Books on the topic 'Psychological trauma and related clinical interventions'
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1
Giarratano, Leah. Clinical skills for managing acute psychological trauma: Effective early interventions for treating acute stress disorder. New South Wales, Australia: Talomin Books, 2004.
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Benedek, David M., and Gary H. Wynn. Pharmacologic Treatment of Adults with Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders. Edited by Frederick J. Stoddard, David M. Benedek, Mohammed R. Milad, and Robert J. Ursano. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190457136.003.0022.
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This chapter reviews evidence-based pharmacological treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder, acute stress disorder, and adjustment disorder in adults. Emphasis is given to treatments that have received the strongest recommendations in published practice guidelines, clinical trials, and meta-analyses. Mention is also made of pharmacological interventions introduced subsequent to changes in diagnostic definitions that occurred with the shift to the category trauma- and stress-related disorders in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (fifth edition). Medications covered in this chapter are across a broad range of classes and include serotonin specific reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), antipsychotics, anticonvulsants, and benzodiazepines. The discussion addresses medications used as monotherapy and as medication augmentation.
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Stoddard Jr., Frederick J., Robert J. Ursano, and Stephen J. Cozza. Population Trauma. Edited by Frederick J. Stoddard, David M. Benedek, Mohammed R. Milad, and Robert J. Ursano. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190457136.003.0010.
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This chapter reviews trauma- and stressor-related disorders (TSRDs) as they relate to disaster, defined by the World Health Organization as “a severe disruption, ecological and psychosocial, which greatly exceeds the coping capacity of the affected community.” Some are human-made such as a terrorist event or shooting, while others are due to natural events such as earthquake or hurricane. Humanitarian emergencies are also a class of disasters. Since most but not all people and communities are resilient, the prevalence of TSRDs after disaster and what interventions are optimal is highly relevant to disaster recovery. The chapter discusses the impact of disaster preparedness, factors that influence how communities cope with disaster, and the effect of trauma and stress on populations. It goes on to review factors that influence susceptibility and resilience to disaster trauma, the range of psychological consequences of disaster, and early interventions for TSRDs in response to disaster.
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Danieli, Yael, and Brian Engdahl. Multigenerational Legacies of Trauma. Edited by Charles B. Nemeroff and Charles R. Marmar. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190259440.003.0027.
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Multigenerational legacies of suffering are universal and as old as humankind. Given ongoing worldwide violent atrocities, understanding and addressing their intergenerational consequences is vital. Transmission mechanisms explored range from the basic biological to the complex psychological, and the sociopolitical. The first and most frequently investigated offspring population is that of Nazi Holocaust survivors. The chapter synthesizes the research on these offspring and some of the more recently studied offspring groups. It then presents the major theory of multigenerational trauma transmission—Trauma and the Continuity of Self: A Multidimensional, Multidisciplinary Integrative Framework, that provides the bases for the first valid transmission assessment measure—the Danieli Inventory for Multigenerational Legacies of Trauma. Part II of the Danieli Inventory—Reparative Adaptation Impacts—is key to assessing the well-being of the second generation. Recommendations for further research and enhancing clinical interventions are included.
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Quijije, Nadia. Trauma in the Medical-Surgical Patient. Edited by Frederick J. Stoddard, David M. Benedek, Mohammed R. Milad, and Robert J. Ursano. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190457136.003.0018.
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This chapter reviews psychiatric consultation for trauma and stress in medical-surgical patients. Hospitalization can induce psychologic or psychiatric disturbance and worsen the clinical condition of patients who are suffering from medical and surgical comorbidities. Some medical conditions can be related to stress related disorders indirectly, while others, such as critical illness/intensive care unit treatment or direct physical injury, are themselves traumatic stressors that can promote trauma and stressor-related disorders (TSRDs). Given the negative impact of stress-related disorders on quality of life, mental health clinicians should diagnose TSRDs to ensure patients receive appropriate care. Treatment and management can be provided in multiple forms of psychological therapies and psychopharmacology, and within a multidisciplinary team, particularly for the medical surgical patient. Psychiatrists, psychologists, and social workers must assist patients with terminal illnesses by optimizing end-of-life care, supporting patients and their families, and encouraging approaches to allow the transformative process of dying to be meaningful.
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Cervantes, Richard C., and Thuy Bui. Redefining the Contexts of Acculturation Related Stress Among Latino Adults. Edited by Seth J. Schwartz and Jennifer Unger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190215217.013.31.
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The scientific and clinical need to advance understanding of the processes related to Hispanic acculturation and its impacts is pressing. This chapter articulates how acculturation stress and related specific stressor events occur within distinct life domains or contexts. New research is juxtaposed to previous research that demonstrated how acculturation stressors cluster in unique, orthogonal, and independent life domains among both adult and adolescent Hispanics. This chapter refers to contexts of acculturation stress as spheres of life or domains that entail social and psychological interactions with the dominant, receiving culture. New research is presented on the relationship between acculturation stress context among adult Hispanics and mental health indicators. Understanding the contexts in which acculturation-related stress can impact Latinos is critical to health and behavioral health programming, where such information can assist in the development, adaptation, and tailoring of prevention and interventions that are more acceptable and relevant for this growing population.
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Day, Ed, ed. Seminars in Addiction Psychiatry. 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781911623199.
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This extensively revised new edition provides a practical guide to understanding, assessing and managing physical, psychological and social complications related to drug and alcohol use. It presents a clear review of the aetiology, epidemiology, prevention and treatment of the problematic use of and dependence on alcohol, illicit and prescribed drugs. In doing so it strikes a balance between theory, recent research and practical clinical guidance. New chapters focus on novel psychiatric substances, smoking cessation interventions, mutual aid groups and family interventions. Written by leading specialists in the field and closely following the MRCPsych curriculum, this book is an ideal resource for trainees preparing for their RCPsych membership examinations, but is also relevant to psychiatrists at all career levels. It will also appeal to other healthcare professionals, all of whom should be able to screen for alcohol and drug use disorders, deliver brief interventions, and signpost those with more severe disorders to specialist care.
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Cheatle, Martin D., and Lara Dhingra. Biopsychosocial Approach to Improving Treatment Adherence in Chronic Pain. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190600075.003.0006.
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Up to 53% of patients with chronic nonmalignant pain demonstrate medication nonadherence, and many are nonadherent with behavior-change interventions for pain, presenting a significant challenge to providers managing this population and compromising patient-reported outcomes related to treatment efficacy, symptom control, and quality of life. Patients with chronic pain are often highly complex and present with numerous medical and psychological comorbidities. Many of these comorbidities, including mood, sleep, and substance use disorders, in addition to maladaptive coping with pain and varied clinician, health system, and family-related factors, can influence adherence to pain interventions. This chapter applies a biopsychosocial framework to guide the clinical assessment of nonadherence behaviors in chronic pain, including the identification of risk factors, mechanisms, and underlying processes of nonadherence, and presents strategies providers can potentially implement to enhance patient adherence to pharmacologic and behavioral therapies for pain management.
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Petrak, Frank, and Bonnie Röhrig. Treatment of depression in type 2 diabetes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198789284.003.0010.
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This chapter provides a brief overview of the current scientific evidence for the treatment of depression in type 2 diabetes. Considering the multiple adverse interactions between both conditions, treatment targets should always focus on diabetes-related medical outcome and improvement or remission of depression at the same time in people with diabetes. Depression can be treated with moderate to good results in depressed patients with type 2 diabetes by a variety of psychological and pharmacological interventions, with comparable results to the treatment of depressive patients without diabetes. Results regarding glycaemic control are inconsistent and indicate a low effectiveness of psychological interventions. Antidepressants demonstrated mild to moderate effect regarding better glycaemic control, but the results are still inconclusive and long-term effects are widely unknown. The chapter ends with a critical summary of methodological limitations of the research in that area and concludes with evidence-based recommendations for clinical practice.
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Strada, E. Alessandra. The Eighth Domain of Palliative Care. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199798551.003.0009.
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This chapter discusses palliative psychology competencies in the eighth domain of palliative care, which addresses the legal and ethical aspects of palliative care. Firstly, the chapter reviews psychology ethical standards and principles discussing their application and relevance to the palliative care setting. Palliative psychology competencies are presented. Additionally, principles of medical ethics related to decision making are discussed. Complex case scenarios are discussed with the aid of clinical case vignettes. In particular, the discussion focuses on the ethical issues related to disclosure of a terminal prognosis, family conflicts, and intimate partner violence of patients with advanced illness. Psychological approaches and interventions are discussed in the context of the interdisciplinary palliative care tem approach.
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Khusid, Marina. Meditation Techniques for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190205959.003.0004.
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Although there is currently insufficient evidence to support meditation as a first-line treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the evidence base for meditation used adjunctively in the management of PTSD and related psychiatric comorbidities is rapidly expanding. The 2010 Veterans Administration/Department of Defense (VA/DoD) clinical practice guideline (CPG) for management of PTSD states that mind–body approaches may be considered adjunctive treatment for hyperarousal symptoms. Although several reviews support the conclusions reflected in the CPG, others suggest meditation interventions may be more useful in managing PTSD than originally speculated. Meditation may help reduce intrusive memories, avoidance, and anger; and increase self-esteem, pain tolerance, energy, and ability to relax and cope with stress. One comparative effectiveness review concluded that mindfulness meditation is beneficial in reducing psychological stress consequences, such as depression, pain, and mental health-related quality of life.
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Harrison, Anthony M., Christopher Graham, and Lance M. McCracken. Treatment Adherence in Chronic Pain. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190600075.003.0002.
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It is widely accepted that treatment adherence is a complex problem, and rates of nonadherence in chronic pain are around 50% or more. Nonadherence is important, not only because it may decrease treatment effectiveness but because it is dangerous and a potential confound in assessing treatment effectiveness, both in research and clinical service, and it is wasteful. Unfortunately, available interventions to promote better adherence appear limited. This chapter introduces the current models of adherence in the context of chronic pain and selectively summarizes related evidence. It also introduces the Psychological Flexibility Model, a newer organizing framework underpinning Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), and examines the potential applicability of ACT in this challenging context.
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Shaver, Phillip R., Mario Mikulincer, Baljinder Sahdra, and Jacquelyn Gross. Attachment Security as a Foundation for Kindness Toward Self and Others. Edited by Kirk Warren Brown and Mark R. Leary. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199328079.013.15.
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Based on attachment theory and decades of research on attachment processes and relationships, this chapter shows that attachment security, experienced in relationships with sensitive and responsive parents and partners across the life span, fosters positive attitudes toward both self and others, and also provides a foundation for desirable psychological states discussed in the Buddhist literature: mindfulness, self-compassion, and nonattachment. We review research involving children, adolescents, and adults showing that the major forms of attachment insecurity—anxiety and avoidance—interfere with healthy self-approval and self-acceptance, and also with kindness and generosity toward others. Self-acceptance and self-compassion are not “egoistic” in the negative sense; far from being psychologically and social destructive, they are foundations of openness and kindness toward others. The usual origin of attachment-related security is supportive relationships in childhood, but security can also be increased by later relationships and by laboratory and clinical interventions.
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Del Boca, Frances K., Jack Darkes, and Bonnie McRee. Self-Report Assessments of Psychoactive Substance Use and Dependence. Edited by Kenneth J. Sher. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199381708.013.005.
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Accurate assessment is critical to clinical interventions for problems associated with the use of alcohol and other drugs, and it is essential for research on the causes, consequences, and treatment of addiction. Verbal report is the most common method of assessing substance use behavior, diagnosing alcohol and drug use disorders, and measuring dependence severity. The authors describe self-report methods for the assessment of substance use and related constructs, together with the factors that influence their validity and utility. First, assessment procedures are described in terms of the characteristics and dimensions on which they vary. Guidelines for selecting specific types of instruments for clinical and research purposes are then provided, and the strengths and limitations of major assessment approaches are discussed. Finally, a social-psychological framework for understanding the question-answering process is presented, and assessment methods are evaluated in relation to the model. The authors conclude by identifying relevant areas of research.
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Sever, Mehmet Şükrü, and Raymond Vanholder. Acute kidney injury in polytrauma and rhabdomyolysis. Edited by Norbert Lameire. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0252_update_001.
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The term ‘polytrauma’ refers to blunt (or crush) trauma that involves multiple body regions or cavities, and compromises physiology to potentially cause dysfunction of uninjured organs. Polytrauma frequently affects muscles resulting in rhabdomyolysis. In daily life, it mostly occurs after motor vehicle accidents, influencing a limited number of patients; after mass disasters, however, thousands of polytrauma victims may present at once with only surgical features or with additional medical complications (crush syndrome). Among the medical complications, acute kidney injury (AKI) deserves special mention, since it is frequent and has a substantial impact on the ultimate outcome.Several factors play a role in the pathogenesis of polytrauma (or crush)-induced AKI: (1) hypoperfusion of the kidneys, (2) myoglobin-induced direct nephrotoxicity, and intratubular obstruction, and also (3) several other mechanisms (i.e. iron and free radical-induced damage, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and ischaemia reperfusion injury). Crush-related AKI is prerenal at the beginning; however, acute tubular necrosis may develop eventually. In patients with crush syndrome, apart from findings of trauma, clinical features may include (but are not limited to) hypotension, oliguria, brownish discoloration of urine, and other symptoms and findings, such as sepsis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, disseminated intravascular coagulation, bleeding, cardiac failure, arrhythmias, electrolyte disturbances, and also psychological trauma.In the biochemical evaluation, life-threatening hyperkalaemia, retention of uraemic toxins, high anion gap metabolic acidosis, elevated serum levels of myoglobin, and muscle enzymes are noted; creatine phosphokinase is very useful for diagnosing rhabdomyolysis.Early fluid administration is vital to prevent crush-related AKI; the rate of initial fluid volume should be 1000 mL/hour. Overall, 3–6 L are administered within a 6-hour period considering environmental, demographic and clinical features, and urinary response to fluids. In disaster circumstances, the preferred fluid formulation is isotonic saline because of its ready availability. Alkaline (bicarbonate-added) hypotonic saline may be more useful, especially in isolated cases not related to disaster, as it may prevent intratubular myoglobin, and uric acid plugs, metabolic acidosis, and also life-threatening hyperkalaemia.In the case of established acute tubular necrosis, dialysis support is life-saving. Although all types of dialysis techniques may be used, intermittent haemodialysis is the preferred modality because of medical and logistic advantages. Close follow-up and appropriate treatment improve mortality rates, which may be as low as 15–20% even in disaster circumstances. Polytrauma victims after mass disasters deserve special mention, because crush syndrome is the second most frequent cause of death after trauma. Chaos, overwhelming number of patients, and logistical drawbacks often result in delayed, and sometimes incorrect treatment. Medical and logistical disaster preparedness is useful to improve the ultimate outcome of disaster victims.
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Strada, E. Alessandra. Palliative Psychology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199798551.001.0001.
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Palliative Psychology: Clinical Perspectives on an Emerging Specialty is the first book that proposes palliative psychology as a new specialty defining the roles and competencies of psychologists working in the palliative care setting in the US context. As proposed and defined in this book, palliative psychology is a specialty for licensed psychologists interested in providing psychological assessment and interventions to patients with serious and advanced illness and their family caregivers. The psychologist’s involvement can begin after a diagnosis of serious illness and continue during treatment, transition of care, during the dying process, and in bereavement. This book follows the framework developed by the Clinical Practice Guidelines for Quality Palliative Care, which identifies eight domains of specialist palliative care. The chapters of the book explore each of the domains, describing some of the essential knowledge, skills, and attitudes that palliative psychologists should develop to become competent palliative care professionals. Tables and clinical case vignettes are used throughout the book to illustrate important clinical aspects related to the work of palliative psychologists.
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Jiménez-Molina, José Raúl, Luis Orlando Jiménez-Ardila, Elías Devia-Vega, and Ever José López-Cantero. Formulación de caso en Psicología Jurídica. Perspectiva penal. Edited by José Raúl Jiménez-Molina and Luis Orlando Jiménez-Ardila. Editorial Universidad Católica de Colombia, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14718/9789585133945.2022.
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The formulation of cases in legal psychology aims to establish, in a systematic and organised way, information on the psychological and behavioural aspects of people and groups who have judicial implications. This information, which is related to the mental state, personality, personal history, group interactions, relational dynamics, motivation, etc., is used to support the decisions of legal operators. Recently, case formulation has become a key method for the development of processes of systematisation, organisation, formulation and explanatory analysis of information within the psychological practice, especially for those who carry out their activities from the applied field of clinical psychology, as it is directly related to interventional procedures. Nevertheless, it is important to consider that the professional activity of a psychologist is not exclusively limited to the area of health, therefore their roles in other fields, such as that of legal-criminal psychology, also requires an orderly and schematic form which allows for more objective and ideographic interventions to be carried out. In accordance with the aforementioned, this investigation proposes a case formulation model for legal-criminal psychology based on the practical experience and on the theoretical and scientific knowledge of legal psychologists in the administration of the Colombian criminal justice system.
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Fairbrother, Nichole, and Jonathan S. Abramowitz. Obsessions and Compulsions During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period. Edited by Amy Wenzel. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199778072.013.010.
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Although for most women the perinatal period is an exciting and joyful time, some new mothers experience the onset (or intensification) of emotional distress during this period. Whereas a great deal of attention has been paid to depression and psychotic symptoms during the postpartum period, pre- and postpartum anxiety disorders, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), have received relatively less consideration. This is despite the fact that anxiety disorders are, as a group, the most prevalent of all psychological disorders. Anxiety disorders are more common among women compared with men, and OCD is the only anxiety disorder for which there is evidence of an increased risk of onset and exacerbation in the perinatal period; this risk is most apparent for women giving birth to their first child. In this chapter, we provide an overview and description of the clinical features of perinatal obsessive-compulsive disorder and consider the degree to which perinatal OCD is related to OCD in general. We review the data pertaining to the incidence and prevalence of perinatal OCD and discuss the relation between perinatal OCD and postpartum depression and postpartum psychosis. Theoretical perspectives on perinatal OCD are then presented before turning to treatment. Lastly, two interventions have been shown to be effective for perinatal OCD are described: cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and pharmacotherapy.
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Hakim, Alan J., and Rodney Grahame. Hypermobility syndromes. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0159.
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Hypermobility-related syndromes constitute a family of heritable disorders of connective tissue (HDCT) that derive from abnormalities affecting genes that encode for the connective tissue matrix proteins such as collagen, fibrillin, and tenascin. They range from such commonplace though poorly recognized conditions such as the joint hypermobility syndrome (JHS) to the better-known, if more rare, eponymous syndromes such as Marfan's syndrome (MFS) and the different types of the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS). The more common presentations are with skin pathology (bruising, scaring), joint or spinal and/or muscle pain and instability with vulnerability to injury and chronic widespread pain, cardiac valve pathologies, and in MFS and vascular EDS, arterial dilatation with the risk of dissection and rupture. JHS (widely considered synonymous with the EDS hypermobility type) is further complicated by cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction such as orthostatic intolerance, palpitations, and syncope, and the recently described and commonly encountered pangastrointestinal dysmotility. The latter can manifest as gastro-oesophageal reflux, gastroparesis, slow-transit constipation, or rectal evacuatory dysfunction with rectal intussusception. In addition, HDCT are associated with bladder and uterine problems as a consequence of pelvic floor weakness. Such multisystemic conditions need to be managed by a multidisciplinary team able to draw on medical, surgical, physical, and psychological interventions by appropriately experienced specialists and therapists. This chapter introduces the reader to the epidemiology, genetics, classification, and clinical presentation of JHS, EDS, and MFS. It also describes the key investigations required to support a diagnosis and assess complications of an HDCT, as well as the multidisciplinary approach to management.
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Davies, Will, Julian Savulescu, Rebecca Roache, and J. Pierre Loebel, eds. Psychiatry Reborn: Biopsychosocial psychiatry in modern medicine. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198789697.001.0001.
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Psychiatry Reborn: Biopsychosocial Psychiatry in Modern Medicine is a comprehensive collection of essays by leading experts in the field, and provides a timely reassessment of the biopsychosocial approach in psychiatry. Spanning the sciences and philosophy of psychiatry, the essays offer complementary perspectives on the ever more urgent importance of the biopsychosocial approach to modern medicine. The collection brings together ideas from the series of Loebel Lectures by world leaders in the field of psychiatry and associated Workshops at the University of Oxford, including revised versions of the Lectures themselves, and a wide range of related commentaries and position pieces. With contributions from psychiatry, psychology, neuroscience, and philosophy, the book provides the most comprehensive account to date of the interplay between biological, psychological, and social factors in mental health and their ethical dimensions. The 23 chapters of this multi-authored book review the history and place of the biopsychosocial model in medicine, and explore its strengths and shortcomings. In particular, the book considers how understanding this interplay might lead to more effective treatments for mental health disorders as developments in genomic and other neurobiological medicine challenge traditional conceptions and approaches to the research and treatment of mental health disorders. The book explores the challenges and rewards of developing diagnostic tools and clinical interventions that take account of the inextricably intertwined biopsychosocial domains, and the ethical implications of the conceptualization. It concludes with chapters drawing together the book’s range of expertise to propose a best conception of the model, and how it might be adopted going forward in an age of exponentially increasing technological advances and of integrated/collaborative care. The volume is intended to present the biopsychosocial model as it stands today in the academy, the laboratory, and the clinic, and to start to address the challenges and potential that the model has for each.