To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Psychotic continuum.
Journal articles on the topic 'Psychotic continuum'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Psychotic continuum.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Krabbendam, Lydia, Inez Myin-Germeys, Maarten Bak, and Jim Van Os. "Explaining Transitions Over the Hypothesized Psychosis Continuum." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 39, no. 3 (March 2005): 180–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1614.2005.01541.x.
Full textAbstract:
Objectives: It is crucial to understand the psychological mechanisms that mediate transition from having one or two psychotic symptoms to becoming a patient with a psychotic disorder. This study investigated whether: (i) a delusional interpretation and/or a depressed response to hallucinatory experiences predicts the later onset of clinical psychotic disorder; and (ii) the presence of need for care in relation to psychotic disorder was associated with the use of particular coping strategies. Method: A general population sample of 4672 individuals with no lifetime evidence of any psychotic disorder were interviewed with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview Schedule (CIDI) at baseline and 1 and 3 years later. At year 3, individuals with CIDI evidence of psychotic symptoms were interviewed by clinicians to identify onset of psychotic disorder with need for care. Coping, subjective distress with and perceived control over the psychotic experience were assessed using the Maastricht Assessment of Coping Strategies (MACS). Results: Given the presence of hallucinatory experiences at baseline, the increase in risk on the additive scale of having the psychosis outcome at T2 was higher in the group with delusional ideation at T1 than in those without delusional ideation at T1. Similarly, presence of depressed mood at T1 increased the risk of having the psychosis outcome at T2, but this effect overlapped partly with the risk-increasing effect of delusional ideation. Individuals with a need for care were much more likely to display symptomatic coping, whereas the presence of the other coping types was not different across the groups with and without need for care. Conclusion: Transitions over the psychosis continuum are, at least in part, driven by the emotional, cognitive and behavioural responses to the initial psychotic or psychosis-like experiences. Individuals who react with a delusional interpretation, negative emotional states and/or a symptomatic coping style have an increased risk for developing clinical psychosis.
2
Chapman, Hannah C., Katherine F. Visser, Vijay A. Mittal, Brandon E. Gibb, Meredith E. Coles, and Gregory P. Strauss. "Emotion regulation across the psychosis continuum." Development and Psychopathology 32, no. 1 (February 11, 2019): 219–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579418001682.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractEmotion regulation dysfunction is characteristic of psychotic disorders, but little is known about how the use of specific types of emotion regulation strategies differs across phases of psychotic illness. This information is vital for understanding factors contributing to psychosis vulnerability states and developing targeted treatments. Three studies were conducted to examine emotion regulation across phases of psychosis, which included (a) adolescent community members with psychotic-like experiences (PLEs; n = 262) and adolescents without PLEs (n = 1,226); (b) adolescents who met clinical high-risk criteria for a prodromal syndrome (n = 29) and healthy controls (n = 29); and (c) outpatients diagnosed with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (SZ; n = 61) and healthy controls (n = 67). In each study, participants completed the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire and measures of psychiatric symptoms and functional outcome. The three psychosis groups did not differ from each other in reported use of suppression; however, there was evidence for a vulnerability-related, dose-dependent decrease in reappraisal. Across each sample, a lower use of reappraisal was associated with poorer clinical outcomes. Findings indicate that emotion regulation abnormalities occur across a continuum of psychosis vulnerability and represent important targets for intervention.
3
Taylor, Hannah E., Suzanne L. K. Stewart, Graham Dunn, Sophie Parker, David Fowler, and Anthony P. Morrison. "Core Schemas across the Continuum of Psychosis: A Comparison of Clinical and Non-Clinical Groups." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 42, no. 6 (August 7, 2013): 718–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465813000593.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Research suggests that core schemas are important in both the development and maintenance of psychosis. Aims: The aim of the study was to investigate and compare core schemas in four groups along the continuum of psychosis and examine the relationships between schemas and positive psychotic symptomatology. Method: A measure of core schemas was distributed to 20 individuals experiencing first-episode psychosis (FEP), 113 individuals with “at risk mental states” (ARMS), 28 participants forming a help-seeking clinical group (HSC), and 30 non-help-seeking individuals who endorse some psychotic-like experiences (NH). Results: The clinical groups scored significantly higher than the NH group for negative beliefs about self and about others. No significant effects of group on positive beliefs about others were found. For positive beliefs about the self, the NH group scored significantly higher than the clinical groups. Furthermore, negative beliefs about self and others were related to positive psychotic symptomatology and to distress related to those experiences. Conclusions: Negative evaluations of the self and others appear to be characteristic of the appraisals of people seeking help for psychosis and psychosis-like experiences. The results support the literature that suggests that self-esteem should be a target for intervention. Future research would benefit from including comparison groups of people experiencing chronic psychosis and people who do not have any psychotic-like experiences.
4
Luhrmann, T. M. "Diversity Within the Psychotic Continuum." Schizophrenia Bulletin 43, no. 1 (November 21, 2016): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbw137.
Full text
5
Wigman, J. T. W., K. J. Wardenaar, R. B. K. Wanders, S. H. Booij, B. F. Jeronimus, L. van der Krieke, M. Wichers, and P. de Jonge. "Dimensional and discrete variations on the psychosis continuum in a Dutch crowd-sourcing population sample." European Psychiatry 42 (May 2017): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.11.014.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractBackgroundMild psychotic experiences are common in the general population. Although transient and benign in most cases, these experiences are predictive of later mental health problems for a significant minority. The goal of the present study was to perform examinations of the dimensional and discrete variations in individuals’ reporting of subclinical positive and negative psychotic experiences in a unique Dutch internet-based sample from the general population.MethodsPositive and negative subclinical psychotic experiences were measured with the Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences in 2870 individuals. First, the prevalence of these experiences and their associations with demographics, affect, psychopathology and quality of life were investigated. Next, latent class analysis was used to identify data-driven subgroups with different symptom patterns, which were subsequently compared on aforementioned variables.ResultsSubclinical psychotic experiences were commonly reported. Both positive and negative psychotic experiences were associated with younger age, more negative affect, anxiety and depression as well as less positive affect and poorer quality of life. Seven latent classes (‘Low psychotic experiences’, ‘Lethargic’, ‘Blunted’, ‘Distressed’, ‘Paranormal’, ‘Distressed_grandiose’ and ‘Distressed/positive psychotic experiences’) were identified that demonstrated both dimensional differences in the number/severity of psychotic experiences and discrete differences in the patterns of reported experiences.ConclusionSubclinical psychotic experiences show both dimensional severity variations and discrete symptom-pattern variations across individuals. To understand and capture all interindividual variations in subclinical psychotic experiences, their number, nature and context (co-occurrence patterns) should be considered at the same time. Only some psychotic experiences may lay on a true psychopathological psychosis continuum.
6
Martins, Maria João Ruivo Ventura, Paula Castilho, Célia Barreto Carvalho, Ana Telma Pereira, Vitor Santos, Andrew Gumley, and António Ferreira de Macedo. "Contextual Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies Across the Psychosis Continuum." European Psychologist 22, no. 2 (April 2017): 83–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000283.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Considering several etiologic, therapeutic, and comorbidity-related factors, a psychosis continuum model has been proposed for the understanding and treatment of psychotic disorders. Within the new emerging treatment approaches, Contextual Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies (CCBT) seem to hold promise for the psychosis continuum. However, considering their novelty for this specific population, the quality of efficacy evidence remains unclear. Objective: To examine, critically analyze, and summarize the results from studies based on therapeutic models within the CCBT approach (Mindfulness and Acceptance-based interventions, Compassion-Focused Therapy, Dialectical Behavior Therapy, and Metacognitive Therapy) for patients with a diagnosis within the psychosis continuum (schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder). Methods: Three leading electronic databases (MEDLINE/PUBMED; PsycINFO; Cochrane Library), a grey literature database (OpenGrey), and registered clinical trials (ClinicalTrials.Gov) were searched using combinations of key terms regarding the CCBT models and the diagnosis considered. Reference lists of the relevant studies and reviews were searched. Only Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) were included. The “Cochrane Risk of Bias Assessment Tool” was used for quality assessment. Results: A total of 17 articles were included. This review was based on a majority of unclear or low risk of bias studies. Benefits regarding clinical variables such as psychotic symptoms, anxiety and depression, functioning or quality of life were found. Conclusion: Overall the studies supported some benefits of CCBT approaches for the psychosis continuum. The conceptual perspective on treatment has changed, nevertheless the outcomes assessed are still symptom-focused and there is still need for improvement. Methodological considerations and future directions are presented.
7
Quattrone, Diego, Laura Ferraro, Giada Tripoli, Victoria Rodriguez, Paolo Marino, Evangelos Vassos, Craig Morgan, et al. "S126. THE RELATION OF THE PSYCHOSIS CONTINUUM WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA POLYGENIC RISK SCORE AND CANNABIS USE." Schizophrenia Bulletin 46, Supplement_1 (April 2020): S83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaa031.192.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Background There has been much debate about whether research into psychosis should be conducted using symptom dimensions as opposed to diagnostic categories. Indeed, dimensions, like categories, may be practical but arbitrary tools for research and clinical practice; hence, they should not be based on psychometric data only. The aim of this study was to externally validate empirically derived symptom dimensions using combined genetic and environmental data. Specifically, we examined the hypothesis that the continuous multivariate distribution of psychosis is a function of cannabis use and genetic liability to schizophrenia, as summarised by polygenic risk score (SZ-PRS). Methods As part of the European Network of National Schizophrenia Networks Studying Gene-Environment Interactions (EU-GEI) study, we analysed a large multinational sample of First Episode Psychosis patients (FEP) and population controls, with available genotype and psychopathology information. Using item response modelling in Mplus, we estimated a bifactor model of psychotic symptoms in FEP, and of psychotic experiences in controls. Using PRSice, we built SZ-PRS by weighting individuals’ risk variants by the log(odds ratio), where the odds ratio was extracted from the latest summary statistics of Psychiatric Genomic Consortium mega-analyses on schizophrenia. Finally, we used linear regression to test the combined associations of the positive symptom/experience dimensions with SZ-PRS and daily/current cannabis use, separately in FEP and controls, after covarying for 10 ancestry principal components, sex, age, and primary diagnosis. Results The continuous distribution of psychosis was represented by two bi-factor models composed of 1) in FEP, one general psychosis factor and five specific dimensions; 2) in controls, one general psychosis factor and three specific dimensions. Linear regression modelling showed that in 617 FEP, both daily cannabis use (B=0.31; 95%CI 0.11 to 0.52; p=0.002) and SZ-PRS (B=0.22; 95%CI 0.04 to 0.39; p=0.014) were independently associated with the dimension of positive symptoms. Similar results were found in 979 population controls, with a positive association of both current use of cannabis (B=0.26, 95%CI 0.06 to 0.46; p=0.011) and SZ-PRS (B=0.13, 95%CI 0.02 to 0.25; p=0.022) with the dimension of psychotic experiences. Discussion We found two factors associated with the latent dimensional structure of psychosis. SZ risk variants and cannabis use independently map onto specific dimensions of positive symptoms, contributing to variation across the psychosis continuum. Our study supports the theory that psychotic experiences in the general population are biologically similar to clinical psychotic symptoms.
8
Barrantes-Vidal, Neus, Manel Monsonet, Anna Racioppi, and Thomas R. Kwapil. "M2. STRESS IS ASSOCIATED AND PREDICTS SCHIZOTYPIC AND PSYCHOTIC-LIKE EXPERIENCES IN THE FLOW OF DAILY LIFE IN NONCLINICAL AND INCIPIENT PSYCHOSIS INDIVIDUALS." Schizophrenia Bulletin 46, Supplement_1 (April 2020): S133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaa030.314.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Background Daily-life stressors, specially of a social nature, seem to play an important role in the origin and expression of the continuum of psychosis vulnerability. This study examined whether social stress and social positive appraisals in daily-life were associated, respectively, with the occurrence and the decrease of momentary psychotic-like and paranoid experiences and symptoms across the psychosis continuum. Methods Both social stressors and positive appraisals, as well as psychotic and paranoid experiences, were collected by means of Experience Sampling Methodology over a week. Schizotypy was assessed with the Wisconsin Schizotypy Scales. Participants were 206 nonclinical individuals oversampled for schizotypy scores (mean age=19.8) and 113 individuals with at-risk mental states for psychosis and first episode psychosis (74 and 39, respectively; mean age=22.5). Results In the nonclinical sample, appraisals of social stress (but no social contact per se) were associated with psychotic-like and paranoid experiences in daily-life, but not with diminished thoughts or emotions (negative-like symptoms). The association of stress with psychotic and paranoid experiences was moderated by positive, but not negative, schizotypy. In the clinical sample, the positive social appraisal of feeling cared for by others moderated the association between negative self-esteem and the experience of paranoia. Also, they predicted (time-lagged analyses) a decrease of these experiences at subsequent time points—although only feeling cared about did so when the previous level of paranoia was controlled for. Discussion Consistent with models postulating that stress-sensitivity is a potential mechanistic pathway of, specifically, the positive dimension of psychosis, situational and also social stress predicted psychotic-like and paranoid experiences only in participants with high positive schizotypy. Furthermore, positive social appraisals showed a critical role for buffering the expression of paranoia associated to poor self-esteem in clinical risk for and early psychosis and predicted its amelioration prospectively. Altogether, these findings support the notion that increased sensitivity to social cues is a critical aspect for both risk and resilience mechanisms in the continuum of psychosis. Additionally, they highlight the powerful relevance of positive social identification for dampening the deleterious effects of poor self-esteem and stress.
9
Pearson, Nathan T., and James H. Berry. "Cannabis and Psychosis Through the Lens of DSM-5." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 21 (October 28, 2019): 4149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214149.
Full textAbstract:
Evidence for an association between cannabis and psychosis has been documented in literature in many forms including experimental studies, epidemiological data, and case series. The association has implications for psychotic outcomes ranging from mild to severe and occurring over minutes to years. Due to the huge variety of exposures and outcome measures reported, creating a coherent account of all the available information is difficult. A useful way to conceptualize these wide-ranging results is to consider the association between cannabis and psychosis as it occurs within the context of widely used DSM-5 diagnoses. In the present review we examine cannabis/psychosis associations as they pertain to Cannabis Intoxication, Cannabis-Induced Psychotic Disorder, and Schizophrenia. This allows for an understanding of the cannabis and psychosis association along something approaching a continuum. Cannabis intoxication becomes Cannabis-Induced Psychotic Disorder once certain severity and duration criteria are met and Cannabis-Induced Psychotic Disorder is heavily associated with future schizophrenia diagnoses.
10
Johns, Louise C., Mary Cannon, Nicola Singleton, Robin M. Murray, Michael Farrell, Traolach Brugha, Paul Bebbington, Rachel Jenkins, and Howard Meltzer. "Prevalence and correlates of self-reported psychotic symptoms in the British population." British Journal of Psychiatry 185, no. 4 (October 2004): 298–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.185.4.298.
Full textAbstract:
BackgroundThe psychosis phenotype is generally thought of as a categorical entity. However, there is increasing evidence that psychosis exists in the population as a continuum of severity rather than an all-or-none phenomenon.AimsTo investigate the prevalence and correlates of self-reported psychotic symptoms using data from the 2000 British National Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity.MethodA total of 8580 respondents aged 16–74 years were interviewed. Questions covered mental health, physical health, substance use, life events and socio-demographic variables. The Psychosis Screening Questionnaire (PSQ) was used to identify psychotic symptoms.ResultsOf the respondents, 5.5% endorsed one or more items on the PSQ. Factors independently associated with psychotic symptoms were cannabis dependence, alcohol dependence, victimisation, recent stressful life events, lower intellectual ability and neurotic symptoms. Male gender was associated with paranoid thoughts, whereas female gender predicted hallucinatory experiences.ConclusionsSelf-reported psychotic symptoms are less common in this study than reported elsewhere, because of the measure used. These symptoms have demographic and clinical correlates similar to clinical psychosis.
11
Coughlan, Helen, and Mary Cannon. "Does childhood trauma play a role in the aetiology of psychosis? A review of recent evidence." BJPsych Advances 23, no. 5 (September 2017): 307–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.bp.116.015891.
Full textAbstract:
SummaryThere has been a resurgence of interest in the role of childhood trauma in the aetiology of psychosis. In this review, recent findings on the association between childhood trauma and a continuum of psychotic symptoms are presented. Evidence of the association between specific childhood trauma subtypes and psychotic symptoms is examined, with a brief discussion of some current hypotheses about the potential mechanisms underlying the associations that have been found. Some practice implications of these findings are also highlighted.Learning Objectives• Identify findings from recent meta-analyses on the association between childhood trauma and a range of psychotic outcomes, from non-clinical psychotic experiences to psychotic disorders• Consider which childhood traumas are the most potent in the context of psychotic outcomes• Recognise that the relationships between childhood trauma, psychotic symptoms and other psychopathology are complex, dynamic and multidimensional
12
Palmier-Claus, J. E., G. Dunn, and S. W. Lewis. "Emotional and symptomatic reactivity to stress in individuals at ultra-high risk of developing psychosis." Psychological Medicine 42, no. 5 (November 9, 2011): 1003–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291711001929.
Full textAbstract:
BackgroundThe stress–vulnerability model of psychosis continues to be influential. The aim of this study was to compare emotional and symptomatic responses to stress in individuals at ultra-high risk (UHR) of developing psychosis, in age- and gender-matched healthy controls, and in patients with non-affective psychosis.MethodA total of 27 UHR, 27 psychotic and 27 healthy individuals completed the experience sampling method, an ambulant diary technique, where they were required to fill in self-assessment questions about their emotions, symptoms and perceived stress at semi-random times of the day for 6 days. Quesionnaire and interview assessments were also completed.ResultsMultilevel regression analyses showed that individuals at UHR of developing psychosis reported greater negative emotions in response to stress than the healthy individuals. Against the initial hypotheses, the UHR individuals also experienced greater emotional reactivity to stress when compared with the patient group. No significant differences were observed between the patients and the non-clinical sample. Stress measures significantly predicted the intensity of psychotic symptoms in UHR individuals and patients, but the extent of this did not significantly differ between the groups.ConclusionsIndividuals at UHR of developing psychosis may be particularly sensitive to everyday stressors. This effect may diminish after transition to psychosis is made and in periods of stability. Subtle increases in psychotic phenomena occur in response to stressful events across the continuum of psychosis.
13
Verdoux, Hélène, and Jim van Os. "Psychotic symptoms in non-clinical populations and the continuum of psychosis." Schizophrenia Research 54, no. 1-2 (March 2002): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-9964(01)00352-8.
Full text
14
Wang, Danhong, Xiaolong Peng, Andrea Pelletier-Baldelli, Natasza Orlov, Amy Farabaugh, Shahin Nasr, Hamdi Eryilmaz, et al. "Altered temporal, but intact spatial, features of transient network dynamics in psychosis." Molecular Psychiatry 26, no. 6 (January 18, 2021): 2493–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41380-020-00983-1.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractContemporary models of psychosis suggest that a continuum of severity of psychotic symptoms exists, with subthreshold psychotic experiences (PEs) potentially reflecting some genetic and environmental risk factors shared with clinical psychosis. Thus, identifying abnormalities in brain activity that manifest across this continuum can shed new light on the pathophysiology of psychosis. Here, we investigated the moment-to-moment engagement of brain networks (“states”) in individuals with schizophrenia (SCZ) and PEs and identified features of these states that are associated with psychosis-spectrum symptoms. Transient brain states were defined by clustering “single snapshots” of blood oxygen level-dependent images, based on spatial similarity of the images. We found that individuals with SCZ (n = 35) demonstrated reduced recruitment of three brain states compared to demographically matched healthy controls (n = 35). Of these three illness-related states, one specific state, involving primarily the visual and salience networks, also occurred at a lower rate in individuals with persistent PEs (n = 22), compared to demographically matched healthy youth (n = 22). Moreover, the occurrence rate of this marker brain state was negatively correlated with the severity of PEs (r = −0.26, p = 0.003, n = 130). In contrast, the spatial map of this state appeared to be unaffected in the SCZ or PE groups. Thus, reduced engagement of a brain state involving the visual and salience networks was demonstrated across the psychosis continuum, suggesting that early disruptions of perceptual and affective function may underlie some of the core symptoms of the illness.
15
Begemann, Marieke, Lindy-Lou Boyette, Aimo Kwast, and Iris Sommer. "T115. PERSONALITY ACROSS THE PSYCHOSIS CONTINUUM: A FINE-GRAINED PERSPECTIVE." Schizophrenia Bulletin 46, Supplement_1 (April 2020): S274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaa029.675.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Background Personality is associated with the etiology, course and outcome of psychosis. Previous research has mainly focused on the global domains within the Five-Factor Model of personality. Moreover, little is known on the personality profile of individuals who report frequent psychosis-like experiences (PE) including auditory hallucinations, but do not fulfill criteria for a Cluster A personality disorder or psychotic disorder. Methods We included 134 individuals with non-clinical PE, 40 patients with a psychotic disorder and 126 healthy controls. Participants completed the Dutch NEO-PI-R. ANOVAs were performed to compare personality profiles across the three groups. Results The domains of Neuroticism, Openness and Conscientiousness showed significant group differences. Together with intermediate levels of Neuroticism, individuals with non-clinical PE on average showed high Openness compared to healthy controls and patients (trend-level). The patient group scored high on Neuroticism and low on Conscientiousness compared to both individuals with non-clinical PE and controls. Furthermore, facet-level analyses showed intermediate levels of Depression and Anxiety (N) in individuals with non-clinical PE, as well as high Fantasy, Aesthetics and Ideas (O) relative to controls. The group with non-clinical PE also displayed similar high Angry Hostility (N) and Feelings (O), along with low Trust (A) and Gregariousness (E), as seen in the patient group. Patients showed high Vulnerability and Self-Conscientiousness (N), and also low Competence and Self-discipline (C) compared to both other groups. Discussion This is the first study to provide an analysis of both domain and facet-level data across the psychosis continuum. Our findings underline the added value of a more fine-grained evaluation of personality. We address how certain facets may be related to general PE proneness, both in non-clinical and clinical individuals alike, while other traits may differentiate individuals with non-clinical PE from patients. Current results encourage intervention strategies targeting coping and social skills for youth at risk for psychosis.
16
van Os, J., R. J. Linscott, I. Myin-Germeys, P. Delespaul, and L. Krabbendam. "A systematic review and meta-analysis of the psychosis continuum: evidence for a psychosis proneness–persistence–impairment model of psychotic disorder." Psychological Medicine 39, no. 2 (July 8, 2008): 179–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291708003814.
Full textAbstract:
A systematic review of all reported incidence and prevalence studies of population rates of subclinical psychotic experiences reveals a median prevalence rate of around 5% and a median incidence rate of around 3%. A meta-analysis of risk factors reveals associations with developmental stage, child and adult social adversity, psychoactive drug use, and also male sex and migrant status. The small difference between prevalence and incidence rates, together with data from follow-up studies, indicates that approximately 75–90% of developmental psychotic experiences are transitory and disappear over time. There is evidence, however, that transitory developmental expression of psychosis (psychosis proneness) may become abnormally persistent (persistence) and subsequently clinically relevant (impairment), depending on the degree of environmental risk the person is additionally exposed to. The psychosis proneness–persistence–impairment model considers genetic background factors impacting on a broadly distributed and transitory population expression of psychosis during development, poor prognosis of which, in terms of persistence and clinical need, is predicted by environmental exposure interacting with genetic risk.
17
Gaynor, K., T. Ward, P. Garety, and E. Peters. "The Role of Threat Appraisals and Safety-Seeking Behaviours in Determining Need for Care in Psychosis." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 1392. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)73097-8.
Full textAbstract:
IntroductionVan Os et al. (2009) have proposed a Proneness-Persistence-lmpairment model to explain the psychosis continuum, and cognitive models of psychosis have suggested that appraisals of anomalous experiences may be key in determining ‘need for care’.ObjectivesThe present study investigated the interaction between appraisals and safety behaviours in the maintenance of impairing psychotic symptoms.AimsIt was predicted that individuals with psychotic symptoms without a need for care would display fewer threat appraisals and safety behaviours than their clinical counterparts, and that these variables would predict distress.MethodsThe study recruited people with persistent psychotic experiences but who had no-need-for-care (Persistence group; n = 39) and individuals diagnosed with a psychotic disorder who were receiving current treatment (Impairment group; n = 28). The participants were assessed on semi-structured interviews of appraisals and safety behaviours in relation to their psychotic experiences and on anxiety and depression questionnaires.ResultsBoth groups had similar levels of psychotic symptoms in the last month, including first rank symptoms. However there was a large significant difference between Impairment and Persistence groups in threat appraisals and safety behaviours, with the Persistence group reporting higher levels of both. A mediation analysis found that threat appraisals mediated the relationship between safety behaviours and anomaly-related distress, suggesting that threat appraisals may maintain anomaly-related distress, a defining feature of Impairment status.ConclusionsThese data provide support for the cognitive model of psychosis, with threat appraisals potentially playing a major role in the transition from non-clinical anomalous experiences to clinical psychotic status.
18
Miruna, Milin, Lăzărescu M, Racolţa Anca, Silvoșeanu C, and Bredicean Cristina. "A Comparative Study of Affective Bipolar Disorder with Schizoaffective Disorder from a Longitudinal Perspective." Acta Medica Marisiensis 59, no. 4 (August 1, 2013): 219–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amma-2013-0051.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Introduction: In the last years there is a great interest for the theory of the “psychotic continuum”, which accepts that there is a transition between schizophrenia and affective pathology, including bipolar disorder with psychotic interferences and the recently introduced diagnosis of schizoaffective disorder. There are few studies that analyze bipolar disorder with mood-incongruent psychosis. The purpose of this study was to observe the way in which the interference of mood-incongruent psychotic symptoms can influence the long term evolution of patients diagnosed with bipolar disorder and the similarities that exists between this type of pathology and schizoaffective disorder. Material and methods: Sixty subjects were selected, who are now diagnosed with schizoaffective disorder and bipolar disorder, with and without psychotic features. All cases have at least 15 years of evolution since the first episode of psychosis and were analyzed in term of their age of onset and longitudinal evolution. Results: The results showed that bipolar patients who had mood incongruent psychotic symptoms had an earlier age of onset and a higher rate of hospitalizations in their long term evolution compared to bipolar patients without psychotic features, which brings them closer to patients with schizoaffective disorder in term of their pattern of evolution. Conclusions: This study has demonstrated that the interference of mood-incongruent psychosis with bipolar disorder determines a worse prognosis of this disease, very similar with the evolution of patients with schizoaffective disorder
19
Langdon, Robyn, and Jon Brock. "Hypo- or hyper-mentalizing: It all depends upon what one means by “mentalizing”." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 31, no. 3 (June 2008): 274–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x08004354.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractBy conceiving of autism and psychosis as diametrically opposite phenotypes of underactive and overactive mentalizing, respectively, Crespi & Badcock (C&B) commit themselves to a continuum view of intercorrelated mentalizing functions. This view fails to acknowledge dissociations between mentalizing functions and that psychotic people show a mixture of both hypo- and hyper-mentalizing.
20
Catone, Gennaro, Steven Marwaha, Belinda Lennox, and Matthew R. Broome. "Bullying victimisation and psychosis: The interdependence and independence of risk trajectories." BJPsych Advances 23, no. 6 (November 2017): 397–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.bp.116.016584.
Full textAbstract:
SummaryA number of studies have noted an association between being the victim of bullying and psychotic symptoms. We offer an overview of the topic, focusing especially on a developmental perspective. We highlight the results of the latest studies on psychosis across the continuum and its relationship with bullying. Then we summarise the three main explanatory models investigated: developmental, biological and cognitive. We recommend that bullying in psychosis requires careful study of the developmental trajectories involved, and that research should now focus on how personal, social and biological factors interact.LEARNING OBJECTIVES•Consider a spectrum of psychosis rather than a dichotomous concept of the disease (present/absent)•Understand that, by preventing bullying, it may also be possible to prevent the development of psychotic symptoms•Reflect that psychotherapy helps to integrate past stressful experiences with current symptoms, providing an alternative interpretation of them
21
Savitz, Jonathan, Lize van der Merwe, Dan J. Stein, Mark Solms, and Rajkumar Ramesar. "Neuropsychological status of bipolar I disorder: impact of psychosis." British Journal of Psychiatry 194, no. 3 (March 2009): 243–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.108.052001.
Full textAbstract:
BackgroundThe presence of schizotypal personality traits in some people with bipolar disorder, together with reports of greater cognitive dysfunction in patients with a history of psychotic features compared with patients without such a history, raises questions about the nosological relationship between bipolar disorder with psychotic features and bipolar disorder without psychotic features.AimsTo test the impact of a history of DSM–IV-defined psychosis on the neuropsychological status of participants with bipolar disorder while statistically controlling for confounding factors such as mood, medication, alcohol misuse/dependence and childhood abuse, and to evaluate the impact of schizotypal personality traits (and thus potential vulnerability to psychotic illness) on the cognitive performance of people with bipolar disorder and their healthy relatives.MethodNeuropsychological data were obtained for 25 participants with type I bipolar disorder and a history of psychosis, 24 with type I bipolar disorder but no history of psychosis and 61 unaffected relatives. Schizotypal traits were measured with the Schizotypal Personality Scale (STA). Childhood trauma was measured with the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire.ResultsThe group with a history of psychosis performed significantly worse than the healthy relatives on measures of verbal working memory, cognitive flexibility and declarative memory. Nevertheless, the two bipolar disorder groups did not differ significantly from each other on any cognitive measure. Scores on the STA were negatively associated with verbal working and declarative memory, but positively associated with visual recall memory.Conclusions‘Psychotic’ and ‘non-psychotic’ subtypes of bipolar disorder may lie on a nosological continuum that is most clearly defined by verbal memory impairment.
22
Thakkar, Katharine N., Natasha Matthews, and Sohee Park. "A complete theory of psychosis and autism as diametric disorders of social brain must consider full range of clinical syndromes." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 31, no. 3 (June 2008): 277–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x0800438x.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractWe argue that autism and psychosis spectrum disorders cannot be conceptualized as polar extremes of mentalizing ability. We raise two main objections: (1) the autistic-psychotic continuum, as conceptualized by the authors, excludes defining features of schizophrenia spectrum: negative symptoms, which correlate more strongly with mentalizing impairments; and (2) little evidence exists for a relationship between mentalizing ability and positive symptoms.
23
Alemany, S., R. Ayesa-Arriola, B. Arias, M. Fatjó-Vilas, M. I. Ibáñez, G. Ortet, B. Crespo-Facorro, and L. Fañanás. "Childhood abuse in the etiological continuum underlying psychosis from first-episode psychosis to psychotic experiences." European Psychiatry 30, no. 1 (January 2015): 38–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2014.08.005.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractGoal:The present study aimed to examine the prevalence of child abuse across the continuum of psychosis.Patients and methods:The sample consisted of 198 individuals divided in three groups: (1) 48 FEP patients, (2) 77 individuals scoring high in Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences (CAPE), classified as “High CAPE” group and (3) 73 individuals scoring low, classified as “Low CAPE” group. Childhood abuse was assessed using self-report instruments. Chi2 tests and logistic regression models controlling by sex, age and cannabis were used to perform three comparisons: (i) FEP vs. Low CAPE; (ii) FEP vs. High CAPE and (iii) High CAPE vs. Low CAPE.Results:The frequency of individuals exposed to childhood abuse for FEP, High CAPE and Low CAPE groups were 52.1%, 41.6% and 11%, respectively. FEP and High CAPE group presented significantly higher rates of childhood abuse compared to Low CAPE group, however, no significant differences were found between FEP and High CAPE groups regarding the frequency of childhood abuse.Conclusion:There is an increasing frequency of childhood abuse from low subclinical psychosis to FEP patients. However, childhood abuse is equally common in FEP and at risk individuals.
24
Cooper, Shanna, Joshua Klugman, Richard G. Heimberg, Deidre M. Anglin, and Lauren M. Ellman. "Attenuated positive psychotic symptoms and social anxiety: Along a psychotic continuum or different constructs?" Psychiatry Research 235 (January 2016): 139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2015.11.027.
Full text
25
Ered, A., L. E. Gibson, S. D. Maxwell, S. Cooper, and L. M. Ellman. "Coping as a mediator of stress and psychotic-like experiences." European Psychiatry 43 (June 2017): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.327.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractBackground:There is evidence that individuals along the whole psychosis continuum have increased responsiveness to stress; however, coping responses to stressors have not been extensively explored in subthreshold psychotic symptoms.Methods:In 454 undergraduates, psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) were evaluated using the positive items of the Prodromal Questionnaire. Perceived stress and traumatic life events were assessed using the Life Events Checklist and Perceived Stress Scale, and coping was measured using the Brief COPE. We also examined whether different coping styles mediated the relationship between perceived stress and PLEs, as well as whether different coping styles mediated the relationship between traumatic life events and PLEs.Results:Both number of traumatic life events and current level of perceived stress were significantly associated with PLEs. These relationships were both mediated by higher levels of maladaptive coping.Conclusions:Results have the potential to inform treatment strategies, as well as inform targets for exploration in longitudinal studies of those at risk for psychosis.
26
Matthews, Paul R. L. "Schizophrenia is not a kind of PTSD." BJPsych Advances 23, no. 5 (September 2017): 318–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.bp.117.017202.
Full textAbstract:
SummaryCoughlan & Cannon's article provides a helpful review of the current state of evidence regarding the connection between childhood trauma and psychotic-like symptoms. This commentary focuses on the clinical implications by noting that much of the data comes from studies in non-patient populations and to some extent depends on the underlying assumption of the continuum model of psychosis. I reconsider the presented data focusing purely on clinical diagnoses of psychosis, and consider the implications of the association between trauma and psychosis by looking at the evidence base for specific trauma-focused therapies in psychosis.
27
Chau, Anson K. C., Chen Zhu, and Suzanne Ho-Wai So. "Loneliness and the psychosis continuum: a meta-analysis on positive psychotic experiences and a meta-analysis on negative psychotic experiences." International Review of Psychiatry 31, no. 5-6 (July 23, 2019): 471–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2019.1636005.
Full text
28
Stip, Emmanuel, and Genevieve Letourneau. "Psychotic Symptoms as a Continuum between Normality and Pathology." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 54, no. 3 (March 2009): 140–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674370905400302.
Full text
29
Shevlin, Mark, David Boyda, James Houston, and Jamie Murphy. "Measurement of the psychosis continuum: Modelling the frequency and distress of subclinical psychotic experiences." Psychosis 7, no. 2 (August 4, 2014): 108–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17522439.2014.931451.
Full text
30
Malla, Ak. "Negative Symptoms and Affective Disturbance in Schizophrenia and Related Disorders." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 40, no. 7_suppl (September 1995): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674379504007s05.
Full textAbstract:
Objective: To review the data and discuss clinical recommendations for treating negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Negative symptoms (e.g., poverty of thought, affective blunting) have been regarded as part of schizophrenia since Kraepelin's early descriptions, although they remain a subject of controversy. For example, it is unclear if negative symptoms are distinct from other psychiatric symptoms such as depression, or are in actuality depression within schizophrenia. Recent evidence suggests that negative symptoms are independent of depression. Method: Factor analytic studies have suggested that a negative factor (loss of affect, volition, poverty of thinking) may be distinguished from other components and is separable from a depression factor. Experimental use of vignettes have also been useful in the assessment of negative symptoms. A second controversial area is whether or not the presence or absence of affect is the fundamental issue separating schizophrenia from other psychoses. Results: A continuum of psychosis has been hypothesized, with unipolar psychotic depression at one pole and schizophrenia with defect state at the other. Within this proposed continuum, negative symptoms are associated only with schizophrenia without affect and with defect state schizophrenia. As such, variation in affect could be a primary determinant of the type of psychosis. Conclusion: It appears that negative symptoms are a distinct aspect of schizophrenia and may aid in our understanding of psychotic disorders.
31
Barnett, Jennifer H., Fiona McDougall, Man K. Xu, Tim J. Croudace, Marcus Richards, and Peter B. Jones. "Childhood cognitive function and adult psychopathology: associations with psychotic and non-psychotic symptoms in the general population." British Journal of Psychiatry 201, no. 2 (August 2012): 124–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.111.102053.
Full textAbstract:
BackgroundLower cognitive ability in childhood is associated with increased risk of future schizophrenia, but its relationship with adult psychotic-like experiences and other psychopathology is less understood.AimsTo investigate whether this childhood risk factor is shared with adult subclinical psychiatric phenotypes including psychotic-like experiences and general psychiatric morbidity.MethodA population-based sample of participants born in Great Britain during 1 week in March 1946 was contacted up to 20 times between ages 6 weeks and 53 years. Cognition was assessed at ages 8, 11 and 15 years using a composite of age-appropriate verbal and non-verbal cognitive tests. At age 53 years, psychotic-like experiences were self-reported by 2918 participants using four items from the Psychosis Screening Questionnaire and general psychiatric morbidity was assessed using the scaled version of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28).ResultsPsychotic-like experiences were reported by 22% of participants, and were highly comorbid with other psychopathology. Their presence in adults was significantly associated with poorer childhood cognitive test scores at ages 8 and 15 years, and marginally so at age 11 years. In contrast, high GHQ scores were not associated with poorer childhood cognition after adjustment for the presence of psychotic-like experiences.ConclusionsPsychotic and non-psychotic psychopathologic symptoms are highly comorbid in the general population. Lower childhood cognitive ability is a risk factor for psychotic-like experiences in mid-life; these phenomena may be one end of a continuum of phenotypic expression driven by variation in early neurodevelopment.
32
Verdoux, Hélène, Jim Van Os, Pak C. Sham, Peter B. Jones, Karyna Gilvarry, and Robin Murray. "Does Familiality Predispose to both Emergence and Persistence of Psychosis?" British Journal of Psychiatry 168, no. 5 (May 1996): 620–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.168.5.620.
Full textAbstract:
BackgroundIt has been suggested that in schizophrenia an association exists between family history of schizophrenia and poor outcome on the one hand, and family history of affective disorders and good outcome on the other.MethodWe tested for associations between four-year outcome and familial loading for psychotic disorders in a mixed sample of 150 consecutively admitted patients with functional psychosis (schizophrenia, psychotic affective disorders, other psychotic disorders) of recent onset. For each proband, a familial loading score for (i) broadly defined psychotic disorder, (ii) schizophrenia, and (iii) affective disorder was calculated using information on relatives obtained through the Family History Research Diagnostic Criteria method and direct interviews of relatives with the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia.ResultsIn our sample of psychotic patients, familial loading for psychotic disorder predicted persistent negative symptoms over the follow-up period (OR 1.5; 95% CI 1–2.2), especially in schizophrenia, and was also associated with more time hospitalised (P > 0.05), and more social disability at follow-up (P < 0.05). Greater familial loading for schizophrenia predicted a greater likelihood of non-recovery (OR 2.2; 95% CI 1.1–4.4) and a greater likelihood to have had persistent negative symptoms over the follow-up period (OR 1.7; 95% CI 0.9–3.1). No association was found between outcome and familial loading for affective disorder.ConclusionsWe conclude that familial loading may be a continuous risk factor for some dimensions of clinical outcome in the functional psychoses. This suggests that there is a continuum of genetic liability not only to the emergence of psychotic illness, but also the subsequent chronicity of the disorder.
33
Barbagelata, R., and J. E. Muñoz Negro. "Is there a relationship between Gilles de la Tourette and psychosis? A case report considering the continuum psychosis perspective and vulnerability model." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S430. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.411.
Full textAbstract:
IntroductionThere has been no evidence so far about significant relationship between Gilles de la Tourette and psychosis. Perhaps a continuum psychosis perspective and the vulnerability model could improve the comprehension of our patients.ObjectivesTo describe a case in which motor and obsessive symptoms evolve to schizophreniform symptoms and important psychosocial deterioration.MethodsSingle case report and literature review.ResultsA 20-year-old man, with clinical record of Gilles de la Tourette, and a psychosis episode 6 months before, is brought by his family with a syndrome consistent in motor retardation, whispered speech, poor visual contact, social withdrawal, hygiene neglect, abulia, apathy and blunted affect. In the one-year tracing conceptual disorganization and poor idea association are in the first place. Within child history, we found symptoms congruent with Gilles de la Tourette, obsessive symptoms and others that may be called mild psychotic symptoms (which did not fit in any diagnosis at that moment). We also found a pathological relationship between his parents and among him, as well as a poor economic and social condition.ConclusionsAccording to the continuum perspective, psychotic symptoms could be found within the obsessive spectrum. Related to the vulnerability model, we found in our case external factors that affected the clinical evolution: family dynamics affected, communication deviation, social and economic impairment, social withdrawal and vital aim loss. These factors should be attended in first place, as they are not only related with the triggering of illness but they also are the main way to recovery.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
34
Van Os, Jim. "Is there a continuum of psychotic experiences in the general population?" Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 12, no. 4 (December 2003): 242–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1121189x00003067.
Full textAbstract:
SummaryAims - Schizophrenia is a severe mental illness that affects 1% of the population. The diagnosis is made according to current diagnostic systems of DSM-1V (American Psychiatric Association, 1994) and ICD-10 (World Health Organisation, 1992), on the basis of characteristic ‘positive’ and ‘negative’ symptoms. The traditional model assumes a categorical view of the schizophrenia syndrome and its core symptoms, in which differences between psychotic symptoms and their normal counterparts are considered to be qualitative. An alternative, dimensional approach assumes that schizophrenia is not a discrete illness entity, but that psychotic symptoms differ in quantitative ways from normal experiences and behaviours. This paper reviews evidence for the continuity of psychotic symptoms with normal experiences, focusing on the symptoms of hallucinations and delusions. Methods - A qualitative review of the relevant literature. Results - The literature suggests that although current epidemiological approaches yield substantial evidence for a continuum view, it is rarely interpreted as such. Conclusions - The traditional concept ofschizophrenia as a homogeneous disease entity has become outdated and is in dire need of a more valid and clinically useful successor.Declaration of InterestsSupport has been received in the last two years from the Dutch Research Council, The Dutch Ministry of Health, Maastricht University, The Dutch Brain Society, ZON-MW, The Province of Limburg, The Council of Maastricht, Eli Lilly, Janssen-Cilag, Pfizer, Astra-Zeneca and Bristol Meyer Squibb. None of these funding sources represents a conflict of interest in relation to this article.
35
Brett, C. M. C., E. R. Peters, and P. K. McGuire. "Which psychotic experiences are associated with a need for clinical care?" European Psychiatry 30, no. 5 (July 2015): 648–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2014.12.005.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractBackgroundThe aims of this study were to identify (1) the factor structure of anomalous experiences across the psychosis continuum; (2) qualitative and quantitative differences in psychotic experiences (PEs) between “non need-for-care” and two clinical groups: psychosis patients and individuals at ultra high risk (UHR) of psychosis. We aimed to distinguish which types of experiences would be related to malign (need-for-care and/or help-seeking) versus benign outcomes.MethodsComponent scores obtained from a Principal Components Analysis of PEs from lifetime scores on the Appraisals of Anomalous Experience Inventory (Brett et al., 2007) were compared across 96 participants: patients diagnosed with a psychotic disorder (n = 37), help-seeking UHR people (n = 21), and non-clinical individuals presenting with enduring PEs (n = 38).ResultsA five-component structure provided the best solution, comprising dissociative-type experiences, subjective cognitive deficits, and three separate components relating to “positive” symptoms. All groups reported “positive” experiences, such as ideas of reference and hallucinations, with the non-clinical group displaying more PEs in the Paranormal/Hallucinatory component than both clinical groups. “Cognitive/Attentional anomalies” was the only component where the clinical groups reported significantly more anomalies than the non-clinical group. However psychosis patients reported more frequent first-rank type symptoms and “hypomanic” type PEs than the other groups.Discussion“Positive” PEs were common across the psychosis spectrum, although first-rank type symptoms were particularly marked in participants diagnosed with a psychotic disorder. Help-seeking and need-for-care were associated with the presence of subjective cognitive disturbances. These findings suggest that anomalies of cognition and attention may be more relevant to poorer outcomes than the presence of anomalous experiences.
36
Powers, Albert R., Laura I. van Dyck, Jane R. Garrison, and Philip R. Corlett. "Paracingulate Sulcus Length Is Shorter in Voice-Hearers Regardless of Need for Care." Schizophrenia Bulletin 46, no. 6 (May 20, 2020): 1520–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaa067.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Hallucinations—while often considered an indication of mental illness—are commonly experienced by those without a need for clinical care. These nonclinical voice-hearers offer an opportunity to investigate hallucinations in the absence of confounds inherent to the clinical state. Recent work demonstrates an association between auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) and structural variability in paracingulate sulcus (PCS) of medial prefrontal cortex in a clinical population. However, before PCS length may be considered a biomarker for clinical hallucination risk, it is necessary to investigate PCS structure in a nonclinical population of voice-hearers with AVH phenomenology similar to those of their clinical counterparts. In the current study, PCS length was measured from T1-weighted structural MRI scans of four groups of participants: (1) voice-hearers with a psychotic disorder (n = 15); (2) voice-hearers without a psychotic disorder (n = 15); (3) nonvoice-hearers with a psychotic disorder (n = 14); and (4) nonvoice-hearers without a psychotic disorder (n = 15). There was a main effect of AVH status—but not psychosis—on right PCS length, with no interaction of AVH and psychosis. Participants with AVH exhibited reduced right PCS length compared to participants without AVH (mean reduction = 8.8 mm, P < 0.05). While past studies have demonstrated decreased PCS length in clinical voice-hearers, ours is the first demonstration that shorter right PCS extends to nonclinical voice-hearers. Our findings support the hypothesis that differences in PCS length are related to the propensity to hear voices and not to illness, consistent with a continuum model of voice-hearing.
37
Angst, Jules. "The bipolar spectrum." British Journal of Psychiatry 190, no. 3 (March 2007): 189–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.106.030957.
Full textAbstract:
SummaryThe two-dimensional bipolar spectrum described here comprises a continuum of severity from normal to psychotic and a continuum from depression, via three bipolar subgroups to mania. This combination of dimensional and categorical principles for classifying mood disorders may help alleviate the problems of underdiagnosis and undertreatment of bipolar disorders.
38
Bendala-Rodríguez, Pedro, Cristina Senín-Calderón, Leonardo Peluso-Crespi, and Juan F. Rodríguez-Testal. "Vulnerability to Psychosis, Ideas of Reference and Evaluation with an Implicit Test." Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 11 (November 13, 2019): 1956. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm8111956.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Ideas of reference (IRs) are observed in the general population on the continuum of the psychotic phenotype (as a type of psychotic-like experiences, PLE). The instruments usually used to evaluate IRs show some problems: They depend on the cooperation of the participant, comprehension of items, social desirability, etc. Aims: The Testal emotional counting Stroop (TECS) was developed for the purpose of improving evaluation of individuals vulnerable to psychosis and its relationship with ideas of reference. The TECS (two versions) was applied as an implicit evaluation instrument for IRs and related processes for early identification of persons vulnerable to psychosis and to test the possible influence of emotional symptomatology. Method: A total of 160 participants (67.5% women) from the general population were selected (Mean (M) = 24.12 years, standard deviation (SD) = 5.28), 48 vulnerable and 112 non-vulnerable. Results: Vulnerability to psychosis was related to greater latency in response to referential stimuli. Version 4 of the TECS showed a slight advantage in identifying more latency in response to referential stimuli among participants with vulnerability to psychosis (Cohen’s d = 1.08). Emotional symptomatology (especially stress), and IQ (premorbid) mediated the relationship between vulnerability and IR response latency. Conclusions: The application of the implicit Testal emotional counting Stroop test (TECS) is useful for evaluating processes related to vulnerability to psychosis, as demonstrated by the increased latency of response to referential stimuli.
39
Escolà-Gascón, Álex, and Abigail C. Wright. "Psychotic behaviors during COVID-19: Should conspiracist ideation be included within the continuum model of psychosis?" Schizophrenia Research 237 (November 2021): 190–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2021.09.007.
Full text
40
GARETY, PHILIPPA A., PAUL BEBBINGTON, DAVID FOWLER, DANIEL FREEMAN, and ELIZABETH KUIPERS. "Implications for neurobiological research of cognitive models of psychosis: a theoretical paper." Psychological Medicine 37, no. 10 (March 5, 2007): 1377–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003329170700013x.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTBackgroundCognitive models of the positive symptoms of psychosis specify the cognitive, social and emotional processes hypothesized to contribute to their occurrence and persistence, and propose that vulnerable individuals make characteristic appraisals that result in specific positive symptoms.MethodWe describe cognitive models of positive psychotic symptoms and use this as the basis of discussing recent relevant empirical investigations and reviews that integrate cognitive approaches into neurobiological frameworks.ResultsEvidence increasingly supports a number of the hypotheses proposed by cognitive models. These are that: psychosis is on a continuum; specific cognitive processes are risk factors for the transition from subclinical experiences to clinical disorder; social adversity and trauma are associated with psychosis and with negative emotional processes; and these emotional processes contribute to the occurrence and persistence of psychotic symptoms. There is also evidence that reasoning biases contribute to the occurrence of delusions.ConclusionsThe benefits of incorporating cognitive processes into neurobiological research include more sophisticated, bidirectional and interactive causal models, the amplification of phenotypes in neurobiological investigations by including emotional processes, and the adoption of more specific clinical phenotypes. For example, there is potential value in studying gene×environment×cognition/emotion interactions. Cognitive models and their derived phenotypes constitute the missing link in the chain between genetic or acquired biological vulnerability, the social environment and the expression of individual positive symptoms.
41
Fawcett, Jan. "The Psychotic Continuum: Follow the Evidence, but How Is It Interpreted?" Psychiatric Annals 40, no. 2 (February 1, 2010): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/00485718-20100127-01.
Full text
42
Coryell, William. "Do psychotic, minor and intermittent depressive disorders exist on a continuum?" Journal of Affective Disorders 45, no. 1-2 (August 1997): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-0327(97)00061-x.
Full text
43
Wiesjahn, Martin, Alison Brabban, Esther Jung, Ulla B. Gebauer, and Tania M. Lincoln. "Are continuum beliefs about psychotic symptoms associated with stereotypes about schizophrenia?" Psychosis 6, no. 1 (November 15, 2012): 50–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17522439.2012.740068.
Full text
44
Crow, T. J. "Nature of the genetic contribution to psychotic illness - a continuum viewpoint." Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 81, no. 5 (May 1990): 401–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1990.tb05471.x.
Full text
45
Taylor, Jeremy A., Kit Melissa Larsen, Ilvana Dzafic, and Marta I. Garrido. "Predicting subclinical psychotic-like experiences on a continuum using machine learning." NeuroImage 241 (November 2021): 118329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118329.
Full text
46
Garrison, Jane R., Charles Fernyhough, Simon McCarthy-Jones, Jon S. Simons, and Iris E. C. Sommer. "Paracingulate Sulcus Morphology and Hallucinations in Clinical and Nonclinical Groups." Schizophrenia Bulletin 45, no. 4 (October 30, 2018): 733–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sby157.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Hallucinations are a characteristic symptom of psychotic mental health conditions that are also experienced by many individuals without a clinical diagnosis. Hallucinations in schizophrenia have been linked to differences in the length of the paracingulate sulcus (PCS), a structure in the medial prefrontal cortex which has previously been associated with the ability to differentiate perceived and imagined information. We investigated whether this putative morphological basis for hallucinations extends to individuals without a clinical diagnosis, by examining whether nonclinical individuals with hallucinations have shorter PCS than nonclinical individuals without hallucinations. Structural MRI scans were examined from 3 demographically matched groups of individuals: 50 patients with psychotic diagnoses who experienced auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs), 50 nonclinical individuals with AVHs, and 50 healthy control subjects with no life-time history of hallucinations. Results were verified using automated data-driven gyrification analyses. Patients with hallucinations had shorter PCS than both healthy controls and nonclinical individuals with hallucinations, with no difference between nonclinical individuals with hallucinations and healthy controls. These findings suggest that the association of shorter PCS length with hallucinations is specific to patients with a psychotic disorder. This presents challenges for full-continuum models of psychosis and suggests possible differences in the mechanisms underlying hallucinations in clinical and nonclinical groups.
47
Lemey, L., J. Godderis, and H. van den Ameele. "Psychiatric complications of drug treatment of Parkinson's disease." Acta Neuropsychiatrica 13, no. 1 (March 2001): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s092427080003533x.
Full textAbstract:
SUMMARYDrug-induced psychiatric conditions are a common and severe problem in the treatment of patients with Parkinson's disease. Psychotic symptoms are the most frequent reason for nursing home placement of patients with Parkinson's disease. The psychotic symptoms seem to present themselves in a continuum where alterations in dreaming patterns often precede visual hallucinations, which often progress into delusional syndromes and, finally, into confusional organic syndromes. When evaluating a patient on dopaminergic treatment, it is important to inquire systematically about abnormal sleep related phenomena, for these are important clues in the early detection of psychotic symptoms. The pathogenesis of the psychotic symptoms is not yet fully understood but complex adaptations of various neurotransmitter systems seem to be involved. In the treatment of these drug-induced psychotic symptoms, the atypical antipsychotic drug clozapine plays an important role. Drug-induced mania, hypersexuality and anxiety, although less frequent than the psychotic symptoms, also occur as a complication of dopaminergic treatment. Depressive symptoms, although common in Parkinson's disease, are less likely to occur as a side effect of the drug treatment.
48
Szoke, Andrei, Alexandre Meary, Anca Trandafir, Frank Bellivier, Isabelle Roy, Franck Schurhoff, and Marion Leboyer. "Executive deficits in psychotic and bipolar disorders – Implications for our understanding of schizoaffective disorder." European Psychiatry 23, no. 1 (January 2008): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2007.10.006.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractObjectiveSchizoaffective disorder could be considered as a form of schizophrenia, a form of bipolar disorder, an independent disorder or a disorder intermediate between bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, within a psychotic continuum. The study of cognitive deficits in subjects with those diagnoses could help differentiate between these possibilities.MethodsWe compared cognitive performances of schizoaffective (SZAff) subjects with those of subjects with schizophrenia (SZ), bipolar disorder with psychotic symptoms (life-time) (BDP), bipolar disorder without life-time occurrence of psychotic symptoms (BD) and normal controls (NC). We used two tests of executive functions – the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and the Trail-making Test (TMT) – that are known to be impaired in those disorders.ResultsThe number of perseverative errors on WCST was highest in SZ subjects and gradually decreased in SZAff, BDP and, finally in BD subjects. By contrast, SZ and SZAff subjects obtained similar scores in the TMT, as did BD and BDP patients.ConclusionsThese results suggest that, for some deficits, there may be a continuum between SZ, SZAff and affective disorders, whereas SZAff patients most closely resemble SZ patients for other deficits. This implies that different conceptual views about schizoaffective disorder should be seen as complementary, rather than mutually exclusive.
49
Fernández-León, Sandra, Juan F. Rodríguez-Testal, María L. Gutiérrez-López, and Cristina Senín-Calderón. "Interpersonal Violence and Psychotic-Like Experiences: The Mediation of Ideas of Reference, Childhood Memories, and Dissociation." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 12 (June 25, 2020): 4587. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124587.
Full textAbstract:
Previous studies have demonstrated the relationship between the accumulation of situations involving interpersonal violence (IV) and psychotic-like experiences. This study explored whether IV is related to aberrant salience (AS), using a sequential mediation model that included memories of relationship with parents (submission, devaluation, and threat; Early Life Experiences Scale (ELES)), ideas of reference (IR), and dissociative symptoms (absorption and depersonalization), and whether the patient/nonpatient condition moderated this effect. The sample was made of 401 participants (including 43 patients with psychotic disorders) aged 18 to 71 years (Mage = 30.43; SD = 11.19). Analysis of a serial multiple mediator model revealed that IR, ELES, absorption, and depersonalization fully mediated the effect of IV on AS, explaining 39% of the variance, regardless of the patient/nonpatient condition. The indirect paths, which place IR and dissociation (especially absorption, the variable to which the IR and ELES lead) in a primordial position for being related to AS, are discussed. This continuum model could be useful for understanding processes related to the onset of psychosis unmoderated by the patient/nonpatient condition.
50
David, A. S. "Why we need more debate on whether psychotic symptoms lie on a continuum with normality." Psychological Medicine 40, no. 12 (February 11, 2010): 1935–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291710000188.
Full textAbstract:
The notion that psychotic symptoms lie on a continuum with normality has become an accepted dogma. It is supported by several lines of empirical evidence, fits in with the orientation of modern services and has a ‘moral’ appeal. However, there is confusion as to the nature of the continuum or continua under discussion. According to the author, commentators on this topic do not often distinguish between the variability and severity of the phenomena themselves, within or between individuals, versus the distribution of symptoms or risk factors in a population. The implications of these two types of continua differ. Furthermore, the evidence for continua of delusional beliefs and hallucinations can be challenged on a number of grounds, both methodological and conceptual. To some extent, whether phenomena are viewed as continua or categories depends on the intentions of the observer. Finding the distinctive characteristics of psychotic phenomena in people with clinical disorders, in addition to their origins in ‘normal’ cognitive processes, is a worthwhile goal.