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1
Naszkowska, Klara. "Psychoanalyst, Jew, Woman, Wife, Mother, Emigrant." European Judaism 55, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 112–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/ej.2022.550109.
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At least seventy-two first- and second-generation women psychoanalysts emigrated to the United States as Nazism came to dominate Europe. There – largely in Vienna, Berlin and Zurich – from the early 1900s to the beginning of the Second World War, they had been at the forefront of the psychoanalytic movement; after emigrating, they were decisive in shaping the development of Freudian theory and practice in the US. Their contributions notwithstanding, today they are neglected and at risk of being marginalised or falling into oblivion. Using both historical materials and personal-history documents, including memoirs, interviews, correspondence and personal communications, this article revives and reconstructs the individual and professional biographies of eight first-generation analysts – Frances Deri, Helene Deutsch, Salomea Gutmann-Isakower, Clara Happel, Karen Horney, Flora Kraus, Mira Oberholzer-Gincburg and Christine Olden – and focuses on their complex multiple identities as professional women (the Jewish New Women of their milieu), pioneers of psychoanalysis, Jews, refugees, German-speaking emigrants, mothers and more.
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Seidler, Christoph. "East goes West — West goes East: border crossing and development." Group Analysis 52, no. 2 (January 11, 2019): 172–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0533316418819957.
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In the aftermath of the Nazi era and the Second World War the ‘Bloodlands’ of Eastern Europe including Germany were left with a pervasive and significant loss of empathy. Robi Friedman speaks of the ‘Soldier’s Matrix’ (2015), in which dehumanizing dissociation increases, and empathy, guilt and shame disappear. In the GDR (German Democratic Republic)—under totalitarian and authoritarian conditions—this state of emotional deficit persisted for longer than in the Federal Republic (BRD). Gradually, but only after reunification, could change in the whole of Germany become possible. In the following text I will review the fragmented state of psychoanalysis in the battered city of Berlin after the Second World War. I describe the predicament of psychoanalysts, who are hopelessly entangled in adaptation processes, fearing the new rulers and dreading their own conscience. Despite their weakened sense of courage, they were however able to create space for freedom of thought. I intend to convey the trajectory of that process. The GDR history, despite the experience of confinement, is also a story of opening. Specific developments within the borders enabled the preservation as well as the transportation of psychoanalytic thought: some examples can be seen in inpatient forms of psychotherapy, individual psychodynamic therapy and especially the Intended Dynamic Group Psychotherapy (IDG). The opening of the ‘Wall’ made profound psychoanalytic post-qualification possible, but it came at a cost to the specific developments of the health system in the East. Within this system group therapists took their own particular path. After several years of cautious rapprochement the founding of BIG (Berlin Institute for Group Analysis) could be negotiated and established in 2003, supported by all Institutes of Berlin belonging to the umbrella organization of the DGPT (German Society for Psychoanalyse, Psychotherapy, Psychosomatic). Nine years later the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Gruppenanalyse und Gruppenpsychotherapie (D3G) consolidated in the merger of several individual groups resulting in a continuous and refreshingly pluralistic cooperation today. This article will therefore describe a series of societal shifts, transitions, internal and external attempts to heal, that are well reflected within the parallel process visible in the development of group analysis and its practitioners. One example to consider would be the asymmetry between psychoanalytic ‘teachers’ (West) and ‘students’ (East) and the dynamics experienced during professional encounters, which were very particular and rather complicated. However, that is a chapter in itself and will be considered separately.
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Rolnik, Eran J. "Between Ideology and Identity: Psychoanalysis in Jewish Palestine (1918–1948)." Psychoanalysis and History 4, no. 2 (July 2002): 203–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/pah.2002.4.2.203.
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The reception of psychoanalysis outside the German cultural sphere is an important chapter in the historiography of psychoanalysis as well as in the social and intellectual history of many societies. This paper attempts to historicize the reception of the Freudian paradigm in Palestine under the British Mandate by locating two of its main historical contexts: the socialist foundations of the budding Jewish society and the migration of German-speaking psychoanalysts following the Nazi accession to power.
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Dwyer, P. G. "The German Connection: New Zealand and German-speaking Europe in the Nineteenth Century." German History 12, no. 3 (July 1, 1994): 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gh/12.3.419.
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Timm, Annette. "Sex between Body and Mind: Psychoanalysis and Sexology in the German-speaking World, 1890s–1930s." German History 40, no. 1 (November 16, 2021): 126–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerhis/ghab081.
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Schaarschmidt, T. "Localism, Landscape and the Ambiguities of Place: German-speaking Central Europe, 1860-1930." German History 27, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 158–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerhis/ghn088.
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Luft, David S. "Austria as a Region of German Culture: 1900–1938." Austrian History Yearbook 23 (January 1992): 135–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0067237800002939.
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This Essay Attempts to contribute to our understanding of the intellectual and cultural history of Central Europe by making explicit a variety of themes that haunt discourse about Austrian culture and by making some suggestions about periodizing the relationship between Austria and German culture. I originally developed these thoughts on Austria as a region of German culture for a conference in 1983 at the Center for Austrian Studies on regions and regionalism in Austria. Although the political institutions of Central Europe have undergone a revolution since then, the question of Austria's relationship to German culture still holds its importance for the historian-and for contemporary Austrians as well. The German culture I have in mind here is not thekleindeutschnational culture of Bismarck's Reich, but rather the realm that was once constituted by the German-speaking lands of the Holy Roman Empire. This geographical space in Central Europe suggests a more ideal realm of the spirit, for which language is our best point of reference and which corresponds to no merely temporal state.
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Farges, Patrick. "“Muscle”Yekkes? Multiple German-Jewish Masculinities in Palestine and Israel after 1933." Central European History 51, no. 3 (September 2018): 466–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938918000614.
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AbstractIn the 1930s and 1940s, nearly ninety thousand German-speaking Jews found refuge in the British Mandate of Palestine. While scholars have stressed the so-calledYekkes’intellectual and cultural contribution to the making of the Jewish nation, their social and gendered lifeworlds still need to be explored. This article, which is centered on the generation of those born between 1910 and 1925, explores an ongoing interest in German-Jewish multiple masculinities. It is based on personal narratives, including some 150 oral history interviews conducted in the early 1990s with German-speaking men and women in Israel. By focusing on gender and masculinities, it sheds new light on social, generational, and racial issues in Mandatory Palestine and Israel. The article presents an investigation of the lives, experiences, and gendered identities of young emigrants from Nazi Europe who had partly been socialized in Europe, and were then forced to adjust to a different sociey and culture after migration. This involved adopting new forms of sociability, learning new body postures and gestures, as well as incorporating new habits—which, together, formed a cultural repertoire for how to behave as a “New Hebrew.”
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Crane, Susan A. ":Localism, Landscape, and the Ambiguities of Place: German-Speaking Central Europe, 1860–1930.(German and European Studies.)." American Historical Review 114, no. 1 (February 2009): 222–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr.114.1.222.
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Boettcher, Susan R., and Carol Piper Heming. "Protestants and the Cult of the Saints in German-Speaking Europe, 1517-1531." Sixteenth Century Journal 36, no. 2 (July 1, 2005): 618. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20477465.
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Meng, Michael. "Authoritarianism in Modern Germany History." Central European History 51, no. 1 (March 2018): 90–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938918000080.
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Why study the history of modern German-speaking Central Europe? If pressed to answer this question fifty years ago, a Germanist would likely have said something to the effect that one studies modern German history to trace the “German” origins of Nazism, with the broader aim of understanding authoritarianism. While the problem of authoritarianism clearly remains relevant to this day, the nation-state-centered approach to understanding it has waned, especially in light of the recent shift toward transnational and global history. The following essay focuses on the issue of authoritarianism, asking whether the study of German history is still relevant to authoritarianism. It begins with a review of two conventional approaches to understanding authoritarianism in modern German history, and then thinks about it in a different way through G. W. F. Hegel in an effort to demonstrate the vibrancy of German intellectual history for exploring significant and global issues such as authoritarianism.
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Lansky, Ralph. "Nekrolog juristischer Bibliothekarinnen und Bibliothekare in Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz: 1970–1996." International Journal of Legal Information 24, no. 3 (1996): 234–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500000354.
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The compilation below constitutes a piece of personal history of law librarianship in the German-speaking countries of Austria, Germany and Switzerland. No progress in law libraries has been achieved by chance, but rather through the endeavours of individuals. After having published several German law library directories, the author has in recent years concentrated on compiling data also about the lives of the law librarians who have been and are active in, or originate from, the German-speaking region in Europe. A directory in German of these colleagues who were still alive and active in December 1996 – together with a detailed introduction – has just been published as a Special Issue 1997 of Recht, Bibliothek, Dokumentation (RBD), the official publication of AjBD (Arbeitsgemeinschaft für juristisches Bibliotheks- und Dokumentationswesen), the law library association in the German-speaking countries.
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Penny, H. Glenn. "Latin American Connections: Recent Work on German Interactions with Latin America." Central European History 46, no. 2 (June 2013): 362–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938913000654.
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German interactions with Latin America have a long history. Indeed, early modern historians have demonstrated that people from German-speaking central Europe took part in all aspects of the European conquest of Central and South America. They have shown that these people were critical to mining operations and publishing in sixteenth-century Mexico; they have found them among Portuguese and Spanish sailors and soldiers almost everywhere; and they have located them playing important roles in a wide range of professions from Mexico to the south of Chile.
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Bryant, Chad. "Habsburg History, Eastern European History … Central European History?" Central European History 51, no. 1 (March 2018): 56–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938918000225.
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Germany and all things German have long been the primary concern ofCentral European History(CEH), yet the journal has also been intimately tied to the lands of the former Habsburg monarchy. As the editor stated in the first issue, published in March 1968,CEHemerged “in response to a widespread demand for an American journal devoted to the history of German-speaking Central Europe,” following the demise of theJournal of Central European Affairsin 1964. The Conference Group for Central European History sponsoredCEH, as well as the recently mintedAustrian History Yearbook(AHY). Robert A. Kann, the editor ofAHY, sat on the editorial board ofCEH, whose second issue featured a trenchant review by István Deák of Arthur J. May'sThe Passing of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1914–1918. The third issue contained the articles “The Defeat of Austria-Hungary in 1918 and the Balance of Power” by Kann, and Gerhard Weinberg's “The Defeat of Germany in 1918 and the Balance of Power.” That same year,East European Quarterlypublished its first issue.
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Lahl, Aaron, and Patrick Henze. "Developing Homosexuality: Fritz Morgenthaler, Junction Points and Psychoanalytic Theory." Psychoanalysis and History 22, no. 1 (April 2020): 79–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/pah.2020.0327.
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The Swiss psychoanalyst Fritz Morgenthaler (1919–84) is well known in German-speaking psychoanalysis as an early exponent of Heinz Kohut's self psychology, as an ethnopsychoanalytic researcher and as an original thinker on the topics of dreams, psychoanalytic technique and especially on sexuality (perversions, heterosexuality, homosexuality). In 1980, he presented the first psychoanalytic conception of homosexuality in the German-speaking world that did not view homosexuality in terms of deviance or pathology. His theory of ‘junction points’ ( Weichenstellungen) postulates three decisive moments in the development of homosexuality: a prioritized cathexis of autoeroticism in narcissistic development, a Janus-facedness of homosexual desire as an outcome of the Oedipal complex and the coming out in puberty. According to Morgenthaler, this development can result in non-neurotic or neurotic homosexuality. Less known than the theory of junction points and to some degree even concealed by himself (his earlier texts appeared later on in corrected versions) are Morgenthaler's pre-1980 accounts of homosexuality which deserve to be called homophobic. Starting with a discussion of this early work, the article outlines Morgenthaler's theoretical development with special focus on his theory of junction points and how this theory was taken up in psychoanalytic theory.
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Wackermann, Gabriel. "Dynamique métropolitaine et périphérie en Europe de langue allemande (The metropolises in german speaking Europe, history and tendencies)." Bulletin de l'Association de géographes français 68, no. 2 (1991): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/bagf.1991.1572.
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Strasser, Ulrike. "A case of empire envy? German Jesuits meet an Asian mystic in Spanish America." Journal of Global History 2, no. 1 (March 2007): 23–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740022807002021.
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This essay deals with the hagiographic afterlife of Catarina de San Juan, the seventeenth-century slave from Asia who became a renowned mystic in colonial Mexico, in writings by German Jesuits, notably Joseph Stöcklein’s popular Welt-Bott. Why and how was Catarina de San Juan’s story told for a German-speaking audience in Central Europe? The specific German appropriations of her vita suggest that missionary writings could serve as a transmission belt for ‘colonial fantasies’, linking the early modern period when the Holy Roman Empire did not have colonies to the modern period when the German Nation acquired colonial holdings in the Pacific.
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Lozoviuk, Petr. "Between Science and Ideology. History of German Speaking Ethnography of Czech Lands." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 65, no. 4 (2020): 1162–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2020.409.
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The study focuses on the chronological development of the ethnography of Germans living in the Czech Lands. The emphasis is put on its institutionalization and association with ideological concepts of the time. The ethnographical interest in Germans living in the Czech Lands dates back to the beginning of the 19th century. It focused on the lifestyle of the geographically and linguistically divided population. The disappearing traditions maintained in village communities were considered the most appropriate subject of study. After the establishment of the Czechoslovak Republic, German ethnographers concentrated on topics related to the strengthening of identity of the new German society which became part of the Republic. This development enhanced the prestige of ethnography, which facilitated its institutionalization in the academic environment. During the interwar years, ethnography was considered an appropriate academic discipline that could legitimize many politically-related claims, and was, therefore, expected to solve many societal isssues. In the years 1938–1945, the ideological instrumentalization of ethnography in the Czech-German environment reached a qualitatively new level. This was reflected in the focus of research of the newly established academic institutions, which were supposed to — with the help of ethnographic methods — contribute to the “scientific” legitimacy of the expansion plans of the Nazi regime already implemented or being prepared at that time. A strong inclination towards ideologically formulated “applied” science led to and in the first half of the 1940s eventually resulted in the explicitly racist research on the issue of “blood mixing” and the active participation of many ethnographers in the preparation, and partly also in the realization of the Nazi idea of a “new Europe”. The history of Sudeten-German ethnography was terminated by the displacement of the German population from what is now the Czech Republic in the second half of the 1940s.
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Maß, Sandra. "Constructing global missionary families: Absence, memory, and belonging before World War I." Journal of Modern European History 19, no. 3 (June 27, 2021): 340–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/16118944211019933.
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The separation of parents and children was a quite common imperial family constellation before World War I. Many children left the respective colonial or mission territories at the beginning of their seventh year. They were sent to their parents’ regions of origin in Europe to spend their childhood and youth in the households of relatives or in missionary boarding schools specially set up for them. This article examines German-speaking missionary families in the imperial context of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and focuses on letter communications between parents and children as an expression of family construction at a distance. I will mainly focus on two families (Kaundinya, Nommensen) in order to examine from a micro-historical perspective, the construction of missionary families in a transimperial framework. Rooted in the pietistic milieu of German-speaking missionaries from the Basel Mission and the Rhenish Mission, these families enable us to compare the results of imperial and missionary family historiography, which has developed over the last 20 years within the British context, with empirical material from other national and imperial contexts.
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Staudenmaier, Peter. "Occultism, Race and Politics in German-speaking Europe, 1880—1940: A Survey of the Historical Literature." European History Quarterly 39, no. 1 (January 2009): 47–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265691408097366.
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Graefe, O. "The reflexive turn in French and German-speaking geography in comparison." Geographica Helvetica 68, no. 1 (May 30, 2013): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gh-68-61-2013.
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Abstract. The papers presented by Bernard Debarbieux and Ute Wardenga at the symposium on "Les fabriques des `Géographies' – making Geographies in Europe'' and published in this thematic issue both take a historiographical perspective, which at a first glance seems evident. In order to understand how geography is thought about and practiced, the best is to look back on how these thoughts and practices have been respectively established and have evolved in the different national contexts. But at second glance, this historiographical perspective seems revealing regarding the status and the position of geography as an academic discipline. One can hardly imagine a symposium on the "making philosophy'' or "making physics'' in Europe privileging such a historiographical stance in order to illustrate and understand the differences and commonalities of a discipline in different countries today. Other disciplines might have favoured a dialogue on how a theory or a prominent author is received in order to excavate the differences or commonalities in a particular discipline of different countries. Such dialogues have been organized for example in Sociology with the exchange of approaches on Bourdieu published by Catherine Colliot-Thélène, Étienne François and Gunter Gebauer (2005). Another example and a reference of such dialogues is the famous debate on hermeneutics between Hans-Georg Gadamer and Jacques Derrida in the early 1980s. The emphasis on the history (Debarbieux) and the way to write the history of geography (Wardenga) points out the difficulty of our discipline to position itself in academia, and reveals the crisis to which Wardenga refers to in her paper. As Ute Wardenga pointed out by quoting Jörn Rüsen, "genetical narratives'' are part of identity formation processes by "mediating permanence and change to a process of self-definition'' (Rüsen, 1987, cited by Wardenga, this issue). Both presented papers expose in different but complementary ways this identity formation of geography as a distinct discipline on the national scale in France (B. Debarbieux) and on a more international scale (U. Wardenga). The first analyses the conceptualization of space, the nation and the national territory by French geographers, while the second reflects upon the internationalization of the historiography of our discipline, meaning the way history is written and not the history itself. The underlying question here is the specificity of geography in Germany or in France and what their relationships are with other geographies, i.e. in how far they are influenced by or reject ideas and methodologies especially (but not exclusively) from Anglophone geographers.
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Hünniger, Dominik. "What is a useful university? knowledge economies and higher education in late eighteenth-century Denmark and central Europe." Notes and Records: the Royal Society Journal of the History of Science 72, no. 2 (April 18, 2018): 173–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2018.0006.
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Universities were an important site of Enlightenment improvement discourse and knowledge economies in the German-speaking lands and Scandinavia. Late eighteenth-century state building and scholars’ expectations of their own ‘usefulness’ regarding these processes were closely intertwined. The life and publications of the German-speaking Danish naturalist Johann Christian Fabricius (1745–1808) are used here to understand contemporary debates on the state of education, political economy and the development of the sciences in relation to ideas about economic and social progress. Fabricius was professor for ‘œconomics, cameral sciences and natural history’ at Kiel University for more than 30 years, from 1775 to 1808, and was one of the most outspoken writers on economic reform in Schleswig-Holstein and Denmark. Fabricius’ suggestions for improvement involved directly addressing social categories as well as the re-organization of universities in form and curricular content. Fabricius was engaged in debates on how to best achieve the specific knowledge and skills considered useful for the emerging nation-state. The essay analyses Fabricius’ interventions in these debates in the context of the contemporary development of the ‘research university’ around 1800.
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Ganor, Sheer. "Forbidden Words, Banished Voices: Jewish Refugees at the Service of BBC Propaganda to Wartime Germany." Journal of Contemporary History 55, no. 1 (July 31, 2018): 97–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022009418773485.
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During the Second World War, the BBC operated a German Service, which was tasked with broadcasting propaganda programs into Nazi Germany and occupied Europe. Psychological warfare was transmitted through radio waves to spread defeatism on the fighting front and amongst civilians, and to convince the German people that there was no future for the Third Reich. Dozens of German-speaking Jews who fled Central Europe and arrived in England as refugees found employment in the German Service. Many of these individuals worked as journalists, actors, comedians or authors in their previous homelands, some had even earned a degree of fame and recognition before the persecutory policies of National Socialism restricted their lives and forced them into exile. From the perspective of BBC officials, these refugees’ experience in the press and in the performing arts, as well as their intimate knowledge of German society and culture, set them in a unique position to create effective and powerful propaganda. This paper explores how, branded as unwelcome outsiders by their native societies, it was precisely their familiarity as ‘insiders’ that paradoxically primed them to perform the task.
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Watzke, Petra. "Disability in German-Speaking Europe: History, Memory, Culture ed. by Linda Leskau, Tanja Nusser, and Katherine Sorrels." German Studies Review 46, no. 1 (February 2023): 179–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/gsr.2023.0029.
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Seemann, Carla. "Diaries as “Soul Portraits”? Interpretation and Theorization of Adolescents’ Self-Descriptions in the German-Speaking Youth Psychology of the 1920s and 1930s." NTM Zeitschrift für Geschichte der Wissenschaften, Technik und Medizin 29, no. 3 (September 2021): 319–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00048-021-00308-5.
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AbstractIn the first two decades of the twentieth century, the figure of the adolescent (Jugendlicher) was introduced into public discourse in the German-speaking world. The adolescent soon became an epistemic object for the still loosely defined field of psychology. Actors in the slowly differentiating scientific field of youth psychology were primarily interested in the normal development of adolescent subjects and sought out new materials and methods to research the inner life of young people. In order to access this inner life, they turned to the interpretation of diaries and other self-descriptions. This article takes up the questions of how diaries were used in the scientific context of psychology, and how diary writing was psychologically interpreted and theorized. The theoretical and methodological contexts of psychological knowledge production grouped around the subject of the diary will be examined in keeping with Hans-Jörg Rheinberger’s concept of historical epistemology. This analysis is carried out by using the example of three central actors who were in conversation with each other during the 1920s and 1930s: the developmental psychologist Charlotte Bühler (1893–1974), the psychologist and founder of personalistic psychology William Stern (1871–1938), and the youth activist Siegfried Bernfeld (1892–1953), who was influenced by Freudian psychoanalysis.
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Barrer, Peter. "From Nowhere to “Partyslava”." East Central Europe 42, no. 2-3 (January 20, 2015): 299–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763308-04202014.
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Over the past two decades, Prague has cemented itself as a tourist hotspot in the popular imagination. But what of Bratislava, long considered a “poor cousin” to Prague? What images of Bratislava have foreign publics been presented with since the fall of communism in East-Central Europe and the establishment of the Slovak Republic? Building on previous research which has examined visitors’ historical perceptions of Bratislava primarily from a German-speaking perspective, this paper seeks to map the development of Bratislava’s image in media texts from English-speaking countries since 1989 by focusing on two central motifs: Bratislava as a post-communist space and Bratislava as a locus of touristic pleasures (“Partyslava”). The images presented herein will be evaluated and contrasted with local descriptions of Bratislava, thus offering a cross-cultural perspective which will contribute to the wider discussion of popular perceptions of post-communist urban spaces in East-Central Europe.
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Konrad, Franz-Michael. "Early Childhood Education." History of Education Quarterly 49, no. 2 (May 2009): 238–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5959.2009.00200.x.
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As a historian of early childhood education in German-speaking Europe, I am struck by the outstanding role that Friedrich Froebel, or rather his ideas, played in all the countries described in the six essays. This is not really new since even the first historiographic articles in German-speaking countries already pointed out Froebel's role internationally. The worldwide spread of Froebel's educational teachings remains the subject of German research to this day. And yet it is still so remarkable to see how Froebel's philosophy of education—which had its origins in the spirit of romanticism and which seems strange even to German audiences—has succeeded in establishing itself in different cultures and for different reasons. Just think of Italy in the second half of the nineteenth century (James C. Albisetti), of post-revolutionary Russia ruled by the Bolsheviks (Yordanka Valkanova), of Great Britain, France, and the United States. Even in Asian countries we can find evidence of Froebel's influence, for example, in Korea and in Japan (on Japan, Kathleen Uno). In spite of the differences between these countries and their cultures, Froebel's pedagogy has succeeded in playing an influential role in all of them. Extant institutions for the care and education of preschool children developed into modern kindergartens under the influence of Froebel's teachings. In the end it was always about making it possible for young children to learn and, at the same time, taking into account the very special way learning occurs in these early years as an active, action-based and almost effortless kind of learning. Froebel found an answer to this problem. With his gifts he gave the answer in a simple and yet brilliant manner which was, despite its origins in German idealism, apparently unrelated to culture.
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Sebök, László. "The Hungarians in East Central Europe: A Demographic Profile." Nationalities Papers 24, no. 3 (September 1996): 551–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905999608408467.
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The following tables have been compiled on the basis of published census data. In many instances this has necessitated explanatory footnotes for the following reasons:1. The oldest census results used in the tables are taken from the 1910 Austrian and Hungarian census based on “language” and “religion” categories. The later census results are usually based on declared “nationality.” A significant consequence of this difference is that in the Austrian and Hungarian census Jews can be found either among the German- or the Hungarian-speaking population, while in subsequent census results they are always designated a separate “nationality.” For this reason, additional information is provided in some of the footnotes regarding the Jews.
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Hanß, Stefan. "Ottoman Language Learning in Early Modern Germany." Central European History 54, no. 1 (March 2021): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938920000011.
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AbstractThis article presents new evidence on the authorship and readership of the earliest printed Ottoman language materials that details the extent to which sixteenth- and seventeenth-century inhabitants of the Holy Roman Empire actively engaged in learning Ottoman. Such findings open up a new field of inquiry evaluating the Ottoman impact on the German-speaking lands reaching beyond the so-called “Turkish menace.” Presenting the variety of Ottoman language students, teachers, and materials in central Europe, as well as their connections with the oral world(s) of linguistic fieldwork in the Habsburg-Ottoman contact zone, this article argues that Ottoman language learning is an important but thus far neglected element in understanding the cultural and intellectual landscape of early modern central Europe. What may appear to be experiments with linguistic riddles on first glimpse was in fact grounded in deep enthusiasm and fascination for Ottoman language learning shared among a community of Protestant semi-scholarly aficionados.
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Tilly, Charles. "Don Kalb, Marco van der Land, Richard Staring, Bart van Steenbergen, and Nico Wilterdink, eds. The Ends of Globalization: Bringing Society Back In. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2000. vii + 403 pp." International Labor and Working-Class History 60 (October 2001): 229–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547901244536.
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As the European population grew after 1100 CE, bishops and princes in the thinly settled regions northeast of what we now call Germany took to generating revenue and labor power by recruiting qualified migrants to newly chartered cities and villages. Often the charters granted access to German law rather than the Slavic or Scandinavian codes and practices that had previously prevailed. German law afforded both merchants and peasants greater individual freedom and more secure claims to property than did earlier legal arrangements. Soon German-speaking cities such as Danzig and Riga were booming as crossroads in the exchange of northern goods for the manufactures of Central and Western Europe. In their hinterlands, German-speaking farmers intensified cultivation and shipped agricultural products to centers of international trade. Fairly soon, however, strengthened coercive monarchies and mercantile federations such as the Hanse extracted revenues and exerted top-down controls that increased inequality between insiders and outsiders of the newly expanding political economy. We might call the whole process Europeanization. Within Europeanization, however, what caused what? How did German law, semi-autonomous cities, intensive farming, exclusive trading federations, developmental states, and proliferating markets interact? Decades of vigorous, often vitriolic, debate among historians have not yet produced a clear-cut victory for the view that well- articulated markets did the crucial work, for the riposte that new forms of force-backed exploitation caused the transformation, or for any alternative to those competing explanations.
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Kerlova, Martina. "Erich Heller’s Disinherited Mind: A Bohemian Jewish Germanist in Anglo-American Exile." Journal of Austrian-American History 5, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 62–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jaustamerhist.5.1.0062.
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Abstract This article examines the life and thought of Erich Heller, a prolific scholar of Austrian and German literature and philosophy. Born into a German Jewish family in the borderland of Habsburg Bohemia, Heller graduated from Prague’s German University, only to be forced to flee the Nazi invasion. He found refuge in Britain before moving ultimately to the United States where he taught for two decades at Northwestern University. Erich Heller’s physical and intellectual journey highlights both moments of conflict and cultural transmittance between German-speaking Central Europe and the Anglophone world. Heller was only half at home in the new world where he helped rehabilitated German and Austrian literature and thought abroad. The article explores Heller’s intellectual development throughout his voluntary and forced migrations and traces changes in his political and philosophical identity. Heller’s life, thought, and success are considered in two main contexts: that of his generation of Bohemian-born émigrés and of the postwar atmosphere in American higher education, in particular, the role of German-speaking scholars within it. It analyzes the way in which Heller understood his own transcendence within the national frames and its implication. The article answers two questions: What were the main contributing factors to Heller’s success in the postwar academic discipline German and Austrian Studies and what is the relevance of his teaching today?
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Sartori, Andrew. "The Resonance of “Culture”: Framing a Problem in Global Concept-History." Comparative Studies in Society and History 47, no. 4 (September 8, 2005): 676–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417505000319.
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In the course of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, “culture” achieved the status of a truly global concept. We find discourses of “culture” emerging to prominence in the German-speaking world during the second half of the eighteenth century (with the closely associated linguistic arenas of the Netherlands and Scandinavia rapidly following suit); in the English-speaking world starting in the first half of the nineteenth century; in Eastern Europe, East Asia, and South Asia starting in the second half of the nineteenth century; and just about everywhere else in the course of the twentieth century. “Culture” began to circulate far beyond the European sites of its modern genesis, sometimes through the direct transfer of lexical items from Western European languages (e.g., Russian kulءtura; the use of kalcar in various South Asian languages); and more often through the construction of new translative equivalencies with preexisting words or concepts most often signifying purification, refinement, or improvement (e.g., Japanese bun-ka; Chinese wen-hua; Bangla and Hindi sanskriti; Urdu tamaddun).
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BRYANT, CHAD. "Zap's Prague: the city, the nation and Czech elites before 1848." Urban History 40, no. 2 (February 21, 2013): 181–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926813000011.
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ABSTRACT:Karel Vladislav Zap, who came of age during the 1830 revolutions in Europe, belonged to a generation of Czech elites determined to promote national consciousness while actively carving out a space within Prague's middle-class social milieu. Zap, as his topographies of the city demonstrate, also called on his countrymen to claim the city and its structures from their German-speaking neighbours, thus contributing to a dynamic that would continue throughout the century.
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Campion, Corey. "Remembering the "Forgotten Zone"." French Politics, Culture & Society 37, no. 3 (December 1, 2019): 79–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/fpcs.2019.370304.
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In much of the English-language scholarship on the post-1945 Allied occupation of Germany, French officials appear as little more than late arrivals to the victors’ table, in need of and destined to follow Anglo-American leadership in the emerging Cold War. However, French occupation policies were unique within the western camp and helped lay the foundations of postwar Franco-German reconciliation that are often credited to the 1963 Elysée Treaty. Exploring how the French occupation has been neglected, this article traces the memory of the zone across the often-disconnected work of French-, German-, and English-speaking scholars since the 1950s. Moreover, it outlines new avenues of research that could help historians resurrect the unique experience of the French zone and enrich our appreciation of the Franco-German “motor” on which Europe still relies.
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Fleck, Christian. "Per un profilo prosopografico dei sociologi di lingua tedesca in esilio." MEMORIA E RICERCA, no. 31 (September 2009): 81–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/mer2009-031006.
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- Sociologists have an eminent role among social scientists which were forced to migrate to the United States after 1933. The objective of defining their prosopographic profile pushed the author to identify the main features that determine the identity of this figure, which did not have a precise profile in Europe in the 1920's and 1930's. Crossing various sources, the article first delineates the basic identikit of the German speaking sociologist and then compares a few specific categories: scholars who migrated, those who remained in their native country, and those of German or Austrian origin. The second part of the essay is totally devoted to the evaluation of the impact of the scientific production of this group of sociologists on American culture.Parole chiave: sociologia, esilio, universitŕ, prosopografia, carriere, impatto scientifico sociology, exile, universities, prosopography, careers, scientific impact
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Zwicker, Lisa Fetheringill, and Jason Ulysses Rose. "Marriage or Profession? Marriage and Profession? Marriage Patterns Among Highly Successful Women of Jewish Descent and Other Women in Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century German-Speaking Central Europe." Central European History 53, no. 4 (December 2020): 703–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938920000539.
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AbstractThis study analyzes the marriage patterns of five hundred highly successful women in modern German-speaking Central Europe. Among the women at the very top of their professions, women of Jewish descent were more likely than non-Jewish women to marry while they pursued their careers. The results of our quantitative study—67.6 percent of women of Jewish descent married versus 51.6 percent of non-Jewish women—provide a unique body of data that complements and contributes to other research that identifies distinctive aspects of Central European Jewish life patterns: the high number of Jewish women university students, the importance of women of Jewish descent in a number of fields, and Jewish families as early adopters of a modern family form with a small number of children and intensive investment in each child.
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Dwyer, P. G. "Book Reviews : The German Connection: New Zealand and German-speaking Europe in the Nineteenth Century. Edited by James N. Bade. Auckland: Oxford University Press. 1993. xi + 259 pp. 19.50." German History 12, no. 3 (October 1, 1994): 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026635549401200318.
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Port, Andrew I. "Central European History since 1989: Historiographical Trends and Post-Wende “Turns”." Central European History 48, no. 2 (June 2015): 238–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938915000588.
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In a luncheon address at the annual meeting of the German Studies Association in 2013, David Blackbourn delivered an impassioned plaidoyer to “grow” German history, i.e., to rescue it from the temporal “provincialism” that has, he believes, increasingly characterized the study of Germany over the past two decades. Blackbourn was critical of the growing emphasis on the twentieth century and especially the post-1945 period—not because of the quality of the work per se, but rather because of the resultant neglect of earlier periods and the potential loss of valuable historical insights that this development has brought in its wake. There have been other seemingly seismic shifts in the profession as a whole that have not left the history of Germany and German-speaking Central Europe untouched: greater emphasis on discourse analysis and gender, memory and identity, experience and cultural practices (i.e., the “linguistic turn” and the “new” cultural history). Accompanied by a decline in interest about Germany exclusively as a “nation-state,” the last decade in particular has seen a spike in “global” or “transnational” approaches. And, like other fields, the study of Germany has also witnessed greater interest in the study of race, minorities, immigration, and colonization—what Catherine Epstein referred to as the “imperial turn” in a piece that appeared in the journal Central European History (CEH) in 2013.
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Hagemann, Karen, and Donna Harsch. "Gendering Central European History: Changing Representations of Women and Gender in Comparison, 1968–2017." Central European History 51, no. 1 (March 2018): 114–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938918000249.
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A jubilee is the perfect time for a critical stocktaking, and this essay uses the occasion of the fiftieth anniversary of Central European History (CEH), the leading American journal of the history of “German-speaking Central Europe,” to explore the changing representations of women and gender in this journal since its founding in 1968. The declared aim of CEH was, according to the founding editor, Douglas A. Unfug, to become a “broadly rather than narrowly defined” journal that covers “all periods from the Middle Ages to the present” and includes, next to “traditional approaches to history,” innovative and “experimental methodological approaches.” As Kenneth F. Ledford, the third CEH editor (after Unfug and Kenneth D. Barkin), wrote in 2005, the journal should simultaneously reflect and drive “the intellectual direction(s) of its eponymous field.”
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Schröder, Konrad. "Eight hundred years of modern language learning and teaching in the German-speaking countries of central Europe: a social history." Language Learning Journal 46, no. 1 (January 2018): 28–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09571736.2017.1382054.
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Ledford, Kenneth F. "Intellectual, Institutional, and Technological Transitions: Central European History, 2004–2014." Central European History 51, no. 1 (March 2018): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938918000043.
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Volumes 38 to 47 of Central European History, which appeared from July 2004 to June 2014, represented years of fundamental transition in the life of the journal and of its sponsoring society: then the Conference Group for Central European History, now the Central European History Society. This fundamental transition manifested itself in three forms: institutional formality, both of the journal and of the Conference Group/Society; publishing organization and technology—from the ways in which the editor produced the journal to the ways in which the audience consumed the scholarship it published; and, last but not least, the intellectual focus and content of the history of German-speaking Central Europe that Central European History presented to scholars and students alike. Although the decade presented some unexpected and surprising challenges, all these transitions were already visible in July 2002 when I presented my proposal to become editor of Central European History to the Editor Search Committee, which consisted of Konrad Jarausch, Kees Gispen, and then-editor Kenneth Barkin.
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Graf, Friedrich Wilhelm. "Euro-Gott im starken Plural? Einige Fragestellungen für eine europäische Religionsgeschichte des 20. Jahrhunderts." Journal of Modern European History 3, no. 2 (September 2005): 231–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17104/1611-8944_2005_2_231.
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Euro-God as a Beneficent Plurality? Some approaches for a history of European religion in the 20th century Since the 1980s, general historians in the German-speaking parts of Europe have begun intensively to research the history of religion in the contemporary era. Earlier concepts such as «dechristianisation» and «secularisation» have been replaced by a new receptiveness for the formative influence of the manifold interpretations of the world and the search for life's meaning in this modern world. Astonishingly enough, this new approach to the history of religion has not led to debates about methodology. Approaches have been developed leading to a better understanding of the transformation in religion as it is affected by the specific modernity of 20th century Europe. How can historians describe the great flexibility of the symbolic languages of religion and the interplay of adaptability and formative power of religious institutions? Is there a specific pan-European development of deinstitutionalisation of religion? What role do the history of theological ideas and the theological disciplines in the history of 20th century religion play? How may the role of the Churches as the traditionally most important religious megainstitutions in European society be described? Which analytical means promise especially enlightening insights?
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MENG, MICHAEL L. "After the Holocaust: The History of Jewish Life in West Germany." Contemporary European History 14, no. 3 (August 2005): 403–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777305002523.
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In July 1945, Rabbi Leo Baeck remarked that the Third Reich had destroyed the historical basis of German Jewry. ‘The history of Jews in Germany has found its end. It is impossible for it to come back. The chasm is too great’. Heinz Galinski, a survivor of Auschwitz who led West Berlin’s Jewish community until his death in 1992, could not have disagreed more strongly. ‘I have always held the view’, he observed, ‘that the Wannsee Conference cannot be the last word in the life of the Jewish community in Germany’. As these diverging views suggest, opting to live in the ‘land of the perpetrators’ represented both an unthinkable and a realistic choice. In the decade after the Holocaust, about 12,000 German-born Jews opted to remain in the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) and comprised about half of its Jewish community. Rooted in the German language and typically married to non-Jewish spouses, they still had some connections to Germany. xSuch cultural and personal ties did not exist for the other half of West Germany’s Jewish community – its East European Jews. Between 1945 and 1948, 230,000 Jews sought refuge in occupied Germany from the violent outbursts of antisemitism in eastern Europe. Although by 1949 only 15,000 East European Jews had taken permanent residence in the FRG, those who stayed behind profoundly impacted upon Jewish life. More religiously devout than their German-Jewish counterparts, they developed a rich cultural tradition located mostly in southern Germany. But their presence also complicated Jewish life. From the late nineteenth century, relations between German and East European Jews historically were tense and remained so in the early postwar years; the highly acculturated German Jews looked down upon their less assimilated, Yiddish-speaking brothers. In the first decade after the war, integrating these two groups emerged as one of the most pressing tasks for Jewish community leaders.
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TOEWS, JOHN E. "INTEGRATING MUSIC INTO INTELLECTUAL HISTORY: NINETEENTH-CENTURY ART MUSIC AS A DISCOURSE OF AGENCY AND IDENTITY." Modern Intellectual History 5, no. 2 (August 2008): 309–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479244308001662.
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Few intellectual historians of nineteenth-century Europe would deny that the tradition of art music that evolved between the revolutionary watershed at the end of the eighteenth century and the international wars and domestic convulsions of the first half of the twentieth century—a body of musical works from Haydn and Mozart to Mahler and Strauss that has been passed down to us in canonized form as the “imaginary museum” of “classical music” —was an enormously significant dimension of European cultural and intellectual history, especially in German-speaking central Europe. In the territories of the German Confederation, the Kingdom of Prussia and the Habsburg Empire, and later in the German and Austro-Hungarian Empires, the production, performance and consumption of classical music was not just an important element in the history of aesthetic and cultural forms but also a privileged site for imagining and enacting the organization of individuals into historical subjects (the Bildung of modern individuals) and for the integration of individuals into collectivities through processes of subjective identification. Broad interest in the relations between agency and identity among historians, including European intellectual historians, should have drawn many of them, one would have thought, toward investigation of the ways the cultural work undertaken by music was connected to, and interacted with, the cultural role of the textual and visual arts, or of how musical performance and experience helped European individuals organize and perform their self-activity and self-consciousness in relation to the past, to other individuals within the networks of communal relations, and to the transcendent. The history of music would appear to be critical for understanding historical experiences of the relations between memory and expectation at both the individual and communal levels.
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Bramer, A. "Rabbinical Scholars as the Object of Biographical Interest: An Aspect of Jewish Historiography in the German-speaking Countries of Europe (1780-1871)." Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook 45, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 51–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/leobaeck/45.1.51.
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Brämer, Andreas. "Rabbinical Scholars as the Object of Biographical Interest: An Aspect of Jewish Historiography in the German-Speaking Countries of Europe (1780–1871)." Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook 45, no. 1 (August 1, 2000): 51–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/007587400781974418.
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Williamson, George S. "Retracing theSattelzeit: Thoughts on the Historiography of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Eras." Central European History 51, no. 1 (March 2018): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938918000262.
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The era of the French Revolution and the Napoleon Wars left a deep mark not only on political, social, and cultural life in German-speaking Europe, but also on German academic historiography as it emerged over the course of the nineteenth century. Both before and after the formation of theKaiserreich, professional historians like Leopold von Ranke, Johann Gustav Droysen, Heinrich von Sybel, and Heinrich von Treitschke sought in their scholarship to justify Prussia's leadership role in Germany, and the French revolutionary and Napoleonic years figured centrally in this effort. For Friedrich Meinecke, writing in the Wilhelmine years, a remembrance of this era was crucial if Germany was to retain its intellectual and moral bearings: “One thing is clear: the survival and continuity of German intellectual life is somehow related to the events between 1807 and 1815—the liberation of Germany from foreign rule, and the transformation of Prussia, her most powerful state, into a freer, more national political entity.” InDas Zeitalter der deutschen Erhebung(1906), Meinecke related the process by which the formerly apolitical, individualistic musings of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Wilhelm von Humboldt, and Johann Gottlieb Fichte were given practical, political implementation in the reforms of Karl vom Stein, Karl von Hardenberg, and Gerhard von Scharnhorst, and then in the Wars of Liberation: “By descending to the state, the spirit not only preserved its own endangered existence as well as that of the state, it secured a reservoir of moral and psychological wealth, a wellspring of creative power for later generations.”
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Würgler, Andreas. "Voices From Among the “Silent Masses”: Humble Petitions and Social Conflicts in Early Modern Central Europe." International Review of Social History 46, S9 (December 2001): 11–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859001000311.
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Social historians have quite frequently referred to the “silent masses” in history. They have thereby hinted at the problem that most preserved documents derive from a tiny elite. The great majority of the people, being illiterate, only very rarely left private letters, diaries, autobiographies and testaments, or official acts, charters, statistics, and reports. Besides the source problem, this view reflected concerns of structuralism and Marxism, both very fashionable among social historians up to the 1970s, who related the masses' interests to socioeconomic conditions. Ordinary people thus appeared rather as objects of economic structures than as subjects of historical processes. Though some German-speaking social historians integrated the anthropological category of “experience” into their studies in the 1980s, they assumed that ordinary people had interests in, and experiences of, but still no influence on historical processes. Merely local and reactive early modern social protest thus remained historically unimportant – in sharp contrast to the nineteenth-century working class movement. During the 1990s, studies of social conflict focused on the concept of agency and discussed the influence historical actors had on processes such as modernization.
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Bonnell, Andrew G. "Transnational Socialists? German Social Democrats in Australia before 1914." Itinerario 37, no. 1 (April 2013): 101–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115313000284.
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Emigration from the German states was a mass phenomenon in the “long” nineteenth century. Much of this migration was of course labour migration, and German workers were very much on the move during the nineteenth century: in addition to the traditional Wanderschaft (travels) of journeymen, the century saw increasing internal migration within and between German-speaking lands, migration from rural areas to cities, and the participation of working people in emigration to destinations outside Europe. Over five million Germans left the German states from 1820 to 1914, with a large majority choosing the United States as their destination, especially in the earliest waves of migration. By comparison with the mass migration to North America, the flow of German migrants to the British colonies in Australia (which federated to form a single Commonwealth in 1901) was a relative trickle, but the numbers were still significant in the Australian context, with Germans counted as the second-largest national group among European settlers after the “British-born” (which included the Irish) in the nineteenth century, albeit a long way behind the British. After the influx of Old Lutheran religious dissidents from Prussia to South Australia in the late 1830s, there was a wave of German emigrants in the 1840s and 1850s, driven by the “push” factor of agrarian and economic crisis in the German states in the 1840s followed by the attraction of the Australian gold rushes and other opportunities, such as land-ownership incentives. While the majority of German settlers were economic migrants, this latter period also saw the arrival in the Australian colonies of a few “Forty-Eighters,” radicals and liberals who had been active in the political upheavals of 1848–9, some of whom became active in politics and the press in Australia. The 1891 census counted over 45,000 German-born residents in the Australian colonies.
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Einaudi, Luca. "‘The Generous Utopia of Yesterday Can Become the Practical Achievement of Tomorrow’: 1000 Years of Monetary Union in Europe." National Institute Economic Review 172 (April 2000): 90–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795010017200109.
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Monetary unions have been a recurring element in European history, driven by the need to overcome obstacles to trade caused by the fragmentation of political authority. Between the 14th and the 19th centuries, a series of coinage unions were set up in the German speaking world, which served as models for the Latin and Scandinavian monetary unions in 1865 and 1872. With the growing size of participating states and the transformation of money, thanks to the end of bimetallism and the wider use of bank notes and deposits, the objectives and the practical management of monetary unions became more complex and more political. Monetary union became strictly associated with European federalism and required new common institutions after the end of the classical metallic standards in 1914.