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Cappelle, Tessa, Craig S. Neumann, Amanda M. Cook, Esther Kim, Carla L. Harenski, Bethany G. Edwards, Gerard J. B. Clarke, Jean Decety, and Kent A. Kiehl. "Traumatic Brain Injury and Psychopathic Traits in Justice-Involved Adult Women." Journal of Personality Disorders 37, no. 2 (April 2023): 195–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/pedi.2023.37.2.195.
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Studies have documented associations between traumatic brain injury (TBI) and mental disorders. The relationship between psychopathic personality and TBI remains poorly understood, though both are associated with similar characteristics (e.g., low empathy, aggression, disturbances in social/moral behavior). Yet, it is not clear whether assessment of psychopathic features is influenced by presence versus absence of TBI, and which aspects of TBI may be associated with psychopathic traits. This study examined the psychopathy-TBI association in justice-involved women (N = 341) with structural equation modeling. We tested if measurement invariance of psychopathic traits was evident among those with versus without TBI and which TBI variables (number, severity, age at first TBI) predicted psychopathic features in conjunction with symptoms of psychopathology, IQ, and age. Results provided evidence of measurement invariance, and more women with TBI, compared to those without, met criteria for psychopathy. Younger age of TBI and TBI severity predicted interpersonal-affective psychopathic features.
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Robertson, Emily L., Toni M. Walker, and Paul J. Frick. "Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration and Psychopathy: A Comprehensive Review." European Psychologist 25, no. 2 (April 2020): 134–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000397.
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Abstract. Intimate partner violence (IPV) is the physical, sexual, and psychological abuse of an intimate partner and is a widespread, international public health crisis. An important proximate risk factor for IPV perpetration is the presence of psychopathic traits but there has not been a systematic review of the research linking psychopathic traits to IPV perpetration. We identified 43 studies using 13,476 participants (9,024 men and 4,452 women) across 10 countries that met our search criteria that led to the following conclusions. First, psychopathy was associated with IPV perpetration with medium effect sizes, even after accounting for various distal and proximate risk factors. Second, the different dimensions of psychopathy did not consistently differ in their prediction of IPV perpetration. Third, within individuals with a history of IPV perpetration, psychopathy did not relate to the frequency or severity of partner violence. Fourth, a few studies have tested the associations among child abuse, psychopathy, and IPV, with one study reporting that the combination of child abuse and psychopathic traits led to especially high risk for IPV perpetration. Lastly, we conclude by making recommendations for how future research and interventions should consider psychopathy to reduce the societal burden of IPV.
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Calabrò, Giuseppina, Antonio Francesco Musolino, Andrea Adolfo Filippo, Renato de Filippis, Elvira Anna Carbone, Marianna Rania, Matteo Aloi, Valentina Pugliese, and Cristina Segura-Garcia. "Clinical Impact of Psychopathy on Bipolar Disorder." Medicina 57, no. 2 (February 12, 2021): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina57020165.
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Background and Objectives. Bipolar disorder (BD) is associated with a significant burden due to affective symptoms and behavioral manifestations, but also cognitive and functional impairment. Comorbidity with other psychiatric conditions, including personality disorders, is frequent. The comorbidity with psychopathy deserves special consideration given that both disorders share some clinical characteristics, such as grandiosity, risky behavior or poor insight, among others, that can worsen the outcome of BD. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of psychopathy in a sample of clinically stabilized patients with BD and its impact on the severity of BD. Materials and Methods. A sample of 111 patients with BD (38 type I and 73 type II) was studied. The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) and the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) served to assess the severity of BD. Psychopathy was measured by means of the Psychopathic Personality Inventory-Revised (PPI-R). Patients were divided into three groups according to the severity of psychopathy (Group 1: no psychopathy; Group 2: “psychopathic” trait; Group 3: clinical psychopathy). Other measures regarded impulsiveness (Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11, BIS-11) and empathy (Empathy Quotient, EQ). Comparisons of mania, depression, impulsivity and empathy scores were run with MANOVA considering psychopathy and diagnosis as independent variables. Results. The prevalence of psychopathy was 5.4%. A significant association between the level of psychopathy and YMRS, attentional/cognitive impulsivity and motor impulsivity scores emerged. No interaction between psychopathy and BD diagnosis was found. Post hoc analysis demonstrated significantly higher YMRS scores in Group 3 than in Group 1; that is, patients with psychopathy have more manic symptoms. Conclusion. Psychopathy seems quite frequent among patients with BD. The association of psychopathy with BD results in higher impulsivity and manic symptoms. In light of this, psychopathy should be investigated when assessing patients with BD, regardless of the comorbidity of BD with other personality disorders.
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Anderson, Nathaniel E., J. Michael Maurer, Prashanth Nyalakanti, Keith A. Harenski, Carla L. Harenski, Michael R. Koenigs, Jean Decety, and Kent A. Kiehl. "Affective and interpersonal psychopathic traits associated with reduced corpus callosum volume among male inmates – RETRACTED." Psychological Medicine 49, no. 08 (October 12, 2018): 1401–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291718002921.
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AbstractBackgroundPsychopathy is a personality disorder associated with severe emotional and interpersonal consequences and persistent antisocial behavior. Neurobiological models of psychopathy emphasize impairments in emotional processing, attention, and integration of information across large-scale neural networks in the brain. One of the largest integrative hubs in the brain is the corpus callosum (CC) – a large white matter structure that connects the two cerebral hemispheres.MethodThe current study examines CC volume, measured via Freesurfer parcellation, in a large sample (n= 495) of incarcerated men who were assessed for psychopathic traits using the Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R).ResultsPsychopathy was associated with reduced volume across all five sub-regions of the CC. These relationships were primarily driven by the affective/interpersonal elements of psychopathy (PCL-R Factor 1), as no significant associations were found between the CC and the lifestyle/antisocial traits of psychopathy. The observed effects were not attributable to differences in substance use severity, age, IQ, or total brain volume.ConclusionsThese findings align with suggestions that core psychopathic traits may be fostered by reduced integrative capacity across large-scale networks in the brain.
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Wilczek-Rużyczka, Ewa, and Michał Kupczyk. "LEVEL OF EMPATHY AND SEVERITY OF PSYCHOPATHIC TRAITS IN MEDICAL, LAW AND PSYCHOLOGY STUDENTS." Acta Neuropsychologica 19, no. 4 (November 2, 2021): 411–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.4618.
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The aim of this study was to show the differences between groups of medical, law and psychology students in terms of empathy and psychopathy, as well as to show whether there are relationships between these variables in the studied groups. The study involved 70 female and 50 male students, constituting three equal groups of 40 people each, studying Medicine, Law and Psychology respectively. Two standardized tools were used in the study: the Index of Interpersonal Reactivity (IRI) by M.H Davis and the Polish adaptation of I. Pilch and her team's Triarchic Psychopathy Measure (TriPM), the original version of which was developed by Patrick, Fowles and Krueger, as well as a specially designed sociodemographic questionnaire. The study showed an inverse relationship between empathy and psychopathy and that there were differences in both empathy and psychopathy levels between different groups of students. Law students had lower levels of empathy in two di mensions according to the IRI than medical and psychology students. When analyzing the severity of some psychopathic traits and the overall psychopathy score according to TriPM, it was found that law students had the highest levels in the overall psychopathy score and meanness, but no statistically significant differences were observed in other TriPM variables between the groups studied. Law students had the lowest empathy scores of the groups studied, and medical students had slightly lower empathy scores than psychology students. It was also shown that law students had the highest overall psychopathy score of the three groups studied. Negative correlational relationships between empathy and psychopathy were observed in medical and law students – indicating that higher levels of empathy are associated with lower levels of psychopathy.
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ROGERS, JOHN, ESSI VIDING, R. JAMES BLAIR, UTA FRITH, and FRANCESCA HAPPÉ. "Autism spectrum disorder and psychopathy: shared cognitive underpinnings or double hit?" Psychological Medicine 36, no. 12 (October 3, 2006): 1789–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291706008853.
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Background. We measured psychopathic traits in boys with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) selected for difficult and aggressive behaviour. We asked (i) whether psychopathic tendencies can be measured in ASD independent of the severity of autistic behaviour; (ii) whether individuals with ASD with callous–unemotional (CU) traits differ in their cognitive profile from those without such traits; and (iii) how the cognitive data from this study compare with previous data of youngsters with psychopathic tendencies.Method. Twenty-eight ASD boys were rated on psychopathic tendencies, autistic traits and a range of cognitive measures assessing mentalizing ability, executive functions, emotion recognition and ability to make moral–conventional distinction.Results. Our results indicate that psychopathic tendencies are not related to severity of ASD. In addition, such tendencies do not seem to be related to core autistic cognitive deficits, specifically in ‘mind-reading’ or executive function. Boys with co-occurring ASD and CU tendencies share some behaviours and aspects of cognitive profile with boys who have psychopathic tendencies alone.Conclusions. Callous/psychopathic acts in a small number of individuals with ASD probably reflect a ‘double hit’ involving an additional impairment of empathic response to distress cues, which is not part and parcel of ASD itself.
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Brassard, Audrey, Christine Gagnon, Aurélie Claing, Caroline Dugal, Claudia Savard, and Katherine Péloquin. "Can Romantic Attachment and Psychopathy Concomitantly Explain the Forms and Severity of Perpetrated Intimate Partner Violence in Men Seeking Treatment?" Partner Abuse 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 123.2–143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/pa-2021-0008.
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This study examines the respective contributions of two risk markers for intimate partner violence perpetrated by men seeking psychological help: psychopathic personality traits (primary and secondary), and attachment insecurities (anxiety and avoidance). In an effort to offer more specific and nuanced results, the severity of the violence perpetrated by participants (i.e., minor and severe) was examined with regards to three forms of intimate partner violence: physical, psychological, and sexual. A sample of 226 men seeking help in a community organization specialized in the treatment of relational difficulties and intimate partner violence answered a series of self-report questionnaires. Results of multiple and logistic regression analyses reveal that attachment anxiety is related to the perpetration of minor psychological violence, severe physical violence, and minor sexual violence. Attachment avoidance is not significantly associated with perpetration of intimate partner violence when attachment anxiety and psychopathy traits are considered. Primary psychopathy is also linked to the perpetration of severe psychological and sexual violence, whereas secondary psychopathy is solely associated with the perpetration of minor psychological violence. From a clinical standpoint, these results highlight the importance of considering the forms and severity of intimate partner violence, and put forward the relevance of assessing and considering issues surrounding attachment insecurities and psychopathy in men seeking treatment for relationship difficulties.
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Ninditi, Angelo Aparecido. "Sociopathy: The border between Madness and Reality in the Production of Crime." International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science 9, no. 11 (2022): 366–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaers.911.44.
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Introduction: The severity of symptoms in individual cases depends on factors such as age of onset, extent and side of brain damage, and rate of progression of the underlying etiology. Integrative Review: Each generation of mental health professionals has to discover for itself the importance of personality disorder. Unfortunately, and unduly, the place of personality and personality disorder in contemporary mental health has either been ignored entirely or employed as another reason to exclude patients from services. Method: The present article is an integrative review based on bibliographic research formulated through published articles on the knowledge and performance of professionals in the concentration area "health" on the subject "Sociopathy". Results: The historical roots of the concepts of abnormal personality, social deviance, delinquency and criminal responsibility are described, demonstrating that previous concepts of psychopathic personality often included negative social evaluations. Discussion: Psychopathy predicts violence and other antisocial conduct in both offenders and psychiatric patients. Furthermore, released psychopathic offenders have an increased risk of recidivism when compared to their nonpsychopathic counterparts. Final Considerations: Specific profiling becomes more refined when collecting evidentiary facts at the crime scene, with the primary goal of a typology of the behavioral characteristics and psychological makeup of the offender.
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Boddy, Clive, and Ross Taplin. "A note on workplace psychopathic bullying – Measuring its frequency and severity." Aggression and Violent Behavior 34 (May 2017): 117–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2017.02.001.
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Pan, Weidong, Yu Song, Shin Kwak, Sohei Yoshida, and Yoshiharu Yamamoto. "Quantitative Evaluation of the Use of Actigraphy for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders." Behavioural Neurology 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/897282.
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Quantitative and objective evaluation of disease severity and/or drug effect is necessary in clinical practice. Wearable accelerometers such as an actigraph enable long-term recording of a patient’s movement during activities and they can be used for quantitative assessment of symptoms due to various diseases. We reviewed some applications of actigraphy with analytical methods that are sufficiently sensitive and reliable to determine the severity of diseases and disorders such as motor and nonmotor disorders like Parkinson’s disease, sleep disorders, depression, behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) for vascular dementia (VD), seasonal affective disorder (SAD), and stroke, as well as the effects of drugs used to treat them. We believe it is possible to develop analytical methods to assess more neurological or psychopathic disorders using actigraphy records.
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Humeny, Courtney, Adelle Forth, and John Logan. "Psychopathic traits predict the severity of post-traumatic stress in survivors of intimate partner abuse." Personality and Individual Differences 193 (July 2022): 111611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2022.111611.
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Sjödin, Anna-Kari, Märta Wallinius, Eva Billstedt, Björn Hofvander, and Thomas Nilsson. "Evidence for Two Levels of Intimate Partner Violence and Aggression Among Incarcerated Young Male Violent Offenders." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 62, no. 10 (November 9, 2017): 3097–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x17739180.
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Furthering knowledge of the subset of incarcerated partner violent offenders distinguished by aggression, anger, and hostility is relevant, as these offenders are guilty of the more severe kinds of intimate partner violence (IPV). Our aim was to identify groups with different patterns of IPV among convicted young Swedish male offenders, using data from the Development of Aggressive Antisocial Behavior Study, including 171 young men (18-25 years) convicted of a violent crime. Cluster analysis was used to identify different clusters based on amount and severity of IPV in combination with measures of anger, hostility, aggression, and psychopathic personality traits. The results point to an association between antisocial development, criminal history, the severity of current crime, and measures of aggression, hostility, and partner abuse. The cluster defined by higher levels of partner abuse and aggression was significantly associated with early onset conduct disorder.
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Dell, S., G. Robertson, and E. Parker. "Detention in Broadmoor." British Journal of Psychiatry 150, no. 6 (June 1987): 824–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.150.6.824.
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When the length of stay of restricted patients admitted to Broadmoor under the legal category of psychopathic disorder was examined, the factor found to be of primary importance was the gravity of the admission offence. If the men's offences did not cause personal injury, they had a good chance of early release. Patients convicted of violent or sexual offences, and particularly those who attacked strangers, made up the great majority of the long-term group. For the mentally ill there was no relationship between length of stay and admission offence: instead the data suggested that severity and chronicity of illness were the main relevant factors.
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Brown, Darcy, Fintan Larkin, Samrat Sengupta, Jose L. Romero-Ureclay, Callum C. Ross, Nitin Gupta, Morris Vinestock, and Mrigendra Das. "Clozapine: an effective treatment for seriously violent and psychopathic men with antisocial personality disorder in a UK high-security hospital." CNS Spectrums 19, no. 5 (April 3, 2014): 391–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852914000157.
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ObjectiveA number of studies have demonstrated the anti-aggressive properties of clozapine in schizophrenia and its positive effect in borderline personality disorder. There is no published literature on the treatment of antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) with clozapine. We present a case series of 7 patients with primary ASPD and high psychopathic traits treated with clozapine, having a significant history of serious violence and currently detained in a UK based high-security hospital.MethodsA retrospective review of case notes was carried out to formulate Clinical Global Impression (CGI) scores and record incidents of violence and aggression. Effect on specific symptom domains (cognitive-perceptual, impulsive-behavioural dyscontrol, affective dysregulation) was also noted. Metabolic parameters and serum clozapine levels were also sampled.ResultsAll 7 patients showed significant improvement on clozapine. It was shown to benefit all symptom domains, especially impulsive behavioral dyscontrol and anger. The number of violent incidents committed by 6 of the 7 patients reduced significantly, and all patients’ risk of violence reduced. Clozapine serum levels for 6 of the 7 patients were in the range 150–350 ng/mL.ConclusionClozapine is of benefit in reducing the clinical severity of ASPD. It improved all symptom domains, especially impulsive-behavioral dyscontrol and anger, and reduced levels of aggression and violence, especially at lower doses (serum levels <350 ng/m). To our knowledge, this is the first account of clozapine treatment in patients with ASPD and high psychopathy.
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Holi, Matti, Laura Auvinen-Lintunen, Nina Lindberg, Pekka Tani, and Matti Virkkunen. "Inverse Correlation between Severity of Psychopathic Traits and Serum Cortisol Levels in Young Adult Violent Male Offenders." Psychopathology 39, no. 2 (2006): 102–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000091021.
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Ribeiro da Silva, Diana, Randall T. Salekin, and Daniel Rijo. "Psychopathic severity profiles: A latent profile analysis in youth samples with implications for the diagnosis of conduct disorder." Journal of Criminal Justice 60 (January 2019): 74–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2018.12.003.
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Bowen, Katharine L., Joanne E. Morgan, Simon C. Moore, and Stephanie H. M. van Goozen. "Young Offenders’ Emotion Recognition Dysfunction Across Emotion Intensities: Explaining Variation Using Psychopathic Traits, Conduct Disorder and Offense Severity." Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment 36, no. 1 (July 31, 2013): 60–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10862-013-9368-z.
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Medjedovic, Janko, Daliborka Kujacic, and Goran Knezevic. "Personality-related determinants of criminal recidivism." Psihologija 45, no. 3 (2012): 277–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/psi1203277m.
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The goal of this study was to explore personality-related determinants of recidivism, with recidivism being defined as a) the number of lawful sentences a person had (criminal legal recidivism), and b) the number of prison sentences pronounced (penal recidivism). The study was carried out in two independent samples: a) convicts from the Correctional Institution of Belgrade - Penitentiary of Padinska Skela (N=113), and b) convicts from the Special Prison Hospital in Belgrade (N =112). The variables of the Five-Factor Model of Personality (Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness and Conscientiousness) were measured, together with two additional basic personality traits: Disintegration (a broad dimension of psychosis-proneness), and Amorality (three factors representing a disposition to amoral forms of behavior). In addition, psychopathy (Manipulative and Antisocial tendencies) - a psychological entity expected to most successfully predict criminal recidivism - was measured as well. The efficiency of prediction of the two criteria of recidivism was assessed separately in each of those two samples. The results revealed differences in the orchestration of predictors depending on the kind of recidivism as the criterion and the severity of offense. The most important predictors of both forms of recidivism in the sample of convicts with lower intensity of criminal behavior were psychopathic traits. However, in the sample of convicts with higher intensity and variety of criminal behavior, the most important predictors of the number of sentences were Antisociality and Amorality Induced by Frustration, while the most important predictors of the number of prison sanctions were Amorality Induced by Brutality and Disintegration.
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Plaza-González, Sheila, María del Carmen Zabala-Baños, Álvaro Astasio-Picado, and Jesús Jurado-Palomo. "Psychological and Sociocultural Determinants in Childhood Asthma Disease: Impact on Quality of Life." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 5 (February 24, 2022): 2652. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052652.
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Asthma is the most common chronic disease in childhood. The presence of this pathology in children leads to the appearance of different alterations (physical, psychological, social, etc.). Due to their high influence, the aim of this study is to understand these psychological and sociocultural determinants and their impact on the quality of life of asthmatic children. In order to determine the influence of these determinants on quality of life, a narrative review of 48 articles collected in different databases was carried out. Emotions are the most powerful precursor to producing an asthmatic attack. Anxiety and depression are the pathologies that appear frequently associated with childhood asthma, together with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. In addition, the personality of these children seems to be characterized by shyness and impulsivity, although exceptionally it has been associated with psychopathic behaviors, aggressiveness, and cases of psychosis. School performance is impaired and bullying occurs more frequently. Likewise, dysfunctional family relationships and lower socioeconomic status have a negative impact on the severity and management of asthma. In short, the quality of life of asthmatic children is lower due to the presence of the aforementioned psychological and sociocultural determinants.
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Korponay, Cole, and Michael Koenigs. "Gray matter correlates of impulsivity in psychopathy and in the general population differ by kind, not by degree: a comparison of systematic reviews." Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 16, no. 7 (April 9, 2021): 683–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsab045.
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Abstract A fundamental question in neuropsychiatry is whether a neurobiological continuum accompanies the behavioral continuum between subclinical and clinical traits. Impulsivity is a trait that varies in the general population and manifests severely in disorders like psychopathy. Is the neural profile of severe impulsivity in psychopathy an extreme but continuous manifestation of that associated with impulsivity in the general population (different by degree)? Or is it discontinuous and unique (different by kind)? Here, we compare systematic reviews of the relationship between impulsivity and gray matter in psychopathy and in the general population. The findings suggest that the neural profile associated with extreme impulsivity in psychopathy (increased gray matter in rostral and ventral striatum and prefrontal cortexes) is distinct from that associated with impulsivity in the general population (decreased gray matter in rostral and ventral prefrontal cortexes). Severe impulsivity in psychopathy may therefore arise from a pathophysiological mechanism that is unique to the disorder. These findings prompt the need for future studies to directly test the effect of group on the impulsivity–gray matter relationship in samples comprised of healthy individuals and individuals with psychopathy. The results caution against the use of community samples to examine impulsive psychopathic traits in relation to neurobiology.
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Pankov, Vladimir A., Elena V. Katamanova, Natalya V. Slivnitsyna, Elena A. Beigel, Alexey D. Pavlov, and Anna S. Vinokurova. "Working conditions and the state of health in teachers of secondary schools (literature review)." Hygiene and sanitation 101, no. 8 (September 14, 2022): 940–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2022-101-8-940-946.
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Modern studies point to extremely low indicators of the teachers’ physical and mental health as an occupational group. Literature data shows that teachers of general educational organizations can be classified as workers who are subject not only to occupational stress, but also to the influence of factors of the labour process that do not meet hygienic standards. According to the severity of the labour process, due to being in a standing position up to 80% of the lesson time, their work belongs to the harmful class 1 degree (class 3.1), in terms of tension, due to intellectual, emotional, and sensory loads - to harmful working conditions 1-2 degree (class 3.1.-3.2). Analyses of teachers’ health showed that out of 40% of employees has had pathology required outpatient examination and treatment during initial examination, and almost 50% of the examined teachers needed dispensary observation. Diseases of the eye and adnexa (43.6%), diseases of the respiratory system (36%), diseases of the digestive system (31.1%) are leading in the structure of morbidity. According to medical documentation, the most often detected morbidities are diseases of the cardiovascular system (35.6%), diseases of the digestive system (15.9%), and diseases of the genitourinary system (11.8%). An increase in the number of diseases with age and length of service was noted. In addition, with an increase in teaching experience, there is a gain in maladjustment processes and psychopathological states of a neurotic or psychopathic nature. Information was collected using the databases Scopus, Web of Science, MedLine, The Cochrane Library, PubMed, RSCI, Cyberleninka.
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Shushpanova, Olga V., Natalia S. Shalina, Elena E. Balakireva, Alexey A. Koval-Zaitsev, Lyubov P. Yakupova, Svetlana G. Nikitina, Tatyana E. Blinova, and Anton V. Kulikov. "FEATURES OF AUTOAGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR IN AUTISTIC AND SCHIZOPHRENIC SPECTRUM DISORDERS IN CHILDREN." Bulletin of Medical Science 32, no. 4 (2023): 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31684/25418475-2023-4-43.
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Relevance. Auto-aggressive harming behavior (ASB) among children and adolescents who suffer from mental disorders of various nosologies is an urgent problem and requires a special approach from the diagnosis and rehabilitation of such patients. Purpose: To identify clinical, pathopsychological and neurophysiological characteristics of ASP in children and adolescents with different etiopathogenesis depending on the manifestation within the framework of ASD and nosologies of the schizophrenic range with affective disorders. Materials and methods. The study included patients being treated in the Department of Child Psychiatry Study of the Federal State Budgetary Institution National Center for Mental Health. Two samples of patients were formed: the first sample included 30 patients (23 boys and 7 girls), the average age was 6.9 ± 2.5 years, with diagnoses according to ICD-10 ‘Childhood autism’ (DA, F84.02), ‘Atypical autism with mental retardation’ (AA with mental retardation, F84.11), ‘Atypical autism without mental retardation’ (AA without mental retardation, F84.12) with the presence of psychotic symptoms during an attack. The second sample consisted of patients with signs of nonsuicidal ASP (with traces of bodily self-harm) with moderate and severe severity within the nosologies of the schizophrenic circle. 25 female children and adolescents were examined, the average age was 14.15±0.95 years, with diagnoses according to ICD-10 of ‘Schizoaffective disorder, depressive type’ (F25.18), ‘Pseudopsychopathic schizophrenia’ (F21.4), ‘Undifferentiated schizophrenia, observation period less than a yea’ (F20.3). Research methods included clinical-psychopathological, pathopsychological, and neurophysiological studies (EEG with spectral analysis and topographic mapping), survey data with psychometric scales. Results. In patients of the 1st sample with ASD, the leading syndrome in the structure of psychosis was catatonic. Self-harm varied in clinical presentation and severity. In 16 (53%) people, self-harm was represented by palm strikes to the head and face, 11 (37%) – hitting the head against various surfaces, 6 (20%) – hitting parts of the body with the palms, and 6 (20%) – biting fingers and hands. The severity of clinical manifestations of ASP in children with ASD corresponded to the data of a psychometric examination: the severity of autism on the CARS scale was 54.3 ± 3.1, according to the general catatonia scale (BFCRS, Bush-Francis Catatonia Rating Scale, 1996) was 32.7 ± 2.5, which corresponds to a ‘severe’ degree of catatonic disorders. A pathopsychological examination of children with ASP within the framework of ASD revealed a delay in psycho-speech development with signs of the formation of a cognitive defect against the background of distorted dysontogenesis with dissociation of cognitive activity, autism, stereotypic behavior, heteroaggression and ASP, emotional flatness and pronounce dnegativism. These children howed diffuse changes in the form of an increase in the level of slow-wave θ activity, which can be considered as an EEG correlate of immaturity, acuity, and regression of mentalfunctions. Behavioral disorders in the second group of patients with nonsuicidal ASP manifest themselves within the nosologies of the schizophrenic circle (F25.18, F21.4, F20.3), occurring with hallucinatory-delusional, psychopathic-like, and negative symptoms of varying severity, against the background of moderate or severe episode with antivital manifestations, without suicidal actions. Often (in 64% of the patients), the course of the underlying disease was accompanied by cognitive deficits with impaired thinking and memory. The total score on the PANSS scale was 102.5 points, on the CGI scale 6-7 points, which corresponds to a pronounced and severe degree of psychopathological symptoms. Pathopsychological analysis in these patients revealed a dissociated type of mental development, a diversity of thinking, disturbances in the form of slips, associations with secondary symptoms, deficits of will and emotions, and disturbances in social functioning. The decrease and disorganization of the α-rhythm and the increased β-rhythm revealed on the EEG were considered assigns of suppression of the activity of the functions of the cerebral cortex and the severity of psychopathological disorders; the dominance of slow θ- and δ-rhythm sindicates the dysontogenesis of mental development with dissociation of cognitive activity and the formation of cognitive deficit.
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Gobin, Robyn L., Madhavi K. Reddy, Caron Zlotnick, and Jennifer E. Johnson. "Lifetime trauma victimization and PTSD in relation to psychopathy and antisocial personality disorder in a sample of incarcerated women and men." International Journal of Prisoner Health 11, no. 2 (June 15, 2015): 64–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijph-06-2014-0016.
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Purpose – Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) and psychopathy are similar, but distinct, psychiatric conditions that are common in male and female inmates; a segment of the population with high rates of trauma exposure. It is unclear whether specific types of lifetime trauma are associated with ASPD and psychopathy in incarcerated women and men. Furthermore, the unique roles of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity and trauma victimization in antisocial personality disturbance are not well-understood. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – This study investigated associations between trauma variables (different kinds of traumatic experiences and PTSD) and antisocial personality variables (ASPD and psychopathy) in a sample of incarcerated women and men who participated in a randomized clinical trial for major depressive disorder. In total, 88 incarcerated men and women were assessed for ASPD diagnosis, psychopathy severity, PTSD symptom severity, and history of physical, sexual, and crime-related trauma. Regression analyses predicted ASPD or psychopathy from trauma variables, controlling for gender. Findings – Physical trauma was the only form of trauma that was significantly related to psychopathy. Physical trauma and crime-related trauma were associated with ASPD. PTSD symptom severity was not associated with psychopathy or ASPD. Originality/value – There are associations between some kinds of lifetime trauma exposure and current ASPD/psychopathy in the target sample, but these associations do not appear to be mediated through current PTSD symptoms.
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Brieman, Chelsea L., William J. McGarrigle, Lora M. Cope, Kent A. Kiehl, and David S. Kosson. "Clarifying Relations Between Core Features of Psychopathy and Substance (Mis)use: A Replication and Extension in Two Large Independent Samples." Journal of Personality Disorders 38, no. 2 (April 2024): 138–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/pedi.2024.38.2.138.
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Two studies examined the consistency of associations between specific components of psychopathy and two indices of drug use: (a) abstinence and (b) severity (i.e., counts) of lifetime substance use disorder (SUD) symptoms. Participants were 418 male county jail inmates in Illinois (Study One) and 354 male state prison inmates in New Mexico (Study Two). Across samples, lifestyle and antisocial trait ratings were associated with a reduced likelihood of abstinence from most substances. Lifestyle traits were also uniquely associated with severity of substance dependence ratings. Consistent with prior research, interpersonal traits were uniquely related to cocaine indices in both samples. Furthermore, analyses revealed negative associations between the affective features of psychopathy and alcohol dependence in one sample (Study Two), and illicit substance use across samples. These findings demonstrate the robustness of the associations between the interpersonal and affective features of psychopathy and specific aspects of substance (mis)use.
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Lindblad, Frank, Johan Isaksson, Viktor Heiskala, Roman Koposov, and Vladislav Ruchkin. "Comorbidity and Behavior Characteristics of Russian Male Juvenile Delinquents With ADHD and Conduct Disorder." Journal of Attention Disorders 24, no. 7 (April 29, 2015): 1070–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087054715584052.
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Objective: To test the previously suggested hypothesis that those with comorbid ADHD and Conduct Disorder (CD) diagnoses differ from other antisocially involved youth in terms of higher rates of violent behavior, impulsiveness, and psychopathic traits. Method: Three hundred eighty juvenile incarcerated delinquents from Northern Russia were assessed by means of semi-structured psychiatric interview and by student and teacher self-reports. Results: The study has demonstrated higher rates of psychiatric disorders and of comorbidity, as well as more complicated substance abuse and disruptive behaviors in those with combined ADHD–CD diagnosis, as compared with CD only, ADHD only, and no CD no ADHD groups. The results regarding psychopathic traits were inconclusive. Conclusion: The group with combined ADHD–CD diagnosis is more severely disturbed, both as concerns psychiatric comorbidity and more severe aggressive and disruptive behaviors. However, there is only limited evidence supporting a higher prevalence of psychopathic traits in this group.
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Rijnders, Ronald J. P., Maaike M. Kempes, Jack van Honk, and David Terburg. "Steroid hormones and severity of psychopathy in forensic patients." Motivation Science 8, no. 2 (June 2022): 121–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/mot0000252.
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Ryabova, Tatiana V., and Oksana E. Kholodova. "ASSOCIATION OF PSYCHOLOGICAL FEATURES AND PROFESSIONAL BURNOUT SYNDROME AMONG EMPLOYEES OF PHARMACEUTICAL COMPANIES." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Psychology. Pedagogics. Education, no. 1 (2022): 85–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-6398-2022-1-85-98.
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The results of a study of professional burnout among employees of a commercial organization are presented in the article. The study involved employees of a pharmaceutical company (N=101) with different experience, higher education, aged 22 to 60 years (SD=8.62), men 21.8%, women 78.2%. Socio-demographic variables (gender, age), characteristics of professional activity (length of service, position, predominant content of work tasks, compliance of responsibilities with education) are not associated with the severity of burnout in this sample. The traits of the “dark triad” “Machiavellianism” and “psychopathy” are significantly higher in the group of more burned-out employees; the indicators on the “narcissism” scale did not show significant differences. Indicators of “proactive overcoming”, “reflexive overcoming”, and “strategic planning” turned out to be significantly higher in less burned-out employees, and the intensity of psychological defenses did not differ. Proactive coping strategies are associated with burnout in all respondents, psychopathy is associated with burnout in respondents with moderate burnout severity, and personality defense mechanisms are associated with burnout in respondents with high burnout severity. The burnout of the pharmaceutical company employees who took part in this study turned out to be associated with the psychological characteristics of the respondents, and not the characteristics of the organization of their professional activities. In particular, Machiavellianism, psychopathy, proactive coping, and psychological defenses were associated with burnout, and the connections of these psychological characteristics differ among respondents with different burnout severity. The results of the study indicate the expediency of studying the psychological factors of burnout, taking into account the severity and phase of burnout.
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Fougere, Amber, Susan Potter, and Joan Boutilier. "Psychopathy and offence severity in sexually aggressive and violent youth." Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health 19, no. 4 (October 2009): 247–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cbm.735.
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Basoglu, Cengiz, Umit Semiz, Ozgur Oner, Huseyin Gunay, Servet Ebrinc, Mesut Cetin, Onur Sildiroglu, Ayhan Algul, Alpay Ates, and Guner Sonmez. "A magnetic resonance spectroscopy study of antisocial behaviour disorder, psychopathy and violent crime among military conscripts." Acta Neuropsychiatrica 20, no. 2 (April 2008): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5215.2008.00271.x.
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Background:Prefrontal and/or temporo-limbic abnormalities associated with antisocial personality disorder (APD), high psychopathy scores and violent behaviours can readily be evaluated by neuroimaging methods.Objectives:In this study, we compared the brain metabolites in adult male military conscripts with APD, high psychopathy scores and serious violent crimes (n = 15) with age- and educational-level-matched healthy controls (n = 15) by means of magnetic resonance spectroscopy.Methods:All cases were diagnosed by means of the Diagnostic Statistical Manual-IV APD module of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM III-R Axis II Disorders (SCID-II) semistructured questionnaire in Turkish. The psychopathy scores were evaluated by means of the Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised translated into Turkish (PCL-R). PCL-R is a 20-item, reliable and valid instrument for assessment of psychopathy, both in categorical and dimensional natures. All patients had a total score of 29 (of possible 40) or higher from PCL-R, indicating a high degree of psychopathy.Results:Our results showed no significant differences in ratio of N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), creatine (Cr) and choline-related compounds in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and amygdala–hippocampus regions of cases compared with controls. ACC NAA/Cr was significantly negatively correlated with both the PCL-R total score and the PCL-R factor I score (interpersonal/affective problems) among the cases.Conclusion:As ACC plays an important role in decision-making and emotional information processing, we postulate that the lower NAA/Cr ratio, suggesting impaired neural integrity, may increase the severity of interpersonal/affective problems of the psychopathy factor in male subjects exhibiting APD, high psychopathy overall scores and violent crimes.
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Zamani Sani, Seyed Hojjat, Gianpiero Greco, Zahra Fathirezaie, Georgian Badicu, Mohammad Taghi Aghdasi, Kosar Abbaspour, and Francesco Fischetti. "Which Dark Personality Traits Could Predict Insomnia? The Mediated Effects of Perceived Stress and Ethical Judgments." Behavioral Sciences 13, no. 2 (February 1, 2023): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs13020122.
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This study aimed to investigate the relationship between dark personality traits and insomnia by considering the mediated effects of perceived stress and ethical judgments. This descriptive and correlational study was conducted with 464 university athlete students from individual and team sports. Dark Triad Scale (DTS), Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), and Moral Content Judgment in Sport Questionnaire (MCJSQ) were used. Significant correlation coefficients were observed between the dark personality traits and other variables. Regression analysis showed that psychopathy (about 19%) and ethical judgments (about 16%) could predict insomnia. It was shown that among dark personality traits, psychopathy along with ethical judgments could predict insomnia.
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Cardona, Nicole, Ariel K. Berman, Judith E. Sims-Knight, and Raymond A. Knight. "Covariates of the Severity of Aggression in Sexual Crimes: Psychopathy and Borderline Characteristics." Sexual Abuse 32, no. 2 (November 4, 2018): 154–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1079063218807485.
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Whereas risk assessment literature on sexual offending has primarily focused on prediction of subsequent sexual crimes, and not the severity of those crimes, the first aim of the present study was to identify variables that predict the amount of damage to victims in sexual crimes compared with those that predict general aggressiveness. The second aim was to ascertain whether adding emotional instability measurements, as in borderline personality disorder (BPD), would add incremental variance to that captured by the facets of the Psychopathy Checklist–Revised (PCL-R). Trained raters assessed on the PCL-R, BPD, and measures of severity of sexual and nonsexual violence 302 adults who had sexually offended. PCL-R’s Antisociality and two externalizing BPD factors (one from the standard and one from the alternative criteria) were significant predictors of violence both in sexual and nonsexual crimes. In contrast, deficits in the PCL-R’s Affective facet (2) predicted victim damage in sexual contexts only, whereas the Lifestyle Impulsivity facet (3) of the PCL-R predicted violence in nonsexual contexts only. These findings suggest that adding measures of emotional dysregulation to commonly used instruments like the PCL-R, which assesses callousness and antisociality, may be beneficial for predicting violence.
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Khalifa, Najat, and Richard C. Howard. "Is PCL-R psychopathy associated with either type or severity of personality disorder?" Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology 26, no. 6 (August 19, 2015): 862–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14789949.2015.1072575.
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Sundram, F., Q. Deeley, S. Sarkar, E. Daly, R. Latham, G. J. Barker, and D. G. M. Murphy. "P02 - 361 White matter microstructural abnormalities in antisocial personality disorder: A pilot diffusion tensor imaging study." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 957. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)72662-1.
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IntroductionAntisocial personality disorder (ASPD) and psychopathy involve significant interpersonal and behavioural impairments. However, little is known about white matter (WM) abnormalities in tracts linking grey matter regions. A previous diffusion tensor imaging (DT-MRI) tractography study in ASPD and psychopathy revealed abnormalities in the right uncinate fasciculus, indicating fronto-limbic disconnectivity.ObjectivesIt is not clear whether WM abnormalities are restricted to only this tract or are more widespread. Therefore, we planned to use whole brain DT-MRI voxel-based analyses.AimsTo clarify if WM abnormalities extend beyond the frontal lobe.MethodsWe used whole brain DT-MRI to compare WM fractional anisotropy (FA) of 15 adults with ASPD and healthy age, handedness and IQ-matched controls. Also, within ASPD subjects, we related differences in FA to severity of psychopathy measures.ResultsSignificant WM FA reductions were found in ASPD subjects relative to controls. These were found bilaterally in the anterior corpus callosum. Right hemisphere FA reduction was found in the anterior corona radiata, uncinate fasciculus, inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus and internal capsule. Left hemisphere, FA deficits encompassed the inferior longitudinal fasciculus, inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus and internal capsule. There was a significant negative correlation between WM FA in the right uncinate fasciculus and corpus callosum and measures of psychopathy.ConclusionsWe report FA reduction in the uncinate fasciculus and anterior corpus callosum which may be associated with frontal and inter-hemispheric disconnectivity in ASPD, in addition to abnormalities in other tracts which directly or indirectly connect to prefrontal regions.
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Encalada, T. Michelle. "Comparative Analysis of Empathy Traits Differences in Males and Females." Abuse: An International Impact Journal 2, no. 1 (April 6, 2021): 60–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.37576/abuse.2021.019.
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Researchers agree that one of the most important aspects of psychopathy is lack of empathy. Literature relating to psychopathy and its central components focuses on boys and men, while overlooking girls and women. This issue is partially due to the measurement tools and beliefs about sex-based expression. Previous studies focus primarily on empathy as it relates to antisocial behavior and abuse but is deficient in gender differences and antecedents. This study seeks to fill these voids by examining factors that may distinctly affect male and female empathy levels. The current study used data from the 6th wave of the National Youth Survey to examine empathy levels of 1,452 youths ranging in age from 17 – 24 years. Findings reveal that several variables have a significant impact on empathy levels. Furthermore, analysis shows that the severity of the impact differs depending upon respondent gender. This sheds light on the contrast between male and female empathy levels and invites further investigation into the factors which play a role in the developm
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Johnson, Sheri L., Benjamin Swerdlow, Jordan A. Tharp, Serena Chen, Jennifer Tackett, and Jamie Zeitzer. "Social dominance and multiple dimensions of psychopathology: An experimental test of reactivity to leadership and subordinate roles." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (April 28, 2021): e0250099. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250099.
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Background Theory and research suggest that social dominance is important for multiple forms of psychopathology, and yet few studies have considered multiple dimensions of psychopathology simultaneously, and relatively few have used well-validated behavioral indices. Method Among 81 undergraduates, we used a well-validated experimental approach of assigning participants to a leadership or subordinate position, and we examined how self-rated severity of depression, social anxiety, manic tendencies, and psychopathy relate to psychophysiological and affective reactivity to this role. Results Consistent with hypotheses, manic symptoms related to more discomfort in the subordinate role compared to the leadership role, as evidenced by more decline in positive affect, more discomfort, and a larger RSA decline, while depression symptoms related to a more positive response to the subordinate role than the leadership role, including more positive affect and more comfort in the assigned role. Social anxiety was related to discomfort regardless of the assigned role, and those with higher psychopathy symptoms did not show differential response to assigned roles. Limitations Findings are limited by the mild symptom levels and absence of hormonal data. Conclusions Findings provide novel transdiagnostic evidence for the importance of social dominance to differentiate diverse forms of psychopathology.
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Cox, Jennifer, John F. Edens, Allison Rulseh, and John W. Clark. "Juror perceptions of the interpersonal-affective traits of psychopathy predict sentence severity in a white-collar criminal case." Psychology, Crime & Law 22, no. 8 (April 27, 2016): 721–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1068316x.2016.1174864.
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Breeden, A. L., E. M. Cardinale, L. M. Lozier, J. W. VanMeter, and A. A. Marsh. "Callous-unemotional traits drive reduced white-matter integrity in youths with conduct problems." Psychological Medicine 45, no. 14 (June 19, 2015): 3033–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291715000987.
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Background.Callous-unemotional (CU) traits represent a significant risk factor for severe and persistent conduct problems in children and adolescents. Extensive neuroimaging research links CU traits to structural and functional abnormalities in the amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex. In addition, adults with psychopathy (a disorder for which CU traits are a developmental precursor) exhibit reduced integrity in uncinate fasciculus, a white-matter (WM) tract that connects prefrontal and temporal regions. However, research in adolescents has not yet yielded similarly consistent findings.Method.We simultaneously modeled CU traits and externalizing behaviors as continuous traits, while controlling for age and IQ, in order to identify the unique relationship of each variable with WM microstructural integrity, assessed using diffusion tensor imaging. We used tract-based spatial statistics to evaluate fractional anisotropy, an index of WM integrity, in uncinate fasciculus and stria terminalis in 47 youths aged 10–17 years, of whom 26 exhibited conduct problems and varying levels of CU traits.Results.Whereas both CU traits and externalizing behaviors were negatively correlated with WM integrity in bilateral uncinate fasciculus and stria terminalis/fornix, simultaneously modeling both variables revealed that these effects were driven by CU traits; the severity of externalizing behavior was not related to WM integrity after controlling for CU traits.Conclusions.These results indicate that WM abnormalities similar to those observed in adult populations with psychopathy may emerge in late childhood or early adolescence, and may be critical to understanding the social and affective deficits observed in this population.
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Gallitto, Elena, and Craig Leth-Steensen. "Personality Factors and Health Beliefs Related to Attitudes Toward Wearing Face Masks During the COVID-19 Pandemic." European Journal of Health Psychology 30, no. 4 (October 2023): 180–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/2512-8442/a000136.
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Abstract: Background: The COVID-19 virus is a worldwide pandemic health emergency. Although preventative measures have been put in place in an attempt to control its spread, their implementation has been met with resistance. Aims: To verify the nature of the health belief and personality factors associated with favorable attitudes toward face-mask use during the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada. Methods: A sample of N = 680 completed an online survey that included attitudes toward wearing face masks, measures of both malevolent (Machiavellianism, grandiose narcissism, and psychopathy) and benevolent (socially responsible) personality traits, along with a set of health beliefs surrounding COVID-19 (perceived severity and susceptibility, etc.) and the use of face masks (perceived benefits and barriers, cues to action, and self-efficacy). Results: Lower perceived susceptibility, lower perceived benefits, and higher perceived barriers to face-mask use, being more motivated by cues to action, being female, and lower levels of grandiose narcissism were uniquely related to more favorable attitudes toward wearing face masks. The relation between socially responsible personality and mask-wearing attitudes was moderated by perceived severity. Namely, higher levels of socially responsible personality predicted more favorable attitudes but only when perceived severity was also high (with the reverse being evident for those who perceived the severity as being low). Limitations: The data relies on self-reports obtained cross-sectionally from a sample of university students. Conclusions: This study sheds light on the link between pro-mask attitudes and both benevolent/malevolent personality traits and the social-contextual factors related to the enactment of preventative health behaviors.
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Hilton, N. Zoe, Grant T. Harris, Suzanne Popham, and Carol Lang. "Risk Assessment Among Incarcerated Male Domestic Violence Offenders." Criminal Justice and Behavior 37, no. 8 (May 10, 2010): 815–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854810368937.
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It is estimated that at least a third of incarcerated male offenders have committed domestic violence, but there is little research on risk assessment among such offenders. The authors tested the actuarial Ontario Domestic Assault Risk Assessment (ODARA), designed for frontline policing, with 150 incarcerated male domestic violence offenders followed for an average of 8 years (range = 0.1—10.6) and at risk for an average of 5 years (range = 0.0—10.5). The base rate of postrelease charges for domestic violence was 27%, and the mean ODARA score was 5.81 ( SD = 2.06). The ODARA predicted domestic violence recidivism (relative operating characteristic area = .64) significantly better than a general risk assessment, the Level of Service Inventory, and in follow-ups as short as 6 months. The ODARA also predicted recidivism severity and survival. Better identification of victim—offender relationships and measuring psychopathy are challenges for future research.
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Zhao, Chenyu. "The Effect of Childhood Maltreatment on Violent Behavior in Adulthood." Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences 32 (May 28, 2024): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/850t4504.
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Childhood is the fastest and most critical developmental period for individuals to develop emotional and cognitive abilities. If children are abused, neglected, or raised in a family with traumatic experiences and dysfunctional dynamics during childhood, it is very likely to have an impact on their future development during adulthood. This review mainly discusses the contribution of childhood maltreatment to adult violent behavior. Previous studies on different aspects in the same direction were analyzed. It was found that with the trajectory, the negative impact of childhood maltreatment will not be reduced. Severity of maltreatment and later violent behavior, gender, experiences of different types of abuse, shame, personality disorder and some protective factors serve as mediators to varying degrees. Among them, psychopathy is a controversial intermediary factor. One study indicated that it could function as an intermediary factor, while another article only found it as a factor leading to violent behavior, and there was no evidence to prove the impact of maltreatment on it. This review can provide some guidance to the design of intervention programs for children in need.
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Wymbs, Brian T., Anne E. Dawson, Julie A. Suhr, Nora Bunford, and Christine A. Gidycz. "ADHD Symptoms as Risk Factors for Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration and Victimization." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 32, no. 5 (July 10, 2016): 659–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260515586371.
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Preliminary evidence underscores links between attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration and victimization. However, little is known about whether ADHD symptoms are uniquely associated with IPV perpetration and victimization beyond well-established risk factors of IPV commonly associated with the disorder. In a cross-sectional design, 433 college students rated their ADHD symptoms as well as frequencies of psychological and physical IPV perpetration and victimization. Additional risk factors of IPV included childhood maltreatment, primary psychopathy, alcohol abuse, and illicit drug use. Correlational analyses indicated that students with greater ADHD symptom severity reported higher rates of psychological and physical IPV perpetration, and higher rates of psychological IPV victimization. Regression analyses indicated that ADHD symptoms were not additive risk factors of psychological IPV perpetration and victimization. Students reporting any alcohol abuse or illicit drug use endorsed high rates of psychological IPV perpetration and victimization, regardless of their level of ADHD symptoms. However, students who reported no alcohol abuse or drug use, but did report greater ADHD symptom severity—particularly inattention, indicated higher rates of psychological IPV perpetration and victimization than those reporting no alcohol abuse or drug use and low ADHD symptoms. These findings extend prior research by indicating that alcohol abuse and illicit drug use moderate associations between ADHD symptoms and psychological IPV perpetration and victimization. Investigations are needed to identify mechanisms of the association between ADHD symptoms and IPV perpetration and victimization, particularly those abusing alcohol and drugs, for appropriate prevention and intervention efforts to be developed.
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Kornreich, Charles, Dyna Delle-Vigne, Damien Brevers, Juan Tecco, Salvatore Campanella, Xavier Noël, Paul Verbanck, and Elsa Ermer. "Conditional Reasoning in Schizophrenic Patients." Evolutionary Psychology 15, no. 3 (August 8, 2017): 147470491772171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1474704917721713.
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Conditional reasoning (if p then q) is used very frequently in everyday situations. Conditional reasoning is impaired in brain-lesion patients, psychopathy, alcoholism, and polydrug dependence. Many neurocognitive deficits have also been described in schizophrenia. We assessed conditional reasoning in 25 patients with schizophrenia, 25 depressive patients, and 25 controls, using the Wason selection task in three different domains: social contracts, precautionary rules, and descriptive rules. Control measures included depression, anxiety, and severity of schizophrenia measures as a Verbal Intelligence Scale. Patients with schizophrenia were significantly impaired on all conditional reasoning tasks compared to depressives and controls. However, the social contract and precautions tasks yielded better results than the descriptive tasks. Differences between groups disappeared for social contract but remained for precautions and descriptive tasks when verbal intelligence was used as a covariate. These results suggest that domain-specific reasoning mechanisms, proposed by evolutionary psychologists, are relatively resilient in the face of brain network disruptions that impair more general reasoning abilities. Nevertheless, patients with schizophrenia could encounter difficulties understanding precaution rules and social contracts in real-life situations resulting in unwise risk-taking and misunderstandings in the social world.
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Lenkov, Sergey L., Nadezhda E. Rubtsova, Marina Yu Elagina, and Elena S. Nizamova. "Cyber Socialization Engagement and Dark Tetrad of Personality among Young University Students." International Journal of Cognitive Research in Science, Engineering and Education (IJCRSEE) 10, no. 3 (December 20, 2022): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/2334-8496-2022-10-3-99-108.
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The article considers the relationship between the cyber socialization engagement and the Dark Tetrad of personality (Machiavellianism, narcissism, psychopathy, and sadism). The cyber socialization engagement was understood, according to the author’s concept, as having constructive and destructive components. The study purpose was to identify correlation and deterministic relationships between indicators of the cyber socialization engagement and the Dark Tetrad among young university students. The sample included 424 students from Russian universities. For measurements, «The cyber socialization engagement questionnaire» and «The Short Dark Tetrad Scale» were used. It has been established that the relationship between the indicators of the cyber socialization engagement and the Dark Tetrad has a qualitatively heterogeneous character – from the complete absence of connections to mutual determination. The strongest mutual determination is associated with the everyday sadism: it increases the destructive engagement in cyber socialization, explaining 12% of the total variance, and the latter, in turn, increases the severity of sadism (10.5%). It is advisable to take into account the revealed connections between the general cyber socialization engagement and the Dark Tetrad of the personality when organizing psychological support for the socialization of students in the context of expanding social interactions carried out in cyberspace.
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Maruta, Natalia, Tamara Panko, and Olena Semikina. "Evaluation of therapy targets in recurrent depressive disorders." Ukrains'kyi Visnyk Psykhonevrolohii, Volume 30, issue 2 (111) (August 17, 2022): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.36927/2079-0325-v30-is2-2022-9.
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According to the WHO, more than 350 million people suffer from depres- sive disorders. The etiology and pathogen- esis of depressive episodes and recurrent depressive disorders have not yet been definitively established. The formation of depressive disorders is due to a com- bination of such factors as biological (constitutional and genetic), psychological and social. Taking into account the level of prevalence of depressive disorders, the assessment of their clinical and psy- chopathological features and approaches to their therapy continues. In order to de- termine the targets of thera py for recur- rent depressive disorders, an examination of patients with recurrent depressive dis- orders was conducted. In the conditions of the Department of borderline psychiatry of the "Institute of Neurology, Psychiatry and Narcology of the NAMS of Ukraine" SI: 175 patients with recurrent depression were examined, among them 74.85 % were women and 25.15 % were men. The ave- rage age of the examinees was 46.79 years (women — 52.25, men — 41.32). Based on the assessment of clinical and psychological manifestations of recurrent depressive disorders and psychopatho- logical aspects, the targets of therapeutic influence are established: the severity of a depressive episode (mild, moderate, severe), the specificity of psychotraumatic experiences, parameters of anti-vitality and vitality, structural features of adaptation potential.
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van Nispen, Henri. "Zwarte inkt: de karaktermoord op Gaius Caligula." Tijdschrift voor Geschiedenis 134, no. 2 (August 1, 2021): 201–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/tvg2021.2.003.nisp.
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Abstract Black ink. The defamation of Gaius Caligula This article analyses how ancient media were used for the character assassination of the Roman emperor Gaius Caligula. Why was Caligula’s reputation so severely damaged? How was this done? In the complicated situation in which Caligula came to power, the Augustan system of an autocratic rule hidden behind a republican veil was pushed aside. As a result, the conflict between Caligula and the Roman elite became insuperable. When Caligula demonstrated the realities of absolute power, he was assassinated. Shortly after, senatorial authors used the medium of historiography to start their character assassination, depicting Caligula as an insane psychopath. This article discerns between three different groups of attackers with different motives for their character assassination: eyewitnesses, Jewish writers, and later Roman senatorial authors. The article concludes with an assessment of the differences and similarities of the attacks by the three groups. The defamation of Caligula turned out to be highly successful.
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Watson, Rachael, Stuart Thomas, and Michael Daffern. "The Impact of Interpersonal Style on Ruptures and Repairs in the Therapeutic Alliance Between Offenders and Therapists in Sex Offender Treatment." Sexual Abuse 29, no. 7 (November 27, 2015): 709–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1079063215617514.
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The therapeutic relationship is a critical component of psychological treatment. Strain can occur in the relationship, particularly when working with offenders, and more specifically, those offenders with interpersonal difficulties; strain can lead to a rupture, which may affect treatment participation and performance. This study examined ruptures in the therapeutic relationship in sexual offenders participating in offense-focused group treatment. Fifty-four sex offenders rated the therapeutic alliance at the commencement and completion of treatment; at the completion of treatment, they also reported on the occurrence of ruptures and whether they believed these ruptures were repaired. Ruptures were separated by type, according to severity—Each relationship was therefore characterized as experiencing no rupture, a minor rupture, or a major rupture. Offender characteristics including interpersonal style (IPS) and psychopathy were assessed at the commencement of treatment; their relationship with ruptures was examined. Results revealed that more than half of the offenders (approximately 55%) experienced a rupture in the therapeutic alliance, with one in four of these ruptures remaining unresolved. Offenders who did not report a rupture rated the therapeutic alliance significantly higher at the end of treatment compared with those offenders who reported a rupture that was not repaired. Offenders who reported a major rupture in the therapeutic relationship were higher in interpersonal hostility and hostile-dominance. No interpersonal or offense-specific factors affected the likelihood of a rupture repair.
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Krishnan, Suvitha, Kemal Ibrahim, Josephine Agyeman, Harry Reid, and Tennyson Lee. "Reasons Why Patients Are Turned Down From Treatment at a Personality Disorder Service: Implications for Referrers and Personality Disorder Services." BJPsych Open 10, S1 (June 2024): S180—S181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2024.458.
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AimsPatients referred to a Personality Disorder (PD) Service are frequently not offered treatment. This has profound implications for patients (who feel dismissed or rejected), referrers (who are perplexed as they have clearly diagnosed a PD) and the PD services themselves (their raison d'etre being to treat PD patients). A systematic search identified no literature on reasons for non-acceptance. This study aimed to describe reasons for not offering therapy in patients, after a specialist assessment.MethodsWe conducted a case series of 50 patients assessed in a specialist PD service. We collected data from routine service notes, using thematic analysis to identify categories of the reasons identified for treatment unsuitability.ResultsReasons for assessing treatment unsuitability (in descending order) were: 1.(20%) – Lack of engagement (e.g. repeated non-attendance of appointments) and motivation to change (e.g. externalising all responsibility, or believing they completely lacked agency in their actions).2.(18%) – Extremely harmful substance misuse or dependence.3.(13%) – The underlying diagnosis (e.g. not meeting diagnostic criteria for a personality disorder or a severe psychopathy) and level of severity (e.g. too mild for a specialist service).4.(11%) – Identified areas of psychological work has very little to no relation to interpersonal difficulties or relationships.5.(11%) – A comorbid eating disorder (e.g. BMI < 17.5).6.(9%) – Another service identified as being more appropriate (e.g. another psychological service).7.(8%) – Risk of aggression to the therapist.8.(5%) – Comorbid axis I disorder being the primary problem.9.(5%) – Extreme self-harming behaviours requiring crisis interventions.ConclusionReferrers 1.To accept that many patients with PD will fail to actively engage in psychotherapy.2.To consider whether severity is of a level requiring specialist PD treatment; or if the patient needs a forensic psychotherapy service rather than a non-forensic PD service.3.To consider whether the comorbid conditions (e.g. dependent alcohol use) are in fact the primary diagnosis and thus require treatment before the PD service intervention.PD services 1.Need to develop novel interventions to help patients become more active and engaged in the assessment and thus progress onto treatment.2.Need to inform referrers on their criteria for not offering treatment, allowing referrers the ability to gauge more accurately when to refer the patient.
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Bokhan, N. A. "Clinical prognosis of associated forms of alcoholism with co-morbid brain impairment." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)71723-0.
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ObjectiveIdentification of clinical differences of formation and prognosis of severity of associated forms of alcoholism in relevant variants of co-morbid brain impairment.Material and methodsWith clinical-psychopathological method we examined inpatient samples with stage 2 alcoholism with co-morbid traumatic (group I, n = 105); hypertensive (group II, n = 45) and vertebrogenic (spinal cord artery syndrome) (group III, n = 37) brain impairment. Control - 30 patients with alcoholism without co-morbid pathology.ResultsIn group I alcoholism is forming at early age in persons with pre-morbidly problematic social adaptation - in 62,2% conditioned by presence of excitable traits of the character. Dominance of dysphoria in intoxication and in alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) predetermines formation of psychopath-like degradation with total and persistent social disadaptation. Beyond AWS, reactive lability, lingering asthenic-sub-depressive states with inclusion of dysphoric, hysteric-excitable components remain during low quality of remission. In group II later formation of alcoholism in 26,7% of cases was preceded by psychodisadaptive disturbances conditioned by pre-morbidly anxious constitution of personality. In structure of AWS anxious-phobic modality of depressive disorders against the background of cardiovascular manifestations of toxicogenic effects of ethanol determines development of torpid asthenic-depressive states (with cardiophobic and hypochondriac components). For patients from group III we have identified intermediary tempo of increasing of progression of alcoholism with obligate diencephalic psychovegetative, psychosensory and severe psychoorganic cognitive disorders against the background of asthenic, more seldom dysphoric variants of change of the personality.ConclusionPrognosis of associated forms of alcoholism is various in distinguished variants (traumatic, hypertensive, vertebrogenic) comorbid brain impairment.
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Aripkhodzhaeva, G. Z. "Clinical and pathogenetic aspects of the side effects of chronic viral hepatitis C alpha-interferon antiviral therapy." Kazan medical journal 95, no. 6 (December 15, 2014): 924–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kmj2006.
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Aim. To investigate the relation of prooxidant and antioxidant systems with adverse effects of antiviral alpha interferon treatment in chronic hepatitis C. Methods. The study included 67 patients with chronic hepatitis C aged 19 to 45 years [males - 28 (41.8%), females - 39 (58.2%)] who were receiving antiviral treatment. Prooxidant (diene ketones and diene conjugates, malon dialdehyde) and antioxidant (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione and glutathione-dependent enzymes) systems indicators were measured. According to the severity of side effects, patients were distributed to two groups. The first group consisted of 19 (28.4%) patients with transient passing adverse effects, usually manifesting as short-term flu-like syndrome after the medication injection, lasting no longer than 2-3 weeks of treatment. The second group consisted of 48 patients (71.6%) with prolonged side effects, registered throughout the whole treatment period. Results: Flu-like syndrome with intense myalgia and asthenic syndrome were the most frequent side effects (89.5 and 83.3% of cases, respectively). Dyspepsia, psychopathy and arthralgia were less common (79.2, 72.9 and 68.7%, respectively). Over than a half of the patients lost weight (7-9 kg compared to baseline weight), and also had alopecia and autoimmune thyroiditis. Most of the patients could not tolerate the treatment, 33 (49.2%) patients aborted the treatment. In patients with long-term side effects, low baseline levels of glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione transferase were revealed (p 0.05). Patients with long-term side effects of antiviral treatment preserved high levels (p 0.05) of diene ketones and diene conjugates and statistically significant (p 0.05) suppression of antioxidant system at the 10-12 weeks of treatment. Conclusion. Examined patients with chronic hepatitis C had diverse activity of antioxidant system. Long-term side effects were seen in patients with low levels of parameters of antioxidant protection at the baseline.
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Shevchuk, V. "PSYCHOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS OF PERSONAL CHANGES IN PARENTS OF CHILDREN WITH DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES." Psychology and Personality, no. 1 (May 20, 2021): 57–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.33989/2226-4078.2021.1.227192.
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The article is devoted to the description of scientific research and theoretical generalization of modern ideas about the influence of psychological factors on personal changes in parents raising children with disabilities. The study outlines the urgency of this problem, as the number of such families is constantly growing and the fact of birth of a child with mental and physical disabilities can become a trauma for parents, which manifests itself in the form of despair, anger, irritability and more. The study of the personal characteristics of parents raising children with disabilities is important for the development of effective methods and programs of psychological support for such families. Common features of parents of children with disabilities are sensitivity, hypersocialization and protective behavior, they are characterized by feelings of isolation, depression, weakness and the need for compassion of others, and the main psychological reactions to a child with developmental disabilities are shock, denial, aggression, depression and acceptance. Parents with high levels of subjective stress have fewer adaptive resources to their child's special needs. In general, parents of children with disabilities are divided into neurotic, authoritarian and psychosomatic types (according to V. Tkachova) and schizophrenic, epileptoid, steroid and cycloid psychotypes (according to I. Ryzhenko).
The concept of experiencing heavy loss is highlighted by E. Kubler-Ross, OV Gnezdylov, K. Lucas and the constitutional-continuum concept of IV Boev and OO Akhverdov. In general, personality-typological constitutional variability determines the transformation of personality in the ranges of psychological norm-accentuation-borderline abnormal personality (MAO) – pathological mental constitution (psychopathy). The severity of variational personal variability, which is defined constitutionally, is responsible for the adaptability, tolerance and compensatory capabilities of the individual to pathogenic stresses, ie the result of the refraction of external factors through the internal (constitutional) content. Determining the level of constitutional determinism of personality-typological manifestations in parents contributes to a more accurate prediction of their reaction in extreme conditions.