Journal articles on the topic 'Psychology of Vaccination Hesitancy'
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Clark, Ellie Cassandra, Florian De Rop, Iria Anne Jimenez Garcia, Ana Nogal Macho, Ruel Alexander Mannette, Jorge Ricardo Nova Blanco, Kaat Ramaekers, and Corinne Vandermeulen. "A Systems Map to Elucidate the Factors Influencing Vaccine Coverage." Transdisciplinary Insights 3, no. 1 (December 26, 2019): 115–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.11116/tdi2019.3.5.
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Abstract This abstract is a report of the investigations by a transdisciplinary team working on the ‘Vaccine Confidence’ challenge (Supplement 1). Since their introduction, vaccines have been one of the most successful health interventions in medicine. Prior to vaccination programs against poliomyelitis, more than 350,000 cases of polio were reported annually worldwide, a number that decreased to just 33 reported cases in 20181. Additionally, between 2000 and 2017, the measles vaccination program is estimated to have prevented 21.1 million deaths.2 However, in 2018 more than 19 million children under one year of age did not receive the recommended WHO vaccines.3 A recent rise in anti-vaccine or vaccination-hesitant mentalities has led to decreasing vaccine coverage in several Western countries. The WHO identified three C’s as main determinants of vaccine hesitancy, namely Complacency, Convenience in accessing vaccines, and Confidence. However, the term ‘vaccine hesitancy’ tends to be interpreted as a lack of confidence in vaccines and vaccinations for various reasons. Nevertheless, the goal of vaccination is to reach herd immunity by reaching a high vaccination coverage (90‐95% vaccinated) to stop the circulation of vaccine preventable diseases. We wanted to give equal attention to the three C’s as they are equally important in reaching herd immunity. <target target-type="page-num" id="p-116"/>Therefore, we chose to present the problem as a challenge of ‘vaccine coverage,’ rather than ‘vaccine hesitancy’ or ‘vaccine confidence’. In order to understand the complexity of the problem, we have developed a systems map which relates different global factors that impact an individual’s vaccination decision-making, as well as their likelihood of receiving vaccinations (Supplement 2). To create this map we assembled the information for the variables and connections from literature studies of peer-reviewed articles and interviews with stakeholders, kept anonymous, in the field of vaccination or healthcare (Supplements 3 & 4). This approach was selected as it provides a wide perspective that allows academics, governmental authorities, and lawmakers to better assess the various factors that affect vaccine coverage, and how they are related. The work leading to the map was presented to the public at a symposium (Supplement 5). Our map identifies essential factors such as psychology, education, economy, vaccine technology, political and environmental sphere, sources of information, and healthcare in order to understand what governs vaccination coverage. The map emphasizes how various factors and determinants are often interrelated, as opposed to the isolated factors described in previous literature. We identified important discrepancies between developed and developing countries regarding the factors that drive vaccine-related decision-making and availability. The systems map could ultimately serve as a tool to better understand the multifaceted problem of suboptimal vaccination coverage. Vaccine hesitancy as a threat to vaccination coverage is a complex and wicked problem with many underlying contributing factors, as has been depicted in our systems map on vaccine coverage. Our systems map allows more in-depth insights, not only into which factors are contributing, but also into the relationship between factors. Solving the decrease in vaccination coverage will require different types of solutions which can be developed by using a transdisciplinary approach.
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Taylor, Steven, and Gordon J. G. Asmundson. "Immunization stress-related responses: Implications for vaccination hesitancy and vaccination processes during the COVID-19 pandemic." Journal of Anxiety Disorders 84 (December 2021): 102489. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102489.
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Mangla, Sherry, Fatima Tuz Zohra Makkia, Ashok Kumar Pathak, Renee Robinson, Nargis Sultana, Kranthi Swaroop Koonisetty, Ajlina Karamehic-Muratovic, et al. "COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy and Emerging Variants: Evidence from Six Countries." Behavioral Sciences 11, no. 11 (October 28, 2021): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs11110148.
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As the world tries to cope with the devastating effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and emerging variants of the virus, COVID-19 vaccination has become an even more critical tool toward normalcy. The effectiveness of the vaccination program and specifically vaccine uptake and coverage, however, is a function of an individual’s knowledge and individual opinion about the disease and available vaccines. This study investigated the knowledge, attitudes, and resulting community practice(s) associated with the new COVID-19 variants and vaccines in Bangladesh, Colombia, India, Malaysia, Zimbabwe, and the USA. A cross-sectional web-based Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (KAP) survey was administered to respondents living in six different countries using a structured and multi-item questionnaire. Survey questions were translated into English, Spanish, and Malay to accommodate the local language in each country. Associations between KAP and a range of explanatory variables were assessed using univariate and multiple logistic regression. A total of 781 responses were included in the final analysis. The Knowledge score mean was 24 (out of 46), Attitude score 28.9 (out of 55), and Practice score 7.3 (out of 11). Almost 65% of the respondents reported being knowledgeable about COVID-19 variants and vaccination, 55% reported a positive attitude toward available COVID-19 vaccines, and 85% reported engaging in practices that supported COVID-19 vaccination. From the multiple logistic models, we found post-graduate education (AOR = 1.83, 95% CI: 1.23–2.74) and an age range 45–54 years (AOR = 5.81, 95% CI: 2.30–14.69) to be significantly associated with reported COVID-19 knowledge. In addition, positive Attitude scores were associated with respondents living in Zimbabwe (AOR = 4.49, 95% CI: 2.04–9.90) and positive Practice scores were found to be associated with people from India (AOR = 3.68, 95% CI: 1.15–11.74) and high school education (AOR = 2.16, 95% CI: 1.07–4.38). This study contributes to the identification of socio-demographic factors associated with poor knowledge, attitudes, and practices relating to COVID-19 variants and vaccines. It presents an opportunity for collaboration with diverse communities to address COVID-19 misinformation and common sources of vaccine hesitancy (i.e., knowledge, attitudes, and practices).
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Palgi, Yuval, Yoav S. Bergman, Boaz Ben-David, and Ehud Bodner. "No psychological vaccination: Vaccine hesitancy is associated with negative psychiatric outcomes among Israelis who received COVID-19 vaccination." Journal of Affective Disorders 287 (May 2021): 352–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.03.064.
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Pereira, Beatriz, Amy Greiner Fehl, Stacey R. Finkelstein, Gabriela M. Jiga‐Boy, and Marta Caserotti. "Scarcity in COVID‐19 vaccine supplies reduces perceived vaccination priority and increases vaccine hesitancy." Psychology & Marketing 39, no. 5 (December 16, 2021): 921–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mar.21629.
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Li, Lan, Caroline E. Wood, and Patty Kostkova. "Vaccine hesitancy and behavior change theory-based social media interventions: a systematic review." Translational Behavioral Medicine 12, no. 2 (November 29, 2021): 243–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tbm/ibab148.
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Abstract It is widely acknowledged that vaccine hesitancy is a multifaceted problem that cannot be addressed by a single strategy. Behavior change theories and social media tools may together help to guide the design of interventions aimed at improving vaccination uptake. This systematic review aims to identify the breadth and effectiveness of such theories and tools. The systematic review search was performed in PubMed, Scopus, ACM, Cochrane Library, ProQuest, and Web of Science databases for studies between January 2011 and January 2021 that applied social media tools to increase vaccine confidence or improve vaccination uptake. The literature search yielded a total of 3,065 publications. Twenty articles met the eligibility criteria, 12 of which were theory-based interventions. The result shows that the Health Belief Model was the most frequently deployed theory, and the most common social media tool was educational posts, followed by dialogue-based groups, interactive websites, and personal reminders. Theory-based interventions were generally more measurable and comparable and had more evidence to trigger the positive behavior change. Fifteen studies reported the effectiveness in knowledge gain, intention increase, or behavior change. Educational messages were proved to be effective in increasing knowledge but less helpful in triggering behavior change. Dialogue-based social media intervention performed well in improving people’s intention to vaccinate. Interventions informed by behavior change theory and delivered via social media platforms offer an important opportunity for addressing vaccine hesitancy. This review highlights the need to use a multitheory framework and tailoring social media interventions to the specific circumstances and needs of the target audience in future interventions. The results and insights gained from this review will be of assistance to future studies.
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Cislak, Aleksandra, Marta Marchlewska, Adrian Dominik Wojcik, Kacper Śliwiński, Zuzanna Molenda, Dagmara Szczepańska, and Aleksandra Cichocka. "National narcissism and support for voluntary vaccination policy: The mediating role of vaccination conspiracy beliefs." Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 24, no. 5 (August 2021): 701–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368430220959451.
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We investigate the relationship between vaccination hesitancy and the way people feel about their national groups. Antivaccination attitudes are associated with conspiracy beliefs, which have been linked to group-based defensiveness. Thus, we hypothesized that defensiveness about one’s national identity, operationalized as collective narcissism measured in relation to one’s national group, might be related to antivaccination attitudes. We found that national narcissism, but not national identification, predicted support for a voluntary vaccination policy both in a general population sample ( N = 361) and among visitors of antivaccination discussion forums ( N = 178). In two further studies involving national quota samples, national narcissism was also related to vaccination conspiracy beliefs ( N = 1,048), and these beliefs mediated its association with support for a voluntary vaccination policy ( N = 811). By highlighting the link between antiscience attitudes and collective narcissism, we demonstrate that group defensiveness can be linked to support for decisions that may undermine the health and well-being of present and future ingroup members.
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Chowdhury, Debanjan, and Sadia Kamal. "Vaccination: A Literature Review from Inception till Date." Homœopathic Links 35, no. 02 (June 2022): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1755196.
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AbstractThe history of vaccine development has seen many accomplishments, but there are still many diseases that are difficult to target, and new technologies are being brought to bear on them. Past successes have been largely due to elicitation of protective antibodies based on predictions made from the study of animal models, natural infections and seroepidemiology. Those predictions have often been correct, as indicated by the decline of many infections for which vaccines have been made over the past 200 years. However, although vaccines have undoubtedly saved many millions of lives and are heralded as one of the greatest medical inventions of all time, this is also an era of increasing vaccine hesitancy, with surveys suggesting that a large percentage of the population are unsure whether they would opt to receive a vaccine even if one becomes available for even the most virulent pandemic situation. But as age progresses, new variants of infective agents with resistance to primitive methods of immunisations have evolved. Hence, new vaccine technologies able to achieve rapid development as well as large scale production are of pivotal importance. This review emphasises on the history of vaccines, their development through ages, new technologies of vaccination, their adverse effects and homoeopathic viewpoint in the light of vaccinations.
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Moghadam Fard, Tina, MohammadAli Shokri, Fatemeh Sadat Mirfazeli, Homa Mohammadsadeghi, Neda Shafiei, Razieh Salehian, and Taghi Riahi. "COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy is not all a conspiracy theory: A qualitative study from Iran." Acta Psychologica 233 (March 2023): 103839. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2023.103839.
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Gkinopoulos, Theofilos, Christian Truelsen Elbæk, and Panagiotis Mitkidis. "Morality in the echo chamber: The relationship between belief in COVID-19 conspiracy theories and public health support and the mediating role of moral identity and morality-as-cooperation across 67 countries." PLOS ONE 17, no. 9 (September 7, 2022): e0273172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0273172.
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Believing in conspiracy theories is a major problem, especially in the face of a pandemic, as these constitute a significant obstacle to public health policies, like the use of masks and vaccination. Indeed, during the COVID-19 pandemic, several ungrounded explanations regarding the origin of the virus or the effects of vaccinations have been rising, leading to vaccination hesitancy or refusal which poses as a threat to public health. Recent studies have shown that in the core of conspiracy theories lies a moral evaluation component; one that triggers a moral reasoning which reinforces the conspiracy itself. To gain a better understanding of how conspiracy beliefs about COVID-19 affect public health containment behaviors and policy support via morality-relevant variables, we analysed comprehensive data from the International Collaboration on the Social & Moral Psychology (ICSMP) of COVID-19, consisting of 49.965 participants across 67 countries. We particularly explored the mediating role of two levels of morality: individual and group-based morality. Results show that believing in conspiracy theories reduces adoption of containment health-related behaviors and policy support of public health measures, but moral identity and morality-as-cooperation significantly mediate this relationship. This means that beliefs in conspiracy theories do not simply constitute antecedents of cognitive biases or failures, nor maladaptive behaviors based on personality traits, but are morally infused and should be dealt as such. Based on our findings, we further discuss the psychological, moral, and political implications of endorsement of conspiracy theories in the era of the pandemic.
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Elkalmi, Ramdan M., Eman Dyab, Azyyati Mohd Suhaimi, Ali Qais Blebil, Mohamed Hassan Elnaem, Shazia Jamshed, and Márió Gajdács. "Attitude, Familiarity and Religious Beliefs about Vaccination among Health Science and Non-Health Science Students in a Malaysian Public University." European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education 11, no. 4 (November 18, 2021): 1462–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe11040104.
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Vaccine hesitancy has surfaced globally within the last few decades, and the fears and misconceptions of people about vaccine safety and effectiveness have been identified as key factors for their under-utilization. The familiarity, attitudes, and religious beliefs of the public and of future healthcare practitioners regarding vaccination are extensive areas needing exploration. The present exploratory cross-sectional study was designed, planned and carried out on students enrolled in health science and non-health science courses in one of the public universities of Malaysia. A research instrument that had been formulated, validated and subjected to reliability testing was used to collect the data, which were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. A response rate of 80.8% (n = 202) was obtained: the majority were female (n = 161, 79.7%), and had been vaccinated before (n = 190, 97.5%), while a mere 2% did not support vaccination for reasons pertaining to safety issues. The vaccine familiarity score was 10.79 ± 1.4, which significantly differed among the study disciplines (p < 0.001). The mean of the total attitude score was 14.95 ± 1.5, with no significant difference among demographics being noted. The mean of the total religious beliefs score was 24.29 ± 2.8 and significantly differed based on gender (p = 0.040) and study disciplines (p < 0.001). The current findings showed that the participants were familiar with vaccines and had generally positive attitudes and positive religious beliefs toward vaccination; thus, one can expect that their inclusion in immunization campaigns will generate positive outcomes of the immunization program. Although the current research reported few knowledge gaps, these may be handled with the introduction of a specialized immunization course at an undergraduate level.
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Hornsey, Matthew J., Matthew Finlayson, Gabrielle Chatwood, and Christopher T. Begeny. "Donald Trump and vaccination: The effect of political identity, conspiracist ideation and presidential tweets on vaccine hesitancy." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 88 (May 2020): 103947. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2019.103947.
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Bisiada, Mario. "Discourse and Social Cohesion in and After the Covid-19 Pandemic." Media and Communication 10, no. 2 (May 26, 2022): 204–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/mac.v10i2.5150.
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This conceptual article argues that class is a major factor in the social division and polarisation after the Covid-19 pandemic. Current discourse and communication analyses of phenomena such as compliance with measures and vaccine hesitancy seek explanations mainly in opposing ideological stances, ignoring existing structural inequalities and class relations and their effects on people’s decisions. I approach social cohesion in the Covid-19 pandemic through the theories of epidemic psychology, which sees language as fundamental in social conflicts during pandemics, and progressive neoliberalism, which critiques a post-industrial social class whose assumed moral superiority and talking down to working-class people is argued to be an explanation of many current social conflicts. I argue that these theories construct a valuable theoretical framework for explaining and analysing the social division and polarisation that has resulted from the pandemic. Reducing non-compliance with mitigating measures and vaccine hesitancy to an ideological issue implies that it can be countered by combatting misinformation and anti-vaccination thinking and shutting down particular discourses, which grossly simplifies the problem. The impact that class relations and inequality have on political and health issues, coupled with the characteristics of progressive neoliberalism, may partially explain the rise of populist and nativist movements. I conclude that if social cohesion is to be maintained through the ongoing climate emergency, understanding the impacts of progressive neoliberalism and the role of contempt in exclusionary discursive practices is of utmost importance.
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Solak, Çağlar, Hilal Peker-Dural, Sercan Karlıdağ, and Mehmet Peker. "Linking the behavioral immune system to COVID-19 vaccination intention: The mediating role of the need for cognitive closure and vaccine hesitancy." Personality and Individual Differences 185 (February 2022): 111245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.111245.
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Batteux, Eleonore, Freya Mills, Leah Ffion Jones, Charles Symons, and Dale Weston. "The Effectiveness of Interventions for Increasing COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake: A Systematic Review." Vaccines 10, no. 3 (March 3, 2022): 386. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10030386.
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Vaccination is vital to protect the public against COVID-19. The aim of this systematic review is to identify and evaluate the effectiveness of interventions to increase COVID-19 vaccine uptake. We searched a range of databases (Embase, Medline, Psychology & Behavioral Science, PsycInfo, Web of Science and NIH Preprints Portfolio) from March 2020 to July 2021 for studies which reported primary quantitative or qualitative research on interventions to increase COVID-19 vaccine uptake. Outcome measures included vaccination uptake and reported intention to vaccinate. Reviews, position papers, conference abstracts, protocol papers and papers not in English were excluded. The NHLBI quality assessment was used to assess risk of bias. In total, 39 studies across 33 papers met the inclusion criteria. A total of 28 were assessed as good quality. They included interventions relating to communication content, communication delivery, communication presentation, policy or vaccination delivery, with 7 measuring vaccination uptake and 32 measuring vaccination intention. A narrative synthesis was conducted, which highlighted that there is reasonable evidence from studies investigating real behaviour suggesting that personalising communications and sending booking reminders via text message increases vaccine uptake. Findings on vaccination intention are mixed but suggest that communicating uncertainty about the vaccine does not decrease intention, whereas making vaccination mandatory could have a negative impact. Although much of the research used experimental designs, very few measured real behavioural outcomes. Understanding which interventions are most effective amongst vaccine-hesitant populations and in the context of booster vaccinations will be important as vaccine roll outs continue across the world.
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Koroma, Dennis, Maria I. Pestalozzi, and Hansjörg Znoj. "How Social Exclusion, Embitterment, and Conspiracy Beliefs Mediate Individual’s Intention to Vaccination against COVID-19: Results from a Moderated Serial Mediation Analysis." Psychopathology 55, no. 2 (2022): 93–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000521016.
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<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> As Switzerland faced the “second wave” of COVID-19 incidences, a discussion of a potential vaccine against the virus emerged. While some individuals accept vaccines, others challenge or refuse to be vaccinated, a phenomena called <i>vaccine hesitancy</i>. Here, trust plays a vital role in vaccination intention. Embitterment not only goes along with the sense of being treated unjust but also innates a distrust in others. Thus, embitterment may influence individuals’ vaccination intention against COVID-19. In the present study, we investigate how feelings of being socially excluded and the perceived negative impact of the pandemic are associated with embitterment and in turn, how embitterment is related to individuals’ vaccination intention and the tendency to hold COVID-19-related conspiracy beliefs (CCBs). This is in regard of the perceived communication style by the government. <b><i>Method:</i></b> A convenience sample of 281 individuals completed an online survey developed on Qualtrics. In this cross-sectional, nonexperimental designed study, indirect effects of a moderated serial mediation were analyzed using <i>Jamm</i> (Jamovi, Version 0.9; 2019). <b><i>Results:</i></b> Results indicated that embitterment went along with increased feelings of social exclusion (β = 0.45, <i>p</i> < 0.001). Further, individuals high in embitterment generally indicated a higher vaccination intention against COVID-19 (β = 0.15, <i>p</i> < 0.01). However, embittered individuals holding CCBs had a decreased vaccination intention against COVID-19 (β = −0.71, <i>p</i> < 0.001). Thus, whether or not embittered individuals develop CCBs might be a crucial determinant for their vaccination intention. Noteworthy, the relationship between embitterment and the tendency to hold CCBs was reinforced by the notion of an unsatisfactory style of communication by the government. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Taken together, results suggest that embitterment not only plays a relevant role in vaccination intention against COVID-19 but also for the susceptibility to engage in conspiracy beliefs.
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Van Scoy, Lauren J., Heather Costigan, Rachel A. Smith, Bethany Snyder, Molly A. Martin, Jessica G. Myrick, Robert P. Lennon, and The Data4action Research Group. "Mixed-methods Analysis of Adults Likely versus Unlikely to Get a COVID-19 Vaccination." American Journal of Health Behavior 46, no. 4 (September 1, 2022): 467–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5993/ajhb.46.4.7.
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Objectives: This mixed-methods study compared perspectives of those 'very likely' versus 'very unlikely' to receive a hypothetical COVID-19 vaccine. Methods: We used an explanatory, sequential, mixed- methods design to analyze quantitative data from a rural Pennsylvania sample. Of the 976 participants, 67 selected 'very unlikely' to get the COVID-19 vaccine. Responses to open-ended questions: "What worries you the most about the COVID 19 pandemic?" and "What are your thoughts about a potential COVID 19 vaccine?" were qualitatively compared to answers from the 67 participants who selected 'very likely' to get the COVID-19 vaccine. We used descriptive content analysis to compare themes across the 2 groups. Results: Both groups had thematic commonalities related to their concerns. Themes that were more common among those 'very unlikely' to get vaccinated included concern for politics overriding vaccine safety and rushed vaccine development timeline, whereas themes related to hope and optimism about vaccination were exclusive to the 'very likely' group. Conclusions: Shared beliefs existed across groups with different intents to vaccinate; yet, identification with vaccine spokespersons differed. Messaging campaigns can use these commonalities to address vaccine hesitancy.
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Montagni, Ilaria, Inass Mabchour, and Christophe Tzourio. "Digital Gamification to Enhance Vaccine Knowledge and Uptake: Scoping Review." JMIR Serious Games 8, no. 2 (May 18, 2020): e16983. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/16983.
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Background Vaccine hesitancy is a growing threat to population health, and effective interventions are needed to reduce its frequency. Digital gamification is a promising new approach to tackle this public health issue. Objective The purpose of this scoping review was to assess the amount and quality of outcomes in studies evaluating gamified digital tools created to increase vaccine knowledge and uptake. Methods We searched for peer-reviewed articles published between July 2009 and August 2019 in PubMed, Google Scholar, Journal of Medical Internet Research, PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, and SocINDEX. Studies were coded by author, year of publication, country, journal, research design, sample size and characteristics, type of vaccine, theory used, game content, game modality, gamification element(s), data analysis, type of outcomes, and mean quality score. Outcomes were synthesized through the textual narrative synthesis method. Results A total of 7 articles met the inclusion criteria and were critically reviewed. Game modalities and gamification elements were diverse, but role play and a reward system were present in all studies. These articles included a mixture of randomized controlled trials, quasi-experimental studies, and studies comprising quantitative and qualitative measures. The majority of the studies were theory-driven. All the identified gamified digital tools were highly appreciated for their usability and were effective in increasing awareness of vaccine benefits and motivation for vaccine uptake. Conclusions Despite the relative paucity of studies on this topic, this scoping review suggests that digital gamification has strong potential for increasing vaccination knowledge and, eventually, vaccination coverage.
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Howard, Matt C. "The good, the bad, and the neutral: Vaccine hesitancy mediates the relations of Psychological Capital, the Dark Triad, and the Big Five with vaccination willingness and behaviors." Personality and Individual Differences 190 (May 2022): 111523. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2022.111523.
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Pivetti, Monica, Silvia Potì, and Silvia Di Battista. "Discussing vaccine and autism in a mainstream newspaper in Italy: A thematic analysis." PSICOLOGIA DELLA SALUTE, no. 3 (October 2022): 53–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/pds2022-003007.
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Over the past few years, there has been a great deal of concern regarding the potential links between childhood vaccinations and the development of ASD, possibly leading to vaccine hesitancy. This study aims to explore the representational field related to the vaccine-autism link in a mainstream Italian newspaper. We analyzed newspaper articles published on La Repubblica, from January 2009 untill January 2017 (N = 168 newspaper articles), via T-Lab software. The analysis produced four clusters: a) Trust and sense of belonging; b) Judgment dimension; c) Catastrophic narratives; d) Organization of the public healthcare system. The need to monitor media coverage on key healthcare topics was considered of paramount importance.
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Noushad, Mohammed, Mohammad Zakaria Nassani, Pradeep Koppolu, Anas B. Alsalhani, Abdulaziz Samran, Ali Alqerban, Ghadah Salim Abusalim, Ali Barakat, Mashari Bandar Alshalhoub, and Samer Rastam. "Predictors of COVID-19 Vaccine Intention among the Saudi Arabian Population: A Cross-Sectional Survey." Vaccines 9, no. 8 (August 12, 2021): 892. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9080892.
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The long-term solution to managing the current COVID-19 pandemic is through mass immunization of the population. However, uncertainty or unwillingness to receive the vaccine could be a barrier in attaining sufficient vaccine coverage. Therefore, understanding the psychology of the population towards the vaccines against COVID-19 is of paramount importance. Our study was aimed at determining the predictors of COVID-19 vaccine intention in the Saudi Arabian population. A structured questionnaire guided by the ‘Report of the SAGE working group on vaccine hesitancy’ was administered during a span of two months among the general population from all administrative regions of Saudi Arabia, proceeding the launch of the vaccination campaign. In total, 879 out of 1600 subjects responded and completed the survey (response rate 54.9%). About 56 percent of the participants intended to be vaccinated. The predictors of a higher intention to vaccinate included those 50 years of age or older, male subjects, people suffering from systemic disease/s, subjects who were not previously infected with COVID-19, those who follow the updates about COVID-19 vaccines, and adults with a higher level of anxiety about contracting coronavirus (p < 0.05). Results from our study and other similar studies can aid policy makers and stakeholders in planning effective strategies based on the changing behavior of the population.
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Duchsherer, Amy, Mal Jason, Carrie Anne Platt, and Zoltan P. Majdik. "Immunized against science: Narrative community building among vaccine refusing/hesitant parents." Public Understanding of Science 29, no. 4 (May 2020): 419–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963662520921537.
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Recent outbreaks of measles have centered in specific communities, pointing to the influence of social ties on vaccination practices. This study adds to the conversation on public understanding of vaccine-related science, documenting how the individualist epistemologies highlighted in prior research are externalized and validated in communication with others, focusing on how the narrative strategies used to do so contribute to community building among vaccine refusing and hesitant parents. Through qualitative content analysis of testimonials given to the creators of the anti-vaccination documentary VaxXed, we identify how the common narrative strategies used to question the scientific consensus on vaccines—distrust of doctors, self-diagnosis, building credibility, advocacy, and community building—build a competing consensus based on personal expertise. With this approach, we are better able to understand how participation in online communities strengthens the privileging of individualist epistemologies among vaccine refusing and hesitant parents.
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Milan, Stephanie, and Ana Luísa B. T. Dáu. "The Role of Trauma in Mothers’ COVID-19 Vaccine Beliefs and Intentions." Journal of Pediatric Psychology 46, no. 5 (May 10, 2021): 526–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsab043.
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Abstract Objective Research on COVID-19 vaccine beliefs has focused primarily on adults’ intentions to vaccinate themselves; however, many parents will also face decisions about vaccinating their children. In this study, we examine how maternal posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and trauma history relate to mothers’ beliefs and intentions about the COVID-19 vaccine for themselves and their children. Methods A total of 240 mothers with a mental health history participating in a parenting study answered online survey questions via Prolific. Questions assessed: (a) trauma indictors (past diagnosis, current symptoms, and lifetime exposure to events); (b) vaccine measures (intentions for self and child, COVID-19 vaccine confidence, general vaccine perceived safety, reasoning about vaccine intentions, sources of influence on intentions); and (c) possible explanatory variables (institutional distrust, negative worldviews). ANCOVAs and regression analyses were used. Results When compared with mothers with other mental health diagnoses, mothers with a PTSD history had significantly less confidence in the COVID-19 vaccine and less intent to get the vaccine for themselves or their child. These effects were explained by greater institutional distrust (i.e., significant indirect effects). Mothers with a previous PTSD diagnosis also expressed different reasons for vaccine hesitancy (e.g., less belief in science) and ascribed less influence to healthcare and governmental sources in vaccine decision-making. Conclusion Findings highlight the potential utility of a trauma-informed approach in efforts to reduce COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. For mothers with a history of PTSD, addressing institutional distrust, including towards the healthcare industry, may be an important element to consider in the content, delivery, and mode of vaccine messaging.
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Cuellar, Norma G. "Vaccination Hesitancy." Journal of Transcultural Nursing 32, no. 3 (April 19, 2021): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1043659621999703.
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Merkelbach, Inge, Tessa Magnee, Shakib Sana, Jelena Kollmann, Paul Kocken, and Semiha Denktas. "Using the health belief model to explain COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy in Dutch urban citizens under thirty." PLOS ONE 18, no. 1 (January 26, 2023): e0279453. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0279453.
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Background Worldwide the Covid-19 pandemic resulted in drastic behavioral measures and lockdowns. Vaccination is widely regarded as the true and only global exit strategy; however, a high vaccination coverage is needed to contain the spread of the virus. Vaccination rates among young people are currently lacking. We therefore studied the experienced motivations and barriers regarding vaccination in young people with the use of the health belief model. Methods We conducted a correlational study, based on a convenience sample. At the vaccination location, directly after vaccination, 194participants(16–30 years) who decided to get vaccinated at a pop-up location several weeks after receiving a formal invitation, filled out a questionnaire regarding their attitudes towards vaccination based on concepts defined in the health belief model. We used these concepts to predict vaccination hesitancy. Results Younger participants and participants with lower educational levels report higher levels of hesitancy regarding vaccination (low education level = 38.9%, high education level = 25.4%). Perceived severity (Mhesitancy = .23, Mno hesitancy = .37) and susceptibility (Mhesitancy = .38, Mno hesitancy = .69) were not associated with hesitancy. Health related and idealistic benefits of vaccination were negatively associated with experienced hesitancy (Mhesitancy = .68, Mno hesitancy = -.37), while individualistic and practical benefits were not associated with hesitancy (Mhesitancy = -.09, Mno hesitancy = .05). Practical barriers were not associated with hesitancy (Mhesitancy = .05, Mno hesitancy = -.01), while fear related barriers were strongly associated with hesitancy (Mhesitancy = -.60, Mno hesitancy = .29). Conclusions Health related, and idealistic beliefs are negatively associated with experienced hesitancy about vaccination, while fear related barriers is positively associated with experienced hesitancy. Future interventions should focus on these considerations, since they can facilitate or stand in the way of vaccination in young people who are doubting vaccination, while not principally opposed to it.
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Fajar, Jonny Karunia, Malik Sallam, Gatot Soegiarto, Yani Jane Sugiri, Muhammad Anshory, Laksmi Wulandari, Stephanie Astrid Puspitasari Kosasih, et al. "Global Prevalence and Potential Influencing Factors of COVID-19 Vaccination Hesitancy: A Meta-Analysis." Vaccines 10, no. 8 (August 19, 2022): 1356. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10081356.
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Countries worldwide have deployed mass COVID-19 vaccination drives, but there are people who are hesitant to receive the vaccine. Studies assessing the factors associated with COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy are inconclusive. This study aimed to assess the global prevalence of COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy and determine the potential factors associated with such hesitancy. We performed an organized search for relevant articles in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Extraction of the required information was performed for each study. A single-arm meta-analysis was performed to determine the global prevalence of COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy; the potential factors related to vaccine hesitancy were analyzed using a Z-test. A total of 56 articles were included in our analysis. We found that the global prevalence of COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy was 25%. Being a woman, being a 50-year-old or younger, being single, being unemployed, living in a household with five or more individuals, having an educational attainment lower than an undergraduate degree, having a non-healthcare-related job and considering COVID-19 vaccines to be unsafe were associated with a higher risk of vaccination hesitancy. In contrast, living with children at home, maintaining physical distancing norms, having ever tested for COVID-19, and having a history of influenza vaccination in the past few years were associated with a lower risk of hesitancy to COVID-19 vaccination. Our study provides valuable information on COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy, and we recommend special interventions in the sub-populations with increased risk to reduce COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy.
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Yang, Ronghui, Bart Penders, and Klasien Horstman. "Addressing Vaccine Hesitancy in China: A Scoping Review of Chinese Scholarship." Vaccines 8, no. 1 (December 20, 2019): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8010002.
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Despite the well-developed Chinese National Immunization Program, vaccine hesitancy in China is rising. As part of the response, Chinese scholars have studied determinants and proposed solutions to vaccination hesitancy. We performed a scoping review of Chinese literature (2007–2019), drawn from four Chinese databases. We mapped relevant information and presented a systemic account of the proposed determinants and responses to vaccine hesitancy in China. We identified 77 relevant studies that reveal four approaches to vaccine hesitancy. Most Chinese studies define vaccine hesitancy as a problem of vaccine safety and vaccine incident response and place accountability on the level of governance, such as regulation deficits and inappropriate crisis management. A first minority of studies tied vaccination hesitancy to unprofessional medical conduct and called for additional resources and enhanced physician qualifications. A second minority of studies positioned vaccination hesitancy as a problem of parental belief and pointed to the role of media, proposing enhanced communication and education. Chinese literature ties vaccine hesitancy primarily to vaccine safety and medical conduct. Compared to international research, parental concerns are underrepresented. The Chinese context of vaccination scandals notably frames the discussion of vaccination hesitancy and potential solutions, which stresses the importance of considering vaccination hesitancy in specific social and political contexts.
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Chhabra, Ankur. "Vaccination policy strategies in Ontario." Health Science Inquiry 11, no. 1 (August 10, 2020): 98–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/hsi289.
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Vaccination is considered to be one of the greatest public health achievements, contributing to a substantial decline in infectious disease mortality in Canada. However, a growing threat of vaccine hesitancy has led to an upsurge in the prevalence and incidence of vaccine-preventable diseases across the globe, including Canada. Vaccine hesitancy is on the rise in the province of Ontario. Parental vaccine hesitancy, vaccine misconceptions, rising non-medical vaccine exemption rates, and low childhood vaccination coverage has led to a resurgence in vaccine-preventable diseases, especially measles. Given the importance of achieving high vaccine coverage to avoid vaccine-preventable diseases and their dire consequences, vaccine hesitancy is an important issue that needs to be addressed. There is no perfect solution to address vaccine hesitancy. Understanding the complex mix of factors that determine individual and collective vaccination behaviour is vital to designing effective vaccination policies, programs, and targeted interventions. This article critiques current vaccine policy strategies and outlines a policy approach to address parental vaccine hesitancy and prevent future vaccine-preventable disease outbreaks, specifically in Ontario, and more broadly within Canada. Providing support to healthcare providers and primary care physicians; and empowering parents, schools, students, families, and communities in Ontario, will slowly but surely mitigate vaccine hesitancy and enable healthy vaccination behaviours. Healthcare system-based interventions seem to be the most comprehensive approach that requires coordinated efforts and partnerships between community-based organizations and vaccination providers to ensure inclusive and integrated service delivery.
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Holzmann-Littig, Christopher, Matthias Braunisch, Peter Kranke, Maria Popp, Christian Seeber, Falk Fichtner, Bianca Littig, et al. "COVID-19 Vaccination Acceptance and Hesitancy among Healthcare Workers in Germany." Vaccines 9, no. 7 (July 12, 2021): 777. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9070777.
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Vaccination hesitancy is a threat to herd immunity. Healthcare workers (HCWs) play a key role in promoting Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination in the general population. We therefore aimed to provide data on COVID-19 vaccination acceptance/hesitancy among German HCWs. For this exploratory, cross-sectional study, an online survey was conducted in February 2021. The survey included 54 items on demographics; previous vaccination behavior; trust in vaccines, physicians, the pharmaceutical industry and health politics; fear of adverse effects; assumptions regarding the consequences of COVID-19; knowledge about vaccines; and information seeking behavior. Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were calculated and chi-square tests were performed. Four thousand five hundred surveys were analyzed. The overall vaccination acceptance was 91.7%. The age group ≤20 years showed the lowest vaccination acceptance. Factors associated with vaccination hesitancy were lack of trust in authorities and pharmaceutical companies. Attitudes among acquaintances were associated with vaccination hesitancy too. Participants with vaccination hesitancy more often obtained information about COVID-19 vaccines via messenger services or online video platforms and underperformed in the knowledge test. We found high acceptance amongst German HCWs. Several factors associated with vaccination hesitancy were identified which could be targeted in HCW vaccination campaigns.
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VandenBos, Gary R. "Addressing Vaccination Hesitancy in Psychotherapy." Journal of Health Service Psychology 47, no. 1 (February 2021): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42843-021-00030-9.
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Chen, Hao, Xiaomei Li, Junling Gao, Xiaoxi Liu, Yimeng Mao, Ruru Wang, Pinpin Zheng, et al. "Health Belief Model Perspective on the Control of COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy and the Promotion of Vaccination in China: Web-Based Cross-sectional Study." Journal of Medical Internet Research 23, no. 9 (September 6, 2021): e29329. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/29329.
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Background The control of vaccine hesitancy and the promotion of vaccination are key protective measures against COVID-19. Objective This study assesses the prevalence of vaccine hesitancy and the vaccination rate and examines the association between factors of the health belief model (HBM) and vaccination. Methods A convenience sample of 2531 valid participants from 31 provinces and autonomous regions of mainland China were enrolled in this online survey study from January 1 to 24, 2021. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify the associations of the vaccination rate and HBM factors with the prevalence of vaccine hesitancy after other covariates were controlled. Results The prevalence of vaccine hesitancy was 44.3% (95% CI 42.3%-46.2%), and the vaccination rate was 10.4% (9.2%-11.6%). The factors that directly promoted vaccination behavior were a lack of vaccine hesitancy (odds ratio [OR] 7.75, 95% CI 5.03-11.93), agreement with recommendations from friends or family for vaccination (OR 3.11, 95% CI 1.75-5.52), and absence of perceived barriers to COVID-19 vaccination (OR 0.51, 95% CI 0.35-0.75). The factors that were directly associated with a higher vaccine hesitancy rate were a high level of perceived barriers (OR 1.63, 95% CI 1.36-1.95) and perceived benefits (OR 0.51, 95% CI 0.32-0.79). A mediating effect of self-efficacy, influenced by perceived barriers (standardized structure coefficient [SSC]=−0.71, P<.001), perceived benefits (SSC=0.58, P<.001), agreement with recommendations from authorities (SSC=0.27, P<.001), and agreement with recommendations from friends or family (SSC=0.31, P<.001), was negatively associated with vaccination (SSC=−0.45, P<.001) via vaccine hesitancy (SSC=−0.32, P<.001). Conclusions It may be possible to increase the vaccination rate by reducing vaccine hesitancy and perceived barriers to vaccination and by encouraging volunteers to advocate for vaccination to their friends and family members. It is also important to reduce vaccine hesitancy by enhancing self-efficacy for vaccination, due to its crucial mediating function.
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Xie, Zhilan, Yinliang Tan, Yuge Yan, Xiaoqing Gu, Haiying Chen, Qian Huang, Zhaoxin Wang, Jie Gu, and Jiaoling Huang. "Concerns about and stimuli of COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy among diverse occupational groups in metropolitan areas of China: a cross-sectional study." BMJ Open 12, no. 12 (December 2022): e062032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-062032.
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ObjectivesIn this study, we aimed to identify concerns and stimuli regarding COVID-19 vaccination acceptance and to compare the findings by occupation.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study of individuals vaccinated against COVID-19 between 1 April and 30 June 2021 in four metropolitan areas of China. A total of 20 863 participants completed questionnaires, 20 767 of which were eligible for analysis. We used ordered logistic regression to assess the association of vaccination concerns and stimuli with vaccination hesitancy according to occupation.ResultsFarmers were mainly concerned about the quality of vaccines (adjusted OR (aOR): 3.18, 95% CI (CI): 1.83 to 5.54). Among civil servants, media publicity reduced hesitancy (aOR: 0.44, 95% CI: 0.21 to 0.92). Among medical staff, concerns about a short duration of protective effects increased hesitancy (aOR: 8.31, 95% CI: 2.03 to 33.99). For most occupations, concerns about side effects, poor protective effects and health status increased hesitancy. In contrast, protecting oneself and protecting others acted as a stimulus to decrease hesitancy. Interestingly, ‘people around me have been vaccinated’ was associated with higher vaccination hesitancy among farmers (aOR: 2.19, 95% CI: 1.20 to 4.00).ConclusionThe association of vaccination concerns and stimuli with vaccination hesitancy varied by occupation. The characteristics and concerns of specific target audiences should be considered when designing informational campaigns to promote vaccination against COVID-19.
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Ikhalea, Nura, Hafsah Mohammed, Nura Ikhalea, and Hafsah Mohammed. "Growing Need for Alternative Covid-19 Vaccination Strategy in the Face of Vaccination Uptake Hesitancy in the United States." Journal of Medical and Biological Science Research 7, no. 4 (December 29, 2021): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.36630/jmbsr_21005.
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There has been accelerated effort geared towards the swift creation of COVID-19 vaccines; however, this fast pace poses a negative impact on vaccine acceptance. The current US COVID vaccine hesitancy of 23-33% has a ripple effect and makes it impossible to attain community immunity. The primary aim of this study was to assess the current COVID vaccine hesitancy rates and to argue for the need of more effective strategies to improve its uptake in the US. This paper reviewed quantitative peer-reviewed publications assessing COVID vaccine hesitancy in the US. It was revealed that COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy was influenced by myriad factors like gender, education, political affiliation, race and location. Transparency and a mix of communication, local partnerships, incentives and arguably legal strategies can be adopted to attenuate US COVID vaccine hesitancy. Lastly, vulnerable demographics (black Americans and conservatives) need targeted COVID vaccine information. Keywords: Covid 19 Vaccines, Herd Immunity, Vaccine Uptake, Hesitancy and Vaccine Education
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Oyolu, Irene O. "Coronavirus Vaccination Hesitancy: Early Education to Counter Vaccine Hesitancy/Refusal." Journal for Nurse Practitioners 19, no. 3 (March 2023): 104517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nurpra.2022.12.002.
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While, Alison. "Understanding vaccine hesitancy: the evidence." British Journal of Community Nursing 26, no. 6 (June 2, 2021): 278–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjcn.2021.26.6.278.
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Vaccination is an important public health intervention, but its effectiveness depends upon the uptake of vaccination reaching sufficient levels to yield ‘herd’ immunity. While the majority of the UK hold positive attitudes about vaccination, some people, including health professionals, decline vaccinations. This article reviews the evidence relating to vaccine hesitancy, its underlying factors and the sociodemographic variations. A second article will review the evidence relating to strategies to address vaccine hesitancy and promote vaccination acceptance.
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Xiong, Yifan, Ying Zhao, Tianyu Zhang, Qi Wang, and Jun-an Liu. "Factors Associated With the Vaccination Behavior Among COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitant College Students in Wuhan, China: A Survey Based on Social Psychological Dimension." Frontiers in Public Health 10 (May 11, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.865571.
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BackgroundDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, vaccine hesitancy (VH) on COVID-19 vaccination still exists in different populations, which has a negative impact on epidemic prevention and control. The objectives were to explore college students' willingness to vaccinate, determine the factors influencing the vaccination behavior of students with COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy, and provide a basis for improving the compliance of college students with COVID-19 vaccination.MethodsThe universities in Wuhan are categorized into three levels according to their comprehensive strength and randomly sampled at each level, of which ten universities were selected. A self-designed anonymous electronic questionnaire was distributed online from May 12 to 31, 2021 to investigate the hesitancy, vaccination status, and influencing factors of COVID-19 vaccination among college students in Wuhan.ResultsOf the 1,617 participants (1,825 students received the electronic questionnaire) surveyed, 19.0% reported COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. Among the vaccine-hesitant students, 40.1% were vaccinated against COVID-19. The binary logistic regression analysis shows that families' attitudes “Uncertain” (odds ratio (OR) = 0.258 [0.132–0.503]), vaccination risk psychology (OR = 0.242 [0.079–0.747]) and wait-and-see mentality (OR = 0.171 [0.068–0.468]) are negative factors for the vaccination behavior of hesitant students, while herd mentality (OR = 7.512 [2.718–20.767]) and uncertainty of free policy's impact on vaccine trust (OR = 3.412 [1.547–7.527]) are positive factors.ConclusionThe vaccine hesitancy among college students in Wuhan was relatively high. Family support, herd mentality and free vaccination strategies can help improve vaccination among hesitant students, while vaccination risk psychology and “wait-and-see” psychology reduce the possibility of vaccination. The vaccination strategy of college students should be strengthened from the perspective of social psychological construction.
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Noyman-Veksler, Gal, David Greenberg, Itamar Grotto, and Golan Shahar. "Parents’ malevolent personification of mass vaccination solidifies vaccine hesitancy." Journal of Health Psychology, February 25, 2020, 135910532090347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359105320903475.
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Parental hesitancy to vaccinate their children derails the success of mass vaccination campaigns. We examined the effect of parents’ personification of the vaccinating agency on vaccine hesitancy (i.e. negative or positive mind change) in 555 parents in a mass wild poliovirus vaccination campaign. Parents were assessed before and after the campaign on attitudes toward vaccination and the vaccinating agency (“The Israeli MoH is caring” vs “hysteric”). Positive mind change was predicted by a gender and malevolent personification. A negative mind change was predicted by parental anxiety. We conclude that parental hesitancy is influenced by parents’ attachment to the vaccinating agency.
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Courtney, Daniel S., and Ana-Maria Bliuc. "Antecedents of Vaccine Hesitancy in WEIRD and East Asian Contexts." Frontiers in Psychology 12 (December 16, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.747721.
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Following decreasing vaccination rates over the last two decades, understanding the roots of vaccine hesitancy has become a public health priority. Vaccine hesitancy is linked to scientifically unfounded fears around the MMR vaccine and autism which are often fuelled by misinformation spread on social media. To counteract the effects of misinformation about vaccines and in particular the falling vaccination rates, much research has focused on identifying the antecedents of vaccine hesitancy. As antecedents of vaccine hesitancy are contextually dependent, a one-size-fits-all approach is unlikely to be successful in non-WEIRD (Western, Educated, Industrialised, Rich, and Democratic) populations, and even in certain (non-typical) WEIRD sub-populations. Successful interventions to reduce vaccine hesitancy must be based on understanding of the specific context. To identify potential contextual differences in the antecedents of vaccine hesitancy, we review research from three non-WEIRD populations in East Asia, and three WEIRD sub-populations. We find that regardless of the context, mistrust seems to be the key factor leading to vaccine hesitancy. However, the object of mistrust varies across WEIRD and non-WEIRD populations, and across WEIRD subgroups suggesting that effective science communication must be mindful of these differences.
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Bilewicz, Michał, and Wiktor Soral. "The Politics of Vaccine Hesitancy: An Ideological Dual-Process Approach." Social Psychological and Personality Science, November 15, 2021, 194855062110552. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/19485506211055295.
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Ideological convictions are known to shape attitudes and behavior in various life domains. Based on existing psychological analyses of political ideology, we use an ideological dual-process approach to explain people’s vaccine hesitancy, which distinguishes between authoritarian (right-wing authoritarianism [RWA]) and hierarchical (social dominance orientation [SDO]) facets of conservatism as potential antecedents of vaccination attitudes. In a large international study performed in Germany ( N = 1,210), Poland ( N = 1,209), and the United Kingdom ( N = 1,222), we tested the roles of SDO and RWA in predicting vaccination hesitancy, as well as cross-cultural universality of the pattern of relationships between political ideologies and attitudes toward vaccines. In all three countries, high SDO was associated with higher vaccine hesitancy, whereas high RWA was associated with lower vaccine hesitancy. These findings contribute to our understanding of the distinctive roles that these two facets of right-wing ideology might play in the domain of public health.
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Yuan, Jiehu, Wing Tak Wendy Lam, Jingyi Xiao, Yuxuan Michael Ni, Benjamin John Cowling, and Qiuyan Liao. "Why do Chinese older adults in Hong Kong delay or refuse COVID-19 vaccination? A qualitative study based on Grounded Theory." Journals of Gerontology: Series B, November 23, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbac184.
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Abstract OBJECTIVES Older adults have been disproportionately affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. While COVID-19 vaccines are effective for reducing mortality and severe complications, vaccine hesitancy remains a substantial concern particularly among older adults. This was a qualitative study to explore how Chinese older adults reached a decision to delay or refuse the COVID-19 vaccines in Hong Kong. METHODS Semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with 27 older adults aged ≥60 years who had never received COVID-19 vaccines. Grounded Theory approach guided the selection of informants, data collection, data analysis and report writing. RESULTS Older adults’ vaccine hesitancy and resistance weaved into the context of lacking sufficient decisional support and attitude roots of negative perception of ageing, fatalistic risk attitudes, present-oriented time perspectives, and negative values on western biomedicine. Attitude roots were used as decisional anchors to further shape older adults’ peripheral processing of vaccine-related information, resulting into a spectrum of vaccine-resistant and vaccine-hesitant attitudes. While participants refused or delayed COVID-19 vaccination, they engaged in alternative coping strategies to regain self-control and justify their vaccination disengagement in the pandemic. DISCUSSIONS Interventions to address vaccine hesitancy in older adults should focus on addressing attitude roots and strengthening the connectivity of older adults with family, doctors, and government to engage older adults in the vaccination decision making. Risk communication should shift to provide more personal relevant information in a caring style, meet older adults’ preference for peripheral information processing, and address their existing misperceptions about COVID-19 vaccines.
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Perveen, Shama, Muhammad Akram, Asim Nasar, Adeela Arshad‐Ayaz, and Ayaz Naseem. "Vaccination‐hesitancy and vaccination‐inequality as challenges in Pakistan's COVID‐19 response." Journal of Community Psychology, July 3, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcop.22652.
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Vandeberg, Lisa, Corine S. Meppelink, José Sanders, and Marieke L. Fransen. "Facts Tell, Stories Sell? Assessing the Availability Heuristic and Resistance as Cognitive Mechanisms Underlying the Persuasive Effects of Vaccination Narratives." Frontiers in Psychology 13 (March 7, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.837346.
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Online vaccine-critical sentiments are often expressed in appealing personal narratives, whereas vaccine-supporting information is often presented in a non-narrative, expository mode describing scientific facts. In two experiments, we empirically test whether and how these different formats impact the way in which readers process and retrieve information about childhood vaccination, and how this may impact their perceptions regarding vaccination. We assess two psychological mechanisms that are hypothesized to underlie the persuasive nature of vaccination narratives: the availability heuristic (experiment 1, N = 418) and cognitive resistance (experiment 2, N = 403). The results of experiment 1 showed no empirical evidence for the availability heuristic, but exploratory analyses did indicate that an anti-vaccination narrative (vs. expository) might reduce cognitive resistance, decrease vaccination attitudes and reduce attitude certainty in a generally pro-vaccination sample, especially for those who were more vaccine hesitant. Preregistered experiment 2 formally tested this and showed that not narrative format, but prior vaccine hesitancy predicts cognitive resistance and post-reading attitudes. Hesitant participants showed less resistance toward an anti-vaccine text than vaccine-supporting participants, as well as less positive post-reading attitudes and attitude certainty. These findings demonstrate belief consistency effects rather than narrative persuasion, which has implications for scientific research as well as public health policy.
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Yanto, Theo Audi, Gilbert Sterling Octavius, Rivaldo Steven Heriyanto, Catherine Ienawi, Haviza Nisa, and H. Emildan Pasai. "Psychological factors affecting COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in Indonesia." Egyptian Journal of Neurology, Psychiatry and Neurosurgery 57, no. 1 (December 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s41983-021-00436-8.
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Abstract Introduction Increasing the rate of vaccination is crucial in combating the COVID-19 pandemic. However, a survey of 112,888 Indonesians found that only 64.8% Indonesians were willing to be vaccinated, with 7.6% refusing all vaccines and 27.6% are unsure. Several factors were related to this vaccine hesitancy and refusal, such as cognitive reflection, trust in authoritative figures, and personality traits. This study aims to identify psychological determinants and other factors associated with vaccine hesitancy and vaccine refusal. This was a cross-sectional study with data collection done in March 2021 using a questionnaire. We collected demographic data, respondents' stance on vaccination, as well as their psychology measurement. IBM SPSS 26.0 (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) was used for statistical analysis. Results The data of 190 respondents were collected for this study. There are 165 respondents (86.8%) who belong to “vaccine acceptance”, while 25 are “vaccine hesitance” or “vaccine resistance.” Multivariate analysis shows that frequency of COVID-19 tests (p = 0.03), smoking status (p = 0.035), agreeableness trait (p = 0.001), trust in government (p = 0.04) and trust in scientist (p = 0.049) are significantly associated with the two population. Conclusion Several demographic and psychological factors affect the COVID-19 vaccine acceptance. The government and other related parties should consider these factors when adjusting for future policies controlling the COVID-19 pandemic and increasing the vaccination rate.
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Garett, Renee, and Sean D. Young. "Online misinformation and vaccine hesitancy." Translational Behavioral Medicine, September 16, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tbm/ibab128.
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Lay Summary Vaccine hesitancy, the rejection or delay to get vaccinated even if there is an effective vaccine available, may be instrumental in the resurgence of vaccine-preventable disease. Studies have shown that the rise in nonmedical exemptions for vaccination increases rates of childhood vaccine-preventable disease. One factor that influences vaccine hesitancy is online misinformation. False or misleading information online regarding vaccines can be found in independent news outlets, websites, and social media. The spread of vaccine misinformation is especially important during the COVID-19 pandemic as false information can decrease pro-vaccine opinions. The recent announcement of an effective COVID-19 vaccine became a hot topic online, with many adults hesitant to take the vaccine. Public health experts, medical professionals, and pro-vaccine individuals can help curb the spread of misinformation by correcting false statements online. Social media companies can also aid in stopping misinformation by implementing and enforcing policy that limits misinformation on their platforms.
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Howard, Matt C., and Maggie M. Davis. "The mediating role of vaccine hesitancy in the relations of COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs and vaccination outcomes: Which dimensions matter?" Journal of Health Psychology, May 11, 2022, 135910532210960. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13591053221096013.
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COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs have a powerful detrimental influence on COVID-19 vaccine perceptions and behaviors. We investigate an expanded range of outcomes for COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs, and we test which vaccine hesitancy dimensions mediate these relations. Our results show that COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs relate to COVID-19 vaccination willingness and receipt, flu vaccination willingness and receipt, as well as vaccine word-of-mouth. Many of these relations are mediated by vaccine hesitancy dimensions that represent perceptions that vaccines pose health risks as well as perceptions that vaccines are not needed because the respondent is healthy. Our discussion identifies directions for future research.
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Howard, Matt C. "Investigating the Relation of Political Orientation and Vaccination Outcomes: Identifying the Roles of Political Ideology, Party Affiliation, and Vaccine Hesitancy." Psychological Reports, December 7, 2022, 003329412211446. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00332941221144604.
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Popular press and academic articles alike suggest that political orientation is a primary determinant of vaccination willingness, vaccination, and vaccine word-of-mouth (i.e., sharing of information regarding vaccines). In the current article, we test the validity of these suggestions, and we also assess the differential roles of political ideology (e.g., liberal-conservative) and party affiliation (e.g., Democrat-Republican) as well as the mediating effect of vaccine hesitancy’s dimensions. To do so, we perform a four-wave survey study with 223 participants that completed all waves. Our results support that political orientation indeed relates to our outcomes of interest. Our results also show that political ideology has a more pronounced effect than party affiliation, and the vaccine hesitancy dimensions of Health Risks and Healthy mediate many of these relations. From these results, we suggest many directions for future research and practice, including the integration of political discourse theories in studies on political orientations and vaccination.
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Khayyam, Muhammad, Shuai Chuanmin, Muhammad Asad Salim, Arjumand Nizami, Jawad Ali, Hussain Ali, Nawab Khan, Muhammad Ihtisham, and Raheel Anjum. "COVID-19 Vaccination Behavior Among Frontline Healthcare Workers in Pakistan: The Theory of Planned Behavior, Perceived Susceptibility, and Anticipated Regret." Frontiers in Psychology 13 (April 14, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.808338.
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Healthcare workers in Pakistan are still fighting at the frontline to control the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and have been identified as the earliest beneficiaries for COVID-19 vaccination by the health authorities of the country. Besides, the high vaccination rates of frontline healthcare workers (FHWs) are essential to overcome the ongoing pandemic and reduce the vaccines hesitancy among the general population. The current research employed the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to investigate the COVID-19 vaccination behavior among FHWs in Pakistan as well as the predictors of such behavior. Following the epidemic control and prevention policies, a sample of 680 FHWs were accessed to fill in the questionnaire evaluating the components of the TPB. Moreover, the potential role of anticipated regret (AR) and perceived susceptibility (PS) on COVID-19 vaccination behavior was also assessed. The partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) results revealed that the TPB components, as well as the AR, have positive associations with the COVID-19 vaccination behavior. The results further confirmed that PS positively affects the anticipated regret, attitude (ATT), and subjective norm (SN) to vaccinate against SARS-CoV-2. The perceived susceptibility also has a positive association with COVID-19 vaccination behavior through the mediation of anticipated regret, ATT, and SN. Our findings highlighted the importance of COVID-19 vaccination among healthcare workers, which can be applied to reduce vaccine hesitancy among the general public.
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Freeman, Daniel, Sinéad Lambe, Ly-Mee Yu, Jason Freeman, Andrew Chadwick, Cristian Vaccari, Felicity Waite, et al. "Injection fears and COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy." Psychological Medicine, June 11, 2021, 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291721002609.
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Abstract Background When vaccination depends on injection, it is plausible that the blood-injection-injury cluster of fears may contribute to hesitancy. Our primary aim was to estimate in the UK adult population the proportion of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy explained by blood-injection-injury fears. Methods In total, 15 014 UK adults, quota sampled to match the population for age, gender, ethnicity, income and region, took part (19 January–5 February 2021) in a non-probability online survey. The Oxford COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Scale assessed intent to be vaccinated. Two scales (Specific Phobia Scale-blood-injection-injury phobia and Medical Fear Survey–injections and blood subscale) assessed blood-injection-injury fears. Four items from these scales were used to create a factor score specifically for injection fears. Results In total, 3927 (26.2%) screened positive for blood-injection-injury phobia. Individuals screening positive (22.0%) were more likely to report COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy compared to individuals screening negative (11.5%), odds ratio = 2.18, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.97–2.40, p < 0.001. The population attributable fraction (PAF) indicated that if blood-injection-injury phobia were absent then this may prevent 11.5% of all instances of vaccine hesitancy, AF = 0.11; 95% CI 0.09–0.14, p < 0.001. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy was associated with higher scores on the Specific Phobia Scale, r = 0.22, p < 0.001, Medical Fear Survey, r = 0.23, p = <0.001 and injection fears, r = 0.25, p < 0.001. Injection fears were higher in youth and in Black and Asian ethnic groups, and explained a small degree of why vaccine hesitancy is higher in these groups. Conclusions Across the adult population, blood-injection-injury fears may explain approximately 10% of cases of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. Addressing such fears will likely improve the effectiveness of vaccination programmes.
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Bíró-Nagy, András, and Áron József Szászi. "The roots of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy: evidence from Hungary." Journal of Behavioral Medicine, May 14, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10865-022-00314-5.
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AbstractThis research explores the determinants of vaccine hesitancy during the third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Hungary. This article utilizes data from in-person public opinion research conducted in Hungary (March 2021, N = 1000). Government supporters, older people (60 +) and COVID-19 survivors were more likely to accept vaccination, but these variables lose significance, once controlling for personal fears and pandemic-related attitudes. COVID-19 related fears and precautious behavior reduce, while general level of fears increase the probability of vaccine hesitancy. Fear from partner’s aggression and higher levels of financial security negatively correlate with vaccine hesitancy. Our study separately analyzes the effect of various pandemic-related conspiratorial beliefs on vaccine hesitancy. All analyzed false beliefs have a significant positive effect on vaccine hesitancy, but the strongest predictors are vaccine-related conspiracy theories (“microchip” and “population control” theories) and virus denial.
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Jing, Rize, Hai Fang, Hufeng Wang, and Jiahao Wang. "The Role of General Attitudes and Perceptions Towards Vaccination on the Newly-Developed Vaccine: Results From a Survey on COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance in China." Frontiers in Psychology 13 (May 31, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.841189.
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BackgroundVaccination has been considered one of the most effective public health interventions. In the context of the global epidemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), it remains unclear what role general vaccination attitudes and perceptions have on the acceptance of COVID-19 vaccine.ObjectiveThis study aims to explore the impact of general attitudes and perceptions toward vaccination on the acceptance of a newly developed vaccine, taking COVID-19 vaccines as an example.MethodA cross-sectional survey was conducted among 2,013 Chinese adult participants. Generalized order logistic regression and path analysis models were used to analyze impacts of general attitudes and perceptions toward vaccination on the acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine.ResultsThe prevalence of hesitancy to vaccination in general is 49.9% among the Chinese adult population. General perceptions of vaccination were associated with corresponding perceptions of the COVID-19 vaccine. A “no hesitancy” attitude toward vaccination is a significant determinant (aOR = 1.77, 95% CI = 1.36–2.31) of future COVID-19 vaccination compared to vaccine refusers, and perceptions of COVID-19 vaccine remain a significant determinant for the acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine. Path analysis indicates that perceptions of the importance and safety of vaccination have a positive overall effect on the acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine, and that general perceptions of vaccination as a whole on each measure indirectly influence the acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine.ConclusionGeneral attitudes and perceptions toward vaccination were associated with those of the COVID-19 vaccine and future vaccination intention. To prepare for possible emergence of diseases in the future, routine health campaigns should be launched by relevant government departments and vaccination authorities to enhance the overall awareness and knowledge of vaccination among the public and to ensure optimal vaccination experience. In addition, targeted knowledge dissemination and mass mobilizations should be urged for newly developed vaccines when some specific infectious diseases emerge, such as COVID-19 at present.