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Academic literature on the topic 'Psychological risk factor'

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Published: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Psychological risk factor"

Block, Andrew R., and Ryan J. Marek. "Presurgical Psychological Evaluation: Risk Factor Identification and Mitigation." Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings 27, no. 2 (August 31, 2019): 396–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10880-019-09660-0.

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Kuftyak, E. "Adaptive behaviour as a factor of psychological health." SHS Web of Conferences 40 (2018): 03008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20184003008.

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The results of the research revealed that psychologically healthy children more often choose the strategy of passive retreat from difficulties, children with mental health problems are more focused on a destructive emotions expression and "risk group" children use defence of "regression" and "replacement". The psychological defence and coping-strategies contributing to the psychological health state have also been revealed during research. We consider that the received results can be used in the development of evidence-based value orientations and practical recommendations for the healthy personality cultivation.

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AZUMA, Kagaku, Yasuhiro ADACHI, Haruki HAYASHI, and Kin-Ya KUBO. "Chronic Psychological Stress as a Risk Factor of Osteoporosis." Journal of UOEH 37, no. 4 (2015): 245–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.7888/juoeh.37.245.

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LIU, Yan, and Chuanhua GU. "Interpersonal Sensitivity: From Social Cognition to Psychological Risk Factor." Advances in Psychological Science 23, no. 3 (2015): 489. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1042.2015.00489.

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DU, Rui, and Guangrong JIANG. "Suicidal Behaviors: Risk Factor, Psychological Theory and Future Research." Advances in Psychological Science 23, no. 8 (2015): 1437. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1042.2015.01437.

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Schneck, Michael J. "Is Psychological Stress a Risk Factor for Cerebrovascular Disease?" Neuroepidemiology 16, no. 4 (1997): 174–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000109684.

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Hamer, Mark, Gerard J. Molloy, and Emmanuel Stamatakis. "Psychological Distress as a Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Events." Journal of the American College of Cardiology 52, no. 25 (December 2008): 2156–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2008.08.057.

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Bikbavova, G. R., M. A. Livzan, V. I. Sovalkin, D. V. Turchaninov, and A. P. Akhramovich. "Is psychological stress a risk factor for ulcerative colitis?" Dokazatel'naya gastroenterologiya 8, no. 2 (2019): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17116/dokgastro2019802137.

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Russ, Tom C. "Psychological Distress as a Risk Factor for Dementia Death." Archives of Internal Medicine 171, no. 20 (November 14, 2011): 1859. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2011.521.

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Simpson, W. M., M. Johnston, and S. R. McEwan. "Screening for Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease: A Psychological Perspective." Scottish Medical Journal 42, no. 6 (December 1997): 178–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003693309704200606.

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The success of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor screening programmes depends heavily on good uptake rates and the extent of risk factor modification following screening. It is thus important to try to understand what affects people's decision to attend a screening appointment and their motivation to change their lifestyle, if necessary, following screening. This paper summarises three studies undertaken to describe uptake of screening and risk factor modification and to identify the psychological factors involved. The studies tookplace in two settings: a worksite mobile screening service and a city health centre screening programme. The results identified a number of sociodemographic, personal and organisational factors involved in screening behaviour which offer suggestions for effective planning of screening programmes.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Psychological risk factor"

Simpson, Wendy M. "Psychological factors predicting health behaviour : the response to risk factor screening for cardiovascular disease." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/13356.

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The two main aims of this thesis were first, to predict health behaviour and, second, to apply and test the existing psychological theories in this field. The health behaviours concerned were the responses to screening for risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Three empirical studies were carried out. The first response to screening is whether one attends or not. Results showed that uptake of screening in worksite settings (N=425) (Chapter 2) could be predicted by the health beliefs derived from social cognition models. Intention to attend was the best predictor of attendance. However, differences in predictive beliefs between worksites suggested communication factors were also an issue. Subsequently, communication factors were investigated in a study of uptake in general practice (N=210) (Chapter 4) finding that the method of offering screening affected uptake significantly. The second response to screening is the impact it has on the screenee. Results found that communication factors had little effect on screening impact in that there was little difference between three methods of offering screening in terms of their subsequent impact on patients' satisfaction, knowledge, intention or behaviour change (Chapter 4). Social cognitions, however, were found to predict impact in terms of behaviour change with a sample of attenders (N=59) at a screening clinic in general practice (Chapter 3). In the latter study, perceived threat was the best predictor of behaviour change. Four social cognition models were compared against each other in the classification of attenders and non-attenders in the Worksite study (Chapter 2). Apart from Social Learning Theory the other models performed adequately, but the Theory of Reasoned Action was the most successful. More recent theories were examined in the prediction of behaviour change following screening (Chapter 3). The data supported the stage model, the Precaution Adoption Process. The internal structure of the Health Action Process Approach was questioned, but the addition of an 'action phase' in tills model showed promise.

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Rutledge, Thomas. "Psychological response styles and cardiovascular health : confound or independent risk factor?" Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0002/NQ34622.pdf.

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Bruenig, Dagmar. "Genetic, biomarker and psychological factors for risk and resilience of PTSD." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2017. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/112180/1/Dagmar_Bruenig_Thesis.pdf.

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This thesis systematically investigated molecular risk and protective markers of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). PTSD poses a significant health and societal burden in Australia, especially in at-risk groups such as military personnel. The molecular aetiology of the disorder is poorly understood and it is unclear why many people recover quickly after trauma exposure while others continue to suffer. The thesis significantly contributes to the field of stress and resilience research by identifying novel markers for replication and adding to the knowledge-base of molecular markers for resilience, a burgeoning research field. This area of research is important to develop prevention and early intervention strategies.

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Fulton, Bethany L. "The Efficacy of the Psychosocial Risk Factor Survey in Measuring the Progress of Appalachian Cardiovascular Rehabilitation Patients." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1510933883773365.

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Adams, Tyonna P. "Effects of the Protective Factor of Religiosity and Risk Factor of Marijuana Use on Psychological Outcomes among Racially Diverse Female Survivors of Sexual Victimization." Thesis, Pepperdine University, 2019. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=13422574.

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The current study examines the utilization of religiosity as a protective factor and marijuana use as a risk factor for ethnically diverse female survivors of sexual victimization against the development of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), Irritable Depression (ID), and sexual revictimization. A sample of ethnically diverse female adult participants who endorsed sexual victimization from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R) were included in the study (n = 1115). Logistic regression analyses were used determine the probability of the predictor variables of religiosity, religious identification and marijuana use impacting the outcome variables and whether or not the moderating variable (i.e., ethnicity) changed the relationship between the predictor and outcome variables. Results suggest that individuals who endorsed higher rates of PTSD were more likely to identify with a religious organization, with Latinas experiencing significantly higher rates of PTSD as compared to the other groups. Sexual assault victims who met criteria for Marijuana Abuse or Dependence were significantly more likely to have experienced MDD than sexual assault victims who did not meet criteria. The study highlights the importance of understanding religious coping strategies utilized by ethnically diverse survivors of sexual victimization. This study also highlights implications for providing culturally congruent care. Limitations and implications are discussed.

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Arnold, Thomas K. "Confirmatory Factor Analyses of the Level of Service Inventory-Revised." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1573224799095916.

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Roehrig, Megan. "An experimental study of pro-dieting and anti-dieting psychoeducational messages : effects on immediate and short-term psychological functioning and weight control practices in college women." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2007. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0002170.

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McCubbin, Ian James. "Psychological risk factors and vulnerabilities in eating disorders." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.556149.

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Clinically significant eating disorders (EDs) are associated with significant mortality and morbidity. Despite the existent of a considerable body of research literature and published clinical guidelines, a significant proportion of individuals who received psychological therapy for Anorexia Nervosa (AN), Bulimia Nervosa (BN) and other clinically significant EDs, do not significantly improve. As consequence it is important to determine which factors may predict outcome following psychological therapy and to what extent these are in line with current models of EDs. Experimental methods have been used to explore emotional processing deficits, and also the presence of ED specific beliefs, in AN in order to enhance understanding of the cognitive and affective factors underpinning EDs. To date these experimental methods have not been used to investigate BN. The theoretical paper considers the role of psychological factors in predicting outcome for individuals with clinically significant EDs following psychological therapy and relates these to a cognitive model of AN and a cognitive model ofBN. The factors examined in the review were found to be broadly in line with what the main cognitive models would predict. The other factors found were considered in the context of the available research evidence. The empirical paper considered possible emotional processing deficits and the presence of self referential ED-specific beliefs in BN. The responses of 12 individuals with BN on a Self Schema Processing Task (SSPT) and a Facial Expression Recognition Task (FERT) were compared to the responses of a control group consisting of 12 healthy volunteers. Individuals with BN reported significantly more deficits in the expression of emotions and endorsed significantly more negative self referential words than the control groups. A pattern was observed in the reaction times in the BN group that suggested that higher levels of eating disorder psychopathology may be associated with impairment in emotional recognition. It is important that further research is carried out in order to determine the specific nature of these deficits.

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Chen, Yi-Ju. "A novel quantification of the relationship between blood sugar and stress / Y.J. Chen." Thesis, North-West University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/2633.

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Wade, Walsh Margo. "Women Receiving Genetic Counseling for Breast Cancer Risk: Cancer Worry, Psychological Distress, and Risk Recall Accuracy." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1999. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2185/.

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This follows an earlier study of the same data set, which, through its findings, presented new questions that are investigated in this study. Both studies used a prospective controlled design, wherein women receiving genetic counseling for breast cancer risk were randomized into two groups. Subjects receiving an audiotaped recording of their genetic consultation (tape group) were compared to subjects who also had a genetic consultation but did not receive an audiotaped recording of it (no-tape group). Participants were drawn from attendees at the genetic clinics of two London hospitals and included 115 women with a family history of breast cancer. Cancer worry and psychological distress were assessed before genetic consultation (baseline), and at one- and six-month follow-ups by post. Objective risk was estimated by the geneticist during the consultation, and subjective risk was assessed at one month follow-up. The goals of the current study were to investigate relationships between cancer worry, psychological distress, and recall of genetic risk for breast cancer in a sample of women receiving genetic counseling for breast cancer risk, and to investigate the role sociodemographic variables on cancer worry, psychological distress, or risk recall for these women. Results for this sample of women with a family history of breast cancer found that there were consistent relationships between cancer worry, psychological distress, objective risk, and subjective risk before and after genetic consultation. This suggests that women=s psychological responses are appropriate to their level of cancer risk. There were no differences found between the tape and no-tape groups for objective or subjective risk, or for nearness of recall accuracy or degree of under-/over-estimation. Provision of an audiotaped recording of the genetic consultation did not appear to enhance recall of risk information. The role of sociodemographic variables on the psychological and risk variables assessed in this study was very minor. Age was mildly correlated with cancer worry, and employment was predictive of cancer worry only at baseline.

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Books on the topic "Psychological risk factor"

Paul, Becker, ed. A comprehensive guide for caregivers in day-care settings: Training child care workers and parents to reduce the at-risk factor in infants and young children. Springfield, Ill: Charles C Thomas, Publisher, 1999.

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Halkitis, Perry N. Methamphetamine addiction: Biological foundations, psychological factors, and social consequences. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2009.

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A, Nelson Charles, ed. Threats to optimal development: Integrating biological, psychological, and social risk factors. Hillsdale, N.J: L. Erlbaum Associates, 1994.

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Romano, Donato, and Gianluca Stefani, eds. How safe is eating chicken? Florence: Firenze University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-109-0.

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Consumers' trust is a key factor in dealing with rising concerns about food safety and food quality, but only few studies have dealt with consumer attitudes and none of them has tried to model the process of consumer response. This book reports the main findings of an european project aimed at analysing trust along the food chain and its relationship with food risk communication. The papers collected investigate the mechanisms that determine the social diffusion of trust, examiConsumers trust is a key factor in dealing with rising concerns about food safety and food quality, but only few studies have dealt with consumer attitudes and none of them has tried to model the process of consumer response. This book reports the main findings of an european project aimed at analysing trust along the food chain and its relationship with food risk communication. The papers collected investigate the mechanisms that determine the social diffusion of trust, examining the interplay of the psychological, sociological and economic factors; and analyze the impact of the food risk communication policies on consumers and producers and on the society as a whole.ning the interplay of the psychological, sociological and economic factors; and analyze the impact of the food risk communication policies on consumers and producers and on the society as a whole.

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P, Brewster Mary, ed. Stalking: Psychology, risk factors, interventions, and law. Kingston, NJ: Civic Research Institute, 2003.

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P, Brewster Mary, ed. Stalking: Psychology, risk factors, interventions, and law. Kingston, NJ: Civic Research Institute, 2003.

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Johnson, Urban. The long term injured competitive athlete: A study of psychosocial risk factors. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International, 1997.

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1952-, Walsh Barbara, and Woods Scott 1953-, eds. The psychosis-risk syndrome: Handbook for diagnosis and follow-up. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010.

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McGlashan, Thomas H. The psychosis-risk syndrome: Handbook for diagnosis and follow-up. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.

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Schneider, Barbara. Risikofaktoren für Suizid. Regensburg: S. Roderer, 2003.

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Book chapters on the topic "Psychological risk factor"

Croyle, Robert T., and John B. Jemmott. "Psychological Reactions to Risk Factor Testing." In Mental Representation in Health and Illness, 85–107. New York, NY: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9074-9_5.

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Burdo, Jessica, Kathryn Trottier, Danielle MacDonald, and Rachel Liebman. "Psychological Trauma as a Risk Factor for Eating Disorders." In Eating Disorders, 1–15. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97416-9_30-1.

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Shekelle, R. B., S. B. Hulley, J. D. Neaton, J. Billings, N. O. Borhani, T. A. Gerace, D. Jacobs, N. Lasser, M. Mittlemark, and J. Stamler. "Type A Behavior and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial." In Biological and Psychological Factors in Cardiovascular Disease, 41–55. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71234-0_4.

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Costa, P. T. "Is Neuroticism A Risk Factor for CAD? Is Type A a Measure of Neuroticism?" In Biological and Psychological Factors in Cardiovascular Disease, 85–95. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71234-0_7.

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Kar, Sujita Kumar, and Sarvodaya Tripathy. "Risk Factors." In Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science, 1–4. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16999-6_800-1.

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Kar, Sujita Kumar, and Sarvodaya Tripathy. "Risk Factors." In Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science, 6675–79. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19650-3_800.

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Decarli, Alessandro, Blaise Pierrehumbert, André Schulz, and Claus Vögele. "Mental Health and Well-Being in Adolescence: The Role of Child Attachment and Parental Reflective Functioning." In Wohlbefinden und Gesundheit im Jugendalter, 129–49. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-35744-3_7.

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AbstractAdolescence is a sensitive developmental period, with important changes occurring at biological, cognitive, emotional and social levels. As evidenced by several studies, adolescence is also a vulnerable period for the onset of serious mental disorders, which then tend to persist into adulthood. While there is ample evidence concerning risk factors of mental disorders in adolescence, a lot less is known about protective factors: however, one important protective factor to have emerged from recent research concerns attachment security. The aim of the current paper is to explore the effects of attachment on emotion regulation (in terms of physiological reactivity), autonomy and relatedness, and behavioral problems in adolescence, and how attachment is in turn influenced by parental reflective functioning (PRF), parenting behaviors (operationalized in terms of behaviors promoting and undermining autonomy relatedness) and parenting stress (in terms of cortisol reactivity). The findings point to the potential utility of interventions aimed at enhancing attachment security, thus allowing a better psychological adjustment, and at improving PRF, especially in divorced families, given its protective effect on parenting stress and parenting behaviors.

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Nassif, Paul S., and John W. Frederick. "Psychological Risk Factors and Patient Selection." In Avoiding and Managing Complications in Cosmetic Oculofacial Surgery, 25–29. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51152-4_4.

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Eller, Eric, and Dieter Frey. "Psychological Perspectives on Perceived Safety: Social Factors of Feeling Safe." In Risk Engineering, 43–60. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11456-5_4.

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Van Os, J., I. Janssen, M. Hanssen, M. Bak, I. Myin-Germeys, M. Marcelis, R. Bijl, W. Vollebergh, and P. Delespaul. "Cognitive epidemiology: psychological and social risk mechanisms for psychosis." In Risk and Protective Factors in Schizophrenia, 39–57. Heidelberg: Steinkopff, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-57516-7_4.

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Conference papers on the topic "Psychological risk factor"

Triwidiyanti, Wiwik, R. Yusti Probowati, and Andrian Pramadi. "The Risk and Protective Factor in the Resilience Development of Indonesian Navy Soldier’s Wives." In International Conference on Psychological Studies (ICPSYCHE 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210423.049.

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Van Bossuyt, Douglas, Lucila Carvalho, Andy Dong, and Irem Y. Tumer. "On Measuring Engineering Risk Attitudes." In ASME 2011 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2011-47106.

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Theories of rational decision making hold that decision makers should select the best alternative from the available choices, but it is now well known that decision makers employ heuristics and are subject to a set of psychological biases. Risk aversion or risk seeking attitude has a framing effect and can bias the decision maker towards inaction or action. Understanding decision-makers’ attitudes to risk is thus integral to understanding how they make decisions and psychological biases that might be at play. This paper presents the Engineering-Domain-Specific Risk-Taking (E-DOSPERT) test to measure the risk aversion and risk seeking attitude that engineers have in four domains of engineering risk management: identification, analysis, evaluation and treatment. The creation of the instrument, an analysis of its reliability based on surveying undergraduate engineering students in Australia and the United States, and the validity of the four domains are discussed. The instrument is found to be statistically reliable to measure engineering risk aversion and risk seeking, and to measure engineering risk aversion and risk seeking to risk identification and risk treatment. However, factor analysis of the results suggest that four other domains may better describe the factors in engineers’ attitude to risk.

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Girardi, Damiano, Alessandro De Carlo, Laura Dal Corso, Annamaria Di Sipio, and Alessandra Falco. "RISK OF COVID-19 INFECTION AT WORK AND PSYCHO-PHYSICAL STRAIN: THE MODERATING ROLE OF NEGATIVE AFFECTIVITY." In International Psychological Applications Conference and Trends. inScience Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36315/2021inpact064.

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"The ongoing outbreak of COVID-19 is severely affecting many areas of everyday life, including family, education, and work. Hence, safety at work – both physical and psychological – plays a central role for organizations, which need to be productive while, at the same time, preserving employees' health and well-being. Building on the job demands-resources (JD-R) model applied to safety at work, in this study we proposed that the perceived risk of being infected with COVID-19 at work can be conceptualized as a job demand (i.e., a risk factor for work-related stress). We also proposed that negative affectivity (i.e., a dispositional dimension that reflects pervasive individual differences in negative emotionality and self-concept; NA) may be conceived as a personal demand, that is, an individual characteristic that hinders employees' abilities to effectively cope with their work environment. Hence, according to the health impairment process of the JD-R, in this study we hypothesized that the perceived risk of being infected at work (PRIW) is positively associated with psycho-physical strain (i.e., stress-related psycho-physical symptoms), which, in its turn, is negatively associate with employees’ job performance. We also hypothesized that NA affects the association between PRIW and psycho-physical strain, which is expected to be stronger for high-NA individuals. The study was carried out on a sample of 353 workers who completed a self-report questionnaire aimed at determining PRIW, NA, psycho-physical strain, and job performance. Data were analyzed using path analysis. Results showed that PRIW was positively associated with psycho-physical strain, which, in its turn, was negatively associate with job performance. The association between PRIW and job performance was not significant. Interestingly, NA moderated the association between PRIW and psycho-physical strain, which was stronger for high-NA individuals, and not significant for low-NA individuals. Overall, this study suggests that the JD-R can be successfully applied to safety at work during the ongoing outbreak of COVID-19. In line with the JD-R, PRIW (a job demand) was negative associated with workers' health and job performance, although indirectly in the latter case. Moreover, NA (a personal demand) exacerbated the association between PRIW and psycho-physical strain. From a practical standpoint, this study suggests that organizations should provide workers with adequate job resources to manage the risk of infection and achieve their objectives safely (i.e., primary prevention). Furthermore, in terms of secondary prevention, interventions could help high-NA employees to develop skills to cope effectively with the risk of infection at work."

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Greškovičová, Katarína, Barbora Zdechovanová, and Rebeka Farkašová. "PSYCHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE SLOVAK VERSION OF THE POSTPARTUM BONDING QUESTIONNAIRE FOR NON-CLINICAL SAMPLE." In International Psychological Applications Conference and Trends. inScience Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36315/2021inpact058.

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"Bonding represents an emotional tie that one experiences towards one´s own child. There are several instruments to measure the level and quality of bonding. Among them we chose and translated the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire by Brockington et al. (2001) into Slovak language. The aim of this study was to analyse its psychometric qualities. Our non-clinical sample consisted of women (N= 372) 18 and 44 years (M= 29.74; SD= 5.25) who recently gave birth in Slovakian hospitals. Data collection was carried out from September 2015 until March 2018. Participants filled the Postpartum bonding questionnaire by Brockington et al. (2001) and some of them other three tools: Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale by Cox, Holgen and Sagovsky (1987), Depression Anxiety Stress scale-42 (Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995) and Parental Stress Scale (Berry & Jones, 1995). The distributions of the items of the bonding were mostly skewed and leptokurtic. Internal consistency is high for the overall Lack of Bonding (?= .897) and varies in factors- ?= .820 for Impaired Bonding, ?= .779 for Rejection and Anger, ?= .506 for Anxiety about Care and ?= .321 for Risk of Abuse. In order to prove convergent validity, we correlated overall Lack of Bonding with depression (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, rs= .251, Depression Anxiety Stress scale-42 depression rs=.404; n=79), stress and anxiety (Depression Anxiety Stress scale-42, stress rs=.392; anxiety rs=.496; n=79) and parental stress (Parental Stress Scale score; rs= .674, n=99). We did not confirm original factor structure via confirmatory factor analysis using principal axis factoring with oblimine rotation. Then, we used principal component analysis with varimax rotation method to reduce the items. 6 components were extracted. Component 1 was comprised of 15 items that explained 35,6 % of the variance with loadings from .306 to .733. Hence, we proposed new item-structure for the Slovak PBQ. We concluded that the Slovak version of the PBQ proved to have good overall reliability. We found evidences for the convergent validity with parental stress, anxiety, stress, and partly depression, because there were two different results. We also suggest creating a shorter version based on the analysis. Among limits we can see tools used for validity evidence and sample without participants for clinical population. We advise to use the Slovak version of the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire as a tool to measure bonding in a research context and to use overall summary index (Lack of Bonding) instead of factors."

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Timashev, Sviatoslav A. "Human Factor in the Life Cycle and Safety of Machines and Pipelines." In ASME 2003 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2003-1919.

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The paper is an overview (using references listed below) and describes the main components, means and methods of a holistic and quantitative human reliability analysis (QHRA) using quantitative values of human error when performing Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) and Event Tree Analysis (ETA). It also deals with qualitative assessment of the influence of the human factor (HF) reliability on safety and risk analysis of potentially dangerous man-machine-structures-environment systems (PDMMSES). Qualitative risk analysis of such man-machine-structures-environment (MMSE) systems is based on using the event-decision technique in combination with a generalized socio-psychological model of the decision making person (DMP). Three types of DMP’s are considered: members of maintenance/repair crews, diagnosticians and different rank DMP’s that operate or own the PDMMSES.

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Bozhchenko, Alexandr, and Vitaliy Yakushev. "Medical-forensic risk assessment of delinquency based on dermatoglyphic research method: opportunities and prospects." In Issues of determining the severity of harm caused to human health as a result of the impact of a biological factor. ru: Publishing Center RIOR, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/conferencearticle_63a2c2a1a70d34.70678808.

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Morphogenetic markers of predisposition to delinquent behavior are considered in the article on the example of congenital signs of papillary patterns of fingers. To do this, the fingerprints of 100 serial killers who committed crimes on a sexual basis and 100 law-abiding citizens were analyzed. According to the results of the study, informative combinations of pattern types were found, which are statistically more common in the group of people who committed serial murders. The similarity of a number of established dermatoglyphic markers of serial killers with dermatoglyphics observed in congenital diseases and diseases with hereditary predisposition is shown. The obtained results are proposed to be used in the system of a comprehensive assessment of the risk of delinquency in the person being checked and the formation of a psychological portrait of the criminal.

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Hoidrag, Traian. "Partnership between educational institution, family and community for the recovery of adolescents with addictive behaviors." In Condiții pedagogice de optimizare a învățării în post criză pandemică prin prisma dezvoltării gândirii științifice. "Ion Creanga" State Pedagogical University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46728/c.18-06-2021.p235-242.

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Consumption of psychoactive substances and other addictive behaviors is a risk factor that can disrupt the good somatic, psychological, social and educational development of adolescents. The fact that many adolescents consume tobacco, alcohol, cannabis or other substances, and a significant number of them end up being diagnosed with substance use disorder and other associated disorders, requires multiple human, financial and material resources and special attention from specialists. involved in reducing the demand and supply of drugs. Addiction treatment is a complex issue, requiring a multidisciplinary approach and long-term co-optation of representatives of educational institutions, adolescents and members of local communities in which various prevention or medical, psychological or social assistance programs are carried out. Cooperation is very important for the efficient use of resources available to each party involved in the process of recovering those affected by addictive behaviors, raising awareness of the risks of continued substance use, reducing stigma, conducting interventions to meet the needs of beneficiaries, families them and the members of the community in which they live, the diversification of support services, the provision of continuous psychosocial support and the reintegration of adolescents into the family, social and educational environment.

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Sunnatova, R. I., M. O. Mdivani, and E. V. Lidskaya. "Personal resource as a factor of deviant behaviour prevention among students of digital generation." In INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL ONLINE CONFERENCE. Знание-М, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.38006/907345-50-8.2020.264.276.

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The history of students’ deviant behavior problem and studying different aspects of this phenomenon is defined by ambiguous understanding of the phenomenon occurrence nature. Widespread digitalization of educational environment and social life introduces new factors determining the behavior of modern adolescents. A promising approach to solving a number of research and practical problems in preventing deviant behavior among adolescents may consider the possibility of identifying a personal resource as a factor of preventing violations in adolescent behavior. The study involved 402 students from Moscow school. It revealed negative connotations in self-confidence and obsession with computer games, browsing social networks (Spearman’s correlation coefficient — .583), as well as with volitional control of emotional reactions — .598. A significant correlation was also found between teenagers’ dissatisfaction with significant adults’ attitude and obsession with computer games, browsing social networks: problems with teachers — Spearman’s correlation coefficient .458 and, accordingly, dissatisfaction with family relationship .431. All correlations are significant at the level of 0.01. Generally, the analysis results allow us to state that the questionnaire being developed can be useful both to identify the adolescent’s personal resource that enforce normative behavior and to identify deviant behavior risk predictors for students in grades 7–11. It can also be used as a tool for targeted planning in psychological and pedagogical support aimed at leveling various behavior violations and intrapersonal destructive states of adolescents.

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Lisá, Dominika, and Andrea Bánovčinová. "IDENTIFYING FACTORS OF INCIDENCE OF VIOLENCE IN FAMILIES BY WORKERS FROM DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL AND LEGAL PROTECTION." In NORDSCI International Conference Proceedings. Saima Consult Ltd, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/nordsci2019/b1/v2/29.

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Abuse of children is considered one of the most serious socio-pathological phenomenon that can occur in families. The first indicators of child abuse can be information from doctors, data from teachers, or police notifications. By analyzing several sources, it has been found that no exists only one factor that would have result in child abuse. It is a complex phenomenon that can be caused by a combination of biological, social, cultural economic or environmental factors. The aim of our research was to identify risk factors which workers from the Department of Social and Legal Protection of Children and Social Curatorship observe in families where child abuse is reported. The research has been conducted using a qualitative research strategy. The interview has been used in order to collect the data. The survey sample consisted from 11 workers from the Department of Social and Legal Protection of Children and Social Curatorship by Local Labour Office, Social Affairs and Family. The results show that there are several risk factors present in families where child abuse is present. As the most serious factors, participants have identified lower mental levels of parents, lack of parenting skills. As an important factor in terms of practice, it seems to be also the presence of violence in the family of origin. As our participants have pointed out the cultural context of the family has a great impact on the perception of violence by family members. On the basis of the findings, work not only with the child but also with the whole family is necessary. Prevention has an irreplaceable place here, not only at the primary or secondary level but especially at tertiary level. For effective prevention of child abuse is consistent identification of risk factors. As a deficiency, we perceive that in the Slovak environment there are no standardized methods of neglect assessment that would be used in the practical exercise of social and legal protection of children. In the context of tertiary prevention, it is necessary to focus on preventing the relapse of abuse and preventing further abuse and the development of long-term health psychological and social consequences.

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Stanciu, Ionutdorin. "ARE CURRENT MODELS OF TECHNOLOGY ACCEPTANCE EXPLANATORY ENOUGH? AN ANALYSIS OF POTENTIALLY UNDEREXPLOITED PSYCHOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF TECHNOLOGY ACCEPTANCE." In eLSE 2017. Carol I National Defence University Publishing House, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-17-172.

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Technology becomes increasingly more pervasive in our lives. Therefore, a lot of research interests were invested into uncovering which factors influence technology’s acceptance by the to-be or intended user. Amongst many others, social media has become a vehicle and a medium not only for transmission of information but for the construction of knowledge, and even for learning as well. To date, the most prominent models to date with respect to technology acceptance (TAMs) are Venkatesh and colleagues’ models, based on their Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology, and Lowry and colleagues’ Hedonic-Motivation System Adoption Model. Both models have their most recent versions developed in the 2010s and both incorporate the most relevant theories and models up to them. However, both models are based and justified on structural equation modelling, which can be a very unforgiving technique with respect to the inclusion of constructs of influence, due to the procedures required by the factor analysis for establishing convergent and discriminant validity. As such, many constructs which are relevant and that can serve to increase the explanatory powers of the above mentioned models, are treated superficially or even overlooked in the study of technology acceptance. One particular example of shortcomings of TAMs is their departure from a number of psychological constructs such as the users’ evaluative processes with respect to safety, risk and security, need for connectedness, user self-objectification, users’ perceived similarity with others, etc. Our paper presents a literature review to date and exposes constructs that, while not explicitly included in, or taken into consideration by the above-mentioned models, were revealed as having a good potential in explaining the technology acceptance and even to expand the explanatory power of the currently preeminent models.

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Reports on the topic "Psychological risk factor"

Великодна, Мар’яна Сергіївна. Psychoanalytic Study on Psychological Features of Young Men «Millionaires» in Modern Provincial Ukraine. Theory and Practice of Modern Psychology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/3873.

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The article is based on three cases of private psychoanalytic work with successful businessmen from central and northern parts of Ukraine. The research methodology was psychoanalytic theories devoted to the unconscious meanings of money and the role of money in the psychoanalytic setting, including object theory, drive theory, psychosexual development theory, narcissism theory, Oedipus complex, transference and resistance. What presents the interest of this study are the cases when those who grew up in poverty finally obtains such a desired object — money, wealth, however, something unconscious hinders this person to get satisfied by it and even to admit obtaining it. The presented clinical work was conducted as classic psychoanalysis in person with different duration: 5, 10 and 46 months. Men were asked to tell whatever comes to mind: thoughts, memories, dreams, phantasies, feelings etc. The role of psychoanalyst was to hear specific connections between patient’s stories and to analyze them together with the patient. The cases presented highlight several psychological features of young men «millionaires» who suffer from their own success. 1. Sensitivity to Father’s (real or symbolic) acceptance of their business and financial success. 2. Activation of unconscious Oedipus complex and Complex of castration because of the risk to dethrone the Father in reality, with experiences of guilt, fear and expectation of punishment. 3. Projection of their own envy, hate, wish to avenge and killing phantasies into external objects (friends, partners, psychoanalyst) with building individual defensive strategies from them. These psychological features were associated not only with suffering and psychopathological symptoms but also with impossibility to continue business development. In addition, the cases analyzed in the article show some difficulties in building business connected with the generations gap. Fathers from the USSR or the 90s teach their sons to act in the way that is not relevant for successful careers nowadays. This latent or manifested struggle between generations may be an important factor in abovementioned psychological features.

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Travis, Amanda, Margaret Harvey, and Michelle Rickard. Adverse Childhood Experiences and Urinary Incontinence in Elementary School Aged Children. University of Tennessee Health Science Center, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21007/con.dnp.2021.0012.

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Purpose/Background: Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) have an impact on health throughout the lifespan (Filletti et al., 1999; Hughes et al., 2017). These experiences range from physical and mental abuse, substance abuse in the home, parental separation or loss, financial instability, acute illness or injury, witnessing violence in the home or community, and incarceration of family members (Hughes et al., 2017). Understanding and screening for ACEs in children with urinary incontinence can help practitioners identify psychological stress as a potentially modifiable risk factor. Methods: A 5-month chart review was performed identifying English speaking patients ages 6-11 years presenting to the outpatient urology office for an initial visit with a primary diagnosis of urinary incontinence. Charts were reviewed for documentation of individual or family risk factors for ACEs exposure, community risk factors for ACEs exposures, and records where no related documentation was included. Results: For the thirty-nine patients identified, no community risk factors were noted in the charts. Seventy-nine percent of patients had one or more individual or family risk factors documented. Implications for Nursing Practice This chart review indicates that a significant percentage of pediatric, school-aged patients presenting with urinary incontinence have exposure to ACEs. A formal assessment for ACEs at the time of initial presentation would be helpful to identify those at highest risk. References: Felitti VJ, Anda RF, Nordenberg D, Williamson DF, Spitz AM, Edwards V, Koss MP, Marks JS. Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: the adverse childhood experiences (ACE) study. Am J Prev Med. 1998;14:245–258 Hughes, K., Bellis, M.A., Hardcastle, K.A., Sethi, D., Butchart, D., Mikton, C., Jones, L., Dunne, M.P. (2017) The effect of multiple adverse childhood experiences on health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Public Health, 2(8): e356–e366. Published online 2017 Jul 31.doi: 10.1016/S2468-2667(17)30118-4 Lai, H., Gardner, V., Vetter, J., & Andriole, G. L. (2015). Correlation between psychological stress levels and the severity of overactive bladder symptoms. BMC urology, 15, 14. doi:10.1186/s12894-015-0009-6

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Tian, Yichang, Hu Deng, Zhimin Xin, Xueqian Zhang, and Xiaokui Yang. Premature ovarian insufficiency is associated with increased risk of depression, anxiety and poor life quality: a meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2023.1.0020.

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Review question / Objective: A meta-analysis of cross-sectional, case-control and cohort studies (S) was conducted to explore whether women with POI/POF (P) could increase risk of depression, anxiety, and poor quality of life (O). Intervention studies (I) are eligible only if pre-intervention data were available(I) and the comparator(C) of this meta-analysis was people who do not suffer from POI (age-matched). Condition being studied: Several studies have been conducted to show that POI affects the quality of life of patients, of which psychological and psychosocial factors cannot be ignored as a part. Most studies have shown that POI patients are more prone to negative emotions such as depression and anxiety than normal people, but some studies have also shown that normal POI patients are psychologically indistinguishable from normal people. Therefore, meta-analysis is needed to determine the effect of POI on psychological factors and to better guide the clinical treatment plan.

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Ala, Sílvia, Francisco Ramos, and Inês Relva. Psychological impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on the mental health of university students - PRISMA Systematic Review. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2023.1.0006.

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Review question / Objective: Our goal will be to assess the impact on mental health of university students by comparing data from studies during and after contingency measures imposed to contain the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus and to identify potential risk and protective factors for mental health. The results will be important for designing appropriate psychological interventions and mental health resources needed by university students. The research question was constructed following the PECO strategy. P=Population includes university students. E= exposure comprises contingency measures (confinement/social isolation/quarantine). C= comparison of studies conducted during and after the contingency measures (confinement/social isolation/quarantine) imposed by the pandemic of COVID-19. O= outcome immediate effect or consequences such as psychological impacts (depression, stress, anxiety, well-being, fear, burnout). Thus, the main question to be asked is: "What is the psychological impact caused by the Sars-Cov-2 pandemic on students' mental health during and after the contingency/restriction measures (confinement/social isolation/quarantine)?"

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Rancans, Elmars, Jelena Vrublevska, Ilana Aleskere, Baiba Rezgale, and Anna Sibalova. Mental health and associated factors in the general population of Latvia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Rīga Stradiņš University, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25143/fk2/0mqsi9.

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Description The goal of the study was to assess mental health, socio-psychological and behavioural aspects in the representative sample of Latvian general population in online survey, and to identify vulnerable groups during COVID-19 pandemic and develop future recommendations. The study was carried out from 6 to 27 July 2020 and was attributable to the period of emergency state from 11 March to 10 June 2020. The protocol included demographic data and also data pertaining to general health, previous self-reported psychiatric history, symptoms of anxiety, clinically significant depression and suicidality, as well as a quality of sleep, sex, family relationships, finance, eating and exercising and religion/spirituality, and their changes during the pandemic. The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale was used to determine the presence of distress or depression, the Risk Assessment of Suicidality Scale was used to assess suicidal behaviour, current symptoms of anxiety were assessed by the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory form Y. (2021-02-04) Subject Medicine, Health and Life Sciences Keyword: COVID19, pandemic, depression, anxiety, suicidality, mental health, Latvia

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Yentis, S. M., K. Asanati, C. R. Bailey, R. Hampton, I. Hobson, K. Hodgson, S. Leiffer, S. Pattani, and K. Walker-Bone. Better musculoskeletal health for anaesthetists. Association of Anaesthetists, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21466/g.bmhfa.2021.

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3Association of Anaesthetists | Better musculoskeletal health for anaesthetistsSummaryWork-related musculoskeletal disorders are very common amongst healthcare workers, and there is evidence that anaesthetists are at greater risk of upper limb disorders than other groups. This guidance aims to bring together advice and recommendations from a variety of sources in order to inform and support anaesthetists at work, in an attempt to reduce the prevalence and severity of work-related musculoskeletal disorders and the exacerbation of pre-existing disorders. Mechanical and psychosocial risk factors for work-associated musculoskeletal disorders are summarised, along with general principles for achieving better musculoskeletal health and practices specific to areas of the body most at risk. These include recommended exercises and stretches during sedentary work.RecommendationsAttention must be paid by both employers and anaesthetists to the physical and psychological risk factors that may lead to development and/or exacerbation of musculoskeletal disorders. This requires ongoing risk assessments and adherence to published standards of health and safety at work, including training. Such a programme is best achieved as part of a multidisciplinary approach.What other guidelines are available on this topic? There are many sources of guidance on health and safety in the workplace, across many sectors, much of which is of relevance to anaesthetists. There is no readily accessible guidance specifically aimed at the anaesthetic workplace.Why was this guideline developed?This guidance was developed as part of a wider piece of work by the Association of Anaesthetists based around ergonomics of the anaesthetic workplace, as a result of the increased reported incidence of musculoskeletal disorders amongst anaesthetists. It aims to draw on existing guidance and present a summary of advice relevant to anaesthetists and their practice.How and why does this publication differ from existing guidelines?This guidance summarises other advice and recommendations, and focuses on factors relevant to the anaesthetic workplace

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Krhutová, Lenka, Petr Šaloun, Kamila Vondroušová, Marcela Dabrowská, Zdeněk Velart, David Andrešič, and Miroslav Paulíček. Výzkum a vývoj podpůrných sítí a informačních systémů pro neformální pečující o osoby po cévních mozkových příhodách. Ostravská univerzita, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15452/vsouhrntacr.2021.

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The summary research report describes and summarizes the goals, course and results of the TAČR–VISNEP project. The aim of the experimental development project was to create an information system (IS) for informal carers (ICs) for a person after stroke using modern information technologies in the technical and non-technical spheres of research. IS will allow users to obtain relevant, timely and interconnected information on support networks to prevent their possible social isolation and exclusion, physical and psychological exhaustion, health disorders and other risk factors in their difficult life situation. The purpose of IS is to contribute to improved awareness of ICs support systems across other long-term care providers, in particular public administration, general practitioners etc. The intent of the project was to create and verify a pilot model of IS in Moravian-Silesian Region, which can subsequently be applied in other regions and / or other target ICs groups. The presented results of the project are based on data obtained by research procedures of qualitative and quantitative methodology in the process of agile software development.

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Stall, Nathan M., Kevin A. Brown, Antonina Maltsev, Aaron Jones, Andrew P. Costa, Vanessa Allen, Adalsteinn D. Brown, et al. COVID-19 and Ontario’s Long-Term Care Homes. Ontario COVID-19 Science Advisory Table, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47326/ocsat.2021.02.07.1.0.

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Key Message Ontario long-term care (LTC) home residents have experienced disproportionately high morbidity and mortality, both from COVID-19 and from the conditions associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. There are several measures that could be effective in preventing COVID-19 outbreaks, hospitalizations, and deaths in Ontario’s LTC homes, if implemented. First, temporary staffing could be minimized by improving staff working conditions. Second, homes could be further decrowded by a continued disallowance of three- and four-resident rooms and additional temporary housing for the most crowded homes. Third, the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in staff could be minimized by approaches that reduce the risk of transmission in communities with a high burden of COVID-19. Summary Background The Province of Ontario has 626 licensed LTC homes and 77,257 long-stay beds; 58% of homes are privately owned, 24% are non-profit/charitable, 16% are municipal. LTC homes were strongly affected during Ontario’s first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic. Questions What do we know about the first and second waves of COVID-19 in Ontario LTC homes? Which risk factors are associated with COVID-19 outbreaks in Ontario LTC homes and the extent and death rates associated with outbreaks? What has been the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the general health and wellbeing of LTC residents? How has the existing Ontario evidence on COVID-19 in LTC settings been used to support public health interventions and policy changes in these settings? What are the further measures that could be effective in preventing COVID-19 outbreaks, hospitalizations, and deaths in Ontario’s LTC homes? Findings As of January 14, 2021, a total of 3,211 Ontario LTC home residents have died of COVID-19, totaling 60.7% of all 5,289 COVID-19 deaths in Ontario to date. There have now been more cumulative LTC home outbreaks during the second wave as compared with the first wave. The infection and death rates among LTC residents have been lower during the second wave, as compared with the first wave, and a greater number of LTC outbreaks have involved only staff infections. The growth rate of SARS-CoV-2 infections among LTC residents was slower during the first two months of the second wave in September and October 2020, as compared with the first wave. However, the growth rate after the two-month mark is comparatively faster during the second wave. The majority of second wave infections and deaths in LTC homes have occurred between December 1, 2020, and January 14, 2021 (most recent date of data extraction prior to publication). This highlights the recent intensification of the COVID-19 pandemic in LTC homes that has mirrored the recent increase in community transmission of SARS-CoV-2 across Ontario. Evidence from Ontario demonstrates that the risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks and subsequent deaths in LTC are distinct from the risk factors for outbreaks and deaths in the community (Figure 1). The most important risk factors for whether a LTC home will experience an outbreak is the daily incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infections in the communities surrounding the home and the occurrence of staff infections. The most important risk factors for the magnitude of an outbreak and the number of resulting resident deaths are older design, chain ownership, and crowding. Figure 1. Anatomy of Outbreaks and Spread of COVID-19 in LTC Homes and Among Residents Figure from Peter Hamilton, personal communication. Many Ontario LTC home residents have experienced severe and potentially irreversible physical, cognitive, psychological, and functional declines as a result of precautionary public health interventions imposed on homes, such as limiting access to general visitors and essential caregivers, resident absences, and group activities. There has also been an increase in the prescribing of psychoactive drugs to Ontario LTC residents. The accumulating evidence on COVID-19 in Ontario’s LTC homes has been leveraged in several ways to support public health interventions and policy during the pandemic. Ontario evidence showed that SARS-CoV-2 infections among LTC staff was associated with subsequent COVID-19 deaths among LTC residents, which motivated a public order to restrict LTC staff from working in more than one LTC home in the first wave. Emerging Ontario evidence on risk factors for LTC home outbreaks and deaths has been incorporated into provincial pandemic surveillance tools. Public health directives now attempt to limit crowding in LTC homes by restricting occupancy to two residents per room. The LTC visitor policy was also revised to designate a maximum of two essential caregivers who can visit residents without time limits, including when a home is experiencing an outbreak. Several further measures could be effective in preventing COVID-19 outbreaks, hospitalizations, and deaths in Ontario’s LTC homes. First, temporary staffing could be minimized by improving staff working conditions. Second, the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in staff could be minimized by measures that reduce the risk of transmission in communities with a high burden of COVID-19. Third, LTC homes could be further decrowded by a continued disallowance of three- and four-resident rooms and additional temporary housing for the most crowded homes. Other important issues include improved prevention and detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection in LTC staff, enhanced infection prevention and control (IPAC) capacity within the LTC homes, a more balanced and nuanced approach to public health measures and IPAC strategies in LTC homes, strategies to promote vaccine acceptance amongst residents and staff, and further improving data collection on LTC homes, residents, staff, visitors and essential caregivers for the duration of the COVID-19 pandemic. Interpretation Comparisons of the first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in the LTC setting reveal improvement in some but not all epidemiological indicators. Despite this, the second wave is now intensifying within LTC homes and without action we will likely experience a substantial additional loss of life before the widespread administration and time-dependent maximal effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines. The predictors of outbreaks, the spread of infection, and deaths in Ontario’s LTC homes are well documented and have remained unchanged between the first and the second wave. Some of the evidence on COVID-19 in Ontario’s LTC homes has been effectively leveraged to support public health interventions and policies. Several further measures, if implemented, have the potential to prevent additional LTC home COVID-19 outbreaks and deaths.

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Rankin, Nicole, Deborah McGregor, Candice Donnelly, Bethany Van Dort, Richard De Abreu Lourenco, Anne Cust, and Emily Stone. Lung cancer screening using low-dose computed tomography for high risk populations: Investigating effectiveness and screening program implementation considerations: An Evidence Check rapid review brokered by the Sax Institute (www.saxinstitute.org.au) for the Cancer Institute NSW. The Sax Institute, October 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.57022/clzt5093.

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Background Lung cancer is the number one cause of cancer death worldwide.(1) It is the fifth most commonly diagnosed cancer in Australia (12,741 cases diagnosed in 2018) and the leading cause of cancer death.(2) The number of years of potential life lost to lung cancer in Australia is estimated to be 58,450, similar to that of colorectal and breast cancer combined.(3) While tobacco control strategies are most effective for disease prevention in the general population, early detection via low dose computed tomography (LDCT) screening in high-risk populations is a viable option for detecting asymptomatic disease in current (13%) and former (24%) Australian smokers.(4) The purpose of this Evidence Check review is to identify and analyse existing and emerging evidence for LDCT lung cancer screening in high-risk individuals to guide future program and policy planning. Evidence Check questions This review aimed to address the following questions: 1. What is the evidence for the effectiveness of lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? 2. What is the evidence of potential harms from lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? 3. What are the main components of recent major lung cancer screening programs or trials? 4. What is the cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening programs (include studies of cost–utility)? Summary of methods The authors searched the peer-reviewed literature across three databases (MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Embase) for existing systematic reviews and original studies published between 1 January 2009 and 8 August 2019. Fifteen systematic reviews (of which 8 were contemporary) and 64 original publications met the inclusion criteria set across the four questions. Key findings Question 1: What is the evidence for the effectiveness of lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? There is sufficient evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analyses of combined (pooled) data from screening trials (of high-risk individuals) to indicate that LDCT examination is clinically effective in reducing lung cancer mortality. In 2011, the landmark National Lung Cancer Screening Trial (NLST, a large-scale randomised controlled trial [RCT] conducted in the US) reported a 20% (95% CI 6.8% – 26.7%; P=0.004) relative reduction in mortality among long-term heavy smokers over three rounds of annual screening. High-risk eligibility criteria was defined as people aged 55–74 years with a smoking history of ≥30 pack-years (years in which a smoker has consumed 20-plus cigarettes each day) and, for former smokers, ≥30 pack-years and have quit within the past 15 years.(5) All-cause mortality was reduced by 6.7% (95% CI, 1.2% – 13.6%; P=0.02). Initial data from the second landmark RCT, the NEderlands-Leuvens Longkanker Screenings ONderzoek (known as the NELSON trial), have found an even greater reduction of 26% (95% CI, 9% – 41%) in lung cancer mortality, with full trial results yet to be published.(6, 7) Pooled analyses, including several smaller-scale European LDCT screening trials insufficiently powered in their own right, collectively demonstrate a statistically significant reduction in lung cancer mortality (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.73–0.91).(8) Despite the reduction in all-cause mortality found in the NLST, pooled analyses of seven trials found no statistically significant difference in all-cause mortality (RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.90–1.00).(8) However, cancer-specific mortality is currently the most relevant outcome in cancer screening trials. These seven trials demonstrated a significantly greater proportion of early stage cancers in LDCT groups compared with controls (RR 2.08, 95% CI 1.43–3.03). Thus, when considering results across mortality outcomes and early stage cancers diagnosed, LDCT screening is considered to be clinically effective. Question 2: What is the evidence of potential harms from lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? The harms of LDCT lung cancer screening include false positive tests and the consequences of unnecessary invasive follow-up procedures for conditions that are eventually diagnosed as benign. While LDCT screening leads to an increased frequency of invasive procedures, it does not result in greater mortality soon after an invasive procedure (in trial settings when compared with the control arm).(8) Overdiagnosis, exposure to radiation, psychological distress and an impact on quality of life are other known harms. Systematic review evidence indicates the benefits of LDCT screening are likely to outweigh the harms. The potential harms are likely to be reduced as refinements are made to LDCT screening protocols through: i) the application of risk predication models (e.g. the PLCOm2012), which enable a more accurate selection of the high-risk population through the use of specific criteria (beyond age and smoking history); ii) the use of nodule management algorithms (e.g. Lung-RADS, PanCan), which assist in the diagnostic evaluation of screen-detected nodules and cancers (e.g. more precise volumetric assessment of nodules); and, iii) more judicious selection of patients for invasive procedures. Recent evidence suggests a positive LDCT result may transiently increase psychological distress but does not have long-term adverse effects on psychological distress or health-related quality of life (HRQoL). With regards to smoking cessation, there is no evidence to suggest screening participation invokes a false sense of assurance in smokers, nor a reduction in motivation to quit. The NELSON and Danish trials found no difference in smoking cessation rates between LDCT screening and control groups. Higher net cessation rates, compared with general population, suggest those who participate in screening trials may already be motivated to quit. Question 3: What are the main components of recent major lung cancer screening programs or trials? There are no systematic reviews that capture the main components of recent major lung cancer screening trials and programs. We extracted evidence from original studies and clinical guidance documents and organised this into key groups to form a concise set of components for potential implementation of a national lung cancer screening program in Australia: 1. Identifying the high-risk population: recruitment, eligibility, selection and referral 2. Educating the public, people at high risk and healthcare providers; this includes creating awareness of lung cancer, the benefits and harms of LDCT screening, and shared decision-making 3. Components necessary for health services to deliver a screening program: a. Planning phase: e.g. human resources to coordinate the program, electronic data systems that integrate medical records information and link to an established national registry b. Implementation phase: e.g. human and technological resources required to conduct LDCT examinations, interpretation of reports and communication of results to participants c. Monitoring and evaluation phase: e.g. monitoring outcomes across patients, radiological reporting, compliance with established standards and a quality assurance program 4. Data reporting and research, e.g. audit and feedback to multidisciplinary teams, reporting outcomes to enhance international research into LDCT screening 5. Incorporation of smoking cessation interventions, e.g. specific programs designed for LDCT screening or referral to existing community or hospital-based services that deliver cessation interventions. Most original studies are single-institution evaluations that contain descriptive data about the processes required to establish and implement a high-risk population-based screening program. Across all studies there is a consistent message as to the challenges and complexities of establishing LDCT screening programs to attract people at high risk who will receive the greatest benefits from participation. With regards to smoking cessation, evidence from one systematic review indicates the optimal strategy for incorporating smoking cessation interventions into a LDCT screening program is unclear. There is widespread agreement that LDCT screening attendance presents a ‘teachable moment’ for cessation advice, especially among those people who receive a positive scan result. Smoking cessation is an area of significant research investment; for instance, eight US-based clinical trials are now underway that aim to address how best to design and deliver cessation programs within large-scale LDCT screening programs.(9) Question 4: What is the cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening programs (include studies of cost–utility)? Assessing the value or cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening involves a complex interplay of factors including data on effectiveness and costs, and institutional context. A key input is data about the effectiveness of potential and current screening programs with respect to case detection, and the likely outcomes of treating those cases sooner (in the presence of LDCT screening) as opposed to later (in the absence of LDCT screening). Evidence about the cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening programs has been summarised in two systematic reviews. We identified a further 13 studies—five modelling studies, one discrete choice experiment and seven articles—that used a variety of methods to assess cost-effectiveness. Three modelling studies indicated LDCT screening was cost-effective in the settings of the US and Europe. Two studies—one from Australia and one from New Zealand—reported LDCT screening would not be cost-effective using NLST-like protocols. We anticipate that, following the full publication of the NELSON trial, cost-effectiveness studies will likely be updated with new data that reduce uncertainty about factors that influence modelling outcomes, including the findings of indeterminate nodules. Gaps in the evidence There is a large and accessible body of evidence as to the effectiveness (Q1) and harms (Q2) of LDCT screening for lung cancer. Nevertheless, there are significant gaps in the evidence about the program components that are required to implement an effective LDCT screening program (Q3). Questions about LDCT screening acceptability and feasibility were not explicitly included in the scope. However, as the evidence is based primarily on US programs and UK pilot studies, the relevance to the local setting requires careful consideration. The Queensland Lung Cancer Screening Study provides feasibility data about clinical aspects of LDCT screening but little about program design. The International Lung Screening Trial is still in the recruitment phase and findings are not yet available for inclusion in this Evidence Check. The Australian Population Based Screening Framework was developed to “inform decision-makers on the key issues to be considered when assessing potential screening programs in Australia”.(10) As the Framework is specific to population-based, rather than high-risk, screening programs, there is a lack of clarity about transferability of criteria. However, the Framework criteria do stipulate that a screening program must be acceptable to “important subgroups such as target participants who are from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, people from disadvantaged groups and people with a disability”.(10) An extensive search of the literature highlighted that there is very little information about the acceptability of LDCT screening to these population groups in Australia. Yet they are part of the high-risk population.(10) There are also considerable gaps in the evidence about the cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening in different settings, including Australia. The evidence base in this area is rapidly evolving and is likely to include new data from the NELSON trial and incorporate data about the costs of targeted- and immuno-therapies as these treatments become more widely available in Australia.

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Drury, J., S. Arias, T. Au-Yeung, D. Barr, L. Bell, T. Butler, H. Carter, et al. Public behaviour in response to perceived hostile threats: an evidence base and guide for practitioners and policymakers. University of Sussex, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.20919/vjvt7448.

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Background: Public behaviour and the new hostile threats • Civil contingencies planning and preparedness for hostile threats requires accurate and up to date knowledge about how the public might behave in relation to such incidents. Inaccurate understandings of public behaviour can lead to dangerous and counterproductive practices and policies. • There is consistent evidence across both hostile threats and other kinds of emergencies and disasters that significant numbers of those affected give each other support, cooperate, and otherwise interact socially within the incident itself. • In emergency incidents, competition among those affected occurs in only limited situations, and loss of behavioural control is rare. • Spontaneous cooperation among the public in emergency incidents, based on either social capital or emergent social identity, is a crucial part of civil contingencies planning. • There has been relatively little research on public behaviour in response to the new hostile threats of the past ten years, however. • The programme of work summarized in this briefing document came about in response to a wave of false alarm flight incidents in the 2010s, linked to the new hostile threats (i.e., marauding terrorist attacks). • By using a combination of archive data for incidents in Great Britain 2010-2019, interviews, video data analysis, and controlled experiments using virtual reality technology, we were able to examine experiences, measure behaviour, and test hypotheses about underlying psychological mechanisms in both false alarms and public interventions against a hostile threat. Re-visiting the relationship between false alarms and crowd disasters • The Bethnal Green tube disaster of 1943, in which 173 people died, has historically been used to suggest that (mis)perceived hostile threats can lead to uncontrolled ‘stampedes’. • Re-analysis of witness statements suggests that public fears of Germany bombs were realistic rather than unreasonable, and that flight behaviour was socially structured rather than uncontrolled. • Evidence for a causal link between the flight of the crowd and the fatal crowd collapse is weak at best. • Altogether, the analysis suggests the importance of examining people’s beliefs about context to understand when they might interpret ambiguous signals as a hostile threat, and that. Tthe concepts of norms and relationships offer better ways to explain such incidents than ‘mass panic’. Why false alarms occur • The wider context of terrorist threat provides a framing for the public’s perception of signals as evidence of hostile threats. In particular, the magnitude of recent psychologically relevant terrorist attacks predicts likelihood of false alarm flight incidents. • False alarms in Great Britain are more likely to occur in those towns and cities that have seen genuine terrorist incidents. • False alarms in Great Britain are more likely to occur in the types of location where terrorist attacks happen, such as shopping areass, transport hubs, and other crowded places. • The urgent or flight behaviour of other people (including the emergency services) influences public perceptions that there is a hostile threat, particularly in situations of greater ambiguity, and particularly when these other people are ingroup. • High profile tweets suggesting a hostile threat, including from the police, have been associated with the size and scale of false alarm responses. • In most cases, it is a combination of factors – context, others’ behaviour, communications – that leads people to flee. A false alarm tends not to be sudden or impulsive, and often follows an initial phase of discounting threat – as with many genuine emergencies. 2.4 How the public behave in false alarm flight incidents • Even in those false alarm incidents where there is urgent flight, there are also other behaviours than running, including ignoring the ‘threat’, and walking away. • Injuries occur but recorded injuries are relatively uncommon. • Hiding is a common behaviour. In our evidence, this was facilitated by orders from police and offers from people staff in shops and other premises. • Supportive behaviours are common, including informational and emotional support. • Members of the public often cooperate with the emergency services and comply with their orders but also question instructions when the rationale is unclear. • Pushing, trampling and other competitive behaviour can occur,s but only in restricted situations and briefly. • At the Oxford Street Black Friday 2017 false alarm, rather than an overall sense of unity across the crowd, camaraderie existed only in pockets. This was likely due to the lack of a sense of common fate or reference point across the incident; the fragmented experience would have hindered the development of a shared social identity across the crowd. • Large and high profile false alarm incidents may be associated with significant levels of distress and even humiliation among those members of the public affected, both at the time and in the aftermath, as the rest of society reflects and comments on the incident. Public behaviour in response to visible marauding attackers • Spontaneous, coordinated public responses to marauding bladed attacks have been observed on a number of occasions. • Close examination of marauding bladed attacks suggests that members of the public engage in a wide variety of behaviours, not just flight. • Members of the public responding to marauding bladed attacks adopt a variety of complementary roles. These, that may include defending, communicating, first aid, recruiting others, marshalling, negotiating, risk assessment, and evidence gathering. Recommendations for practitioners and policymakers • Embed the psychology of public behaviour in emergencies in your training and guidance. • Continue to inform the public and promote public awareness where there is an increased threat. • Build long-term relations with the public to achieve trust and influence in emergency preparedness. • Use a unifying language and supportive forms of communication to enhance unity both within the crowd and between the crowd and the authorities. • Authorities and responders should take a reflexive approach to their responses to possible hostile threats, by reflecting upon how their actions might be perceived by the public and impact (positively and negatively) upon public behaviour. • To give emotional support, prioritize informative and actionable risk and crisis communication over emotional reassurances. • Provide first aid kits in transport infrastructures to enable some members of the public more effectively to act as zero responders.

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