Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Psychotherapy and literature'

Understanding how change occurs in psychotherapy is imperative in informing clinical practice. Increasing attention has been given to the role that qualitative research could play in enhancing our understanding of therapeutic change. Although quantitative research suggests that parent-child psychotherapy is effective in facilitating change, no research to date has focused on how parents make sense of their change experience. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis was used to analyse semi-structured interviews of eight parents who had completed parent-child psychotherapy about their understanding of change. Five master themes emerged which encapsulated participant’s understanding of change. These included constructing a survivor narrative, the experience of being understood enabling further understanding, adjusting expectations and practicing acceptance and feeling empowered to relinquish control. The final theme summarised how despite psychotherapy being conceptualised as a ‘precious’ resource, there was a sense that its limitations could negatively impact participant’s wellbeing. The study concluded that meaningful elements of change were identified from the parents’ experience. Findings were discussed in relation to previous research. Limitations and implications for future research and practice were examined.

Psychotherapy interns often report feeling traumatized by the process that attempts to match them with an internship site. Once placed, feeling unsupported in one's supervisory relationship may lead to burnout, which contributes to high rates of attrition. A supportive relationship between supervisors and interns appears significant to the development of their early professional resilience. This integrative literature review asks, "How do therapists at all stages of their career achieve and maintain professional resilience?" and "What is inherent in the supervisory relationship that influences such growth and resilience in interns?"

Literature on psychotherapy supervision, professional trauma, compassion fatigue, and resilience was selected from the psychodynamic, psychoanalytic, and existential-humanistic traditions as well as from relational neuroscience. This literature was integrated in such a way as to define, compare and contrast these concepts.

Psychotherapists report a variety of historic traumas that contribute to their choice of psychotherapy as a profession. Therapists also identify as falling on a dynamic spectrum of resilience, reporting both personal and professional protective and risk factors. Psychodynamic, psychoanalytic, and existential-humanistic training and professional models continue to highlight the value of the supervisory and consultant relationship in support of recovery from professional overwhelm toward lasting personal and professional resilience. Therapists at all stages of their career report achieving and maintaining professional resilience by practicing individualized self-care, engaging in dynamic personal psychotherapy, and through supportive relationships in supervision and consultation. The primary element in the supervisory relationship that promotes growth and resilience in interns is the ability of the empathic supervisor to privilege the supervisee's experience in the supervisory relationship as well as with their mutual clients.

A supervisory model emerged that (a) elevates personal history and awareness of an intern's preexisting risk and protective factors, (b) promotes in-session self-awareness, and (c) draws on existential-humanistic theory, leading to the development of resilience. This model serves to support the humanity of the intern and supervisor as evolving professionals while respecting and perhaps enhancing the orientation of the training site.

This thesis has three primary objectives and is organized into two separate but related manuscripts: In the first manuscript, entitled A Review of Client Involvement in Psychotherapy, the goal is to provide a thorough review of the involvement literature and to present a theoretical conceptualization of client involvement that could clarify our understanding of involvement. Specifically, it is argued that client involvement is composed of two facets, the internal and external processes which guide whether a client will participate in therapy. The goal of the second manuscript, which is entitled Factor Analysis and Construct Validity of a Measure of Client Involvement, is to evaluate a factor model of client involvement based on empirical data. The client involvement measure is the Comprehensive Scale of Psychotherapy Session Constructs Client Involvement subscale (CSPSC-CI; Eugster & Wampold, 1996), and it has not previously been independently evaluated. The psychometric properties of this measure were examined. Factor analysis of the CSPSC-CI revealed three interpretable factors: a Client factor, an Active Therapist factor, and a Disengaged Therapist factor. Discriminant and convergent construct validity was also evaluated; the results of the study provide preliminary support for the construct validity of the measure.
Cette these a trois objectifs principaux et se divise en deux manuscrits distincts mais liés: Dans le premier manuscrit, intitulé A Review of Client Involvement in Psychotherapy, le but est de fournir un examen approfondi de la littérature de la participation et d'avancer une conceptualisation de la participation qui clarifiera notre compréhension de la participation. Précisément, nous maintenons que la conceptualisation de la participation est composée de deux facettes, le processus interne et le processus externe, qui indiquent si un client participera à la thérapie. Le but du deuxième manuscrit, intitulé Factor Analysis and Construct Validity of a Measure of Client Involvement, est d'évaluer un modèle des facteurs de la participation des clients basé sur les données empiriques. La mesure de la participation des clients est l'Echelle exhaustive des concepts des séances de psychothérapie, sous-échelle Participation des Clients (Comprehensive Scale of Psychotherapy Session Constructs – Client Involvement subscale [CSPSC-CI; Eugster & Wampold, 1996]), qui n'a jamais été évaluée de façon indépendente. Nous avons examiné les propriétés psychométriques de cette mesure. L'analyse des facteurs de la sous-échelle CSPSC-CI a révélé trois facteurs distincts: un facteur de Client, un facteur de Thérapeute Actif, et un facteur de Thérapeute Inattentif. Nous avons également évalué la validité de concept de la mesure, et les résultats de l'étude fournissent un appui préliminaire de la validité de concept de la sous-échelle.

This dissertation uses a modified systematic literature review to look at working with parents and carers within child and adolescent psychotherapy, and to consider this tasks relationship to therapeutic outcomes for children and adolescents. The topic is important because psychotherapy with children and adolescents inevitably involves additional relationships. The literature indicates the way this undertaking has been regarded has varied through the history of psychodynamic child and adolescent psychotherapy. Numerous writers reflect on the ongoing neglect and absence of systematic thinking in relation to the task of work with parents and carers. This lack of attention is understood to have been influenced by the traditional model of child and adolescent psychotherapy where the source of the child or adolescent’s distress or difficulty was regarded as being primarily intrapsychic. What is now known regarding the current and active nature of the child or adolescent’s relationship with the parent or carer, and the power and persistence of the parent-child bond has resulted in an acknowledgement of the need for a more equitable balance of focus between internal and external factors. In acknowledging that the external can no longer be seen as peripheral there are compelling clinical reasons to work with parents and carers. This undertaking should not be seen as dependant on the therapist’s orientation or interest. The significant scope of possibilities for work with parents and carers within child and adolescent psychotherapy is explored; however there is a lack of data relating to the clinical effectiveness of these approaches. The future need is for systematic thinking, and the development of practice guidelines for this clinical task.

This thesis consists of a literature review and a research study. The review used a meta-synthesis to integrate the findings of existing literature on problem construction in initial sessions of psychotherapy. Five main themes were constructed from the studies reviewed: Problems are defined by therapists, Therapists employ rhetorical strategies, Therapists’ use of power and clients’ resistance, Problems are structured and ordered through language, and Problems exist in socio-historical context. A new explanatory model for problem construction in psychotherapy was proposed. Therapists’ problem schemas that were shaped by socio-historical factors and rhetorical strategies involved in realising these schemas were central to the process of problem construction. Epistemological differences in research methodologies generated difficulties in the synthesis of existing research. For the research study, a critical discourse analysis was used to analyse therapist-client problem construction in first sessions of therapy in a trial comparing two psychotherapies for depression. Four stages of analysis were conducted, with the following findings: (1) discursive constructs included how problems were experienced and made sense of; (2) rhetorical strategies were used to pursue agendas by both clients and therapists; (3) subject positions were interactive and could be contradictory for both therapists and clients, they were generally more problem focused for clients and powerful for therapists; (4) therapists and clients reproduced normative discourses from institutions and ideologies shaping their subjectivity. Methodological limitations and recommendations for practice were outlined.

This master’s degree thesis exists in two parts: a critical introduction and an original novella entitled Side Effects. The critical introduction introduces and explains the theories on, literature surrounding, and literary uses of dystopian fiction, the novella format, and drug-based psychotherapy. Current opinion on dystopian fiction sees it characterized by a seemingly perfect societal setting that ultimately contains hidden or suppressed moral flaws. The ultimate purpose of dystopian fiction is commentary on contemporary society through a defamiliarized setting. The novella format is shown to exist in a middle-ground state between the short story and the novel, yet the format manages to maintain positive literary elements of both. Finally, a discussion on drug-based psychotherapy illustrates the use of chemical compounds to treat or cure psychological conditions, a topic of much debate amongst current psychology practitioners. The section on drug-based psychotherapy focuses largely on memoirs for purposes of first-hand experience and character creation for the original novella. The novella, entitled Side Effects, follows the character Edward, a middle-aged man who creates and tests serums that suppress by mandate the emotions that his society deems toxic to the human condition. Edward remains ignorant of any life outside the symmetry and order of the Company, the corporation responsible for the maintenance of the society. That is, until a chance encounter with a young woman named Gabrielle causes Edward to explore a world outside the confines of his carefully crafted city and lifestyle. She introduces him to a community of people who reject the mandates of the Company and exist as the extreme opposition to its ideals. As Edward spends more time with this group, known as Splicers, he must confront his long-held standards and finally choose for himself what life he will live.

Thesis (MHSc--Health Science) -- Auckland University of Technology, 2005.
Appendix A not included in e-thesis. Also held in print (61 leaves, 30 cm.) in Akoranga Theses Collection. (T 616.8914 COX)

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Oregon, 2006.
Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 59-61). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

Just as psychology and philosophy have influenced the field of literary studies, literature provides insight about the theories and practices of its sister disciplines. The purpose of this thesis is to demonstrate how literary works of Kurt Vonnegut illuminate principles of the influential branch of psychotherapy known as Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT). This thesis traces the similar philosophies and shared beliefs of Vonnegut and REBT's founder, Albert Ellis, and details how Ellis's REBT is illustrated in selected works of Vonnegut, specifically, Slaughterhouse-Five, Breakfast of Champions, Galapagos, and Timequake. The thesis concludes by suggesting that Vonnegut's works -- and the principles of REBT that they illuminate - provide a much needed guide for living in an irrational, often absurd world.

Certain approaches in the discipline Psychology, use the term narrative to describe how they work. Upon investigation one finds that the term narrative is seldom informed from Literary Theory, the background from which it originated. Instead, other disciplines that were also influenced by Literary Theory are invariably used as a means of cross fertilisation, e.g. the work of Geertz from an anthropologist background. Therapists make use of techniques described in the theories in an attempt to come to an understanding of the interactions in the therapy session. Some of the later theories emanating from Literary Theory appear to very useful for opening new ways of research in psychology, especially because some of them already come from an interdisciplinary background. This research attempts to identify useful theories and then apply them within a hermeneutical background in a therapeutical session. Theoretical work on ambiguity, recent research on foregrounding and defamiliarization and also the research in psychonarratology appear to be eminently useful for coming to a deeper understanding of the processes that take place in a therapeutic environment. It is thought that these theories could be of use because they have been 'tested' against the experiences of real readers reading texts. As novels differ from reports and washing lists, therapeutic settings differ from discussions. A novel is a cultivated variant of a report, and a therapeutic conversation is a cultivated version of a chat. These theories then, were applied to a real therapeutic session. The therapists who participated were interviewed on the session and on their reactions to certain 'readings' made by them during the session. The purpose of the interview was to obtain an understanding of their interpretation of what had happened during that session. The questions, reactions, observations and reflections of the session constitute the text of this research. The generated text was then reread from the perspective of each of the theories. The data was collected and interpreted. The interpretation focusses on the therapists 'reading' or understanding of the session and in the process, leads the therapists and researcher to further levels of understanding. In conclusion, it was found that the theories were indeed useful as they were able to point out how certain stylistics of language and situation in the therapeutic session had led to hermeneutic or interpretive processes and also how these processes were perceived or experienced on reflection by the therapists.

'In Two Minds' is a novel of false beliefs. Set in contemporary Sydney, it deals with the relationship between two sisters in their late thirties, Kara and Linda Hille. Told in the second person singular from the point of view of the elder sister, Linda, it is based around the neurological delusion of the younger sibling, Kara. Kara wrongly believes that their mother, Stella, has been replaced by an impostor, 'Mrs. Whitegloves'. For the greater part, the narrative 'you' relates events in the sisters' lives and deals with issues such as the consequences of condoned child abuse, the dilemma of human cloning and the future of 'the brand' in the light of contemporary global marketing. Linda, an advertising executive, struggles with a formidable work-project, an account that is lost to a competitor, and the mistaken belief that she is responsible for her sister's plight. Shocking graffiti about herself, which appears at the same time as she wins an advertising award, proves to be the catalyst that brings beneficial change to her life. Through the tragedy of confronting her sister's devastation and her own challenges, Linda leaves her job, believing this will allow her to start again - differently. In the final chapter, the difference is registered in a shift from the second person to the consolidated first person method of narration. ABSTRACT EXEGESIS The dissertation 'A Singular Voice' documents aspects of authorial, psychoanalytical and literary significance in the creation of a fiction which draws on personal material confrontational to the writer. It also discusses some wider (non-fictional and other) uses of the narrative 'you' in order to establish the literary tradition in which the novel 'In Two Minds' may be situated. This disseration examines the use of the second-person singular pronoun 'you' as narrator, mainly in contemporary fiction. It concentrates on the ways in which the narrative 'you' was employed to achieve a 'cover', mask or persona for the 'I' behind the text in the novel 'In Two Minds', and explains why it was necessary to seek such subterfuge. It describes how certain grammatical and rhetorical resources were used to build and maintain 'cover', while at the same time allowing the narrative 'you' to express a particular aspect of the fictional protagonist, address the reader, and sustain the story of which it is the intradiegetic narratee. Related narrative elements include construction of the characters through the use of the narrative 'you', for example the narcissistic mother, Stella; the phantom double, 'Mrs. Whitegloves'; the sufferer of Capgras' delusion, Kara; and the ultimate bearer of the singular 'you' voice, the protagonist Linda.

The present study was designed to assess the relationship between language disorders, maternal attachment, behavior problems, and parental stress. The mothers of the following four groups of children were studied: (a) language delayed children without behavior problems, (b) language delayed children with behavior problems, (c) non-language delayed children without behavior problems, and (d) non-language delayed children with behavior problems. Mothers completed three measures: (a) The Maternal Perceptions of Child Attachment, (b) The Maternal Gratification Scale, and (c) The Parenting Stress Index. Contrary to expectations, mothers of language delayed children reported more attachment to their children than did mothers of non-language delayed children. The presence of behavior problems did not seem to affect the mothers' perceived attachment but was associated with greater maternal stress. The results suggested that the child's needs associated with having a disability may actually enhance attachment while behavior problems not the disability itself contributed to maternal stress.

The year 2012 was a year of great controversy surrounding autism in France. Thus it is an ideal time for an investigation of the treatment of and attitudes about autism in France, specifically in comparison with the United States. This investigation encompass several specific categories, and the Freudian psychoanalytic method against the behavior modification method, the French education system and the identification of autism, "Maternal Madness" - the connection between sexism and autism, the philosophy of humanity and the history of medical experimentation and psychiatry in France. This paper questions how is it that all these categories influence the opinions and and treatment of autism in France and what importance these attitudes have in French society.

A Análise do Comportamento Clínica nasceu da transposição do modelo experimental do laboratório para a aplicação com humanos, logo, mostra-se comprometida com a ciência desde sua concepção. No Brasil, a Análise do Comportamento Clínica tem uma história particular, ela foi gradualmente construída pelos primeiros estudantes de Análise do Comportamento do país e atualmente é denominada como Terapia Analítico-Comportamental (TAC). Apesar da TAC ser comprometida com a ciência desde sua concepção, uma recente revisão integrativa da produção científica da área foi realizada com o objetivo de aproximar a TAC de uma Prática Baseada em Evidências em Psicologia. Os dados demonstraram que ela carece de evidências empíricas que comprovem sua eficácia, tanto pela quantidade quanto pela qualidade dos trabalhos. Uma vez que o ponto principal de qualquer esforço para definir uma prática como baseada em evidências é começar com uma definição rigorosa da prática, o presente trabalho buscou examinar as definições da TAC descritas por autores de pesquisas empíricas. Para isso foram realizados os seguintes passos: (1) atualização da revisão integrativa da literatura de pesquisas empíricas em TAC realizada por Jan Leonardi em 2016; (2) leitura e levantamento das definições à TAC dada pelos autores nas introduções da literatura empírica levantada; (3) categorização das definições em termos de pressupostos, processos, procedimentos e resultados; e (4) análise crítica das definições dadas pelos autores. Na busca foram selecionadas 24 introduções de textos empíricos e extraídos 141 trechos referentes à definição de TAC, totalizando 265 categorizações. Os dados encontrados mostraram que as definições de TAC utilizadas nas introduções contemplam descrições em termos de procedimento, processo, resultado e pressupostos, mas apenas uma pequena parte das definições abrangeu todas essas categorias. A maior parte das descrições encontradas estão relacionadas a procedimento e, em sua maioria, respostas inespecíficas do terapeuta. A categoria de respostas inespecíficas do terapeuta consiste em descrições de ações do terapeuta de forma que não permite que um leitor bem treinado as reproduza. Os dados mostraram uma descrição pouco precisa da TAC nas introduções e, a partir deles, são discutidas as implicações para o ensino, pesquisa e prática clínica. Por fim, sugere-se possíveis diretrizes para descrições de TAC em introduções de futuras publicações, a saber: (a) apresentar os pressupostos filosóficos e teóricos que embasam a TAC fazendo uma relação direta entre estes e as implicações na compreensão, análise do caso e a prática do terapeuta; (b) descrever os fenômenos, o máximo quanto possível, em termos de processos comportamentais; (c) ao descrever procedimentos padronizados, utilizar nomenclaturas já descritas na literatura e evitar nomenclaturas novas, a não ser que esteja propondo um procedimento inédito; (d) ao descrever respostas do terapeuta, especificar quais respostas devem ser emitidas pelos terapeutas diante de quais antecedentes, e quais as consequências esperadas. Essas diretrizes visam promover uma descrição mais precisa a fim de favorecer avanços na área e viabilizar pesquisas que avaliem a eficácia da TAC
Clinical Behavior Analysis was born from the transposition of the laboratorys experimental model to the application with humans, therefore, it has been committed with science from the beginning. In Brazil, Clinical Behavior Analysis has a particular history, it was gradually constructed by the countrys first students of Behavior Analysis and is currently denominated as Behavioral-Analytic Therapy (TAC). Although TAC has been committed to science since its inception, a recent integrative review of the areas scientific production was carried out with the aim of bringing TAC closer to Evidence Based Practice in Psychology. The data demonstrated that it lacks empirical evidence to prove its efficacy, both regarding the quantity and the quality of the work. Since the main point of any effort to define an evidence-based practice is to begin with a rigorous definition of practice, the present work sought to examine the definitions of TAC described by empirical research authors. In order to do that, the following steps were taken: (1) update the integrative review of the empirical research literature on TAC performed by Jan Leonardi on 2016; (2) read and retrieve the definitions of TAC given by the authors in the introductions of the empirical literature; (3) categorize the definitions in terms of assumptions, processes, procedures and results; and (4) critically analyze the definitions given by the authors. In the review, 24 introductions of empirical texts were selected and 141 excerpts referring to the definition of TAC were extracted, totaling 265 categorizations. The data showed that the definitions of TAC used in the introductions include descriptions in terms of procedures, processes, outcomes and assumptions, but only a small part of the definitions covered all of these categories. Most of the descriptions found are related to procedure and, for the most part, nonspecific responses of the therapist. The category of nonspecific responses of the therapist consists of descriptions of the therapist\'s actions in a way that it does not allow for a well-trained reader to reproduce them. The data showed a description of TAC in the introductions with low precision and, from them, the implications for teaching, research and clinical practice are discussed. Finally, it is suggested possible guidelines for descriptions of TAC in introductions of future publications, namely: (a) to present the philosophical and theoretical assumptions that underpin TAC, establishing a direct relation between them and the implications for the understanding, case analysis and the practice of the therapist; (b) describe the phenomena as much as possible in terms of behavioral processes; (c) to use nomenclatures already described in the literature and avoid new nomenclatures when describing standardized procedures, unless it is proposing an unpublished procedure; (d) when describing the therapist\'s responses, specify which responses should be emitted in relation to what antecedents, and what are the expected consequences. These guidelines aim to promote a more precise description in order to promote advances in the area and to enable researches that evaluate the effectiveness of TAC

The fields of psychology and rhetoric share the goal of improving human mental health and behavior through persuasion. This thesis traces the history of rhetoric and psychology theory, focusing on the parallel theories of Nienkamp's internal rhetoric and Herman's dialogical self. Both theories model the human mind as having multiple psyches that actively interact to interpret human experience and project human behavior. I conclude with a case study of anorexic patients using ethos, pathos, and logos in dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), arguing that principles of rhetoric can help patients with mental disorders cognitively realign their thinking more effectively than drug treatments can.

La méthodologie de l’évaluation en psychothérapie s’est longtemps limitée aux résultats issus d’essais cliniques comparatifs de groupes. L’objectif, engagé dans les années 2000, de comprendre ce qui cause son efficacité a engagé un renouvellement méthodologique. Son application concrète est peu documentée. La première partie présente, à partir d’une revue de la littérature centrée sur l’introduction de la recherche sur le processus associée aux résultats, comment le paradigme interactionnel multifactoriel de la psychothérapie a stimulé le développement de méthodes adaptées à la complexité et à l’observation en conditions naturelles. La seconde partie introduit autour de cinq axes principaux les questions méthodologiques générales et spécifiques de cette nouvelle orientation : 1. une épistémologie interactionnelle et transactionnelle ; 2. Un recentrage sur les études mixtes intensives de cas ; 3. Une investigation clinique et théorique multifocale des processus et mécanismes de changement ; 4. une forte relation clinicien-chercheur ; 5. une approche statistique innovante. La troisième partie expose l’expérience et les questions soulevées par la mise en œuvre de ce programme dans le cadre d’un réseau de recherche clinique centré sur les pratiques, du recueil des données jusqu’à l’analyse des processus et mécanismes de changement, et les résultats qui en sont issus. La quatrième partie présente une revue détaillée de la littérature. Ce travail devrait favoriser les collaborations avec les disciplines connexes et l’efficience des traitements par une meilleure connaissance des conditions et des mécanismes de changement associée au développement d’une base de données issue d’études de cas
The methodology of assessment in psychotherapy has long been limited to results from comparative group clinical trials. The objective, expressed in the 2000s, to understand what is causing its effectiveness has involved a methodological renewal. Its concrete application is poorly documented. The first part presents, from a review of the literature focusing on the introduction of research on the process associated with outcomes, how the multifactorial interactional paradigm of psychotherapy has stimulated the development of methods adapted to the complexity and observation in natural conditions. The second part introduces the general and specific methodological questions of this new orientation around five main axes: 1. an interactional and transactional epistemology; 2. A refocusing on intensive mixed case studies; 3. A multifocal clinical and theoretical investigation of the processes and mechanisms of change; 4. a strong clinical-researcher relationship; 5. an innovative statistical approach. The third part presents the experience and issues raised by the implementation of this program as part of a practice-oriented clinical research network, from data collection to analysis of processes and mechanisms of change, and results. The fourth part presents a detailed review of the literature. This work should foster collaborations with related disciplines and treatment efficiency through a better understanding of the conditions and mechanisms of change associated with the development of a case study database

More than 2.6 million troops have deployed in support of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. Still, surveys reveal that more than half feel “disconnected” from their civilian counterparts, and this feeling persists despite ongoing efforts, in the academy and elsewhere, to help returning veterans overcome physical and mental wounds, seek an education, and find meaningful ways to contribute to society after taking off the uniform. This dissertation argues that Iraq and Afghanistan War veterans struggle with reassimilation because they lack healthy, complete models of veteran identity to draw upon in their postwar lives, a problem they’re working through collectively in literature and artwork. The war veteran—returning home transformed by the harsh realities of military training and service, having seen humanity at its extremes, and interacting with a society apathetic toward his or her experiences—should engage in the act of storytelling. This act of sharing experiences and crafting-self subverts stereotypes. Storytelling, whether in a book read by millions, or in a single conversation with a close family member, should instruct civilians on the topic of human resiliency; it should instruct veterans on the topic of homecoming. But typically, veterans do not tell stories. Civilians create barriers to storytelling in the form of hollow platitudes—“thank you for your service” or “I can never understand what you’ve been through”—disconnected from the meaning of wartime service itself. The dissonance between veteran and civilian only becomes more complicated when one considers the implicit demands and expectations attached to patriotism. These often well-intentioned gestures and government programs fail to convey a message of appreciation because they refuse to convey a message of acceptance; the exceptional treatment of veterans by larger society implies also that they are insufficient, broken, or incomplete. So, many veterans chose conformity and silence, adopting one of two identities available to them: the forever pitied “Wounded Warrior” or the superficially praised “Hero.” These identities are not complete. They’re not even identities as much as they are collections of rumors, misrepresentations, and expectations of conformity. Once an individual veteran begins unconsciously performing the “Wounded Warrior” or “Hero” character, the number of potential outcomes available in that individual’s life is severely diminished. Society reinforces a feeling among veterans that they are “different.” This shared experience has resulted in commiseration, camaraderie, and also the proliferation of veterans’ creative communities. As storytellers, the members of these communities are restoring meaning to veteran-civilian discourse by privileging the nuanced experiences of the individual over stereotypes and emotionless rhetoric. They are instructing on the topics of war and homecoming, producing fictional and nonfictional representations of the veteran capable of competing with stereotypes, capable of reassimilation. The Introduction establishes the existence of veteran culture, deconstructs notions of there being a single or binary set of veteran identities, and critiques the social and cultural rhetoric used to maintain symbolic boundaries between veterans and civilians. It begins by establishing an approach rooted in interdisciplinary literary theory, taking veteran identity as its topic of consideration and the American unconscious as the text it seeks to examine, asking readers to suspend belief in patriotic rhetoric long enough to critically examine veteran identity as an apparatus used to sell war to each generation of new recruits. Patriotism, beyond the well-meaning gestures and entitlements afforded to veterans, also results in feelings of “difference,” in the veteran feeling apart from larger society. The inescapability of veteran “difference” is a trait which sets it apart from other cultures, and it is one bolstered by inaccurate and, at times, offensive portrayals of veterans in mass media and Hollywood films such as The Manchurian Candidate (1962), First Blood (1982), or Taxi Driver (1976). To understand this inescapability the chapter engages with theories of race, discussing the Korean War veteran in Home (2012) and other works by Toni Morrison to directly and indirectly explore descriptions of “difference” by African Americans and “others” not in positions of power. From there, the chapter traces veteran identity back to the Italian renaissance, arguing that modern notions of veteran identity are founded upon fears of returning veterans causing chaos and disorder. At the same time, writers such as Sebastian Junger, who are intimately familiar with veteran culture, repeatedly emphasize the camaraderie and “tribal” bonds found among members of the military, and instead of creating symbolic categories in which veterans might exist exceptionally as “Heroes,” or pitied as “Wounded Warriors,” the chapter argues that the altruistic nature which leads recruits to war, their capabilities as leaders and educators, and the need of larger society for examples of human resiliency are more appropriate starting points for establishing veteran identity. The Introduction is followed by an independent “Example” section, a brief examination of a student veteran named “Bingo,” one who demonstrates an ability to challenge, even employ veteran stereotypes to maintain his right to self-definition. Bingo’s story, as told in a “spotlight” article meant to attract student veterans to a college campus, portrays the veteran as a “Wounded Warrior” who overcomes mental illness and the scars of war through education, emerging as an exceptional example—a “Hero”—that other student veterans can model by enrolling at the school. Bingo’s story sets the stage for close examinations of the “Hero” and the “Wounded Warrior” in the first and second chapters. Chapter One deconstructs notions of heroism, primarily the belief that all veterans are “Heroes.” The chapter examines military training and indoctrination, Medal of Honor award citations, and film examples such as All Quiet on the Western Front (1930), Heroes for Sale (1933), Sergeant York (1941), and Top Gun (1986) to distinguish between actual feats of heroism and “Heroes” as they are presented in patriotic rhetoric. The chapter provides the Medal of Honor citations attached to awards presented to Donald Cook, Dakota Meyer, and Kyle Carpenter, examining the postwar lives of Meyer and Carpenter, identifying attempts by media and government officials to appropriate heroism—to steal the right to self-definition possessed by these men. Among these Medal of Honor recipients one finds two types of heroism: Sacrificing Heroes give something of themselves to protect others; Attacking Heroes make a difference during battle offensively. Enduring Heroes, the third type of heroism discussed in the chapter, are a new construct. Colloquially, and for all intents and purposes, an Enduring Hero is simply a veteran who enjoys praise and few questions. Importantly, veterans enjoy the “Hero Treatment” in exchange for silence and conforming to larger narratives which obfuscate past wars and pave the way for new ones. This chapter engages with theorists of gender—such as Jack Judith Halberstam, whose Female Masculinities (1998) anticipates the agency increasingly available to women through military service; like Leo Braudy, whose From Chivalry to Terrorism (2003) traces the historical relationship between war and gender before commenting on the evolution of military masculinity—to discuss the relationship between heroism and agency, begging a question: What do veterans have to lose from the perpetuation of stereotypes? This question frames a detailed examination of William A. Wellman’s film, Heroes for Sale (1933), in the chapter’s final section. This story of stolen valor and the Great Depression depicts the homecoming of a WWI veteran separated from his heroism. The example, when combined with a deeper understanding of the intersection between veteran identity and gender, illustrates not only the impact of stolen valor in the life of a legitimate hero, but it also comments on the destructive nature of appropriation, revealing the ways in which a veteran stereotypes rob service men and women of the right to draw upon memories of military service which complete with those stereotypes. The military “Hero” occupies a moral high ground, but most conceptions of military “Heroes” are socially constructed advertisements for war. Real heroes are much rarer. And, as the Medal of Honor recipients discussed in the chapter reveal, they, too, struggle with lifelong disabilities as well as constant attempts by society to appropriate their narratives. Chapter Two traces the evolution of the modern “Wounded Warrior” from depictions of cowardice in Stephen Crane’s The Red Badge of Courage (1895), to the denigration of World War I veterans afflicted with Shell Shock, to Kevin Powers’s Iraq War novel, The Yellow Birds (2012). As with “Heroes,” “Wounded Warriors” perform a stereotype in place of an authentic, individualized identity, and the chapter uses Walt Kowalski, the protagonist of Clint Eastwood’s film, Gran Torino (2008), as its major example. The chapter discusses “therapeutic culture,” Judith Butler’s work on identity-formation, and Eva Illouz’s examination of a culture obsessed with trauma to comment on veteran performances of victimhood. Butler’s attempts to conceive of new identities absent the influence of systems of definition rooted in the state, in particular, reveal power in the opposite of silence, begging another question: What do civilians have to gain from the perpetuation of veteran stereotypes? Largely, the chapter finds, the “Wounded Warrior” persists in the minds of civilians who fear the veteran’s capacity for violence. A broken, damaged veteran is less of a threat. The story of the “Wounded Warrior” is not one of sacrifice. The “Wounded Warrior” exists after sacrifice, beyond any measure of “honor” achieved in uniform. “Wounded Warriors” are not expected to find a cure because the wound itself is an apparatus of the state that is commodified and injected into the currency of emotional capitalism. This chapter argues that military service and a damaged psyche need not always occur together. Following the second chapter, a close examination of “The Bear That Stands,” a short story by Suzanne S. Rancourt which confronts the author’s sexual assault while serving in the Marines, offers an alternative to both the “Hero” and the “Wounded Warrior” stereotypes. Rancourt, a veteran “Storyteller,” gives testimony of that crime, intervening in social conceptions of veteran identity to include a female perspective. As with the example of Bingo, the author demonstrates an innate ability to recognize and challenge the stereotypes discussed in the first and second chapters. This “Example” sets the stage for a more detailed examination of “Veteran Storytellers” and their communities in the final chapter. Chapter Three looks for examples of veteran “difference,” patriotism, the “Wounded Warrior,” and the “Hero” in nonfiction, fiction, and artwork emerging from the creative arts community, Military Experience and the Arts, an organization which provides workshops, writing consultation, and publishing venues to veterans and their families. The chapter examines veteran “difference” in a short story by Bradley Johnson, “My Life as a Soldier in the ‘War on Terror.’” In “Cold Day in Bridgewater,” a work of short fiction by Jerad W. Alexander, a veteran must confront the inescapability of that difference as well as expectations of conformity from his bigoted, civilian bartender. The final section analyzes artwork by Tif Holmes and Giuseppe Pellicano, which deal with the problems of military sexual assault and the effects of war on the family, respectively. Together, Johnson, Alexander, Holmes, and Pellicano demonstrate skills in recognizing stereotypes, crafting postwar identities, and producing alternative representations of veteran identity which other veterans can then draw upon in their own homecomings. Presently, no unified theory of veteran identity exists. This dissertation begins that discussion, treating individual performances of veteran identity, existing historical, sociological, and psychological scholarship about veterans, and cultural representations of the wars they fight as equal parts of a single text. Further, it invites future considerations of veteran identity which build upon, challenge, or refute its claims. Conversations about veteran identity are the opposite of silence; they force awareness of war’s uncomfortable truths and homecoming’s eventual triumphs. Complicating veteran identity subverts conformity; it provides a steady stream of traits, qualities, and motivations that veterans use to craft postwar selves. The serious considerations of war and homecoming presented in this text will be useful for Iraq and Afghanistan War veterans attempting to piece together postwar identities; they will be useful to scholars hoping to facilitate homecoming for future generations of war veterans. Finally, the Afterword to the dissertation proposes a program for reassimilation capable of harnessing the veteran’s symbolic and moral authority in such a way that self-definition and homecoming might become two parts of a single act.

This thesis examines the methods used by the Ministerium für Staatssicherheit (MfS), more commonly known as the Stasi, or East German secret police, for extraction of information from citizens of the German Democratic Republic for the purpose of espionage and covert operations inside East Germany, as it pertains to the deliberate brainwashing of East German citizens. As one of the most efficient intelligence agencies to ever exist, the Stasi’s main purpose was to monitor the population, gather intelligence, and collect or turn informants. They used brainwashing techniques to control the people of the GDR, keeping the populace paralyzed with fear and paranoia. By surrounding themselves with a network of informants they prevented actions against the dictatorial communist regime. Using the video testimonies of former prisoners, and former confidential informants who worked closely with and collaborated with Stasi agents, in combination with periodicals and previous historical studies, this work argues that the East German Police State’s brainwashing techniques had long and lasting consequences both for German citizens, and for the psychiatric health of former GDR citizens. The scope and breadth of the techniques and data compiled for use by the Stasi were exhaustive, and the repercussions of their use are still being felt and discovered twenty five years after the fall of the Berlin Wall. This study aims to show the lasting effects brainwashing had on former informants and the Stasi’s victims.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
This dissertation aims at problematizing a set of issues in contemporary subjectivation using literature, namely novels and some short stories, with a view to mapping ways of life and existence in the becomings of a given therapeutic attention. The set of issues encompasses the idea of vitality in every approached therapy, production of ways of life in literature and in therapy, paces of speed and slowness and the concept of process as material elements of the therapeutic undertaking, the processes of subject production carried about in the context of contemporary machines and, finally, beatitude. The concept of beatitude has been taken from a conceptual axis that runs through the thinking of Espinosa, Nietzsche, and Deleuze. The link between beatitude and psychotherapy refers back to the experimentation of a therapy s intensity edges, to the difficulties therein and to the limits that impose its end and consummation. The therapeutic procedure, as much as literature as therapeutic activity, may compose plans to produce healthier states able to favor encounters, try the intense, multiply the active energies, release happenings and becomings. It is about grasping life when it is collapse, hard and troublesome, when life and death are mutually potentialized. The work still has a second set of issues that aims at strengthening the first one: voice, listening, poetic conception of individuation, literary machines, utility of literature, singular essences, therapeutic variations. The writing of the dissertation operated in flows, cuts, disturbances, and problems stemming from the therapeutic work and the exercise of reading. Both constitute experimental practices and justify the cartographic and extracting procedures. Psychotherapy and Beatitude is the outcome of immersions in the sensitive field that cuts across the relations of resonance and difference between therapy and literature, and aims at contributing in the formation of a fruitful thinking for contemporary therapeutic issues
Esta tese procura problematizar um conjunto de questões da clínica contemporânea utilizando a literatura, mais especificamente alguns romances e contos, com o objetivo de cartografar modos de vida e existência nos devires de uma dada atenção clínica. O conjunto de questões engloba a idéia de vitalidade em cada clínica abordada, a produção de modos de vida na literatura e na clínica, os ritmos de velocidade e lentidão e o conceito de processo como elementos materiais do fazer clínico, os processos de subjetivação agenciados no contexto das máquinas contemporâneas e, por último, a beatitude. O conceito de beatitude foi extraído de um eixo conceitual que percorre os pensamentos de Espinosa, Nietzsche e Deleuze. A conectividade entre beatitude e clínica remete à experimentação dos limiares de intensidade de uma clínica, às dificuldades nela presentes e aos limites que impõem seu fim e sua consumação. O procedimento clínico, assim como a literatura enquanto atividade clínica, pode compor planos de produção de um estado de saúde capaz de favorecer os encontros, experimentar o intensivo, multiplicar as alegrias ativas, liberar acontecimentos e devires. Trata-se de captar a vida quando ela é colapso, quando difícil e problemática, quando vida e morte potencializamse mutuamente. O trabalho contém ainda um segundo conjunto de questões que visa dar consistência ao primeiro: voz, escuta, concepção poética de individuação, máquinas literárias, utilidade da literatura, essências singulares, variações clínicas. A escrita da tese operou por fluxos, cortes, incômodos e problemas oriundos do trabalho clínico e do exercício de leitura. Ambos constituem práticas experimentais e justificam os procedimentos cartográfico e extrativista. Clínica e Beatitude é fruto de imersões no campo sensível que perpassa as relações de ressonância e diferença entre clínica e literatura, e tem por objetivo contribuir na formação de um pensamento fecundo para as questões clínicas contemporâneas

Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada no ISPA – Instituto Universitário para obtenção de grau de Mestre na especialidade de Psicologia Clínica
A Experiencing Scale é uma medida de processo extensamente estudada e solidamente validada, sendo transversal a uma diversidade de formatos e modalidades teóricas. Desde a última revisão, realizada por Hendricks em 2002, não voltou a ser feito um levantamento dos estudos que utilizaram esta escala. Objetivo: Efetuar uma revisão sistemática da literatura dos estudos publicados desde 2002 a 2018 que utilizam a Experiencing Scale. Método: Foi realizada uma pesquisa nas bases de dados eletrónicas (PsycInfo, PsycArticles, PEP, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection e Academic Search Complete) com as palavras-chave Experiencing Scale, Experiencing, Process, Psychotherapy. Resultados: Foram encontrados vinte e quatro estudos no total, dos quais dez são referentes ao tratamento da depressão, oito à terapia de casal e seis ao tratamento de diferentes categorias de diagnóstico em contexto terapêutico diversificado. Conclusões: A maioria dos estudos consolida o carácter desta escala, como indicadora de um bom processo terapêutico, sustentando a relação entre valores elevados de EXP e o sucesso da terapia. Os estudos incluídos na revisão de Hendricks (2002) consideram essencialmente a relação Experiencing – resultado terapêutico. Os artigos mais recentes, apesar de ainda avaliarem esta relação, assumem-na na maioria das vezes, considerando que valores elevados de EXP estão associados à mudança positiva em psicoterapia.
The Experiment Scale is a widely studied and solidly validated process measure, transversal to a diversity of formats and theoretical backgrounds. Since Hendricks review in 2002, no compilation of the studies using this scale has been done again. Purpose: Conduct a systematic review of studies published from 2002 to 2018 using The Experiencing Scale. Method: The research was carried out in electronic databases (PsycInfo, PsycArticles, PEP, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection and Academic Search Complete) with the keywords Experiencing Scale, Experiencing, Processes and Psychotherapy. Results: Twenty-four studies were found, ten of which refer to the treatment of depression, eight to the couple's therapy and six to the treatment of different categories of diagnosis in a diverse therapeutic context. Conclusions: Most studies consolidate this measure as indicative of a good therapeutic process, showing the relation between the levels of EXP and success of the therapy. The studies included in Hendricks (2002) review essentially reports the Experiencing-outcome relationship. The recent articles, despite evaluating this relation, assume it most of the times, considering that high EXP levels come along with positive psychotherapy change.

(Annotation) This thesis compares the orthodox approach to man to psychotherapeutics, especially with psychoanalysis, analytic psychology and logoterapy. These systems arise from positivistic backgrounds and approaches to man in this direction. In opposite to psychoanalysis analytic psychology and logoterapy think about spiritual aspect in life of man, but both systems mostly psychologize this aspect. The orthodox psychotherapy especially works with this spiritual aspect. It comes out from patristic anthropology referring that man is God's creature according to Genesis. The spirit aspect plays the cardinal role in the relationship between man and God. This relationship was corrupted by the rebellion of man against God. This rebellion has changed the ontological nature of man. According to the orthodox psychotherapy mental disorders are a result from this ontological change of man, which characterized by "garment of skin" done by God for man to revive in fallen state. The solution of mental disorders and then spiritual problems is to accept the state of "garments of skill" and in renewing of relationship with God.

Children experience life crisis and normal developmental problems. This study is aimed at highlighting the role fiction can play in assisting children in coping with certain normal life crisis and developmental problems. A discussion on the nature of the bibliotherapeutic process indicated that fiction plays a major role in the success thereof. A model was designed for the selection process of fiction for the bibliotherapeutic process. Selection criteria were established for both the reader and the reading matter. Tables were designed consisting of selection criteria for both the reader and the reading matter. Stories about life crisis relating to death and divorce, as well as normal developmental problems about fear of peer group rejection and fear of the acquirement of skills, were evaluated against these criteria. This indicates that it is possible to select the right book for the bibliotherapeutic process with children.
Information Science
M.Inf.

Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada no ISPA – Instituto Universitário para obtenção de grau de Mestre na especialidade de Psicologia Clínica.
Enquadramento: Existem vários estudos sobre as mudanças narrativas em sessão que têm contribuído para compreender as mudanças em psicoterapias, no entanto, não existe uma revisão sistemática que compare as vários abordagens terapêuticas. Objetivo: Realizar uma revisão sistemática dos estudos que usam Narrative Process Coding System (NPCS; Angus, Hardtke, & Levitt, 1992, 1996) e o Narrative-Emotion Process Coding System (NEPCS 1.0; Boritz, Bryntwick, Angus, Greenberg, & Carpenter, 2012; NEPCS 2.0; Angus Narrative-Emotion Marker Lab., 2015) procurando saber em que abordagem terapêutica se observam mais mudanças de narrativa e mudanças narrativas produtivas. Método: realizaram-se pesquisas eletrónicas sistemáticas pela fórmula NEPCS or Narrative-Emotion Process Coding System or narrative-emotion markers treatment or intervention AND therapy or approaches or strategies or techniques or methods nas bases de dados EBSCO Book Collection, PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, PsycBOOKS, PEP Archive, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Colletion, Academic Search Complete e na Web of Knowledge. Foram adicionados manualmente estudos selecionados através das referências bibliográficas. Resultados: Foram selecionados oito estudos que utilizaram a codificação NEPCS 2.0 e versões anteriores em diferentes abordagens terapêuticas e foram incluídos mais quatro estudos, que apesarem de não compararem os marcadores NE-P entre abordagens, é possível verificar as mudanças de narrativa e a flexibilidade de narrativas em modelo de tratamento EFT, CBT e BDT. Conclusões: os sistemas de codificação dos processos narrativos foram aplicados a diferentes abordagens terapêuticas (EFT, CBT, BDT, CCT, PPT, PT, CT) e em diferentes patologias (depressão, PTSD, stress e GAD), validando a relevância na identificação de diferentes processos narrativos que contribuem para a mudança psicoterapêutica, faltando estudos que comparem as diferentes abordagens teóricas.
Background: There are several studies about narrative changes in session that have contributed to the understanding of changes in psychotherapies, however, there is no literature review comparing the various theoretical models. Objective: Conduct a systematic review of studies using the Narrative Process Coding System (NPCS; Angus, Hardtke, & Levitt, 1992, 1996) and the Narrative-Emotion Process Coding System (NEPCS 1.0; Boritz, Bryntwick, Angus, Greenberg, & Carpenter, 2012 ; NEPCS 2.0; Angus Narrative-Emotion Marker Lab., 2015) seeking to know in which therapeutic approach one observes more narrative changes and productive narrative changes. Method: systematic electronic searches were carried out using the formula NEPCS or Narrative-Emotion Process Coding System or narrative-emotion markers treatment or intervention AND therapy or approaches or strategies or techniques or methods in the EBSCO Book Collection, PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, PsycBOOKS, databases. PEP Archive, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, Academic Search Complete and the Web of Knowledge. Studies selected through bibliographical references were manually added. Results: Eight studies were selected that used the complementary NEPCS 2.0 and earlier versions in different approaches and four more studies were included, which despite not comparing the NE-P markers between approaches, it is possible to verify how narrative changes and narrative flexibility in EFT, CBT and BDT treatment model. Conclusions: The coding systems of narrative processes were applied to different therapeutic approaches (EFT, CBT, BDT, CCT, PPT, PT, CT) and in different pathologies (depression, PTSD and GAD), validating the relevance in identifying different processes narratives that contribute to psychotherapeutic change, lacking studies that compare different theoretical approaches.

The present study modified an intervention known as the expressive writing paradigm to assess its efficacy in reducing academic worry, general anxiety, and general psychological distress in a sample of Mexican origin college students. Traditionally, the expressive writing paradigm involves having participants write about a topic of concern for 15 consecutive minutes, 3 consecutive days, without attending to details about grammar or punctuation. The aim of the present study was to modify the writing paradigm into a more structured, problem-focused writing intervention and to assess whether this modification would facilitate the reduction of Latino participantsí academic worry and produce a reduction of their overall worry and psychological distress. The expressive writing paradigm was modified by incorporating components of cognitive behavioral therapy, and specifically cognitive restructuring, into the new writing intervention. It was hypothesized that by combining the writing paradigm and cognitive restructuring techniques, the benefits derived from the expressive writing paradigm would likely be enhanced. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three conditions ñ the traditional writing paradigm (TWP) condition, the structured writing intervention (SWI) condition, or to a control group condition. This study also assessed the relation of level of acculturation and traditional Mexican family values on the efficacy of the treatment interventions. Assessments were conducted at pre-treatment, post-treatment, two week follow-up, and one month follow-up. Results indicated that the TWP condition outperformed the SWI condition at post-treatment in reducing overall psychological distress. However, these effects did not last at follow up assessments. Additionally, family value scores served as a moderator of treatment effects. The results of this study highlight the importance of conducting culturally-informed intervention research to assess the validity of the assumption clinicians currently use to guide their treatments. These findings also highlight the importance of focusing on patients' values when formulating treatment interventions. Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed.
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Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada no ISPA - Instituto Universitário, na especialidade de Psicologia Clínica.
As expectativas dos pacientes, na psicoterapia, são consideradas como uma das variáveis que mais afetam o processo e os resultados do tratamento. Embora continuem classificadas como um dos factores comuns menos aprofundados na literatura, um recente interesse empírico parece estar a preencher as lacunas de conhecimento acerca do tema por meio de múltiplos estudos e casos práticos. O objetivo deste trabalho é, por meio de uma revisão de artigos empíricos, descobrir, verificar e organizar essa recente produção de conhecimento acerca do tema, tendo em vista os seguintes aspectos: (i) confirmar descobertas precedentes, (ii) encontrar provas empíricas para conceitos até agora apenas teorizados e (iii) contextualizar e analisar novos modelos e ferramentas teóricas. Para essa revisão foram selecionados 17 estudos, que compreendem um intervalo temporal de 5 anos (2012-2017). A investigação preocupa-se com a definição do conceito de expectativa, considerando também os demais constructos com os quais a mesma interage na psicoterapia, além de analisar as expectativas em diferentes contextos. Em discussão nesse trabalho estão as inovações e implicações das novas descobertas que rodeiam o tema, com especial atenção para os pontos nos quais houve ampliação do conhecimento e as limitações encontradas, tanto a nível teórico quanto prático. A transposição de tais conceituações e métodos a serem desenvolvidos nos processos psicoterapêuticos são também analisados a partir da perspectiva prática relacionada ao papel do terapeuta.
ABSTRACT: The expectation of patients, in psychotherapy, is considered as one the variables which most affect the process and results of the treatment. Although it is still classified as one of the least studied common factors in the specific literature, a recent empirical interest seems to fill in the gaps for this area of knowledge through multiple researches and practical cases. The goal of this paperwork is, while revisiting empirical articles, to discover, verify and organize this recent knowledge production aiming at the following aspects: (i) confirming previous discoveries, (ii) finding empirical evidence to confirm the concepts that were, until now, only theorised and (iii) contextualising and analysing expectations in different contexts. For this revision were selected 17 studies produced within the time range of 5 years (2012-2017). This investigation is focused on the definition of the concept of expectation and the other constructs it interacts with within psychotherapy but also with the analysis of expectations in various contexts. In discussion, here, are the innovations and implications of new discoveries about this theme with special focus for the expansion of knowledge and limitations found both in theoretical and practical levels. The transposition of these concepts and methods to be developed in psychotherapy are also analysed from the practical perspective which is represented by the role of the therapist

Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada no ISPA – Instituto Universitário, para obtenção de grau de Mestre na especialidade de Psicologia Clínica
1º ARTIGO--- Enquadramento: Na identificação das intervenções que ocorrem durante o processo terapêutico, a MULTI é uma medida transteórica global, abrangendo oito orientações terapêuticas, com versões para a perspetiva do terapeuta, do observador e do paciente, e amplamente utilizada ao nível da sessão, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento da investigação sobre os processos de mudança promovidos pelas intervenções terapêuticas e subsequentemente para a prática clínica. Não obstante o seu potencial, não existe na literatura uma compilação organizada dos estudos que utilizaram a MULTI. Objetivo: Organizar uma estrutura de classificação dos estudos que aplicaram a MULTI (McCarthy e Barber, 2009) e a MULTI-30 (Solomonov et al., 2018). Método: Foi efetuada uma pesquisa nas bases de dados eletrónicas PsycInfo, PsycArticles, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, Academic Search Complete, Academic Search Complete, ResearchGate e na NCBI com as palavras-chave MULTI or The Multitheoretical List of Therapeutic Interventions, e Kevin, McCarthy or Jacques, Barber or Solomonov, Nili. Resultados: Os 17 estudos selecionados foram classificados em três temas principais, sobre variáveis que influenciam as intervenções dos terapeutas, a relação das intervenções típicas das abordagens terapêuticas com os resultados do tratamento e com variáveis de cliente ou de processo. Conclusões: A MULTI revelou ser uma medida válida para classificar intervenções do terapeuta, sejam específicas das abordagens ou fatores comuns, utilizadas em diversos tipos de tratamento e de patologias. As suas caraterísticas facilitam as investigações que considerem técnicas de uma ou de várias abordagens e uma ou mais perspetivas de avaliação e o respetivo efeito no processo ou no resultado.
Framework: In the identification of interventions that occur during the therapeutic process, MULTI is a global pantheistic measure, covering eight therapeutic guidelines, with versions for the perspective of the therapist, observer and patient, and widely used at session level, contributing to the development of research on the processes of change promoted by therapeutic interventions and subsequently to clinical practice. Despite its potential, there is no organised compilation of studies using MULTI in the literature. Purpose: Organise a classification structure of studies that have applied MULTI (McCarthy e Barber, 2009) and MULTI-30 (Solomonov et al., 2018). Method: A search was made in the electronic databases PsycInfo, PsycArticles, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, Academic Search Complete, Academic Search Complete, ResearchGate and in NCBI with the keywords MULTI or The Multitheoretical List of Therapeutic Interventions, and Kevin, McCarthy or Jacques, Barber or Solomonov, Nili. Results: The 17 selected studies were classified into three main themes, on the variables that influence therapists' interventions, typical therapeutic approaches interventions with treatment outcomes and with client or process variables. Conclusions: MULTI proved to be a valid measure to classify therapist's interventions, either specific to the approaches or common factors, used in several types of treatment and pathologies. Its characteristics facilitate investigations that consider techniques of one or several approaches and one or more perspectives of evaluation and their effect on the process or therapeutic outcome.
2ª ARTIGO--- Enquadramento: Os fatores facilitadores da mudança do paciente têm sido alvo de diversos estudos, emergindo as intervenções do terapeuta como um dos fatores de maior impacto. Não obstante, não existem estudos de microprocesso que analisem o impacto das intervenções terapêuticas no Experiencing e como pode ser facilitado pelo terapeuta. Objetivo: Identificar as intervenções do terapeuta associadas à mudança experiencial do cliente. Método: Foram analisadas 20 sessões individuais, gravadas em vídeo, da American Psychological Association (APA), de 10 abordagens terapêuticas. A MULTI foi utilizada para classificar as intervenções e a EXP para registar, minuto a minuto, os níveis de profundidade experiencial e identificar as transições de Experiencing baixo para elevado. Posteriormente, foram analisadas as intervenções que antecederam aquelas transições. Resultados: Algumas intervenções foram utilizadas por todos os terapeutas, mesmo não sendo caraterísticas do modelo de referência. Ocorreram 92 momentos de mudança experiencial, promovidos por um ou mais de 34 tipos de intervenções, com prevalência da paráfrase, da exploração de emoções evitadas e de significados pessoais, incluindo sobre a sessão, das intervenções empáticas, de acolhimento e aceitação, da escuta ativa, do foco num tema específico das relações do cliente, apresentando cada terapeuta um perfil próprio na promoção da mudança para Experiencing elevado. Discussão: As intervenções facilitadoras do elevado Experiencing pertencem a diferentes abordagens e são utilizadas responsivamente pelos terapeutas, em linha com os estudos nestes âmbitos. Como predominantes, emergem intervenções que não focam diretamente as emoções ou não são as mais típicas neste processo.
Framework: The facilitators of patient change have been the subject of several studies, with the therapist's interventions emerging as one of the factors of greater impact. However, there are no micro-process studies that analyse the impact of therapeutic interventions on Experiencing and how it can be facilitated by the therapist. Purpose: Identify the therapist's interventions associated with the client's experiential change. Method: Twenty individual videotaped sessions of the American Psychological Association (APA) on 10 therapeutic approaches were analysed. MULTI was used to classify interventions and EXP to record, minute by minute, experiential depth levels and identify transitions from low to high Experiencing. Subsequently, were analysed the interventions preceding those transitions. Results: Some interventions were used by all therapists, even though they were not characteristic of the reference model. There were 92 moments of experiential change, promoted by one or more than 34 types of interventions, with the prevalence of paraphrasing, the exploration of avoided emotions and personal meanings, including about the session, empathetic interventions, welcoming and accepting, active listening, focusing on a specific theme of the client's relationships, expressing each therapist's own profile in promoting change to high Experiencing. Discussion: The interventions that facilitate high Experiencing belong to different approaches and are used responsibly by therapists, in line with studies in these fields. The predominant interventions in transitions do not directly focus on emotions or are not the most typical in Experiencing.

This diploma thesis deals with mutism from the perspective of specialized czech and foreign literature. The character of the thesis is theoretical and the thesis is divided into three parts. In the first chapter, there is mutism described based on the study of czech specialized literature as well as etiology, symptoms, diagnostics and treatment. The second chapter describes the same categories but based on the study of foreign literature. The last part is dedicated to the analysis and comparison of acquired knowledge in particular areas. The most signifiant differences can be found in the area of diagnostics and therapy of mutisms, which are more elaborated in foreign literature than in Czech literature. Some differences appear in all other areas of mutism. The learning theory is the characteristic feature of foreign literature in the field of etiology of mutism, also the social enxiety is the characteric feature in the area of symptoms and treatment; overall we can see a dominant influence of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. The Czech literature provides a number of different views not only on the definition of mutism, but also on the etiology and symptomatology. The diagnostics and the therapy of mutism is not further elaborated in the Czech literature.

Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada no ISPA – Instituto Universitário para obtenção de grau de Mestre na especialidade de Psicologia Clínica
Enquadramento: A literatura é consensual quanto à importância da contribuição dos processos terapêuticos experienciais e dos processos narrativo-emocionais para a previsão de outcomes. E dadas as similaridades entre a escala EXP e o NEPCS 2.0, e apesar de já existir bastante investigação e, nomeadamente revisões de literatura com foco nos estudos que utilizaram estes dois instrumentos, ainda não existe nenhuma revisão sistemática que integre estas duas medidas de processos psicoterapêuticos. Objetivo: Rever os estudos empíricos que utilizaram estes sistemas de codificação: a Experiencing Scale (EXP); Klein, Mathieu, Gendlin & Kiesler, (1969) e o Narrative-Emotion Process Coding System 2.0 (NEPCS 2.0); Angus Narrative-Emotion Marker Lab, 2015). Método: Utilizou-se as bases de dados eletrónicas Book Collection, PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, PsycBOOKS, PEP Archive, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, Academic Search Complete. Resultados: Foram selecionados 38 estudos empíricos que utilizaram qualquer um dos dois sistemas de codificação. Conclusões: Os diversos estudos identificaram consistentemente que ambos os instrumentos (EXP e o NEPCS 2.0) analisam os processos inerentes à mudança psicoterapêutica do cliente e que os fatores comuns em psicoterapia têm influência nos outcomes, consolidando a relevância da identificação dos diferentes processos que contribuem para a mudança psicoterapêutica.
Background: The investigation is consensual regarding the importance of experiential therapeutic and emotional narrative processes to predict outcomes. And given the similarities between the EXP scale and the NEPCS 2.0, and although there is already a lot of research and some literature reviews focusing on the studies that used these two instruments, there is still no systematic review that integrates these two measures of psychotherapeutic processes. Objective: Review the empirical studies that used the Experiencing Scale (EXP); Klein, Mathieu, Gendlin & Kiesler, (1969) and the Narrative-Emotion Process Coding System 2.0 (NEPCS 2.0); Angus Narrative-Emotion Marker Lab, 2015). Method: The research was carried out in the electronic databases Book Collection, PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, PsycBOOKS, PEP Archive, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, and Academic Search Complete. Results: We found 38 empirical studies that used at least one of the two coding systems. Conclusions: The studies have consistently identified that both instruments (EXP and NEPCS 2.0) analyze the processes inherent to the client's psychotherapeutic change and the common factors in psychotherapy that influence the outcomes, consolidating the relevance of identifying the different processes that contribute to the psychotherapeutic change.
Experiencing Scale, , Narrative-Emotion Narrative- Emotion Coding System 2.0,