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1
Schimmelmann, B. G. "Early Detection and Intervention of Psychosis: the Child and Adolescent Perspective." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)73714-2.
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Over the last two decades, much progress in the prevention and early detection of first-episode psychosis has been achieved. And currently, the inclusion of a psychosis risk syndrome in DSM-V is discussed. But while differences between early-onset and adult-onset psychoses have frequently been pointed out, in the early detection of psychoses, developmental aspects are rarely considered, and results that have been derived from predominately adult samples, i.e., at-risk criteria are generally just transferred to children and adolescents. Emerging evidence from child and adolescent general population, birth cohort and clinical samples, however, question this unrestricted transferability of these results to younger age groups. This presentation will therefore outline the special aspects in the early detection of psychosis that should be considered in children and adolescents. The presentation will cover (i) evidence for the need of a validation of at-risk criteria in children and adolescents and (ii) evidence for a longer DUP in adolescent onset compared to adult onset psychosis and its clinical implications.
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Filatova, S., R. Marttila, H. Koivumaa-Honkanen, T. Nordström, J. Veijola, P. Mäki, G. M. Khandaker, et al. "A comparison of the cumulative incidence and early risk factors for psychotic disorder in young adults in the Northern Finland Birth Cohorts 1966 and 1986." Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 26, no. 3 (March 28, 2016): 314–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2045796016000123.
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Aims.Few studies have compared time trends for the incidence of psychosis. To date, the results have been inconsistent, showing a decline, an increase or no significant change. As far as we know, no studies explored changes in prevalence of early risk factors. The aim of this study was to investigate differences in early risk factors and cumulative incidences of psychosis by type of psychosis in two comparable birth cohorts.Methods.The Northern Finland Birth cohorts (NFBCs) 1966 (N = 12 058) and 1986 (N = 9432) are prospective general population-based cohorts with the children followed since mother's mid-pregnancy. The data for psychoses, i.e. schizophrenia (narrow, spectrum), bipolar disorder with psychotic features, major depressive episode with psychotic features, brief psychosis and other psychoses (ICD 8–10) were collected from nationwide registers including both inpatients and outpatients. The data on early risk factors including sex and place of birth of the offspring, parental age and psychosis, maternal education at birth were prospectively collected from the population registers. The follow-up reached until the age of 27 years.Results.An increase in the cumulative incidence of all psychoses was seen (1.01% in NFBC 1966 v. 1.90% in NFBC 1986; p < 0.001), which was due to an increase in diagnosed affective and other psychoses. Earlier onset of cases and relatively more psychoses in women were observed in the NFBC 1986. Changes in prevalence of potential early risk factors were identified, but only parental psychosis was a significant predictor in both cohorts (hazard ratios ≥3.0; 95% CI 1.86–4.88). The difference in psychosis incidence was not dependent on changes in prevalence of studied early risk factors.Conclusions.Surprisingly, increase in the cumulative incidence of psychosis and also changes in the types of psychoses were found between two birth cohorts 20 years apart. The observed differences could be due to real changes in incidence or they can be attributable to changes in diagnostic practices, or to early psychosis detection and treatment.
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Lassila, M., T. Nordström, T. Hurtig, P. Mäki, E. Jääskeläinen, E. Oinas, and J. Miettunen. "School success in childhood and subsequent prodromal symptoms and psychoses in the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986." Psychological Medicine 50, no. 6 (April 23, 2019): 948–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291719000825.
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AbstractBackgroundLow IQ is a risk factor for psychosis, but the effect of high IQ is more controversial. The aim was to explore the association of childhood school success with prodromal symptoms in adolescence and psychoses in adulthood.MethodsIn the general population-based Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 (n = 8 229), we studied the relationship between teacher-assessed learning deficits, special talents and general school success at age 8 years and both prodromal symptoms (PROD-screen) at age 15–16 years and the occurrence of psychoses by age 30 years.ResultsMore prodromal symptoms were experienced by those talented in oral presentation [boys: adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1.49; 95% confidence interval 1.14–1.96; girls: 1.23; 1.00–1.52] or drawing (boys: 1.44; 1.10–1.87). Conversely, being talented in athletics decreased the probability of psychotic-like symptoms (boys: OR 0.72; 0.58–0.90). School success below average predicted less prodromal symptoms with boys (OR 0.68; 0.48–0.97), whereas above-average success predicted more prodromal symptoms with girls (OR 1.22; 1.03–1.44). The occurrence of psychoses was not affected. Learning deficits did not associate with prodromal symptoms or psychoses.ConclusionsLearning deficits in childhood did not increase the risk of prodromal symptoms in adolescence or later psychosis in this large birth cohort. Learning deficits are not always associated with increased risk of psychosis, which might be due to, e.g. special support given in schools. The higher prevalence of prodromal symptoms in talented children may reflect a different kind of relationship of school success with prodromal symptoms compared to full psychoses.
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Howard, Louise M., R. Kumar, and Graham Thornicroft. "Psychosocial characteristics and needs of mothers with psychotic disorders." British Journal of Psychiatry 178, no. 5 (May 2001): 427–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.178.5.427.
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BackgroundIt is not known whether mothers with psychotic disorders are clinically and socially distinct from women with psychoses who have not had children.AimsTo determine the proportion of mothers in an epidemiologically representative population of women with psychotic disorders, to examine the factors associated with having children, and to examine the factors associated with having children ‘looked after’ by social services.MethodDescriptive analysis and two case–control studies.ResultsSixty-three per cent of women with psychotic disorders were mothers. There were no clinical differences between women with or without children, but mothers were more likely to be older and live in unsupported accommodation. Having had a ‘looked after’ child was associated with Mental Health Act detention, younger age, a forensic history and being Black African.ConclusionMany women with psychoses are mothers. Mothers with psychoses are as disabled and have as many needs as women with psychoses without children.
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Garralda, E. "Psychoses and psychotic symptoms in children." Current Opinion in Psychiatry 1, no. 4 (July 1988): 416–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001504-198807000-00003.
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De Giorgi, Riccardo, Franco De Crescenzo, Gian Loreto D’Alò, Nicola Rizzo Pesci, Valeria Di Franco, Corrado Sandini, and Marco Armando. "Prevalence of Non-Affective Psychoses in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Review." Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 9 (August 24, 2019): 1304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm8091304.
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Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and non-affective psychoses such as schizophrenia are commonly acknowledged as discrete entities. Previous research has revealed evidence of high comorbidity between these conditions, but their differential diagnosis proves difficult in routine clinical practice due to the similarities between core symptoms of each disorder. The prevalence of comorbid non-affective psychoses in individuals with ASD is uncertain, with studies reporting rates ranging from 0% to 61.5%. We therefore performed a systematic review and pooled analysis of the available studies reporting the prevalence of non-affective psychosis in ASD. Fourteen studies, including a total of 1708 participants, were included, with a weighted pooled prevalence assessed at 9.5% (95% CI 2.6 to 16.0). In view of significant heterogeneity amongst the studies, subgroup analyses were conducted. We observed higher prevalence of non-affective psychoses among ASD inpatients versus outpatients, when operationalised criteria were used, and in studies with smaller sample sizes, whereas the figures were comparable between children and adults with ASD. Our results suggest that future studies involving larger samples should implement both operationalized criteria and specific scales for the assessment of psychotic symptoms in individuals with ASD. A deeper understanding of both differential and comorbid features of ASD and non-affective psychosis will be required for the development of optimized clinical management protocols.
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Gyllenberg, David, Bianca Arrhenius, Auli Suominen, and Andre Sourander. "S133. DIAGNOSED SPEECH, SCHOLASTIC AND MOTOR DISORDERS AS PREDICTORS FOR NON-AFFECTIVE PSYCHOSES." Schizophrenia Bulletin 46, Supplement_1 (April 2020): S86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaa031.199.
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Abstract Background Premorbid cognitive impairments are associated with schizophrenia, but little is known about the risk of developing psychoses among children with diagnosed speech, scholastic and motor disorders. Our aim was to study if children diagnosed with these are at increased risk of non-affective psychoses in adolescence and early adulthood. Methods We identified all children born 1996–2001 that were diagnosed with a speech disorder (ICD-10 code F80), scholastic disorder (F81), motor disorder (F82) or mixed developmental disorder (F83) before age 15 in outpatient and inpatient specialized services in Finland by using nationwide registers (n=17,038). A control cohort of children without these disorders was identified (n=63,745). The outcome was non-affective psychoses (F20-F29) diagnosed between age 15 years and the end of year 2017 (maximum age at end of follow-up: 16.0–21.9 years). We used Cox regression to study the association between speech, scholastic and motor disorders and psychoses and adjusted for sex, urbanicity and comorbid depression and conduct disorders. Results A total of 216 and 251 subjects were diagnosed with non-affective psychoses during follow-up in the cohort of speech, scholastic and motor disorders and the control-cohort, respectively. The cumulative incidence of psychoses from age 15.0 to 21.9 years was 2.4 % (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.0 - 2.8 %) in the cohort of speech, scholastic and motor disorders compared to 0.8 % (95% CI 0.7 % - 1.0 %) in the control-cohort (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 2.6, 95% CI 2.2 - 3.2). When stratified by a pure or a combination of at least two speech, scholastic and motor disorders, all categories were significantly associated with psychoses with the highest HR for motor disorders (aHR 3.6, 95% CI 2.0 - 6.4), followed by the combination of different speech, scholastic and motor disorders (3.3, 2.4 - 4.4), pure scholastic disorders (2.4, 1.5 - 3.7) and pure speech disorders (1.7, 1.2 - 2.6). Discussion Non-affective psychoses in late adolescence and early adulthood are associated with speech, scholastic and motor disorders diagnosed in childhood, in particular motor development disorders.
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Gillberg, C., and L. Svennerholm. "CSF Monoamines in Autistic Syndromes and Other Pervasive Developmental Disorders of Early Childhood." British Journal of Psychiatry 151, no. 1 (July 1987): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.151.1.89.
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Spinal fluid concentrations of the three major monoamine metabolites were examined in 25 infantile autistic children and 12 children with other childhood psychoses, and were contrasted with results obtained in normal children and in groups of children with neurological and neurodevelopmental disorders. Autistic children showed absolute and relative increases of the dopamine metabolite homovanillic acid. The group with other childhood psychoses also showed an increase in HVA level; in this group there were also indications of high levels of serotonin and norepinephrine metabolites. The results are discussed in the context of a pathogenetic model for autism involving hyperfunction of dopaminergic nerve fibres in the brain stem-mesolimbic system.
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Garralda, M. E. "Autism, language disorders and psychoses in children." Current Opinion in Psychiatry 2, no. 4 (August 1989): 472–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001504-198908000-00002.
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Seppala, J., H. Korpela, E. Jääskeläinen, J. Miettunen, M. Isohanni, J. Auvinen, T. Nordström, et al. "Somatic comorbidity and its outcomes in schizophrenia during lifespan." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S35—S36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.870.
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BackgroundStudies mainly relied on hospital or case-control data have well documented that individuals with psychoses, and especially with schizophrenia have increased rates of physical illnesses. They have two to four-fold higher mortality risk, and about 10 to 25 years shorter life expectancy compared with the general population. The aim of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of physical illnesses in individuals with schizophrenia or with other psychoses and among people without psychoses until the age of 46 years using complete outpatient and inpatient data from birth cohort.MethodsThe study is based on The Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort (NFBC, 1966), which is a population-based prospective cohort concerning 12.058 live-born children in 1966 in the provinces of Lapland and Oulu.The study population consisted of 10,933 individuals, who were alive at the age of 16-years, and followed serially until the age of 46-years The study population was divided into three groups: those having schizophrenia (n = 228) and those with other psychoses (n = 240) while individuals without psychosis (n = 10,465) formed the control group. The data was obtained from various national registers.ResultsDiseases of the blood and blood forming organs (prevalence in SCZ was 17% versus 10% in controls, P < 0.001), endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases (45% vs. 27%, P < 0.001), diabetes mellitus (7% vs. 3%, P < 0.001) and nervous diseases (33% vs. 25%, P = 0.018) were more common among individuals with SCZ compared with controls. Diseases of musculoskeletal system and connective tissue were less common in SCZ than among controls (28% vs. 41%, P < 0.001).People with other psychoses than SCZ had statistically significant association with all the diagnostic groups classified in ICD-10 except with neoplasms. Infections and parasitic diseases (prevalence in other psychoses was 44% versus 32% in controls, P < 0.001), diseases of the blood and blood forming organs (18% vs. 10%, P < 0.001), endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases (42% vs. 27%, P < 0.001) including diabetes mellitus (9% vs. 3%, P < 0.001), nervous diseases (40% vs. 25%, P < 0.001), diseases of the eye and adnexa (32% vs. 21%, P < 0.001), diseases of the ear and mastoid process (58% vs. 44%, P < 0.001), diseases of circulatory (50% vs. 37%, P < 0.001), respiratory (70% vs. 60%, P < 0.001) and digestive system (77% vs. 68%, P = 0.004), diseases of skin and subcutaneous tissue (23% vs. 16%, P = 0.006), diseases of musculoskeletal system and connective tissue (51% vs. 40%, P = 0.004) and diseases of genitourinary system (41% vs. 31%, P = 0.003) were more common among people with other psychoses than SCZ compared with controls.DiscussionA new finding is that not only people with schizophrenia but especially those with other psychoses show a greater occurrence of somatic diseases compared with those without psychosis. The increased occurrence of somatic comorbidity in other psychoses should be noted by medical professional, and further longitudinal studies are warranted to study its possible risk factors during lifespan.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Talpos, Cristina, Luminita Ageu, Simina Crisan, Carmen Lacramioara Zamfir, Vladimir Poroch, and Mirela Anghel. "Metabolic Abnormalities and Spectroscopy Biochemical Cerebral Compounds Modifications in Children and Adolescents with Antipsychotic Treatment." Revista de Chimie 68, no. 12 (January 15, 2018): 3022–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.17.12.6030.
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We approach an integrated, multidisciplinary, innovative research-action model in children and adolescents with psychosis. Our main focus was: to investigate the biochemical cerebral compounds and metabolites (NAA-N-acetylaspartate, GABA-Gama-Aminobutyric Acid, Asp-Aspartate, CR-Creatine, Gln-Glutamine, GPC-Glicerophosphocholine, PC-Phosphocholine, PCr-Phosphocreatine, Tau-Taurine, N-MDA-N-Metyl-D-Aspartate, Serine, Glicine, Cho-Choline); the neuroimagistic and neurobiological markers and the metabolic abnormalities in correlation with the molecular pharmacogenetic testing in psychoses, treated with antipsychotic medication; the dynamic evaluation of the clinical evolution for the studied groups in correlation with specific biochemical, metabolic, neurobiological and neuroimagistic variables and markers. Our research was conducted in the period 2010-2016 on 85 patients, children and adolescents with psychosis (42 took treatment after pharmacogenetic testing, 43 without). Also, the patients were evaluated through magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy at baseline and after pharmacotherapy. The efficacy of the chosen therapy in correlation with the pharmacogenetic testing was evaluated through the mean change in the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) total scores, in the Clinical Global Impression Severity (CGI-S/I), Clinical Global Assessment of Functioning (CGAS) and through the change registered for the relevant biochemical, metabolic, neurobiological markers and MR spectroscopy metabolites, from baseline till endpoint in different timepoints. Our results, showed statistically significant differences of the clinical scores between the studied groups. Our research was a proof, that the biochemical brain metabolites register in psychoses modified values in the MR Spectroscopy, the administration of antipsychotics can determine metabolic abnormalities (changed lipid profiles, high insulin and blood sugar levels, weight gain, obesity). But on the other side, if the antipsychotic treatment is chosen properly according to the pharmacogenetic profile of the patient, then the biochemical metabolites obtained through the MR Spectroscopy, register improvement of the values correlated with the good clinical evolution.
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Sommer, Robert. "The Dendro-Psychoses of J.O. Quantz." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 27, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 40–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2001.006.
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J.O. Quantz was an early Canadian psychologist who published an intriguing article on the origins of human attachment to trees. Based on anthropological sources and interviews with children, the paper is a forerunner of current evolutionary theories of tree preference.
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Volkmar, Fred R., Donald J. Cohen, Yoshihiko Hoshino, Richard D. Rende, and Rhea Paul. "Phenomenology and classification of the childhood psychoses." Psychological Medicine 18, no. 1 (February 1988): 191–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700002014.
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SynopsisTwo hundred and twenty-eight cases of children with final clinical diagnoses of childhood psychosis were reviewed using a standard coding scheme; cases were grouped in three broad categories on the basis of clinical diagnosis (autistic, atypical and schizophreniform). These three groups differed significantly in many respects, although the ‘atypical’ group more closely resembled the autistic group. While it was possible meaningfully to differentiate diagnostic groups using DSM-III criteria, some cases were difficult to classify. Childhood schizophrenia, as strictly defined, was far less common than childhood autism. The development of diagnostic schemes for those children whose disorders are difficult to classify is an important topic for future research.
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Barylnik, Y., V. Popkov, N. Filippova, Y. Abrosimova, E. Kolesnichenko, S. Pakhomova, D. Samoilova, et al. "Epidemiological study of disability from mental disorders in children and adolescents population in Saratov region in 2000–2014." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S568. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.834.
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IntroductionChildren and Teenager's disability is an extremely important medical and social problem, being very characteristic of the state of public health in the country and the level of social well-being of society.ObjectivesAn epidemiological study of the structure of disability due to mental disorders in children and adolescent population of the Saratov region for the period from 2000 to 2014.MethodsThe analysis of the statistical data reporting forms “Information on the health care system” and “Information on the groups of the mentally ill” in the Saratov region in 2000–2014 by epidemiological, demographic and mathematical-statistical methods.ResultsNumber of children and adolescents (0–17 years), recognized as disabled by mental illness, increased both in absolute numbers (growth rate-12.86%), and the intensive indicators (49.88%). Increasing the number of disabled children and adolescents registered in schizophrenia, schizoaffective psychosis, schizotypal disorder, affective psychosis with delusions incongruent the affect. The most significant increase is observed in the group of chronic nonorganic and childhood psychoses. In epilepsy and mental retardation in the analyzed period was a slight decrease in total disability.ConclusionsThe most significant increase in disability in the group of chronic nonorganic and childhood psychosis, most likely due not only to a true increase in morbidity and disability, but also with a great attention of both the public and the country's health services to the problems of childhood autism and, as a consequence, greater detection of children with this category of disorders.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Crow, T. J. "Sex Chromosomes and Psychosis." British Journal of Psychiatry 153, no. 5 (November 1988): 675–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.153.5.675.
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Although the incidence of the recurrent psychoses (bipolar affective illness and schizophrenia) in the two sexes is approximately equal, gender influences a number of aspects of major psychiatric disease: unipolar depressive illness is twice as common in females, onset of schizophrenia is earlier and outcome is worse in males, and pairs of psychotic first-degree relatives are more often than expected of the same sex. In addition, sex chromosomal aneuploidies (e.g. XXY and XXX) are more frequent in patients with psychosis. Some of these findings can be explained if there is a major locus of predisposition to psychiatric disease in the ‘pseudoautosomal’ region of the sex chromosomes – that distal segment of the short arms in which there is genetic exchange between X and Y chromosomes at male meiosis. A gene located here would be transmitted in an autosomal manner, but would be passed above chance expectation to children of the same sex when inherited through a male. In that this segment of the sex chromosomes is subject to a high rate of recombination (which could generate new mutations), and may include determinants of brain lateralisation, it appears that the pseudoautosomal region could carry the genes which predispose to the major psychoses.
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Popovic-Deusic, Smiljka, Milica Pejovic-Milovancevic, Saveta Draganic-Gajic, Olivera Aleksic-Hil, and Dusica Lecic-Tosevski. "Psychotic spectrum disorders in childhood." Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 136, no. 9-10 (2008): 555–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh0810555p.
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For a long time, there was a strong belief of existing continuity between childhood-onset psychoses and adult psychoses. Important moment in understanding psychotic presentations during infancy and childhood is Kanner's description of early infantile autism. Later studies of Rutter and Kolvin, as well as new classification systems, have delineated pervasive developmental disorders from all other psychotic disorders in childhood. But clinical experience is showing that in spite of existence of the group of pervasive developmental disorders with subgroups within it and necessary diagnostic criteria there are children with pervasive symptoms, who are not fulfilling all necessary diagnostic criteria for pervasive developmental disorder. Therefore, in this paper we are discussing and pointing at psychotic spectrum presentations in children, which have not the right place in any existing classification system (ICD-10, DSM-IV).
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Krelling, Renata, Quirino Cordeiro, Elisabete Miracca, Elisa Kijner Gutt, Sandra Petresco, Ricardo Alberto Moreno, and Homero Vallada. "Molecular genetic case-control women investigation from the first Brazilian high-risk study on functional psychosis." Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria 30, no. 4 (November 24, 2008): 341–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-44462008005000013.
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OBJECTIVE: Data from epidemiological studies have demonstrated that genetics is an important risk factor for psychosis. The present study is part of a larger project, pioneer in Brazil, which has been conducted by other researchers who intend to follow a high-risk population (children) for the development of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. In this first phase of the project, the objective was to investigate the distribution of four candidate genetic polymorphisms for functional psychosis (Ser9Gly DRD3, 5HTTLPR, the VNTR 3'-UTR SLC6A3 and Val66Met BDNF) in a case-control sample. METHOD: A total of 105 women (58 with schizophrenia and 47 with bipolar disorder) and 62 gender-matched controls were investigated. RESULTS: Allele and genotype distributions of all identified functional polymorphisms did not differ statistically between cases and controls. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the investigated polymorphisms were not related to susceptibility to functional psychoses in our Brazilian sample. These findings need to be validated in larger and independent studies.
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Kolar, Dusan, Svetomir Bojanin, and Mila Kolar. "Specificities of psychoses in children and adolescents with mental retardation." Medical review 56, no. 5-6 (2003): 251–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns0306251k.
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Mental retardation is a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by arrested or incomplete psychological development. The first part of the study deals with psychological and biological factors: etiology and pathogenesis of mental retardation and comorbid psychiatric disorders Their etiopathogenesis is similar as in other neurodevelopmental disorders and it was analyzed in the part dealing with biological specificities of persons with mental retardation. Numerous bio-psycho-social factors cause increased vulnerability of the mentally retarded to development of mental disorders. Thus, prevalence of these disorders is higher in mentally retarded persons than in general population. This study also deals with specificities regarding diagnosis of psychotic disorders in mentally retarded persons as well as neurobiologic, epidemiologic, clinical and therapeutic characteristics of schizophrenic psychoses, autism and affective disorders in persons with mental retardation. Special emphasis was given to diagnostics of these disorders in mentally retarded children and adolescents, as well as to problems of differential diagnostics. Apart from other things, we have concluded that specific clinical pictures demand subspeciality approach in the frame of developmental psychiatry.
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Ortega Garcia, M. D., M. V. Marti Garnica, S. Garcia Marin, C. Martinez Martinez, R. Gomez Martinez, P. Blanco del Valle, and M. A. Lopez Bernal. "Psychiatric Disorders Run in Families. Children of Parents With Serious Mental Disorders: A Case History." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.2204.
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Aims/methodPublications and studies have shown that the existence of serious mental disorders in parents is a risk in the development of children and is more common the existence of mental illness in them than in the general pediatric population. This work aims to reflect in depth on the study of the influence of psychotic parents on child development through a review of a clinical study. We present the case of 14 years old adolescent who is being treated in a mental health center, whose parents suffers from a severe mental illness. We also defend the importance of a preventive approach or treatment that impinges on the child and family environment.Results/conclusionsA way of community work, in coordination with the different teams (social services, educational services, etc.) allows more efficient and appropriate treatment, using various resources. When risk factors for developing mental health problems in childhood, family history and especially the existence of one or both parents of mentally pathology type schizophrenia or other psychoses are studied become important. It seems essential to address as a priority to the social group have called “high-risk group of psychosis’, and in particular to the” sons of patients diagnosed with psychosis”, both for its size and the severity and chronicity of psychopathology if developing means for early psychosocial care does not occur.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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HJERN, A., S. WICKS, and C. DALMAN. "Social adversity contributes to high morbidity in psychoses in immigrants – a national cohort study in two generations of Swedish residents." Psychological Medicine 34, no. 6 (August 2004): 1025–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003329170300148x.
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Background. Recent reports have indicated that immigrants have an elevated risk of schizophrenia as well as an increasing tendency for social exclusion. The aim of this study was to compare rates of schizophrenia and other psychoses in immigrants and their children of different ethnic groups with the majority population in Sweden in relation to social adversity.Method. The study population consists of a national cohort of 1·47 million adults (born 1929–1965) and 1·16 million children and youth (born 1968–1979) in family households from the national census of 1985. Multivariate Cox regression analyses was used to study hospital discharge data during 1991–2000 in relation to socio-economic household indicators from 1985 and 1990 (single adult household, adults having received social welfare, parental unemployment, urban residency, housing and socio-economic status).Results. First as well as second generation immigrants had higher age and sex adjusted risk ratios for schizophrenia as well as for other psychoses (RRs 1·4–3·1 and 1·0–2·0 respectively) compared with the Swedish majority population. These risk ratios decreased considerably after adjusting for socio-economic indicators, for all groups, but particularly for the non-European immigrants. However, an elevated risk still remained in the Finnish and Eastern and Southern European study groups.Conclusions. A higher risk of schizophrenia and psychoses was found in two generations of immigrants of diverse ethnicity. The results indicate that social adversity contributes to the higher risk.
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Racos-Szabo, Elisabeta, Iringó Száva, and Anamaria Todoran-Butila. "Mental disorders in child epilepsy." Romanian Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy 18, no. 1 (March 31, 2016): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.37897/rjpp.2016.1.6.
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Introduction. Epilepsy is a chronic condition characterized by the presence of recurrent paroxysmal brain seizures (epileptic seizures), as a result of an excessive discharge of neurons. The prevalence of mental disorders in epilepsy is of 30-40%, and those of psychoses of 1-3%, being higher in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Psychoses and personality disorders are 3 times more frequent in those with temporal lobe seizures. Among the mental disorders in child epilepsy we care to mention: cognitive impairment, behavior disorders with aggressiveness and psychomotor agitation, learning disorders, depression, anxiety. Material and methods. There have been evaluated 24 children with epilepsy, admitted in 2014 in the Clinic of Pediatric Neurology and Psychiatry Tg-Mures, with ages between 12 and 18. There have been applied Raven's Matrices, various scales for depression and anxiety (MASC, Hamilton, Beck, Bender). The diagnosis of mental disorders has been established based on the criteria DSM-V and ICD 10. Results. The prevalence of mental disorders in child epilepsy was of 12%, with the highest incidence in the group age between 10 and 12. These mental disorders have been: cognitive disorders (79%), behavior disorders (37,5%), disharmonic personality developments (33%), anxiety (20,8%), psychosis (8,3%), depression (4,2%). Discussions. Child epilepsy evolves having a high risk for the occurrence of cognitive impairment, behavior disorders, language or mood disorders all the more so as the underlying structural disorders are higher. The early onset of the epileptic seizures under the age of 3, in a child with a psychic under development represents a vulnerability factor. Patients with temporal lobe epilepsy present a risk for psychoses, also 1/3 of the epileptics develop personality disorders. Conclusions. The onset of epileptic seizures under the age of 3 constitutes a risk factor for the occurrence of language disorders, cognitive or behavior disorders. The prognostic in mental disorders in the epileptic child is influenced by the underlying structural brain anomalies responsible for the occurrence of epileptic seizures.
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HELLGREN, LARS, CHRISTOPHER GILLBERG, and INGELA ENERSKOG. "Antecedents of Adolescent Psychoses: A Population‐based Study of School Health Problems in Children Who Develop Psychosis in Adolescence." Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 26, no. 3 (May 1987): 351–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004583-198705000-00013.
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Dominguez, Maria-De-Gracia, and M. Elena Garralda. "Assessing and managing hallucinations in children and adolescents." BJPsych Advances 22, no. 6 (November 2016): 380–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.bp.115.014738.
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SummaryHallucinations (erroneous percepts in the absence of identifiable stimuli) are a key feature of psychotic states, but they have long been known to present in children with non-psychotic psychiatric disorders. Recent epidemiological studies of child populations found surprisingly high rates (about 10%) of hallucinatory experiences. These hallucinatory phenomena are most likely to occur in the absence of psychiatric disorder and are usually simpler, less elaborate and less distressing than those observed in children with psychiatric disorders. This article details the clinical assessment of hallucinations in children and adolescents, taking into account developmental considerations and paediatric organic associations. It describes hallucinations in young people with psychoses (schizophrenia spectrum and mood disorders) and non-psychotic psychiatric disorders (emotional and behavioural disorders), and it addresses therapeutic aspects.
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James, Anthony C. "Prescribing antipsychotics for children and adolescents." Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 16, no. 1 (January 2010): 63–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.bp.108.005652.
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SummaryThe prescription of antipsychotic medication in children and adolescents (<18 years of age) has increased immensely for a wide range of disorders including psychoses, bipolar disorder, conduct disorder, pervasive developmental disorder and obsessive–compulsive disorder. This has led to some concerns particularly as the evidence base in some areas is not strong, and antipsychotic medication – both first generation (FGA) and second generation (SGA) – is associated with considerable side-effects. Evidence from an increasing number of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) points to therapeutic efficacy with moderate to large effect sizes. However, some RCTs have a small number of participants, are of short duration, and many are industry funded. The use of antipsychotics alongside psychosocial interventions can be recommended in certain disorders, provided there is continued, careful monitoring. It is important to note, however, that for many conditions the use of antipsychotics is not licensed in the UK.
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Seidman, L. J., S. Cherkerzian, J. M. Goldstein, J. Agnew-Blais, M. T. Tsuang, and S. L. Buka. "Neuropsychological performance and family history in children at age 7 who develop adult schizophrenia or bipolar psychosis in the New England Family Studies." Psychological Medicine 43, no. 1 (May 11, 2012): 119–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291712000773.
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BackgroundPersons developing schizophrenia (SCZ) manifest various pre-morbid neuropsychological deficits, studied most often by measures of IQ. Far less is known about pre-morbid neuropsychological functioning in individuals who later develop bipolar psychoses (BP). We evaluated the specificity and impact of family history (FH) of psychosis on pre-morbid neuropsychological functioning.MethodWe conducted a nested case-control study investigating the associations of neuropsychological data collected systematically at age 7 years for 99 adults with psychotic diagnoses (including 45 SCZ and 35 BP) and 101 controls, drawn from the New England cohort of the Collaborative Perinatal Project (CPP). A mixed-model approach evaluated full-scale IQ, four neuropsychological factors derived from principal components analysis (PCA), and the profile of 10 intelligence and achievement tests, controlling for maternal education, race and intra-familial correlation. We used a deviant responder approach (<10th percentile) to calculate rates of impairment.ResultsThere was a significant linear trend, with the SCZ group performing worst. The profile of childhood deficits for persons with SCZ did not differ significantly from BP. Neuropsychological impairment was identified in 42.2% of SCZ, 22.9% of BP and 7% of controls. The presence of psychosis in first-degree relatives (FH+) significantly increased the severity of childhood impairment for SCZ but not for BP.ConclusionsPre-morbid neuropsychological deficits are found in a substantial proportion of children who later develop SCZ, especially in the SCZ FH+ subgroup, but less so in BP, suggesting especially impaired neurodevelopment underlying cognition in pre-SCZ children. Future work should assess genetic and environmental factors that explain this FH effect.
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Vish, I. M. "On the issue of alcoholic psychoses in children and alcoholism among young people." Kazan medical journal 32, no. 2-3 (September 23, 2021): 226–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kazmj80746.
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While on a business trip for agricultural health care. workers in the spring sowing campaign in 1931 (Kolpakovsky state farm Sakhkombpnata "Collectivist" Ivaninsky district Ts. Ch. O), I observed a case of acutely developed alcoholic psychosis in a peasant boy of 3 years of age.
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Garralda, M. E. "Characteristics of the psychoses of late onset in children and adolescents (A comparative study of hallucinating children)." Journal of Adolescence 8, no. 2 (June 1985): 195–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-1971(85)80047-6.
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Clark, Andrew F. "Neuropsychiatry of children and adolescents including psychoses, obsessive-compulsive disorder and physical illness." Current Opinion in Psychiatry 13, no. 4 (July 2000): 403–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001504-200007000-00007.
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Bravve, L., and N. Zakharova. "COVID-19-associated schizophrenia-like psychosis during the COVID-19 pandemic." European Psychiatry 66, S1 (March 2023): S798. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2023.1689.
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IntroductionThe viral theory of the development of psychoses was formulated in the 19th century, but the role of viral agents in the pathogenesis of psychoses remains a matter of debate. In the context of the 2020 pandemic, the results of several papers on the characteristics of psychotic disorders in COVID-19 have been published. Coronaviruses are neuroinvasive, capable of affecting mental and body functions.ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to identify patients with acute psychosis without a history of mental disorders in order to test the hypothesis about the possibility of manifestation of schizophreniform psychosis due to a viral attack.MethodsWithin a year and a half, 50 patients with mental disorders associated with COVID-19 were identified. The reason for hospitalization in a psychiatric hospital is the development of acute schizophreniform psychosis against the background of a new coronavirus infection. The diagnosis was verified according to traditional clinical criteria and modern psychometric tools. Inclusion criteria: no previous visits to a psychiatrist; verified acute polymorphic psychotic disorder and coronavirus infection COVID-19 (ICD-10); manifestation of psychosis against the background of infection with COVID-19; age 18-60 years; consent to participate in the study. Exclusion criteria: signs of organic brain damage; indications of substance abuse; delirium of any etiology; somatic pathology in the stage of decompensation.Results27 women (54%) and 23 men (46%), aged 20 to 57 years (average age 34.5±7.6), of which 18 people (36%) worked, 2 (4%) studied , 29 (58%) people are unemployed. 27 people (54%) are single, 16 (32%) are married, 7 (14%) are divorced; 18 people (36%) were raising children, which indirectly indicated a relatively favorable premorbid functioning. At the time of the examination, the condition was determined by polymorphic psychotic symptoms with a predominance of dissociative-delusional, paraphrenic and oneiric phenomena with plots containing plots of infection and the spread of coronavirus. At the same time, the sum of PANSS is from 53 to 130 (85) points, including PANSS P - from 15 to 37 (27), PANSS N - from 7 to 44 (18), PANSS G - from 23 to 57 (39.9 ); P1 - 5.7; P3 - 5.1. When comparing the obtained data with the world experience, we found some differences. Delusional symptoms were diagnosed twice as rarely, cases with tactile hallucinations were not detected, but catatonic symptoms were observed twice as often, and manic arousal was twice as rare. In general, the studied data are comparable with the results published in the world practice.ConclusionsThe unique experience of the coronavirus pandemic will allow us to assess the influence of environmental factors, namely the role of infections, in the manifestation or predisposition to schizophrenia spectrum disorders. It is planned to evaluate the dynamics of the course of the disorder after the relief of the acute period.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared
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Donatelli, Jo-Ann L., Larry J. Seidman, Jill M. Goldstein, Ming T. Tsuang, and Stephen L. Buka. "Children of Parents With Affective and Nonaffective Psychoses: A Longitudinal Study of Behavior Problems." American Journal of Psychiatry 167, no. 11 (November 2010): 1331–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09020241.
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Nordentoft, M., N. Albert, C. Hjorthoj, H. Jensen, and M. Melau. "Assertive Interventions for First Episode Psychoses: The Danish Experience." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.021.
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Early Intervention services with team-based intensive case management and family involvement are superior to standard treatment in reducing psychotic and negative symptoms and comorbid substance abuse and improving social functioning and user satisfaction. The results of the OPUS-trial will be presented together with meta-analyses based on similar trials. The implementation of OPUS all over Denmark will be presented together with the Danish OPUS-fidelity study. Specialized elements are being are being developed such as inclusion of new methods in CBT for psychotic and negative symptoms, neurocognitive and social cognitive training programs, interventions for supported employment and focus on physical health. Results of long term follow-up studies indicate that the prognosis of first episode psychosis is very diverse with the extremes represented by one group being well functioning and able to quit medication without relapse; and another group having a long term chronic course of illness with a need for support to maintain daily activities. The Danish TAILOR-trial–testing dose reduction versus maintenance therapy will be presented. It will be of immense value to be able to intervene in risk groups identified in the premorbid phase, and there are few examples of ongoing trial for children of parent with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Solmi, Francesca, Glyn Lewis, Stanley Zammit, and James B. Kirkbride. "Neighborhood Characteristics at Birth and Positive and Negative Psychotic Symptoms in Adolescence: Findings From the ALSPAC Birth Cohort." Schizophrenia Bulletin 46, no. 3 (June 5, 2019): 581–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbz049.
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Abstract Background Urban birth is associated with risk of non-affective psychoses, but the association with subclinical positive and negative symptoms is less clear, despite emerging evidence. Further the extent to which these findings are confounded by polygenic risk scores (PRS) for schizophrenia is also unknown. Methods Using data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, linked to census geographical indicators, we examined whether various indices of urbanicity at birth were associated with negative and positive psychotic symptoms at age 16 and 18 years, respectively. We used logistic regression models, controlling for child’s ethnicity, maternal age, education, marital status, social class, depressive symptoms, other neighborhood exposures, and, in a subsample of children of white ethnicity (N = 10 283), PRS for schizophrenia. Results Amongst 11 879 adolescents, those born in the most densely populated tertile had greater odds of reporting positive psychotic experiences, after multivariable adjustment (odds ratio [OR]: 1.57, 95% confidence intervals (CIs): 1.14–2.17). Adolescents born in the most socially fragmented neighborhoods had greater odds of negative symptoms, after multivariable adjustment (OR: 1.43, 95% CI: 1.06–1.85). Although we found that greater schizophrenia PRS were associated with an increased risk of being born in more deprived and fragmented (bot not more densely populated areas), these associations were not confounded by PRS. Interpretation Birth into more densely populated and socially fragmented environments increased risk of positive and negative psychotic phenomena in adolescence, respectively, suggesting that different forms of neighborhood social adversity may impinge on different psychopathophysiologies associated with the clinical expression of psychosis.
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Welham, J., J. Scott, G. Williams, J. Najman, W. Bor, M. O'Callaghan, and J. McGrath. "Emotional and behavioural antecedents of young adults who screen positive for non-affective psychosis: a 21-year birth cohort study." Psychological Medicine 39, no. 4 (July 8, 2008): 625–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291708003760.
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BackgroundBirth cohort studies have shown that individuals who develop non-affective psychoses display subtle deviations in behaviour during childhood and adolescence. We had the opportunity to examine the widely used Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and the Youth Self-Report (YSR) to explore the antecedents of non-affective psychosis.MethodBased on a birth cohort of 3801 young adults, psychopathology was assessed at years 5 and 14 using the CBCL and/or the YSR. Screen-positive non-affective psychosis (SP-NAP) was assessed at year 21 by using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) or a self-report checklist. The association between childhood symptoms and SP-NAP was examined using logistic regression.ResultsOf the cohort, 60 subjects were classified as SP-NAP. In males, SP-NAP was associated with higher scores: (a) on year 5 CBCL ‘Total’, ‘Aggression’ and ‘Social, Attention and Thought’ scores; (b) on year 14 CBCL ‘Social’, ‘Attention’ and ‘Delinquency’ scores, and (c) YSR ‘Total’ and many YSR subscores. These associations were less clear for females. Hallucinations at year 14 were associated with SP-NAP for both sexes. Boys with high ‘Total’ scores at both years 5 and 14 were at greatest risk of SP-NAP (a 5-fold risk), followed by boys and girls whose ‘Social, Attention and Thought’ scores either increased or remained high from years 5 to 14 (3- to 13-fold risk).ConclusionsIndividuals who screen positive for non-affective psychosis show increased psychopathology during childhood and adolescence. The psychopathological trajectory of children who go on to develop schizophrenia anticipates the heterogeneity associated with the full clinical syndrome.
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Habel, Ute, Isabelle Krasenbrink, Ulrike Bowi, Gudrun Ott, and Frank Schneider. "A special role of negative emotion in children and adolescents with schizophrenia and other psychoses." Psychiatry Research 145, no. 1 (November 2006): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2005.11.001.
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Burke, Aggrey. "Distinguishing vulnerable clients from psychotic patients with follow-up mortality data." BJPsych Open 7, S1 (June 2021): S11—S12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2021.90.
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AimsThe aim of the present study is to determine whether vulnerable non-psychotic clients presenting in court proceedings do not share the same mortality profile as psychotic patients in similar environments. It is hypothesised that the two display quite separate mortality profiles.BackgroundThe increased mortality of psychiatric patients and prisoners has been documented but less is known of the outcomes among other vulnerable populations .The population for study is a consecutive series of assessments in court proceedings of carers of children at risk and violent offenders.MethodAssistants not involved in the initial assessments transferred data from case notes and this material was transferred to computer files. Statistical analysis SPSS19Formal psychiatric diagnoses were those agreed in court proceedings. National mortality records were searched and copies of death certificates obtained. A small number of cases known to have returned overseas were excluded. 772 cases were studied. One in five were assessed in prison, twice as many gave a history of violent criminal behaviour. Over a half suffered abuse or neglect or admitted to being unhappy in childhood. Three subgroups have been identified: Vulnerable with no psychotic illness(60%), psychosis with no evidence of personality disorder or of mixed psychosis(18%), linked psychosis(22%). It was found that demographic variables , deprivation factors, adverse childhood experiences and outcomes and clinical variables are in excess among linked psychotics compared with other groups. Linear regression of unnatural death among psychotic patients identifies five risk factors. The distribution of high-risk factors among linked psychosis is more than twice that found in other groups.ResultNatural mortality is most evident among clients suffering from psychosis without personality disorder or mixed disorder.Unnatural mortality is more than 10 times greater among patients with linked psychosis, compared with those with no psychosis and four times greater than other psychoses. Risk factors for unnatural mortality are: physical illness, stressful relationship, violence to self or others, detained and history of behaviour disorder.ConclusionThe findings of the present study demonstrate that vulnerable clients without psychosis are less likely to die by unnatural causes than clients who suffer psychosis coexisting with personality disorder or mixed psychosis. The null hypothesis is upheld. The findings suggest that risk assessment of vulnerable populations should take account of risk factors of unnatural death which have been identified in this study.
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Sivolap, Yuriy, and Anna Portnova. "Excessive use of antipsychotics as a global problem of clinical medicine." Vestnik nevrologii, psihiatrii i nejrohirurgii (Bulletin of Neurology, Psychiatry and Neurosurgery), no. 5 (May 1, 2020): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/med-01-2005-01.
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In recent decades in many regions of the world there has been an increase in prescribing antipsychotics, including for children and adolescents, and in many cases the drugs are used off label, in patients without diagnosis of schizophrenia and other psychoses and bipolar disorder or — in child and adolescent practice — without severe behavioral disorders. In addition, antipsychotics are often prescribed at excessive doses, and antipsychotic therapy is not accompanied by proper monitoring of physiological functions and laboratory parameters. The metabolic effects of antipsychotics contribute to weight gain, obesity and metabolic syndrome, increase the risk of type 2 diabetes, as well as cardiovascular diseases development. Children and adolescents, as well as young adults, are particularly vulnerable to the undesirable metabolic effects of antipsychotic drugs. The deterioration of physical health due to side effects of antipsychotics is one of the reasons for reducing life expectancy in patients with mental disorders.
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Tiffin, Paul A., and Charlotte E. W. Kitchen. "Incidence and 12-month outcome of childhood non-affective psychoses: British national surveillance study." British Journal of Psychiatry 206, no. 6 (June 2015): 517–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.114.158493.
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SummaryThe schizophrenias are uncommon before the age of 14 but incidence/prevalence figures are lacking. The 1-year incidence, clinical features and short-term outcomes in childhood-onset schizophrenia spectrum disorder were evaluated via the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Surveillance System. Fifteen children with a provisional diagnosis were reported. Outcome data were obtained for 12 individuals, 8 of whom met the diagnostic criteria, equating to an estimated incidence of 0.21/100 000 (95% CI 0.08–0.34). Delusions and thought disorder were a more consistent predictor of ‘caseness' than hallucinations. Illness outcomes at 1 year were generally poor. Childhood-onset schizophrenia appears to be a rare but serious disorder.
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Sacker, A., D. J. Done, and T. J. Crow. "Obstetric complications in children born to parents with schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of case–control studies." Psychological Medicine 26, no. 2 (March 1996): 279–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003329170003467x.
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SynopsisOn the basis of previous findings, we used meta-analyses to consider whether births to parents with schizophrenia have an increased risk of obstetric complications. Meta-analyses were based on published studies satisfying the following selection criteria. The schizophrenic diagnosis could apply to either parent: parents with non-schizophrenic psychoses were not included: only normal controls were accepted. In all, 14 studies provided effect sizes or data from which these could be derived. Studies were identified by data searches through MEDLINE, PSYCLIT and through references of papers relating to the subject. Births to individuals with schizophrenia incur an increased risk of pregnancy and birth complications, low birthweight and poor neonatal condition. However, in each case the effect size is small (mean r = 0·155; 95% CI = 0·057). The risk is greater for mothers with schizophrenia and is not confined to mothers with onset pre-delivery or to the births of the children who become schizophrenic themselves.
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SINGER, HARVEY S. "Tardive Dyskinesia: A Concern for the Pediatrician." Pediatrics 77, no. 4 (April 1, 1986): 553–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.77.4.553.
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Antipsychotic drugs, such as the phenothiazines (chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, thioridazine), butyrophenones (haloperiodol), and diphenylbutylpiperidines (pimozide) are used in children and adolescents to treat a variety of clinical entities including psychoses, tics, behavior disorders, and movement problems. Because virtually all of these drugs have a potential to affect body movements and posture, they have also been termed neuroleptics.1 Most physicians are aware of the more common acute extrapyramidal side effects of these drugs, such as oculogyria, pseudoparkinsonism, dystonia, and restlessness (akathisia). Despite the widespread use of neuroleptics, however, little is known about the long-term neurologic consequences of such treatment. Of particular concern, based originally on data in adults, is the risk of severe and persistent tardive dyskinesia developing in persons receiving neuroleptic therapy.
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Schultze-Lutter, F., C. Michel, S. J. Schmidt, B. G. Schimmelmann, N. P. Maric, R. K. R. Salokangas, A. Riecher-Rössler, et al. "EPA guidance on the early detection of clinical high risk states of psychoses." European Psychiatry 30, no. 3 (March 2015): 405–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.01.010.
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AbstractThe aim of this guidance paper of the European Psychiatric Association is to provide evidence-based recommendations on the early detection of a clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis in patients with mental problems. To this aim, we conducted a meta-analysis of studies reporting on conversion rates to psychosis in non-overlapping samples meeting any at least any one of the main CHR criteria: ultra-high risk (UHR) and/or basic symptoms criteria. Further, effects of potential moderators (different UHR criteria definitions, single UHR criteria and age) on conversion rates were examined. Conversion rates in the identified 42 samples with altogether more than 4000 CHR patients who had mainly been identified by UHR criteria and/or the basic symptom criterion ‘cognitive disturbances’ (COGDIS) showed considerable heterogeneity. While UHR criteria and COGDIS were related to similar conversion rates until 2-year follow-up, conversion rates of COGDIS were significantly higher thereafter. Differences in onset and frequency requirements of symptomatic UHR criteria or in their different consideration of functional decline, substance use and co-morbidity did not seem to impact on conversion rates. The ‘genetic risk and functional decline’ UHR criterion was rarely met and only showed an insignificant pooled sample effect. However, age significantly affected UHR conversion rates with lower rates in children and adolescents. Although more research into potential sources of heterogeneity in conversion rates is needed to facilitate improvement of CHR criteria, six evidence-based recommendations for an early detection of psychosis were developed as a basis for the EPA guidance on early intervention in CHR states.
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Morgan, Kevin, S. Zubrick, C. Bower, M. Croft, G. Valuri, and A. Jablensky. "WHY IS THE RISK OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY ELEVATED IN THE CHILDREN OF MOTHERS WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA AND OTHER PSYCHOSES?" Schizophrenia Research 102, no. 1-3 (June 2008): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-9964(08)70510-3.
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Donatelli, Jo-Ann, Larry Seidman, Jill Goldstein, Ming Tsuang, and Stephen Buka. "CHILDREN OF PARENTS WITH AFFECTIVE AND NON-AFFECTIVE PSYCHOSES: A PROSPECTIVE STUDY OF CHILDHOOD INTERNALIZING AND EXTERNALIZING BEHAVIOR." Schizophrenia Research 102, no. 1-3 (June 2008): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-9964(08)70839-9.
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Demcheva, Nadezhda Konstantinovna, and Alla Vladimirovna Yazdovskaya. "Overall incidence of mental disorders in the Russian Federation and federal districts in 2017–2019." Vestnik nevrologii, psihiatrii i nejrohirurgii (Bulletin of Neurology, Psychiatry and Neurosurgery), no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/med-01-2101-04.
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The aim of the study was to identify the main trends in the overall incidence of mental disorders in the Russian Federation in 2017–2019. The analysis of indices based on statistical reports, revealed changes in the direction of the dynamics of the overall incidence of mental disorders in the Russian Federation. In 2018–2019, the indicator increased (by 0,1 %) for the first time after a yearslong (2007–2018) rather intense annual decline. The most noticeable increase is noted in the incidence of organic mental disorders, chronic inorganic disorders, childhood psychoses, including autism, as well as in indices in the groups of children and adolescents 0–14, 15–17 years old and individuals of 60 years and older. The authors of the article conclude that the change in the dynamics of overall incidence in the Russian Federation observed in 2017–2019 indicates a rise in the referral to psychiatric institutions in the last year with an increase in the total number of patients receiving specialized care.
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Scott, Jan. "Homelessness and Mental Illness." British Journal of Psychiatry 162, no. 3 (March 1993): 314–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.162.3.314.
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In Great Britain 1–2 million people may be homeless. Most homeless people are men, but about 10–25% are women, of whom about half are accompanied by children. Significant mental illness is present in 30–50% of the homeless: functional psychoses predominate; acute distress and personality dysfunction are also prevalent. Co-morbidity of mental illness and substance abuse occurs in 20%, and physical morbidity rates exceed those of domiciled populations. The homeless mentally ill also have many social needs. Pathways to homelessness are complex; deinstitutionalisation may be only one possible cause of the increase in the number of homeless people. There is much recent research estimating the extent of mental illness and the characteristics of selected subgroups of accessible homeless people. The evaluation of potential service solutions has received less attention. This review outlines the research, highlights current views on the definition and classification of homeless populations, and offers some guidelines on avenues which need to be explored.
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De Jong, Joop T. V. M. "A comprehensive public mental health programme in Guinea-Bissau: a useful model for African, Asian and Latin-American countries." Psychological Medicine 26, no. 1 (January 1996): 97–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700033742.
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SynopsisFrom 1983–1994 a community mental health programme was set up in Guinea-Bissau. The first part of the programme concentrated on epidemiological aspects: rural and urban study areas were selected on socio-economic level and participation in the liberation war. A two-stage design was used to screen 351 adult consecutive general health care attenders and 100 children in a rural and an urban area for mental disorder. Psychiatric disorders have a morbidity of 12% among adults seen in Primary Health Care. Disorders were mainly neuroses (74%), but more psychoses were found than in other countries. No statistically significant difference in morbidity was found between rural-urban areas or between previous war and non-war zones. The diagnostic sensitivity of the Primary Health Care workers was 31%, their diagnostic specificity 88%. Thirteen per cent of the children showed neuropsychiatric disturbances. There were no sociocultural impediments to this public mental health approach. During the following intervention programme 850 Primary Health Care workers were trained and supervised nationwide. The diagnostic sensitivity of major mental disorders and epilepsy increased from 31% to an average of 85%. Before the training, their knowledge of the treatment of these disorders was nil whereas after training 82% of the patients received appropriate treatment. Moreover, this model programme shows a profitable cost/benefit ratio and a high sustainability over the last 10 years.
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Zghebi, Salwa S., Mohamed O. Mohamed, Mamas A. Mamas, and Evangelos Kontopantelis. "Temporal trends of hospitalizations, comorbidity burden and in-hospital outcomes in patients admitted with asthma in the United States: Population-based study." PLOS ONE 17, no. 12 (December 14, 2022): e0276731. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0276731.
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Background Asthma is a prevalent chronic respiratory condition and remains a common cause for hospitalization. However, contemporary data on asthma hospitalization rates, comorbidity burden, and in-hospital outcomes are lacking. Methods Survey-weighted analysis of hospitalization records with a primary diagnosis of asthma using data from the US National (Nationwide) Inpatient Sample between 2004 and 2017. Outcomes were number of hospitalizations per 100,000 population and in-hospital outcomes including receipt of ventilation, length of stay, and hospital costs. Patient and admission characteristics and comorbidity burden were examined over time. Multivariable logistic and linear regression models were fitted for over-time risks of the outcomes. Results Among 3,098,863 asthma admissions between 2004 and 2017, mean (±SD) age was 29 (±25), 57% females, 36% White, 40% had Medicaid as primary payer. During 2004–2017, asthma hospitalizations declined from 89 to 56 per 100,000 population; length of stay remained overall stable; median (interquartile range IQR) inflation-adjusted hospital costs doubled from $8,446 (9,227) in 2004 to $17,756 (19,434) in 2017. Common comorbidities in patients admitted with asthma were hypertension and diabetes in adults, but gastroesophageal reflux disease, obstructive sleep apnoea, anemia, and obesity in children. Over time, the prevalence of mental illness increased by >50%. Severe asthma (IRR, 2.48; 95%CI: 2.27–2.72) and psychoses (IRR, 1.10; 1.05–1.14) were predictors of prolonged hospitalization. Asian/Pacific Islanders were more likely to receive ventilation (OR: 2.35; 1.73–3.20) than White patients. Hospital costs were significantly higher in females and adults with hypertension (coefficient, 1405.2; 283.1–2527.4) or psychoses (coefficient, 1978.4; 674.9–3282.0). Conclusions US asthma hospitalization rates fluctuated in earlier years but declined over time, which may reflect improvements in community care and declining asthma prevalence. Comorbidity burden, including mental illness, increased over time and is associated with in-hospital outcomes. This highlights the changing landscape of asthma admissions which may inform redesigning services to support pre-hospitalization asthma care and help further reduce admissions, particularly among patients with multimorbidity.
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Yazdovskaya, Alla Vladimirovna, and Nadezhda Konstantinovna Demcheva. "The first recorded cases of mental disorders in the Russian Federation and federal districts in 2017-2019." Vestnik nevrologii, psihiatrii i nejrohirurgii (Bulletin of Neurology, Psychiatry and Neurosurgery), no. 2 (February 18, 2021): 153–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/med-01-2102-07.
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The purpose of the study was to identify the main trends in the primary incidence of mental disorders in the Russian Federation in 2017–2019. The analysis of indices based on statistical reports, revealed changes in the direction of the dynamics of the primary incidence of mental disorders in the Russian Federation. In 2017–2019, the indicator increased (by 7,4 %) for the first time after a years-long (2005–2017) rather intense annual decline. The increase is observed in almost all federal districts of the country. The most noticeable increase is noted in the incidence of organic mental disorders, chronic inorganic disorders, childhood psychoses, including autism, as well as in indices in the groups of children and adolescents of 0–17 years old and individuals of 60 years and older. In conclusion, it was noted that the change in the dynamics of primary incidence in the Russian Federation observed in 2017–2019 is due to a number of factors: from organizational to social ones. As the most significant of them, early diagnosis and an increase in citizens’ referral to psychiatric institutions are noted.
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Martin, Faith, Dania Dahmash, Sarah Glover, Charlie Duncan, Andy Turner, and Sarah L. Halligan. "Needs of parents and carers of children and young people with mental health difficulties: protocol for a systematic review." BMJ Open 13, no. 2 (February 2023): e071341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-071341.
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IntroductionHaving a child or young person (CYP) with mental health problems can be highly distressing for parents/carers. The impact can include parental/carer depression, anxiety, lost productivity and poor family relationships. Currently, there is no synthesis of this evidence, which is needed to provide clarity around what support parents/carers may need, to meet the needs of family mental health. This review aims to identify the needs of the parents/carers of CYP who are receiving mental health services.Methods and analysisA systematic review will be conducted to identify potentially relevant studies that provide evidence concerning the needs and impact on parents/carers linked to their CYP having mental health difficulties. CYP mental health conditions included are anxiety disorders, depression, psychoses, oppositional defiant and other externalising disorders, labels of emerging personality disorders, eating disorders and attention deficit (hyperactive) disorders. The following databases were searched on November 2022 with no date restriction applied: Medline; PsycINFO; CINAHL; AMED; EMBASE; Web of Science; Cochrane Library; WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform; Social Policy and Practice; Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts; and Open Grey. Only studies reported in English will be included. The quality of the included studies will be assessed using Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for qualitative studies and the Newcastle Ottawa Scale for quantitative studies. Qualitative data will be analysed thematically and inductively.Ethics and disseminationThis review was approved by the ethical committee at Coventry University, UK, reference number P139611. The findings from this systematic review will be disseminated across various key stakeholders and published in peer-reviewed journals.
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Haukka, J., J. Suvisaari, L. Häkkinen, and J. Lönnqvist. "Growth pattern and risk of schizophrenia." Psychological Medicine 38, no. 1 (May 17, 2007): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291707000839.
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BackgroundFoetal nutrition and growth seem to affect the risk of developing schizophrenia. Exposure to famine during foetal development and low birthweight increase the risk. However, few studies have investigated the association between schizophrenia and adult height and weight or patterns of growth.MethodThe study population consisted of two subpopulations: families with at least one member with schizophrenia, and families of offspring of mothers with psychotic disorder, and controls. Using a seven-parameter model of height growth curves, we compared the parameters of persons who later developed schizophrenia and their unaffected siblings from the same families. We also studied how growth curve parameters differed in children with genetic risk for schizophrenia and controls, and whether weight, height and body mass index (BMI) at different ages predicted later development of schizophrenia.ResultsThe predicted growth curves based on a parametric model were nearly identical for persons with schizophrenia and their unaffected siblings. Adult height of daughters of mothers with psychoses was borderline significantly (p=0.0536) lower compared to controls, while no difference was detected among sons (p=0.3283).ConclusionsNo association between growth characteristics and schizophrenia in families with at least one member with schizophrenia was found. Family-related factors should be taken into account as possible confounders in future studies on growth and schizophrenia.
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Morgan, Vera, S. Zubrick, C. Bower, M. Croft, G. Valuri, J. Griffith, and A. Jablensky. "WHAT IMPACT DO OBSTETRIC COMPLICATIONS HAVE ON THE RISK OF ADVERSE PSYCHIATRIC OUTCOMES FOR THE HIGH RISK CHILDREN OF MOTHERS WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA AND OTHER PSYCHOSES?" Schizophrenia Research 102, no. 1-3 (June 2008): 167–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-9964(08)70511-5.
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