women." British Journal of Psychiatry 158, S10 (May 1991): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s0007125000291964.

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The reasons for women in Europe and North America being prescribed over twice as many psychotropic drugs as men are complex. Psychiatric disorders such as depression and anxiety appear to be more common in women than in men, and women more commonly complain of psychological symptoms. There may be a gender bias in medical diagnosis and choice of medication. Sociological factors may also be involved, including the likelihood that women have fewer outlets than men for symptom control by activities outside the home (e.g. the social use of alcohol). Women also have special problems including pregnancy, lactation, child rearing and pre-menstrual tension. Probably, much use of psychotropic-drug use for women (and men) is inappropriate and not closely related to the symptoms or conditions for which they are prescribed. Furthermore, the chronic use of some psychotropic drugs, especially benzodiazepines, may compound the problem by inducing dependence and withdrawal symptoms.
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32

Brown, Gregory P., Lynn A. Stewart, Terry Rabinowitz, Harold Boudreau, and Angela J. Wright. "Approved and Off-Label Use of Prescribed Psychotropic Medications among Federal Canadian Inmates." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 63, no. 10 (April 29, 2018): 683–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0706743718773734.

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Objective: To examine psychotropic medication prescription practices in federal Canadian penitentiaries. Method: 468 files were drawn from a purposive sample of thirteen Canadian federal institutions representing the five regions, different security levels, and male and female designated facilities. Information on the names of all psychotropic medications prescribed, indications for use, dosage, frequency, and route of administration was retrieved. Designation of approved or off-label use of medications was determined by consulting: (1) the Health Canada (2016) Drug Product Database, (2) the Canadian Compendium of Pharmaceuticals and Specialties 2016, and (3) the American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information 2016. Prescription rates were examined by gender, Indigenous ancestry, drug class, institutional infractions, and current offence. Results: 36.2% of prescriptions for psychotropic medication were coded as ‘off-label’. Anxiolytic/hypnotics drugs were the psychotropic drugs most commonly used for off-label purposes. There were no differences in the prevalence of approved versus off-label prescriptions based on Indigenous ancestry or gender, and no pattern of elevated off-label prescription practices for offenders involved in institutional misconducts or those sentenced for the most serious crimes. Conclusions: The rates of prescribing ‘off-label’ psychotropic medication are not elevated relative to other correctional settings or to rates cited in Canadian surveys conducted in the community.
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Rittmannsberger, H., U. Meise, K. Schauflinger, E. Horvath, H. Donat, and H. Hinterhuber. "Polypharmacy in psychiatric treatment. Patterns of psychotropic drug use in Austrian psychiatric clinics." European Psychiatry 14, no. 1 (March 1999): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(99)80713-5.

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SummaryThere are great variations in the way psychotropic drugs are prescribed. Most experts are in favour of psychopharmacological monotherapy, but little is known about the extent to which it is actually practised. A survey of the psychopharmacological medication of all patients under treatment was carried out in three Austrian psychiatric clinics of various types on two separate days. A psychiatric university clinic, the psychiatric department of a general hospital and a regional mental hospital were selected for the survey.It was established that only 8% to 22% of the patients underwent psycho-pharmacological monotherapy and that the patients received 2.2 to 3.3 psychotropics on average. Five to 22% of the patients received five or more psychotropic agents. The results are presented in more detail in relation to the diagnoses of schizophrenia and depression.The rare occurence of monotherapy might be due to unsound treatment regimens in some instances, but much more to a general trend in psychiatry fostering polydrug use.
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Snowdon, John, Rosemary Vaughan, Robert Miller, Emma E. Burgess, and Pamela Tremlett. "Psychotropic drug use in Sydney nursing homes." Medical Journal of Australia 163, no. 2 (July 1995): 70–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1995.tb126117.x.

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35

FRIEDEN, JOYCE. "Guide Addresses Psychotropic Drug Use in Kids." Family Practice News 39, no. 18 (October 2009): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0300-7073(09)70826-6.

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36

Stoudemire, Alan, Michael G. Moran, and Barry S. Fogel. "Psychotropic Drug Use in the Medically Ill." Psychosomatics 31, no. 4 (November 1990): 377–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0033-3182(90)72132-9.

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Stoudemire, Alan, Michael G. Moran, and Barry S. Fogel. "Psychotropic Drug Use in the Medically Ill." Psychosomatics 32, no. 1 (February 1991): 34–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0033-3182(91)72109-9.

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38

Goad, Janet D., and Jeanne R. Ezell. "Drug-use evaluation programs for psychotropic medications." American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 47, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 132–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/47.1.132.

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39

Coyle, Joseph T. "Psychotropic Drug Use in Very Young Children." JAMA 283, no. 8 (February 23, 2000): 1059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.283.8.1059.

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40

Cuellar, Alison Evans, Kelly J. Kelleher, Sheryl Kataoka, Steven Adelsheim, and Joseph J. Cocozza. "Incarceration and Psychotropic Drug Use by Youth." Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 162, no. 3 (March 1, 2008): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpediatrics.2007.47.

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41

Kıvrak, Yüksel, İbrahim Yağcı, Mehmet Fatih Üstündağ, and Halil Özcan. "Diffuse Hair Loss Induced by Sertraline Use." Case Reports in Psychiatry 2015 (2015): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/703453.

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Hair loss is a rare side effect of psychotropic drugs. The most related drug class with this side effect is the mood stabilizers. Studies reporting the sertraline-induced alopecia are limited in number. Sertraline is a potent antidepressant which inhibits the serotonin reuptake from the presynaptic terminals selectively. The reason for hair loss could not be elucidated completely. Psychotropic drugs are usually considered to lead to hair loss through influencing the telogen phase of hair follicle. This paper reports a 21-year-old male with diffuse hair loss induced by sertraline use and improved by quitting the drug. To the best of our knowledge, there are no other case reports on sertraline-induced alopecia within 2 weeks.
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42

Blier, Pierre. "Generic Substitution for Psychotropic Drugs." CNS Spectrums 14, no. 9 (September 2009): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900024706.

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Most antidepressants and other psychotropics in clinical use are available as generic formulations (Table). The availability of lower-priced, generic drugs can benefit patients and third-party payers, but it should not be assumed that all generic drugs are equally beneficial. There are numerous reports in the literature of unexpected and untoward consequences that occur when a generic drug is substituted for the original brand-name drug. A previously stable clinical response may suddenly deteriorate, or the patient may experience new or more severe adverse events (AEs). The United States Food and Drug Administration requires that manufacturers of generic drugs demonstrate that their formulation has pharmacokinetic properties similar (or bioequivalent) to the brand-name drug. Bioequivalency studies are conducted in healthy volunteers, not in patients who would be treated with that drug. Moreover, bioequivalency studies are conducted on a current lot of the branded drug and do not account for variability between lots of the generic formulation. The manufacturer is only required to submit bioequivalency data that support the Abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA); the FDA does not require disclosure of failed bioequivalence studies. Unlike brand-name drugs, lengthy and costly clinical studies are not required to show that the generic drug is effective and safe.Although the FDA has taken the position that bioequivalence and therapeutic equivalence are equal, many questions related to the use of generic drugs remain unanswered. The following question-and-answer session is an excerpt of an interview with Pierre Blier, MD, PhD, conducted by Diane Sloan, PharmD, which addresses the issue of generic substitution of psychotropic drugs.
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Vázquez-Barquero, J. L., J. F. Diez Manrique, C. Peña, A. Arenal Gonzalez, M. J. Cuesta, and J. A. Artal. "Patterns of Psychotropic Drug Use in a Spanish Rural Community." British Journal of Psychiatry 155, no. 5 (November 1989): 633–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.155.5.633.

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Psychotropic drug use was investigated using a two-stage survey of a random sample of persons aged 17 and over from a rural Spanish community. It was found that 6.9%, 11.8% and 25.1% of the population were consuming psychotropic, analgesic and somatic medicines respectively. Women presented a higher rate of psychotropic use than men (prevalence for women 10.7%, for men 2.6%). This female predominance was found to be significantly related to sociodemographic and medical factors. Psychotropic use was also associated with the physical health of the respondent. The coexistence of physical and mental illness generated an increase of consumption, whereas the absence of both types of illness was associated with a very low rate. The rates for physical and for mental illness alone were intermediate and were almost equal.
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Vázquez-Barquero, J. L., J. F. Diez Manrique, C. Peña, A. Arenal Gonzalez, M. J. Cuesta, and J. A. Artal. "Patterns of Psychotropic Drug Use in a Spanish Rural Community." British Journal of Psychiatry 155, no. 05 (November 1989): 633–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s0007125000018122.

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Psychotropic drug use was investigated using a two-stage survey of a random sample of persons aged 17 and over from a rural Spanish community. It was found that 6.9%, 11.8% and 25.1% of the population were consuming psychotropic, analgesic and somatic medicines respectively. Women presented a higher rate of psychotropic use than men (prevalence for women 10.7%, for men 2.6%). This female predominance was found to be significantly related to sociodemographic and medical factors. Psychotropic use was also associated with the physical health of the respondent. The coexistence of physical and mental illness generated an increase of consumption, whereas the absence of both types of illness was associated with a very low rate. The rates for physical and for mental illness alone were intermediate and were almost equal.
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45

Hartzema, Abraham G., Miquel S. Porta, Hugh H. Tilson, Sergio G. Zullich, Thaddeus H. Grasela, Jill B. Fiedler-Kelly, and Francis M. Gengo. "Impact of Triplicate Prescription Program on Psychotropic Prescribing Patterns in Long-Term Care Facilities." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 26, no. 4 (April 1992): 539–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002809202600417.

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OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of the effect of the New York state triplicate prescription program on psychotropic prescribing patterns in selected long-term care facilities over a one-year period. DESIGN: Retrospective study for changes in psychotropic drug use patterns before and after implementation of the triplicate prescription program. SETTING: Eight private and two public long-term care facilities in the western New York area. PATIENTS: All residents in the long-term care facilities with complete medical records for a one-year period were reviewed. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Charts were reviewed for changes in psychotropic drug patterns and incidence in adverse events such as falls, hip fractures, hospital admission, signs or symptoms of benzodiazepine (BZD) withdrawal syndrome, or behavioral outburst. MAIN RESULTS: BZD use declined precipitously from 25 percent of psychotropic drug orders to 10 percent six months after implementation of the program. The decline in BZD use was accompanied by an increase in the number of orders for alternative psychotropic agents. Although 22 percent of the patients previously receiving BZDs were discontinued from these drugs, more than half of these patients were switched to alternative therapy, including tricyclic antidepressants and antipsychotic drugs. The majority of patients who discontinued BZDs did so without tapering of the dosage; however, few experienced minor withdrawal symptoms and no patient experienced seizures or required hospitalization following discontinuation. The risk of falls, hospital admission for any reason, or combined events was not significantly altered despite a reduction in BZD use. There was a trend, however, for a reduction in falls after implementation of the program. CONCLUSIONS: This study documents that psychotropic drug prescribing patterns were significantly affected by the triplicate prescription program. BZD use declined; however, use of alternative psychotropic drugs increased. Despite changes in psychotropic prescribing patterns, we found no significant risk of adverse events. Further study to evaluate the long-term effect of alternative psychotropic drugs is necessary.
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De Girolamo, Giovanni, Paul Williams, and Vincenzo Cappiello. "Psychotropic drug utilization and audit in two Italian psychiatric services." Psychological Medicine 17, no. 4 (November 1987): 989–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700000805.

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SynopsisThe utilization of psychotropic drugs is a topic of increasing interest. This paper describes a study of psychotropic drug use in two acute psychiatric in-patient services in Cremona, northern Italy. Almost all patients surveyed received one or more psychotropic drugs, and there was evidence of a substantial level of polypharmacy. Women patients were prescribed more psychotropic drugs than the men, while the relationship between drug prescription and psychiatric diagnosis differed between the two services. During the second phase of the study, the medical staff were aware that their prescribing was being monitored. However, this knowledge appeared to have little effect on their patterns of prescribing. The findings of Barton (1978) are thus not supported.
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47

Desplenter, Franciska, Charlotte Caenen, Jolein Meelberghs, Sirpa Hartikainen, Raimo Sulkava, and J. Simon Bell. "Change in psychotropic drug use among community-dwelling people aged 75 years and older in Finland: repeated cross-sectional population studies." International Psychogeriatrics 23, no. 8 (April 19, 2011): 1278–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610211000718.

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ABSTRACTBackground: Older people are at high risk of experiencing psychotropic-related adverse drug events. The objective of this study was to compare and contrast the use of psychotropic drugs among community-dwelling people aged ≥75 years in 1998 and 2004.Methods: Comparable random samples of people aged ≥75 years were extracted from the population register in Kuopio, Finland, in 1998 (n = 700) and 2003 (n = 1000). In 1998 and 2004, 523 and 700 community-dwelling people respectively participated in nurse interviews, during which demographic, diagnostic and drug use data were elicited. Logistic regression was used to compute unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the prevalence of psychotropic drug use in 2004 compared to 1998.Results: The unadjusted prevalence of total psychotropic (37.3% and 38.4%, OR 1.05; 95% CI 0.83–1.33), anxiolytic, hypnotic and sedative (29.6% and 31.3%, OR 1.08, 95% CI 0.85–1.38), and antidepressant (10.7% and 11.9%, OR 1.12, 95% CI 0.78–1.61) use were similar in 1998 and 2004. There was a decrease in the unadjusted prevalence of antipsychotic use (9.2% and 5.7%, OR 0.60; 95% CI 0.39–0.93). After adjusting for socioeconomic and health status differences, there was an increase in the prevalence of total psychotropic (adjusted OR 1.31, 95% CI 1.01–1.70) and antidepressant (OR 1.59, 95% CI 1.06–2.40) use.Conclusion: The unadjusted prevalence of psychotropic drug use remained stable between 1998 and 2004. However, in adjusted analyses there was a small increase in the prevalence of any psychotropic drug use and antidepressant use specifically.
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Uygun, Sabide Duygu, Fatma Hülya Çakmak, Merve Canlı, Rahime Duygu Temeltürk, Ayşegül Efe, Yusuf Gürel, Sadettin Burak Açıkel, and Miray Çetinkaya. "Psychotropic Drug Use in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Admitted to a Training and Research Hospital Outpatient Clinic: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study." Journal of Child Science 10, no. 01 (January 2020): e233-e239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1721679.

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AbstractThis study aimed to examine demographic and clinical variables, psychiatric comorbidities, the prevalence of psychotropic drug use, relationships between drug use, demographic and clinical variables, and predictors of drug use in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) admitted to a training and research hospital outpatient clinic. Four hundred and eleven children with ASD admitted to the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Dr. Sami Ulus Maternity and Children's Health and Diseases Training and Research Hospital, between October 1, 2019 and December 31, 2019, were retrospectively reviewed. Demographic and clinical variables, psychiatric comorbidities, and characteristics of drug use for the cases were recorded. Psychotropic drug use was found in 34.3% (n = 141) of the cases. Our results revealed male sex and psychiatric comorbidity as predictors of psychotropic drug use. Antipsychotics were the most prescribed drugs, and the most common psychiatric comorbidity was conduct disorder. Also, children with ASD who had been toilet-trained, and could express sentences but were illiterate, were using psychotropic drugs more often than others. Future multicentered, large clinic-based studies from training and research hospitals should focus on trends of treatment in psychiatric comorbidities accompanying ASD, and constitute a systematic approach for the psychopharmacological treatment of these cases.
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Fonseca, Arilton Martins, José Carlos Fernandes Galduróz, Ana Regina Noto, and Elisaldo Luiz de Araújo Carlini. "Comparison between two household surveys on psychotropic drug use in Brazil: 2001 and 2004." Ciência & Saúde Coletiva 15, no. 3 (May 2010): 663–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-81232010000300008.

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CEBRID (Brazilian Center of Information on Psychotropic Drugs) conducted two household surveys on drug use in Brazil, the first in 2001 and the second in 2005, making it possible for researchers, for the first time ever, to have a timeline comparison using this type of methodology. The universe studied corresponded to the Brazilian population living in 107 Brazilian cities with more than 200.00 inhabitants. 8,589 people were interviewed in the first survey in 2001, and 7,939 people in the second. Data on prevalence of lifetime use for psychotropic drugs showed that there was a significant increase only in the number of people who had made lifetime use of psychotropic substances (including tobacco and alcohol). In 2001, 19.4% of the interviewees reported having used some type of drug, and the ranking of lifetime drug use in 2004 was 22.8%, a statistically significant increase. There was also a statistically significant increase in lifetime use of alcohol and tobacco in comparison between the two surveys.
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Mudhaliar, Mohanraj Rathinavelu, Ishrar Shaik Mohammad Ghouse, Priyanka Sadubugga, Swaroop Reddy Narala, Vidyasagar Chinnakotla, and Prabhakar Yendluri. "Psychotropic drug utilization in psychiatric outpatient department of a tertiary care teaching hospital in India." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 5, no. 4 (March 28, 2017): 1612. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20171274.

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Background: Although psychotropic medications have had a remarkable impact on psychiatric practice that legitimately can be called revolutionary, their utilization and consequences on real life effectiveness and safety in actual clinical practice need continuous study.Methods: The current retrospective study of six months’ duration was designed to assess the utilization of antipsychotics and its prescribing pattern in a tertiary care hospital of south India, which included prescriptions of patients suffering from a psychiatric illness with at least one psychotropic drug of all ages and both sexes.Results: Out of 150 cases reviewed, 46% were of schizophrenia, where male (60.67%) at higher incidence of psychiatric illness, and maximum patients were under the age group of 29-39 years (54.67%). In present study of 355 prescribed drugs 72.67% were psychotropic medications. As per World Health Organization/International Network for Rational Use of Drugs (INRUD) drug use indicators average number of drugs per prescription (2.37%), average number of psychotropic drugs per prescription (1.72%), psychotropic drugs prescribed as Fixed Dose Combinations (FDCs) was 26.36%, and percentage of drugs prescribed by generic name (91.08%). In our study, 48.09% of psychotropic drugs were utilized in the treatment of schizophrenia, diazepam (17.06%) was the only psychotropic medication distributed in the management of all three observed psychiatric disorders and the study showed a higher utilization of psychotropic drugs as FDCs (25.98%) in the management of schizophrenia.Conclusions: The study advocated an overall rational utilization of psychotropic drugs with a fewer deviations due to socio-economic status of patients and prescription practices of healthcare providers.
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