Journal articles on the topic 'Psychopathy'
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1
Jan Nelken. "Zagadnienia psychopatii i resocjalizacji przestępców-psychopatów w dziejach polskiej myśli kryminologicznej." Archives of Criminology, no. XVI (March 14, 1989): 245–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.7420/ak1989f.
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The notion of psychopathy as deficiency of emotions, will, and drives was shaped in the late 19th and early 20th century (Koch, Birnbaum, Kraepelin, Schneider). In Poland between the two world wars, studies of psychopathy were carried out by outstanding psychiatrists (Radziwiłłowicz, Wachholz, Nelken, Łuniewski) whose works initiated the development of criminal psychopathology in our country. Their opinions were as follows: the basic trait of a psychopathic character is a pathological moral defect the intensity of which rnay differ in different individuals. Against that background, many other disorders exist, most frequent being a pathological increase of affectivity. The pathological moral defect results from the psychopaths deficient emotions. The pathological mental changes are quantitative and not qualitative which is why psychopathy cannot be considered a mental illness. The opinion prevailed that psychopathy has constitutional grounds as opposed to pathological changes of character caused by other factors (e. g. brain lesions). It was also believed, that external factors, the social environment, alcohol and drugs above all, contribute to the shaping of a psychopathic character. Psychopathy was considered a highly crime-generating factor and the ground of many cases of alcoholism and drug addiction. As a constitutional and permanent condition psychopathy is not susceptible to psychiatric treatment; the researchers believed that imprisonment creates the proper conditions of resocialization of psychopathic offenders. The type of prison for psychopaths who commit offences was discussed, the question being whether they should be kept in normal prisons with other prisoners, or in special penal institutions. In the 1930's, a criminal-biological examination of prisoners starred, initiated by the Ministry of Justice, with psychiatric and psychological examination playing the leading part. The aim was mainly to work out a system of segregation of prisoners who were to be put in appropriate prisons with different rules. The outbreak of World War II stopped the project. The postwar Polish publications usually point to the crime-generating faculties of psychopathy which result from its being a deficiency of emotions, will, and drives and an individual's permanent condition although it may be lessened or aggravated in various stages of life according to physiological processes and external conditions. As manifested by studies carried out in Poland, mainly the psychiatric ones, there is a considerable number of psychopaths among the perpetrators of various types of offences. Among those guilty of murder, 29.4 per cent of psychopaths were found (Fleszar-Szumigajowa it al.), among thieves of public property-26.19 and of private properly - 28.12 per cent (Malik). There were 48 per cent of psychopaths among recidivists ( Ostrihanska). The above proportions do not include offenders with psychopathological traits similar to psychopathy but resulting from a disease or lesion of brain (the so-called characteropaths). Among the different types of psychopaths, particular attention should be drawn to unqualified psychopaths (emotionless according to Schneider’s classification) and to schizoidal psychopaths. Representatives of both these types can be found among serious criminals, murderes in particular, and among recidivists. As follows from psychiatric examination of murderers, sex murderers ale usually unqualified or schizoidal psychopaths (Szymusik). Despite their common characteristic, i. e. the deficient emotions, there two typ.. of psychopaths differ from each other to some extent which is important from the point of view of criminal psychopathology. An unqualified psychopath is usually characterized by a more marked deficiency of emotions and behaviour his environment frequently perceives as contradictory to the rules of social life. Instead, the emotional deficiency of a schizoidal psychopath is accompanied by his tendency to conceal his real emotions and intentions from the environment and to ambivalence, making this type of psychopath more difficult to diagnose as dangerous to others. The above findings have been obtained from specially selected groups i. e. persons suspected of offences or convicted, who were subjected to psychiatric examination because of their unusual behaviour as a rule. As regards the problem of criminal responsibility of psychopaths, an opinion prevails that such persons are accountable in principle. This follows from the fact that psychopathy is not a mental disease, a psychopath retaining his ability to understand the nature of his act as he is not mentally deficient and usually has a normal I.Q.A psychopaths is also able to control his conduct: as shown in practice by a number of cases, psychopaths. usually desist from the intended act if they find the conditions to be unpropitious; they also retain critical judgement of the separate elements of a given situation, thus to secure for themselves the necessary conditions and to be safe after the act. Thus in such psychopaths, intellect is able to control the deficient emotions and will to the extent that they discern the chances of a temporary gain. A psychopath may be found to have diminished accountability in particular cases only, and to be non-accountable -exceptionally. This takes place if his ability to control his own conduct was largely limited or entirely supressed due to the type of psychopathy (e. g. in depressive or vehement psychopaths), the particular, circumstances of the act which increased the psychopathic reaction, or the additional mental complications (e. g. mental deficiency found jointly with psychopathy). Resocialization of psychopathic offenders proved a difficult problem in practice due to their abnormal personality and reaction to imprisonment. Psychopaths serve their terms in special prisons for persons in need of particular medical and educational measures. Among their inmates who deviate from the mental norm, psychopaths constitute 40 per cent. They are resocialized through initiation into discipline, order and work, and through additional general or professional schooling if necessary. They also undergo psychocorrective treatment individually or in groups with specialized prison staff; the treatment is aimed at arousing in them a critical attitude towards their own conduct. Having served their term, psychopathic recidivists are subjected to protective supervision of a court-appointed curator, the aim of which is their further resocialization and prevention or their relapse into crime. If a recidivist evades supervision on release, he is placed in a social adjustment centre by a court's decision. In the centre, psychopaths should receive a treatment conducive to their resacialization. Psychopaths receive postpenitentiary assistence, if necessary, which consists mainly in finding a job and lodgings (e. g. in a worker’s hostel) for them. Yet many psychopaths relapse into crime despite that assistance. To end with, the fact is stressed in the paper that small differences in the definitions of psychopathy given by the separate authors and the sometimes found diagnostic differences- are not sufficient grounds for the term ,,psychopathv’’ to be replaced with other terms leading to considerable ambiguity. ,,Psychopathy’’ is a diagnostically established term and its replacement with ,, personality disorders’’ or ,,abnormal personality’’ only makes the problem obscure, blurring the difference between psychopathy and characteropathy, and between psychopathy and conditions such as neuropathic disposition and pathological character changes resulting from alcoholism or drug addiction. An explicit definition of the differences between these psychopathological conditions is most important for judicial decisions and forensic psychiatry, for defining the chances and methods of treatment, and for criminological prognosis.
2
Iria, Catarina, Fernando Barbosa, and Rui Paixão. "The Identification of Negative Emotions Through a Go/No-Go Task." European Psychologist 17, no. 4 (January 1, 2012): 291–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000101.
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This study compares the performance, when identifying negative emotions on facial expression, of male offenders (n = 62) with a high level of psychopathy (n = 25) with other criminals with a low level of psychopathy (n = 37), as well as other “successful psychopaths” (n = 12) and non-criminals with a low level of psychopathy (n = 39) in order to clarify the negative emotional processing of offenders and non-offenders that are either high or low in psychopathy. The participants were assessed on a Go/No-Go paradigm in which subjects had to respond to the facial expressions of fear, sadness, and anger. The psychopathy level was obtained by Factor 1 of Hare’s PCL:SV. Both psychopathic groups, criminal and non-criminal, showed worse performance than their non-psychopathic counterparts on the identification of fear and sadness. An overresponsivity to both anger and fear was common to criminals, psychopaths, and non-psychopaths. These results reinforce the idea that psychopathy is related to a poor ability to identify fear and sadness in facial expressions independently of its manifestation in criminal behavior. In turn, a misidentified response pattern, characterized by an overresponsiveness for fear and anger, is common to both psychopaths and the criminal groups, and it appears to be the characteristic that distinguishes the three groups under study from non-criminal non-psychopath controls.
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Coldwell, David, and Sarah Coldwell. "Promoting a Safe Environment in Our Cities: Towards a Theoretical Model of “Moral Deficit” for Appropriate Psychopathic Therapy." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 14 (July 10, 2020): 4968. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17144968.
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The increasing reported incidents of knife crime in cities and the release on parole of “rehabilitated” violent criminals are creating an unsafe urban environment. Such occurrences suggest that measures taken to address psychopathic-oriented behaviour may have been ineffective because the individual’s degree of “moral deficit” is not fully accounted for in the application of specific therapies. This study developed a theoretical model of “moral deficit” that is aligned with the appropriateness of therapy, ranging from the extreme “classical approach” of total confinement justified by a belief in the incurability of psychopaths to the modern therapy that aims to reintegrate the psychopath with society using “moralizing therapy”. Analysis of secondary data from extant literature was used to develop the theoretical model of “moral deficit”. Secondary data analysis suggests that the extent of psychopathic “moral deficit” may be an important factor in the selection of appropriate therapeutic measures for psychopathy treatment and the rehabilitation of psychopaths as law-abiding members of society. We conclude that a specific type of psychopathic moral deficit may have an important bearing on the appropriateness of treatment. It is recommended that the treatment of psychopathy makes greater provision for the extent and type of psychopathic “moral deficit” in assessing the most appropriate applications for the treatment of psychopathy and promoting the safety of urban environments.
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Syamsidar, Raja, Laras Tri Handayani, and Tengku Muhammad Sum. "Psychopaty of The Main Character in The Collection Short Stories Perempuan Yang Menunggu by DM Ningsih." INTERACTION: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa 10, no. 1 (July 29, 2023): 526–237. http://dx.doi.org/10.36232/jurnalpendidikanbahasa.v10i1.4672.
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This research is entitled Psychopathy of the main character in a collection of women's short stories waiting for DM Ningsih's work in terms of literary psychology. Psychopathy is a personality disorder characterized by a group of behaviors and traits, including ego, deceit, shallow emotions, lack of guilt, remorse, empathy and an anti-social lifestyle as well as a tendency to ignore or violate social conventions and rules. This study aims to describe the psychopathy of the main character in a collection of short stories by DM Ningsih with a literary psychology approach, using Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic personality theory in particular, namely Personality Structure and Psychopathy-Checklist Revised Hare. The results of this study are (1) The form of psychopathic behavior of the main character in DM Ningsih's short story collection is based on the characteristics of the special actors in psychopaths, namely antisoacial behavior, likes to manipulate, aggressive behavior, sadistic behavior, and no regrets and no guilt so that the form of behavior can be determined psychopath. (2) the factors that cause the main character to behave psychopathically in DM Ningsih's short story collection are environmental and traumatic factors.
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Barbosa-Torres, Carlos, Mónica Guerrero-Molina, Juan Manuel Moreno-Manso, María Elena García-Baamonde, and Natalia Bueso-Izquierdo. "Profile of Subclinical Psychopathy in Spanish University Students." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 13 (June 22, 2022): 7607. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137607.
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Psychopaths are portrayed as deceitful, manipulative, domineering and narcissistic; the result of an irregular and irresponsible interpersonal style that harms both the psychopath him/herself and others. Furthermore, psychopathy is frequently associated with both violent and antisocial conduct. However, subclinical psychopaths are known for manifesting this type of profile without committing crimes. The objective of this study is to examine the differences that exist in subclinical psychopathy concerning gender, the number of intimate relationships and the age of the university student. The number of university students participating was 1289. They were given the Integrated/Subclinical Psychopathy Questionnaire (CUPIS). The results show that, in subclinical psychopathy, men present higher scores than women and younger persons have higher scores than older persons. In addition, the scores in psychopathy are higher for students who have had a larger number of intimate relationships. The contributions of this study allow us to determine the profile associated with subclinical psychopathy.
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Ni Putu Eka Aristayanti, I Gusti Agung Sri Rwa Jayantini, and Putu Nur Ayomi. "Investigating The Psychopathy Shown by Emma in The Bad Seed Film by Rob Lowe." Journal of Language and Applied Linguistics 5, no. 1 (January 30, 2024): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.22334/traverse.v5i1.107.
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A literary work can be converted into another format, for instance, a film. In filmmaking, the themes taken are derived from our depiction of life. Therefore, a film can raise a psychological theme that discusses one of gripping psychology like personality disorders. One of the personality disorders that often heard of is psychopathy. Through the characters in the film, a psychological perspective of a psychopath is displayed. This research aims to analyze the type of psychopathic behavior depicted by Emma Grossman as the main character in The Bad Seed (2018) film directed by Rob Lowe. The author used a qualitative method in describing the analysis of psychopathic behavior experienced by the main character. In investigating the type of psychopathy on Emma, the theory proposed by Millon and Davis (1998) was applied. Based on the research, Emma's enviousness which turns into revenge and several background personality of her psychopathy match the type of Malignant Psychopath. In addition, this research is expected to provide awareness of psychopathy behavior.
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Hulbert, Sarah, and Hojjat Adeli. "Spotting psychopaths using technology." Reviews in the Neurosciences 26, no. 6 (December 1, 2015): 721–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/revneuro-2015-0025.
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AbstractFor the past three and a half decades, the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) and the self-report Psychopathic Personality Inventory-Revised (PPI-R) have been the standard measures for the diagnosis of psychopathy. Technological approaches can enhance these diagnostic methodologies. The purpose of this paper is to present a state-of-the-art review of various technological approaches for spotting psychopathy, such as electroencephalogram (EEG), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), functional MRI (fMRI), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), and other measures. Results of EEG event-related potential (ERP) experiments support the theory that impaired amygdala function may be responsible for abnormal fear processing in psychopathy, which can ultimately manifest as psychopathic traits, as outlined by the PCL-R or PPI-R. Imaging studies, in general, point to reduced fear processing capabilities in psychopathic individuals. While the human element, introduced through researcher/participant interactions, can be argued as unequivocally necessary for diagnosis, these purely objective technological approaches have proven to be useful in conjunction with the subjective interviewing and questionnaire methods for differentiating psychopaths from non-psychopaths. Furthermore, these technologies are more robust than behavioral measures, which have been shown to fail.
8
Cheang, Henry S., and Steven H. Appelbaum. "Corporate psychopathy: deviant workplace behaviour and toxic leaders – part one." Industrial and Commercial Training 47, no. 4 (June 1, 2015): 165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ict-12-2013-0086.
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Purpose – Increasingly, it is recognized that (larger) organizations have many employees who present with corporate psychopathy (i.e. a milder version of antisocial personality disorder (APD)). Importantly, such a disorder contributes to the presence of deviant workplace behaviour. Organizations must therefore adapt its practices to both identify and manage employees who either present with, or have tendencies towards, corporate psychopathy. As a means of developing a guiding framework for organizational adaptation, the purpose of this two-part paper is to offer two reviews of relevant research. The first revolves around the body of knowledge regarding corporate psychopathy and the primary, established behavioural method of identifying its presence; the second is a brief review on physiological measures that can complement current gold standards. Design/methodology/approach – A range of published empirical and practitioner research articles were reviewed to elaborate on APD and corporate psychopathy; showcase the efficacy of the currently most accepted method of detecting psychopathic behaviour – the Psychopathy Checklist (PCL) and; highlight physiological methods of detecting psychopathic tendencies which may complement usage of the PCL – electroencephalography, measurement of galvanic skin responses, and electromyography. Findings – Deviant workplace behaviours cause losses of billions of dollars across all business organizations, and much of this behaviour stems from corporate psychopaths in positions of leadership; the PCL, while useful, can nonetheless yield sharp differences in the identification of psychopathy across different administrators of the test; measures of physiological states show good reliability in discriminating psychopathic persons from non-psychopathic persons. Based on these findings, the authors propose guidelines for how to identify and mitigate the effects of corporate psychopathy for organizations. Research limitations/implications – The proposed guidelines must be tested in an empirical paper to measure their effectiveness. Practical implications – The paper suggests an overall framework that may help leaders and organizational development practitioners identify the major factors which may be considered to safeguard against the potentially detrimental conduct of corporate psychopaths in their organizations. Social implications – This paper highlights the need to identify and ward against the presence of corporate psychopaths. There needs to be guidelines for organizations on how to identify and mitigate the effects of corporate psychopathy for organizations. Originality/value – The suggestion of integrating physiological methods of detection with the PCL, as well as urging proactive education of all employees as the symptoms and effects of corporate psychopathy, is the novel contribution of the paper.
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Cheang, Henry S., and Steven H. Appelbaum. "Corporate psychopathy: deviant workplace behaviour and toxic leaders (part two)." Industrial and Commercial Training 47, no. 5 (July 6, 2015): 236–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ict-12-2013-0087.
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Purpose – Increasingly, it is recognized that (larger) organizations have many employees who present with corporate psychopathy (i.e. a milder version of anti-social personality disorder). Importantly, such a disorder contributes to the presence of deviant workplace behavior. Organizations must therefore adapt its practices to both identify and manage employees who either present with, or have tendencies toward, corporate psychopathy. As a means of developing a guiding framework for organizational adaptation, this two part paper offers two reviews of relevant research. The first revolves around the body of knowledge regarding corporate psychopathy and the primary, established behavioral method of identifying its presence; the second is a brief review on physiological measures that can complement current gold standards. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – A range of published empirical and practitioner research articles were reviewed to first, elaborate on anti-social personality disorder and corporate psychopathy; second, showcase the efficacy of the currently most accepted method of detecting psychopathic behavior – the Psychopathy Checklist (PCL); and third, highlight physiological methods of detecting psychopathic tendencies which may complement usage of the PCL – electroencephalography, measurement of galvanic skin responses, and electromyography. Findings – First, deviant workplace behaviors cause losses of billions of dollars across all business organizations, and much of this behavior stems from corporate psychopaths in positions of leadership. Second, the PCL, while useful, can nonetheless yield sharp differences in the identification of psychopathy across different administrators of the test. Third, measures of physiological states show good reliability in discriminating psychopathic persons from non-psychopathic persons. Based on these findings, the authors propose guidelines for how to identify and mitigate the effects of corporate psychopathy for organizations. Research limitations/implications – The proposed guidelines must be tested in an empirical paper to measure their effectiveness. Practical implications – The paper suggests an overall framework that may help leaders and organizational development practitioners identify the major factors which may be considered to safeguard against the potentially detrimental conduct of corporate psychopaths in their organizations. Social implications – This paper highlights the need to identify and ward against the presence of corporate psychopaths. There needs to be guidelines for organizations on how to identify and mitigate the effects of corporate psychopathy for organizations. Originality/value – The suggestion of integrating physiological methods of detection with the PCL, as well as urging pro-active education of all employees as the symptoms and effects of corporate psychopathy, is the novel contribution of the paper.
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Kaur, Harprit, and Dr Swati. "Moral Identity and Moral Judgement of Subclinical Psychopaths in Normal Population." Defence Life Science Journal 3, no. 4 (October 3, 2018): 363–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dlsj.3.13404.
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Subclinical psychopaths are those individuals who have most of psychopath’s traits but doesn’t indulge in serious antisocial behavior and thus rarely get imprisoned1. Psychopaths have been generally reported to be low on ethical behaviours. This study is an attempt to see if subclinical psychopaths too are low on moral aspects like clinical psychopaths. For this study data of 279 young adults in the age group of 18 to 25 years were collected from various colleges and universities of Punjab. Correlation analysis revealed that subclinical psychopathy is negatively related to moral identity internalisation, however, no relation was found with moral judgement and moral identity symbolisation. When the two group subclinical psychopath’s ad non-subclinical psychopaths were compared they were found to differ on moral identity internalisation. With regression analysis subclinical psychopathy was found to be a significant predictor of moral identity internalisation.
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Pullman, Lesleigh E., Nabhan Refaie, Martin L. Lalumière, and DB Krupp. "Is Psychopathy a Mental Disorder or an Adaptation? Evidence From a Meta-Analysis of the Association Between Psychopathy and Handedness." Evolutionary Psychology 19, no. 4 (October 2021): 147470492110404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14747049211040447.
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Psychopathy has historically been conceptualized as a mental disorder, but there is growing evidence that it may instead be an alternative, adaptive life history strategy designed by natural selection. Although the etiology of mental disorders is not fully understood, one likely contributor is perturbations affecting neurodevelopment. Nonright-handedness is a sign of such perturbations, and therefore can be used to test these competing models. If psychopathy is a mental disorder, psychopaths should show elevated rates of nonright-handedness. However, an adaptive strategy perspective expects psychopaths to be neurologically healthy and therefore predicts typical rates of nonright-handedness. We meta-analyzed 16 studies that investigated the association between psychopathy and handedness in various populations. There was no difference in the rates of nonright-handedness between community participants high and low in psychopathy. Furthermore, there was no difference between psychopathic and nonpsychopathic offenders in rates of nonright-handedness, though there was a tendency for offenders scoring higher on the Interpersonal/Affective dimension of psychopathy to have lower rates of nonright-handedness, and for offenders scoring higher on the Behavioral dimension of psychopathy to have higher rates of nonright-handedness. Lastly, there was no difference in rates of nonright-handedness between psychopathic and nonpsychopathic mental health patients. Thus, our results fail to support the mental disorder model and partly support the adaptive strategy model. We discuss limitations of the meta-analysis and implications for theories of the origins of psychopathy.
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Pullman, Lesleigh E., Nabhan Refaie, Martin L. Lalumière, and DB Krupp. "Is Psychopathy a Mental Disorder or an Adaptation? Evidence From a Meta-Analysis of the Association Between Psychopathy and Handedness." Evolutionary Psychology 19, no. 4 (October 2021): 147470492110404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14747049211040447.
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Psychopathy has historically been conceptualized as a mental disorder, but there is growing evidence that it may instead be an alternative, adaptive life history strategy designed by natural selection. Although the etiology of mental disorders is not fully understood, one likely contributor is perturbations affecting neurodevelopment. Nonright-handedness is a sign of such perturbations, and therefore can be used to test these competing models. If psychopathy is a mental disorder, psychopaths should show elevated rates of nonright-handedness. However, an adaptive strategy perspective expects psychopaths to be neurologically healthy and therefore predicts typical rates of nonright-handedness. We meta-analyzed 16 studies that investigated the association between psychopathy and handedness in various populations. There was no difference in the rates of nonright-handedness between community participants high and low in psychopathy. Furthermore, there was no difference between psychopathic and nonpsychopathic offenders in rates of nonright-handedness, though there was a tendency for offenders scoring higher on the Interpersonal/Affective dimension of psychopathy to have lower rates of nonright-handedness, and for offenders scoring higher on the Behavioral dimension of psychopathy to have higher rates of nonright-handedness. Lastly, there was no difference in rates of nonright-handedness between psychopathic and nonpsychopathic mental health patients. Thus, our results fail to support the mental disorder model and partly support the adaptive strategy model. We discuss limitations of the meta-analysis and implications for theories of the origins of psychopathy.
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Maurer, J. Michael, Nathaniel E. Anderson, Corey H. Allen, and Kent A. Kiehl. "Examining the Association between Psychopathic Traits and Fearlessness among Maximum-Security Incarcerated Male Adolescents." Children 11, no. 1 (January 3, 2024): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children11010065.
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Studies have reported positive associations between youth psychopathy scores and measures of ‘fearlessness’. However, prior studies modified fearlessness items to be age appropriate, shifting from assessing hypothetical, extreme forms of physical risk-taking (e.g., flying an airplane) to normative risk-taking (e.g., riding bicycles downhill). We hypothesize that associations between youth psychopathy scores and alternative forms of sensation seeking (i.e., Disinhibition) have been conflated under a false fearlessness label. We tested this hypothesis among incarcerated male adolescents, investigating whether youth psychopathy scores were significantly associated with two different forms of sensation seeking: Disinhibition and Thrill and Adventure Seeking (TAS). Youth psychopathic traits were assessed using the Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version (PCL:YV), Antisocial Process Screening Device (APSD), Child Psychopathy Scale (CPS), Inventory of Callous and Unemotional Traits (ICU), and Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory (YPI). Disinhibition and fearlessness (i.e., TAS) were assessed using an unmodified version of the Zuckerman Sensation Seeking Scales (SSS). Consistent with hypotheses, youth psychopathy scores were associated with higher Disinhibition and lower TAS scores. Our results contribute to a growing body of literature suggesting that psychopathic traits, including among adolescents, are not concomitant with physical risk-taking and descriptions of psychopathy including fearlessness distort a precise understanding of psychopathy’s core features.
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Boddy, Clive Roland. "Psychopathy screening for public leadership." International Journal of Public Leadership 12, no. 4 (November 14, 2016): 254–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijpl-08-2015-0023.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to re-open a debate as to whether candidates for public leadership should be screened for psychopathy. Design/methodology/approach This is a conceptual paper which examines the diffuse literature concerning psychopaths in public leadership positions. Findings Psychopathy researchers have been divided as to whether psychopathic individuals should be screened out of leadership positions in public and corporate life. Recent evidence from bullying research and historical research into psychopaths in politics sheds new light on this issue. Practical implications There is increasing evidence that psychopaths are detrimental to the organisations they work for, to other employees, to the environment and to society. Screening for psychopathy should therefore be considered. This may help to prevent governments entering into illegal wars and committing crimes against humanity. Screening in the corporate sector may also help prevent the worst excesses of greed and fraud that were evident in collapses like Enron and the Mirror Group as well as in the events leading up to the global financial crisis of 2008. Originality/value The paper makes a contribution to the literature on public leadership by bringing together the diverse reports on the effects of psychopaths in public organisations like the National Health Service, publicly listed corporations, academia and politics. The paper uses historical and corporate examples to illustrate the initially favourable impression that psychopathic leaders can make but the ultimately disastrous outcomes they engender.
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Kucherova, Anastasia. "Psychopathy as a Modus of Human Destructiveness in the Literary and Philosophical Reflection of Postmodernity (Based on the Novels "A Clockwork Orange" by A. Burgess and "The Wasp Factory" by I. Banks)." Ideas and Ideals 13, no. 4-2 (December 27, 2021): 442–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17212/2075-0862-2021-13.4.2-442-457.
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The sociopolitical circumstances of people's lives are constantly changing, which is studied by science, philosophy and art. The twentieth century is a time of great upheavals that changed the approach to the concept of man and the field of his existence. Philosophers of the second half of the twentieth century pay attention to the destructive nature of state power, its institutions are interpreted as suppressing freedom and consolidating violence as an ideology (the Frankfurt School, J. Baudrillard, S. Zizek, etc.). Another important concept is the interpretation of destructive impulses as a normal component of a person (J. Bataille, Z. Freud, E. Fromm, J. Deleuze, etc.). This idea creates a pattern of behavior that is considered psychopathic in the article. Psychopathy is a genetically determined type of antisocial personality. The phenomenon of psychopathy is a subject not only of scientific study, but also of art: the psychopath became a central character in many works of literature and cinema in the second half of the twentieth century. The article analyzes the novels "A Clockwork Orange" by E. Burgess (1962) and "The Wasp Factory" by I. Banks (1984), where the main characters are teenage psychopaths. The article concludes that these works complement each other, exploring two main areas of human life (the world of the state and the world of the family). It is suggested that by referring to the psychopathic hero, writers describe the changes that take place in society, these changes are also analyzed by philosophers. The fact that psychopathic traits in novels are concentrated in the images of teenagers indicates the possibility of psychopathy developing and spreading in the future.
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Chen, Fangyi. "The Correlation Between Psychopathy and ASPD: Factors, Development and Treatment." Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media 3, no. 1 (March 1, 2023): 903–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/3/2022417.
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This review article attempts to find the relationship between psychopathy and ASPD and their symptoms, causes, continuity of development from childhood to adulthood, and treatments. The available study findings have not comprehensively covered the subject, especially how the behaviours in ASPD and psychopathy relate to violence and crime. Psychopathy has a close relationship with ASPD. People suffering from ASPD cannot easily co-exist with others due to amoral behaviour. On the other, Psychopathy differs from Psychosis in various ways because the former is a trait while the latter is a condition. The research also indicates that not all ASPD patients can test positive for psychopathy. In addition, criminals should not necessarily have psychopathic personality traits. The available studies have addressed psychopaths in adolescents and adulthood. The studies provided empirical evidence as researchers have conducted investigations using different samples and sampling techniques. For example, a study in 1999 involved 463 children alongside their parents. They observed the results when trying to link alcoholism to psychopathy.
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Mei-Tal, Maya. "The Criminal Responsibility of Psychopathic Offenders." Israel Law Review 36, no. 2 (2002): 103–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021223700012334.
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AbstractThe main purpose of this paper is, first, to consider the nature of psychopathic personality disorder, and then, to consider the capacity for criminal culpability of psychopaths and whether it is justified to hold them culpable. Initially, a description of the disorder of psychopathy shall be presented, highlighting those character traits deemed relevant for findings of criminal culpability. There follows a brief discussion of the main theories justifying punishment and their position on punishing persons incapable of effective participation in moral reasoning. Lastly, a discussion of the importance for moral condemnation of the capacity to feel empathy and the absence of that capacity in the psychopath, leading to the conclusion that these persons should not be regarded as blameworthy.
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Parhi, Katariina. "Sensitive, Indifferent or Labile: Psychopathy and Emotions in Finnish Forensic Psychiatry, 1900s–1960s." Emotions: History, Culture, Society 6, no. 1 (June 22, 2022): 26–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2208522x-02010144.
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Abstract Psychopathy was one of the most common diagnoses in Finnish forensic psychiatric examinations between the 1910s and 1960s. Abnormal categories of emotions such as sensitivity, indifference and the tendency to shift among different emotions or lability, were among the principal symptoms of psychopathy. This paper describes and analyses the ways in which Finnish forensic psychiatrists between the 1900s and 1930s perceived and portrayed the emotions of individuals they considered to be psychopaths, and how abnormal categories of emotions persisted until the end of the 1960s. Psychopathic categories of emotions were defined along a spectrum ranging between the extremes of sensitivity and of coldness and included volatility, which entailed rapid mood swings. Displaying either or both extremes of emotion defined psychopathy. The unifying category of abnormal emotions disappeared when the diagnosis of psychopathy ceased to exist in 1969, when it was replaced by the diagnostic category of personality disorders.
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Drakić, Dragiša. "Psychopathy as a problem of criminal law." Glasnik Advokatske komore Vojvodine 76, no. 9 (2004): 170–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/gakv0405170d.
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The problem of psychopathy from a criminal law standpoint is the subject of this work. The full clarification of this aspect requires, however, that the notion, substance and etiology of psychopathy are clarified first. These are the questions to which the author dedicates the first part of his work. In the second part, the author treats the problem of mental capacity of psychopaths as perpetrators of crimes, and the manner of criminal law reaction to the committed crime. These are in the author's opinion two most important and most problematic issues of the problem of psychopathy from a criminal law standpoint. Finally, the author concludes that our criminal legislation should provide a special (bio)psychological basis of insanity (or of essentially reduced sanity), under which the psychopathy could be classified. That would create statutory basis for sentencing the psychopathic perpetrators of crime to security measures of a psychiatric character.
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Spytska, Liana. "Symptoms and main features of personality formation of a psychopath." Archives of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy 26, no. 1 (April 2, 2024): 34–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.12740/app/172226.
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Aim of the studyThe research relevance is predefined by the fact today the concept of psychopathy is in a state of transition, as experts describe the disorder on a superficial level. In this regard, the research aims to analyze the main symptoms and characteristics of psychopathy, the analysis of the behavior of individuals with psychopathic traits.Subject or material and methodsThe primary research methods are analysis and synthesis, comparisons and analogies, and a survey was conducted among Internet users.ResultsThe research considers the insufficient awareness of the manifestations and factors of the diagnosis, in addition, a significant number of psychopathic individuals remain without the attention of psychiatrists, which makes it impossible to detect pathologies among a part of the population.DiscussionThe article emphasizes the issue of behavioral manifestations during the interaction of internal and external factors, building relationships with the environment, susceptibility to disorders depending on gender, the influence of genetic or acquired defects in the process of certain activities, as well as functioning and organization of the brain of a person with psychopathic disorders.ConclusionsIt was concluded that the characteristics of psychopathic personality disorder aimed at studying the needs and motivations of psychopaths, and a number of essential proposals for diagnosing psychopathy through the identification of common key signs are offered. The research is of theoretical and practical value for psychologists, psychoanalysts, and physicians for the purposes of theoretical and practical study of the characteristic features of psychopathy and significantly deepen knowledge about this disorder.
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Silva, Teresa C., and Håkan Stattin. "The moderating role of parenting on the relationship between psychopathy and antisocial behavior in adolescence." Development and Psychopathology 28, no. 2 (December 10, 2015): 505–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579415001121.
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AbstractWe aimed to analyze the impact of several parenting factors on the relationship between psychopathy and antisocial behavior. Nine hundred youths and their mothers reported on parent–youth interactions, and youth self-report measures of psychopathy, delinquency and violent behavior were taken. Multiple regression was used to test for the significance of interactions between parenting and psychopathy scores. In terms of delinquency, linear interactions between psychopathy and the level of conflict with parents and parents' knowledge of their youths' whereabouts/youths' willingness to disclose information were found based on the data reported by the youths. Data reported by mothers indicated a linear interaction between psychopathy and parents' knowledge/youth disclosure, and a quadratic interaction of conflict with parents. For violence, we used logistic regression models to analyze moderation. No interaction effects between psychopahy scores and parenting factors were found. Youths' reports of high conflict with parents and parents' knowledge/youth disclosure showed to have an impact on violence regardless of the level of psychopathic traits. Implications for the prevention and treatment are discussed.
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Debowska, Agata, Daniel Boduszek, Philip Hyland, and Simon Goodson. "Biological correlates of psychopathy: a brief review." Mental Health Review Journal 19, no. 2 (June 3, 2014): 110–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mhrj-10-2013-0034.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present and provide a critical review of most recent studies inquiring into brain abnormalities in psychopathy. Design/methodology/approach – The authors provide an overview of the findings of neurobiological studies conducted in the last five years. Publications chosen for review were found using Web of Science, PsycINFO and Scopus search engines. Findings – Data in the literature reveal that psychopathy is associated with brain abnormalities in frontal and temporo-limbic regions, i.e. regions responsible for moral decision making, emotional processing and learning. Additionally, interactions between the brain areas have been identified as crucial for the development of psychopathic personality traits. Research findings suggest that the flow of impulses between the frontal cortex and temporo-limbic structures in psychopaths is significantly hindered. Originality/value – The current paper provides an in-depth review of most recent neurobiological studies inquiring into brain abnormalities associated with psychopathic personality traits. Moreover, a particular attention has been paid to identifying abnormalities in brain structures not previously studied in relation to psychopathy (e.g. mirror neuron system, white matter connections).
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Hafeez, Sajida, Faisal Qadeer, Albert John, Tuan Luu, Asif Iqbal, Muhammad Qamar Khan, and Imran Sarmad. "Experience Matters: Turning Psychopathy into Self-Efficacy and Job Performance." Journal of Asian Development Studies 13, no. 2 (May 28, 2024): 1071–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.62345/jads.2024.13.2.85.
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Using the tenets of social cognitive theory, this study diverges significantly from the conventional research paradigm by shedding light on the pivotal role of job experience and self-efficacy in predicting psychopath's job performance. In the scholarly discourse where positive associations between psychopathy and performance metrics have received minimal attention, this study introduces a validated model proposing a constructive influence of psychopathy on job performance. While acknowledging job experience as a moderator, this study accentuates the pivotal role of self-efficacy as a mediator, challenging the traditionally hostile psychopathy- job performance relationship. We employ an experimental research design on the MBA executive class of 68 students of GC University Faisalabad. The results reveal the causal solid effect of psychopathic personality on self-efficacy in manipulated job experience conditions and a slight impact on no job experience control conditions. Meanwhile, at low values of psychopathy, the effect is diminished in both job experience conditions. Notably, job experience emerges as an indispensable agent, significantly shaping the impact of psychopathy on self-efficacy and subsequent employee performance.
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Mistry, J. K., R. Reniers, and B. Völlm. "To Explore the Relationship Between Moral Judgement and Psychopathic Traits in a Healthy Population." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 1034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)72739-0.
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IntroductionPsychopathy comprises affective (eg lack of empathy, superficial charm, shallow emotions) and antisocial lifestyle features (eg criminal behaviour, impulsivity). The nature of the deficits in empathie responding remain poorly understood but recently authors have claimed that psychopaths know right from wrong but do not care.Aims & ObjectivesTo explore the relationship between moral judgement and psychopathic traits in a healthy population (n = 198 females and n = 103 males).MethodsWe used a number of online questionnaires to assess key features of psychopathy including primary and secondary psychopathy (Levenson's Psychopathy Scale), moral judgement (Moral Judgement Test), impulsivity (Barratt Impulsivity Scale), life history of aggression (Life History of Aggression questionnaire), and cognitive and affective empathy (Questionnaire of Cognitive and Affective Empathy) in a healthy student population. We explored relationships between moral judgement scores and the other constructs using correlational analysis and comparisons between upper and lower quartiles.We found correlations that were consistent with current literature for example, total BIS scores correlated strongly with Secondary Psychopathy scores (r = 0.57, p < 0.01). Primary psychopathy correlated with cognitive empathy (r = 0.3, p < 0.01). However, we did not observe any significant correlations between moral judgement scores and psychopathy scores.ConclusionsIn this healthy control population moral judgment scores do not show a significant relationship with psychopathy scores. Low empathy and high impulsivity scores observed in individuals with high psychopathy scores may not be related to a lack of understanding of moral concepts. These findings will have to be confirmed in a clinical population.
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Pham, Thierry H., Justine Gwicz, Anne-Sophie Scohier, Dorothée Rousseau, Nele Douven, Audrey Lavallée, and Xavier Saloppé. "Emotional content analysis among psychopathic individuals during emotional induction by IAPS pictures." International Journal of Risk and Recovery 4, no. 1 (May 5, 2021): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15173/ijrr.v4i1.4274.
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Background Emotional processes among psychopathic individuals have been consistently investigated. Although content analysis is interesting for evaluating emotional characteristics, few data exist concerning Psychopath’s speech content following affective and neutral images.
Method Population included male forensic inpatients (n=47) from Security Hospital. The inpatients were divided into: “Psychopaths” (n=24, PCL-R total score >25), “Intermediates” (n=12, score from 15 to 24.9) and “Non-psychopaths” (n=11, score <14.9). TROPES analyses and EMOTAIX scenario tools examined the narrative’s emotional characteristics. We tested the hypothesis that psychopaths report fewer emotional words on all images, particularly on negative-valence images.
Results Our results on the whole do not support this hypothesis but suggested rather a specific discordance in the verbal emotional treatment (exclusively PCL-R interpersonal factor) but not in terms of the subjective evaluation. Moreover, this factor was positively correlated with the number of the self-referring pronouns (“I”, me) setting whereas PCL-R Social Deviance factor was positively correlated with action verbs.
Conclusion Speech outputs of psychopaths present specificities in terms of emotional content and verbal setting. The results are congruent with the notion that psychopathy combines both functionality and subtle impairment.
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Skinner, Nicholas F. "PERSONALITY CORRELATES OF MACHIAVELLIANISM: VI MACHIAVELLIANISM AND THE PSYCHOPATH." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 16, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1988.16.1.33.
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Previous studies have not demonstrated the hypothesized link between machiavellianism (interpersonally manipulative behavior) and psychopathy. In this research, Nigh Machs obtained significantly higher Psychopathy scores than Low Machs, and Mach V totals for Primary Psychopaths were significantly greater than those of Secondary Psychopaths. Both experiments suggest a relationship between Machiavellianism and primary psychopathy.
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Gullhaugen, Aina Sundt, and Jim Aage Nøttestad. "Under the Surface." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 56, no. 6 (July 26, 2011): 917–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x11415633.
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The present study yields an in-depth examination of the interpersonal and affective world of high-security and detention prisoners with possible (Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version [PCL:SV] ≥ 13) and strong (PCL:SV ≥ 18) indications of psychopathy. A group of male inmates ( n = 16) was compared with noncriminal and non–personality disordered controls ( n = 35) on measures of self and other (Young Schema Questionnaire–Short Form [YSQ-SF], Inventory of Interpersonal Problems–Circumplex Scales [IIP-C]), and the experience and regulation of affect (Positive and Negative Affect Schedule [PANAS], Emotion Control Questionnaire 2 [ECQ2]). Results confirm the established grandiose, dominant, and callous characteristics of the psychopath (PCL:SV, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Disorders [SCID-II], DSM-IV and ICD-10 Personality Questionnaire [DIP-Q], IIP-C), while demonstrating personal distress and important nuances and variations in psychopathic offenders’ interpersonal and affective functioning (YSQ-SF, PANAS, ECQ2, SCID-II, DIP-Q). These preliminary findings support, expand, and challenge the ordinary portrayal of the psychopath and, if replicated in larger samples, point to a need for an expansion or reformulation of the concept, measurement, and treatment of psychopathy.
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Wang, Meng-Cheng, Xintong Zhang, Jie Gong, Jiaxin Deng, Jie Luo, Yu Gao, and Randall T. Salekin. "Variants of Psychopathy in Chinese Juvenile Offenders: A Latent Profile Analysis." Criminal Justice and Behavior 49, no. 4 (October 8, 2021): 530–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00938548211043149.
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Despite considerable understanding on the psychopathy subtypes in detained populations, the variants of psychopathy in non-Western populations are less well understood. To address this gap, the present study conducted a series of latent profile analyses with the factors of the Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory, childhood trauma, and trait anxiety in 560 Chinese incarcerated boys ( Mage = 16.92, SD = 0.81). Four subgroups emerged: relatively normal (67.3%); callous, psychopathy-like (2.8%); moderate psychopathy-like (24.8%); and high traumatic, moderate psychopathy-like (5.1%). Moreover, the modified Bolck–Croon–Hagenaars method was used to examine the significant mean differences on covariates across profiles, including proactive aggression, reactive aggression, affective empathy, and cognitive empathy. Results showed that the psychopathic profiles displayed differences on key variables. The callous, psychopathy-like group endorsed higher aggression and lower empathy. This study provides initial empirical support for the existence of psychopathy variants and enhances the understanding of the psychopathic construct in non-Western cultures.
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Rusyidi, M. Irsyad Rasyid, and Mamik Tri Wedawati. "Esther’s Psychopath Behavior In The Orphan Movie." Lensa: Kajian Kebahasaan, Kesusastraan, dan Budaya 12, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.26714/lensa.12.1.2022.33-45.
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A psychopathic condition is a psychological behavior that has long been regarded as destructive and bad for society. The purpose of this study is to identify the characteristics of Ester's psychopathic problem, as well as the reasons that cause Ester, the main character in the film The Orphan, to become a psychopath. The analysis data are derived from the film The Orphan, the script, and the cinematography. Using psychopathy theory, the evidence is interpreted. To answer the research problem, the writer employs psychological theory from Wellek and Warren (1956), which is combined with psychoanalysis theory from Sigmund Freud and James D. Page. The qualitative descriptive approach is used in this study. The research findings reveal two issues: Esther's psychopathic disorders and the factors that cause Esther to become a psychopath. According to the research findings, Esther's character is a psychopath. First, there are five psychopath behaviors: liar, lack of feeling guilty, lack of empathy, manipulative, and aggressive. Second, Esther becomes a psychopath due to two factors: biological and environmental.Keywords: Psychopath, Behaviour, Movie
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Zepinic, Vito. "Psychopathy: Simple or Syndromal Disorder of Personality." International Journal of Psychological Studies 9, no. 4 (September 12, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijps.v9n4p1.
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Psychopathy is one of the most puzzling clinical diagnosis and has been a subject to numerous theoretical attempts to define this personality disorder. Although not being recognised as an independent disorder in the DSM-5, the disorder is manifested in different areas of the individual’s personality and subsequently became subject of consideration as syndromal, not a simple disorder. This condition is usually stable and long-lasting, its onset usually traced back to childhood or adolescence, often being undiagnosed and/or successfully masked by the psychopath. Some psychopaths are quite successful in their profession, others are commonly related to the violence or crime.
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Cummings, Michael A. "The neurobiology of psychopathy: recent developments and new directions in research and treatment." CNS Spectrums 20, no. 3 (February 20, 2015): 200–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852914000741.
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Psychopathic individuals account for substantial predatory and impulsive violence. To the present, the principal intervention used to decrease the harm inflicted by psychopaths has been confinement. Nevertheless, most confined psychopathic persons return to the community. Recent advances in the understanding of the neurobiology of psychopathy hold promise for new research directions and more effective treatments. In this article, we will explore recent advances in genetics, electrophysiology, brain imaging, and psychopharmacology, as well as, in brief, their implications for new directions in research and treatment.
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Le, Marina T., Michael Woodworth, Lisa Gillman, Erin Hutton, and Robert D. Hare. "The Linguistic Output of Psychopathic Offenders During a PCL-R Interview." Criminal Justice and Behavior 44, no. 4 (December 21, 2016): 551–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854816683423.
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We used text analysis software to examine the linguistic features of the speech of 21 psychopathic and 45 other offenders during the interview part of a Psychopathy Checklist–Revised (PCL-R) assessment. Regression analysis was run on the linguistic categories to determine which were the best predictors of psychopathy scores. Relative to the other offenders, psychopaths used more disfluencies (“you know”) and personal pronouns, made fewer references to other people (e.g., personal names, family), and were also less emotionally expressive. In particular, a low frequency of anxiety-related words and a more frequent use of personal pronouns were the most significant predictors of PCL-R scores and accounted for 25% of the variance. These findings for the first time afford a unique glimpse into the language produced during the PCL-R assessment interview. In addition to enhancing our understanding of psychopathic speech, these results may provide interviewers additional insights relevant to the assessment and therapeutic process.
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Wells, Rosalie. "A Fresh Look at the Muddy Waters of Psychopathy." Psychological Reports 63, no. 3 (December 1988): 843–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1988.63.3.843.
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Contrary to traditional psychological definitions, psychopathic behavior is neither self-defeating nor contradictory. Once the psychopath's total self-absorption and need to exploit and humiliate others is recognized, many of the contradictory characteristics of the personality fall into logical place. Primary psychopaths exhibit strong self-serving motives and an insatiable need to prove superiority over anyone and everyone. Compulsive lying and flaunting of established rules are consistent with the psychopaths' view of their special position within various social/business constellations. This unique position is validated and measured by their abilities to violate successfully established boundaries without reprisal and to convince and manipulate others to do what they want or believe what they say. Far from being aimless and impulsive, the psychopath's behavior is completely goal-directed.
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Zwaanswijk, Wendy, Mitch van Geel, Henrik Andershed, Kostas A. Fanti, and Paul Vedder. "Variants of Psychopathy and the Dependence on Gender, Age, and Ethnic Background." Journal of Personality Disorders 32, no. 6 (December 2018): 721–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/pedi_2017_31_319.
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The current study examines variants of psychopathy in a community sample of Dutch adolescents (N = 2,855, 57‥ male) using three dimensions of psychopathy and trait anxiety. Five subgroups were identified, two with high levels of psychopathic traits. The first seemed consistent with primary psychopathy, high on all dimensions, with additional low levels of anxiety, whereas the second showed elevated levels of anxiety, consistent with secondary psychopathy. Two variants low on psychopathic traits were identified: a low-risk variant and an anxious variant. Further, a moderaterisk group was found, with slightly above average psychopathy traits and average levels of mental health problems. The secondary psychopathy and the anxious variant reported the most problem behaviors. Boys, younger adolescents, and non-Western immigrant youth were overrepresented in the secondary group. These findings show that in a community sample psychopathy is a heterogeneous phenomenon.
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Fagan, Shawn E., Liat Kofler, Sarah Riccio, and Yu Gao. "Somatic Marker Production Deficits Do Not Explain the Relationship between Psychopathic Traits and Utilitarian Moral Decision Making." Brain Sciences 10, no. 5 (May 15, 2020): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10050303.
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In moral dilemma tasks, high levels of psychopathic traits often predict increased utilitarian responding—specifically, endorsing sacrificing one person to save many. Research suggests that increased arousal (i.e., somatic marker production) underlies lower rates of utilitarian responding during moral dilemmas. Though deficient somatic marker production is characteristic of psychopathy, how this deficit affects the psychopathy–utilitarian connection remains unknown. We assessed psychopathic traits in undergraduates, as well as behavioral performance and skin conductance level reactivity (SCL-R; a measure of somatic marker production) during a moral dilemma task. High psychopathic traits and low SCL-R were associated with increased utilitarian decisions in dilemmas involving direct personal harm. Psychopathic traits were unrelated to SCL-R, nor did SCL-R mediate the relationship between psychopathy and utilitarianism. The present study did not find evidence that somatic marker production explains the connection between utilitarianism and psychopathy in a college population. Further research is necessary to identify the neural mechanisms relating psychopathy and moral decision-making in nonclinical samples.
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Oyewunmi, Adebukola E., David M. Akinnusi, and Olabode A. Oyewunmi. "Of Predators and Preys: Corporate Psychopathy and Employee Burnout as Parallels." Periodica Polytechnica Social and Management Sciences 26, no. 2 (August 6, 2018): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppso.11810.
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Different personalities constitute modern workplaces. One of such personalities is the corporate psychopath, whose presence poses manifold threats to organizational existence. This study examines the personality of the corporate psychopath and specifically investigates the relationship between corporate psychopathy and employee burnout. A total of 104 respondents within a university setting in Nigeria completed measures of corporate psychopathy to establish the existence of the traits in their managers; a self-report measure of employee burnout was also completed. Corporate psychopathy correlates positively and significantly with emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and decreased personal accomplishment. Results indicate that corporate psychopathy is an underlying factor of employee burnout. Enhanced whistleblowing structures and ethical regeneration are proffered to mitigate the consequences of corporate psychopathy in the face of cultural complexes that fan its flames.
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Alshukri, Sophie, Minna Lyons, Victoria Blinkhorn, Luna Muñoz, and Nicholas Fallon. "Psychopathy, pain, and pain empathy: A psychophysiological study." PLOS ONE 19, no. 7 (July 5, 2024): e0306461. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0306461.
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The present study examined whether people higher in psychopathy experienced less self-reported and psychophysiological nociceptive pressure than people lower in psychopathy. We also examined whether psychopathy affects empathy for others’ pain via self-reported and psychophysiological measures. Three hundred and sixty-nine students (18–78 years; M = 26, SD = 9.34) were screened for psychopathic traits using the Youth Psychopathy Inventory (YPI). Stratified sampling was used to recruit 49 adults residing in the highest (n = 23) and lowest (n = 26) 20% of the psychopathy spectrum. Using skin conductance response (SCR) and self-report responses, participants responded to individually adjusted intensities of pneumatic pressure and others’ pain images and completed self-reported psychopathy and empathy measures (Triarchic Psychopathy Measure, TriPm; Interpersonal Reactivity Index, IRI). People higher in psychopathy self-reported feeling less nociceptive pressure compared to people lower in psychopathy, yet we did not find any differences in SCR to nociceptive pressure. However, when viewing other people in pain, the high psychopathy group displayed lower SCR and lower self-reported empathy compared to those lower in psychopathy. Our results suggest psychopathic traits relate to problems empathising with others’ pain, as well as the perception of nociceptive pressure. We also show support for the theory of dual harm which has been receiving increasing attention. Consequently, psychopathy interventions should focus both on recognising and empathising with the pain of others.
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McKenna, Rory. "The biological basis of psychopathy and the effects of psychological interventions." Forensic Update 1, no. 108 (October 2012): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpsfu.2012.1.108.24.
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Psychopathy is a personality disorder characterised by traits and behaviours typically clustered into an affective and interpersonal domain (Factor 1) as well as an impulsive and antisocial domain (Factor 2). As such, psychopaths are emotionally shallow, showing deficiencies in guilt, remorse and empathy and are also, deceitful, manipulative, and egocentric in their social interactions. Psychopaths also regularly engage in poorly motivated violent antisocial behaviour due to their impulsive and erratic nature. Although the environment has been linked to the development of psychopathy, neuroimaging and behavioural-genetic research have suggested an established biological basis to the disorder, highlighting specific gene types and brain structures such as the paralimbic system. Although the treatability of psychopathy is undermined by a significant biological aetiology, compliance issues demonstrated by psychopaths in treatment settings can further undermine the treatability of the disorder. As such, psychological interventions that attempt to socially adjust psychopaths and reduce their risk of criminal recidivism typically produce minimal and inconsistent treatment results. However, due to the inconsistencies and flaws of treatment outcome research with psychopaths, a definitive conclusion as to the treatability of psychopathy cannot yet be ascertained.
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Lee, J., and H. J. Lee. "The relationships among psychopathy, empathy, and aggression." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.508.
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IntroductionThe lack of empathy is often described as one of the core characteristics of psychopaths. However, prior studies on cognitive empathy in psychopaths have led to mixed conclusions, with some indicating that psychopaths have no impairments in cognitive empathy.ObjectivesThis study set out to resolve this inconsistency by distinguishing the two factors that constitute the construct of psychopathy: Factor 1 (e.g., emotional callousness, lack of guilt) and Factor 2 (e.g., irresponsible lifestyle, poor behavioral controls).AimsThe main aim of this study was to examine the differential relationship between these two factors and relevant variables including empathy, aggression, satisfaction with life.MethodsSelf-report questionnaires and two online experiments (facial affect recognition task, emotional scenario task) were administered to 306 undergraduate students to collect data about psychopathy, cognitive/affective empathy, aggression, satisfaction with life.ResultsCorrelation analysis revealed that both Factor 1 and Factor 2 had negative correlations with self-reported measures of cognitive/affective empathy, and only Factor 1 emerged as a significant predictor of both kinds of empathy. Aggression also showed a stronger positive correlation with Factor 1 than with Factor 2, regardless of subtypes (instrumental, reactive, relational, overt aggression). On the other hand, satisfaction with life was more negatively correlated with Factor 2 than Factor 1, and regression analysis revealed that only Factor 2 was a significant predictor.ConclusionsThis study showed Factor 1 is more important than Factor 2 in explaining both empathy and aggression in psychopath, while satisfaction with life is better explained by Factor 2 than by Factor 1.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Jefferson, Anneli, and Katrina Sifferd. "Are Psychopaths Legally Insane?" European journal of analytic philosophy 14, no. 1 (November 7, 2018): 79–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.31820/ejap.14.1.5.
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The question of whether psychopaths are criminally and morally responsible has generated significant controversy in the literature. In this paper, we discuss what relevance a psychopathy diagnosis has for criminal responsibility. It has been argued that figuring out whether psychopathy is a mental illness is of fundamental importance, because it is a precondition for psychopaths’ eligibility to be excused via the legal insanity defense. But even if psychopathy counts as a mental illness, this alone is not sufficient to show the insanity defense is applicable; it must also be shown that, as a result of the illness, specific deficits in moral understanding or control are present. In this paper, we show that a diagnosis of psychopathy will generally not indicate that a defendant is eligible for an insanity defense. This is because the group of individuals subsumed under the diagnosis is so heterogeneous that while some psychopaths do show significant impairments in affect and control which may impact on their responsibility, many psychopaths are not incapacitated in a way relevant to responsibility.
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ALMELA, Ángela, Gema ALCARAZ-MÁRMOL, and Pascual CANTOS. "Analysing deception in a psychopath's speech: a quantitative approach." DELTA: Documentação de Estudos em Lingüística Teórica e Aplicada 31, no. 2 (December 2015): 559–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102-445040702531513856.
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Psychopathy involves a series of specific cognitive, social and emotional features which make the psychopath different from the general population; the two most significant characteristics are extreme selfishness and deep emotional deficit that is reflected in apathy. Notably, psychopaths are skilled communicators who that use language to lie. As there has been little examination of the speech associated specifically with psychopaths, especially in the Spanish language, the present study aims to contrast different veracious excerpts to others which are deceptive. The text analysis is framed within forensic computational linguistics, and complemented with some information related to the stylometric profile of the text. The investigation shows how the parameter mainly affected by the psychological condition of the psychopath subject is the distribution of grammatical persons; in addition, some further evidence includes the frequency of certainty adverbs and verbs related to cognitive processes.
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Fox, Adam R., Trevor H. Kvaran, and Reid Griffith Fontaine. "Psychopathy and Culpability: How Responsible Is the Psychopath for Criminal Wrongdoing?" Law & Social Inquiry 38, no. 01 (2013): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.2012.01294.x.
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Recent research into the psychological and neurobiological underpinnings of psychopathy has raised the question of whether, or to what degree, psychopaths should be considered morally and criminally responsible for their actions. In this article, we review the current empirical literature on psychopathy, focusing particularly on deficits in moral reasoning, and consider several potential conclusions that could be drawn based on this evidence. Our analysis of the empirical evidence on psychopathy suggests that while psychopaths do not meet the criteria for full criminal responsibility, they nonetheless retain some criminal responsibility. We conclude, by introducing the notion of rights as correlative, that even if psychopaths were to be fully nonresponsible, imposing some form of civil commitment would still be warranted.
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Boddy, Clive Roland, and Robin Croft. "Marketing in a time of toxic leadership." Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal 19, no. 1 (January 11, 2016): 44–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/qmr-04-2015-0030.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to make a contribution to knowledge by examining what happens to marketing in a time of toxic leadership, embodied in a corporate psychopath, in response to a call for marketers to seek a broader understanding of how marketing operates within organisations. Design/methodology/approach – Commentators have suggested that concepts outside the usual marketing domain may aid in the gaining of an intra-organisational understanding of how marketing operates. Here, the concept of corporate psychopathy was used to identify a psychopathic UK board director and chief executive officer (CEO) via a constructivist approach to research involving six in-depth interviews. A CEO and a main board director who were measurably psychopathic were studied via these reports. Findings – The paper examines how corporate psychopaths, as archetypal toxic leaders, are detrimental to marketing. Overseeing the marketing function within the UK part of an established and well-branded multi-national services company, corporate psychopaths capriciously dismantled the marketing initiatives that were in place and needlessly abandoned future marketing plans. Marketing services, marketing ethics, product quality and corporate reputation declined. Good marketers left. Practical implications – The research demonstrates the dangers to marketing of toxic leadership. The paper also suggests that marketing may be uniquely qualified to deal with toxic leaders because it can, through research, identify them through their effects and behaviour. The results illustrate the value of longitudinal qualitative market research in investigating complex organisational situations. Originality/value – The paper makes a unique contribution to the marketing field by empirically investigating, for the first time, the influence of a corporate psychopath director and a psychopathic CEO on the marketing function and practice. The research was conducted longitudinally using qualitative market research techniques via in-depth interviews over a two-year period. Longitudinal research aids in establishing causality, and this was evident in this research, as the negative influence of psychopathic leadership was monitored over time.
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SUCHY, YANA, and DAVID S. KOSSON. "State-dependent executive deficits among psychopathic offenders." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 11, no. 3 (May 2005): 311–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617705050368.
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Three hypotheses for cognitive deficits among psychopaths were tested: Response modulation, left hemisphere activation, and an interaction between the 2. Twenty-six psychopathic and 32 nonpsychopathic criminal offenders identified with the Hare Psychopathy Checklist–Revised were randomly assigned to left- and right-hemisphere activation groups. An auditory processing task was administered, such that the ability to classify nonverbal auditory signals and the ability to manage subgoals were assessed under left- and right-hemisphere activation conditions. The results showed that psychopaths' information processing in general, including response modulation, was deleteriously affected by left-hemisphere activation, supporting 2 of the 3 hypotheses tested. These results offer an explanation for inconsistent findings of executive deficits among psychopaths. (JINS, 2005,11, 311–321.)
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Farina, Anne S. J., Katherine J. Holzer, Matt DeLisi, and Michael G. Vaughn. "Childhood Trauma and Psychopathic Features Among Juvenile Offenders." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 62, no. 14 (March 30, 2018): 4359–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x18766491.
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Despite growing interest in psychopathic personality features in juvenile offenders, few studies have examined the relationship between childhood trauma and psychopathy. The present study utilized two datasets: 253 adolescents in a residential facility for juvenile offenders in Pennsylvania and 723 institutionalized delinquents in Missouri. Zero-order correlations and linear regression techniques were employed for boys and girls to examine the relationships between trauma, assessed using the Massachusetts Youth Screening Instrument Version 2 (MAYSI-2) Traumatic Experiences Scale and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), and psychopathy as measured by the Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory (YPI) and the Psychopathic Personality Inventory–Short Form (PPI-SF). Results indicate that psychopathy is significantly correlated with childhood trauma. For the Missouri data, trauma significantly predicted psychopathy scores for both boys and girls. These results suggest that nuanced understanding of traumatic history of these adolescents may not only be a pathway to psychopathy but also a critical part of their overall assessment and treatment plan.
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Hill, Dallas, and Hannah Scott. "Climbing the corporate ladder: desired leadership skills and successful psychopaths." Journal of Financial Crime 26, no. 3 (July 2, 2019): 881–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfc-11-2018-0117.
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Purpose Many of the characteristics embodied by successful psychopaths, such as superficial charm, cool decisiveness and a grandiose self-worth, are often treated synonymously with corporate leadership qualities. Consequently, it is possible that successful psychopaths are actively being selected for corporate positions as they exemplify the perfect candidate. The purpose of the current study was to determine whether or not the recruitment for positions of higher social status are inadvertently seeking out individuals with psychopathic tendencies to run their companies using similar characteristics in their job advertisements. Design/methodology/approach The current study will provide a deeper understanding of successful psychopaths whilst exploring the role of the “Westernized” corporation in recruiting successful psychopaths into their businesses through character descriptions in 25 executive career advertisements using Wexler’s (2008) psychopathic Personality Dimensions And Positively Reinforced Corporate Labels. Findings The results demonstrated that corporations are seeking out characteristics that are synonymous to Factor 1 psychopathic personality traits, which could increase the propensity of successful psychopaths in the workplace. Research limitations/implications Although the sample was representative for the current study, the sample size is minimal. Further, most companies in the sample were taken from the public sector. Given the implicit sample bias, the results and conclusions must be interpreted with caution. Future research should expand the relationship between psychopathic personality traits and corporate labels in a broader context. Practical implications The results also allude to potential protective factors that could be put in place by corporations during their hiring process. These factors include measures for empathy and emotional IQ. Beyond the hiring process, it is suggested that incentive-based promotions should be lessened and replaced with incentives that promote care and respect for one another. Social implications Whilst the inability for the public to conceptualize white-collar crime as a true form of crime conducted by powerful individuals is apparent, it is suggested that change should begin with public awareness and academia. With additional research on psychopathy in the field of criminology and organizational psychology, public awareness can be amplified. Originality/value The current study allows for an interdisciplinary perspective towards the concept of successful psychopathy by highlighting the increased potential for corporate scams and white-collar criminality. Specifically, the current study introduces a psycho-social criminological perspective.
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Medjedovic, Janko, and Daliborka Kujacic. "Are all features of psychopathy associated with decreased health? Psychopathy, dysfunctional family characteristics, and health problems in convicts." Psihologija 53, no. 2 (2020): 145–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/psi190710005m.
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Previous research suggested that psychopathy is related to diminished physical and mental health. However, this link could be specific to psychopathic lifestyle and antisocial behavior, while manipulative characteristics and emotional superficiality could be unrelated or even positively related to physical and mental health. Furthermore, psychopathic features could mediate the link between detrimental family characteristics and health problems. We tested these hypotheses in a sample of male convicts (N = 224). Psychopathy was explored via a rating method (PCL?R). Dysfunctional family characteristics were extracted from participants? prison files. Finally, self-reported biographical data was used to estimate problems in physical and mental health. Behavioral psychopathy tendencies and especially impulsive and erratic behavior turned out to be positively related both to physical and mental health problems. On the other hand, Interpersonal and Affective psychopathy features were mostly unrelated or negatively related to health problems. Finally, Antisocial and especially Lifestyle characteristics turned out to be significant mediators of the link between dysfunctional family characteristics and health problems. Research results showed that narrow psychopathy facets are differentially related to health status. Psychopathic lifestyle and criminal behavior are positively related with problems in physical and mental health, while manipulative characteristics and affective shallowness are associated with better health. The results are in accordance with the concept of successful psychopathy and evolutionary accounts on psychopathy.
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Silverio, Sergio A., Minna T. Lyons, and Sam P. Burton. "Dangerously Intelligent: A Call for Re-Evaluating Psychopathy Using Perceptions of Intelligence." Journal of Intelligence 11, no. 2 (January 23, 2023): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence11020025.
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Background: Primary psychopathy (i.e., unemotional and callous predisposition) is associated with career, educational, and general life success, whereas secondary psychopathy (i.e., impulsivity and risk-taking) relates to criminality, hedonistic lifestyles, and detrimental behaviours. Although psychopathy sub-types have differential relationships to career and life success, how these traits are perceived by others relating to intelligence has not previously been researched. It is also unclear what role an individual’s own psychopathy score plays in perceptions of intelligence. Methods: In an online experiment (N = 458), we investigated perceptions of intelligence (via a combined proxy of whether the rater thought the character in the vignettes had a high IQ and had attended university), using 12 vignettes of high and low primary and secondary psychopathic individuals. Results: High-secondary-psychopathy vignettes were perceived as least intelligent (in agreement with the literature which states people high in secondary psychopathy traits are usually involved in petty crimes, risk taking, and substance abuse, and therefore perceived as socially undesirable). Low-secondary-psychopathy vignettes were perceived significantly more intelligent than high-primary-psychopathy vignettes (in-line with the literature suggesting the placidity and kindness which comes with being low in psychopathic traits is an amenable quality in our society). There was evidence for assortative intelligence perceptions: those high-primary psychopathy self-scorers perceived primary psychopathy vignettes as intelligent (which could be evidence of a ‘likes attract’ phenomenon, whereby those high in primary psychopathy admire others who are similarly high in primary psychopathy). Conclusions: The results suggest individuals demonstrating risk-taking behaviours are perceived as least intelligent, supporting previous research associating secondary psychopathy with poor academic or career success.
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Weber, Sandra, William H. Gottdiener, and Cordelia Chou. "Relationship between defense mechanisms and psychopathic traits in an Internet sample." Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic 85, no. 3 (September 2021): 271–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/bumc.2021.85.3.271.
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The authors compared the defense mechanisms used by a community sample of people with and without self-reported psychopathic traits. Defense mechanisms were assessed using the Defense Style Questionnaire-60 and psychopathy was assessed using the Levinson Self-Report Psychopathy Scale in a sample of 225 adults recruited on the Internet. Results found that people with self-reported psychopathy traits used significantly more immature and neurotic defense mechanisms than people without a psychopathic personality profile. All participants reported equal use of mature defenses.
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Calabrò, Giuseppina, Antonio Francesco Musolino, Andrea Adolfo Filippo, Renato de Filippis, Elvira Anna Carbone, Marianna Rania, Matteo Aloi, Valentina Pugliese, and Cristina Segura-Garcia. "Clinical Impact of Psychopathy on Bipolar Disorder." Medicina 57, no. 2 (February 12, 2021): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina57020165.
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Background and Objectives. Bipolar disorder (BD) is associated with a significant burden due to affective symptoms and behavioral manifestations, but also cognitive and functional impairment. Comorbidity with other psychiatric conditions, including personality disorders, is frequent. The comorbidity with psychopathy deserves special consideration given that both disorders share some clinical characteristics, such as grandiosity, risky behavior or poor insight, among others, that can worsen the outcome of BD. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of psychopathy in a sample of clinically stabilized patients with BD and its impact on the severity of BD. Materials and Methods. A sample of 111 patients with BD (38 type I and 73 type II) was studied. The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) and the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) served to assess the severity of BD. Psychopathy was measured by means of the Psychopathic Personality Inventory-Revised (PPI-R). Patients were divided into three groups according to the severity of psychopathy (Group 1: no psychopathy; Group 2: “psychopathic” trait; Group 3: clinical psychopathy). Other measures regarded impulsiveness (Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11, BIS-11) and empathy (Empathy Quotient, EQ). Comparisons of mania, depression, impulsivity and empathy scores were run with MANOVA considering psychopathy and diagnosis as independent variables. Results. The prevalence of psychopathy was 5.4%. A significant association between the level of psychopathy and YMRS, attentional/cognitive impulsivity and motor impulsivity scores emerged. No interaction between psychopathy and BD diagnosis was found. Post hoc analysis demonstrated significantly higher YMRS scores in Group 3 than in Group 1; that is, patients with psychopathy have more manic symptoms. Conclusion. Psychopathy seems quite frequent among patients with BD. The association of psychopathy with BD results in higher impulsivity and manic symptoms. In light of this, psychopathy should be investigated when assessing patients with BD, regardless of the comorbidity of BD with other personality disorders.