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1
Mayou, Richard. "The History of General Hospital Psychiatry." British Journal of Psychiatry 155, no. 6 (December 1989): 764–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.155.6.764.
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General hospital psychiatry in Britain began in 1728, and thereafter several new voluntary hospitals provided separate wards for lunatics, but none survived beyond the middle of the 19th century. Less severe nervous organic disorder has always been common in the general wards of voluntary hospitals, and was accepted as the responsibility of neurologists and other physicians; all forms of disorder were admitted to the infirmaries of workhouses. During the present century psychiatrists began to take an interest in non-certifiable mental illnesses and in working in general hospitals. Out-patient clinics became more common following the Mental Treatment Act 1930. The growth of general hospital psychiatric units in the last 30 years began amidst controversy, but has received little recent critical attention.
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Barrett, Robert J. "Conceptual Foundations of Schizophrenia: I. Degeneration." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 32, no. 5 (October 1998): 617–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679809113113.
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Objective: This is the first of two papers that aim to identify some of the institutional processes of 19th century European psychiatry, and some prevailing cultural themes of that era that played a role in shaping the development of schizophrenia as a disease concept. Method: Three areas of psychiatric history are examined: the first is concerned with the key figures who coined the concept of dementia praecox; the second with the rise of the asylum; and the third is to do with the ideology of 19th century psychiatric science and its relationship to a broader intellectual milieu. These three literatures are examined for common themes. Results: The theme of degeneration is evident in all three literatures, and denotes both a biological process (neuro-degeneration) and a moral state (degeneracy). Conclusions: The idea of degeneration, a pervasive cultural theme of the 19th century, dominated psychiatric thinking long before schizophrenia was developed as a diagnostic category. It contributed to the ideational form-work that gave foundation, structure and shape to the concept of schizophrenia.
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Berrios, G. E. "Melancholia and Depression During the 19th Century: a Conceptual History." British Journal of Psychiatry 153, no. 3 (September 1988): 298–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.153.3.298.
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The meaning of ‘melancholia’ in classical antiquity is opaque and has little in common with 20th-century psychiatric usage (Drabkin, 1955; Heiberg, 1927). At that time, melancholia and mania were not polar opposites (i.e. one was not defined as having opposite features to the other). Melancholia was defined in terms of overt behavioural features such as decreased motility, and morosity (Roccatagliata, 1973; Simon, 1978). Hence, in medical usage, ‘melancholia’ referred to a subtype of mania and named, in general, states of reduced behavioural output. These included disorders that might “exhibit depressed, agitated, hallucinatory, paranoid and even demented states … the ancient diagnosis of melancholy has no correct analogue in modern psychiatric practice …” (Siegel, 1973, p. 274).
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Totsuka, Etsuro. "The history of Japanese psychiatry and the rights of mental patients." Psychiatric Bulletin 14, no. 4 (April 1990): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.14.4.193.
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In ancient Japan, written characters and religions were largely based on Chinese cultures. The first foreign physician was invited from Korea to Japan during the Shiragi Dynasty, when an Emperor became ill at the beginning of the 5th century. Since then, Chinese medicine dominated in Japan until Western medicine was introduced in the middle of the 19th century.
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Hare, E. H. "On the History of Lunacy: 19th Century and After." History of Psychiatry 9, no. 33 (March 1998): 133–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957154x9800903313.
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Chaney, Sarah. "The action of the imagination." History of the Human Sciences 30, no. 2 (April 2017): 17–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0952695116687225.
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Histories of dynamic psychotherapy in the late 19th century have focused on practitioners in continental Europe, and interest in psychological therapies within British asylum psychiatry has been largely overlooked. Yet Daniel Hack Tuke (1827–95) is acknowledged as one of the earliest authors to use the term ‘psycho-therapeutics’, including a chapter on the topic in his 1872 volume, Illustrations of the Influence of the Mind upon the Body in Health and Disease. But what did Tuke mean by this concept, and what impact did his ideas have on the practice of asylum psychiatry? At present, there is little consensus on this topic. Through in-depth examination of what psycho-therapeutics meant to Tuke, this article argues that late-19th-century asylum psychiatry cannot be easily separated into somatic and psychological strands. Tuke’s understanding of psycho-therapeutics was extremely broad, encompassing the entire field of medical practice (not only psychiatry). The universal force that he adopted to explain psychological therapies, ‘the Imagination’, was purported to show the power of the mind over the body, implying that techniques like hypnotism and suggestion might have an effect on any kind of symptom or illness. Acknowledging this aspect of Tuke’s work, I conclude, can help us better understand late-19th-century psychiatry – and medicine more generally – by acknowledging the lack of distinction between psychological and somatic in ‘psychological’ therapies.
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Koronaj Drača, Vinko, and Luca Malatesti. "Conceptual Analysis and Intellectual History." Prilozi za istraživanje hrvatske filozofske baštine 47, no. 2 (94) (December 21, 2021): 451–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.52685/pihfb.47.2(94).4.
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We investigate whether the analysis of the concept of mental disorder, as carried out in analytic philosophy of psychiatry, can contribute significantly to the intellectual history of antisocial personality disorders. We discuss and address possible pitfalls of this interdisciplinary interaction. Using insights from analytic philosophy of psychiatry, we investigate whether there were significant differences in the explicit conceptualisation of the notion of harm in diagnoses of moral insanity in relevant texts of Austrian and Croatian psychiatrists at the turn of the 19th and 20th century. Our finding that different notions of harm were at the core of debates on moral insanity in early Croatian psychiatry indicates the fruitfulness of the interaction between analytic philosophy and intellectual history of psychiatry.
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Jay, Mike. "2 The history of psychedelics in psychiatry." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 91, no. 8 (July 20, 2020): e1.3-e1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2020-bnpa.2.
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Mike Jay has written widely on the history of science and medicine, and particularly on the discovery of psychoactive drugs during the 18th and 19th centuries. His books on the subject include Emperors of Dreams: drugs in the nineteenth century (2000, revised edition 2011) and most recently High Society: mind-altering drugs in history and culture (2010), which accompanied the exhibition he curated at Wellcome Collection in London. The Atmosphere of Heaven is also the third book in his series of biographical narratives of political reformers in 1790s Britain. It follows The Air Loom Gang (2003, revised edition forthcoming 2012) and The Unfortunate Colonel Despard (2004).The history of psychedelics in psychiatry is longer than usually recognised. The potential of psychedelic drugs to effect mental cures, and the difficulty of managing their powerful effects, were both recognised over a century ago. Since 1962 the research protocols for demonstrating drug efficacy have posed particular problems for psychedelic-assisted therapy.
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Gillis, Lynn. "The historical development of psychiatry in South Africa since 1652." South African Journal of Psychiatry 18, no. 3 (August 1, 2012): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v18i3.355.
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The history of psychiatry in South Africa stretches back to the first settlement by Europeans in the Cape of Good Hope in 1652. Its development falls into 3 phases with some overlaps. The first was a period of expediency and restraint during the early stages of the occupation of the Cape by the Dutch East India Company; the second, which could be called the psychiatric hospital era, was under the control of the British from the earlier part of the 19th century towards the beginning of the 20th century; and the third, broadly speaking, is the modern period since then. This article traces major developments over these 5 centuries to the present time, when psychiatry has become a highly evolved modern medical discipline.
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Sachdev, Perminder. "Neuropsychiatry." Australasian Psychiatry 1, no. 3 (August 1993): 108–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10398569309081339.
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The relative emphasis on “biological” or “psychological” formulations in our understanding of “mental” disorders has varied at different periods in history. The early traditions of Western medicine, as represented by ancient Greek and Roman physicians, recognised that mental disturbance could be produced by physical disorders. The famous 17th century neurologist Thomas Willis, who coined the term “neurology”, believed in a neurological basis of psychiatric disorder. This opinion was explicitly stated in the mid-19th century text on mental disorders by Griesinger [1]. In fact, in die latter half of the 19th century, neuropsychiatry was synonymous with general psychiatry. A number of developments led to this situation. The study of aphasia had resulted in a burgeoning interest in brain structure-function relationships. The recognition of general paresis as an acquired disease with an identifiable aetiology had resulted in therapeutic optimism. Further, neurologists of this period were interested in retaining the territory of mental disorder as a source of patients.
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D’Alessio, Vanni, and Filip Čeč. "Zločin i mentalni poremećaj na suprotnim obalama Jadrana." Acta medico-historica Adriatica 15, no. 2 (2017): 219–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31952/amha.15.2.2.
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In the 19th century, fervid debates arose in the young psychiatric science about how to deal with and to scientifically categorize human behaviour which was perceived as dangerous to society, and as criminal. There were two concepts that stood out in these transnationally held discussions; namely moral insanity and later on, psychopathy. Following recent approaches in the cultural and social history of psychiatry, we understand moral insanity and psychopathy as social constructs, which are determined by the evolution in psychiatric knowledge, and also by laws, codes and social norms of particular historical timeframes. Our task is to discuss the evolution and adoption of these concepts in two linguistically different, but still historically profoundly entangled regions, namely in Italian and Croatian psychiatric discourses at the turn from the 19th to the 20th century. Our analysis of two of the most important medical and psychiatric journals of the time shows that psychiatric debates on antisocial and criminal behaviour were in numerous ways entangled and shaped by the way the two societies scientifically, legally, and institutionally struggled over the question of how to detect and control the mentally incapacitated criminal offender.
12
Beveridge, A. W., and E. B. Renvoize. "Electricity: A History of its use in the Treatment of Mental Illness in Britain During the Second Half of the 19th Century." British Journal of Psychiatry 153, no. 2 (August 1988): 157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.153.2.157.
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The use of electricity in British psychiatry during the second half of the 19th century is examined. An account is given of the clinical and theoretical aspects of electrical therapy. Factors leading to its use and eventual decline are considered.
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James, Norman McI. "On the Perception of Madness." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 27, no. 2 (June 1993): 192–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00048679309075768.
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Since the beginning of recorded history, mental illness has been recognised as being primarily in the province of the healing profession. This view has continued, despite the fact that psychiatry left the mainstream of medicine with the development of asylums during the 19th century. With the advent of deinstitutionalisation however, psychiatrists, particularly in Australia, have increasingly left public practice. As result, the treatment of the severely and chronically mentally ill, especially those with behavioural disorder, has become neglected. It is argued that moves toward the mainstreaming of acute psychiatry to general hospitals offer new opportunity for the profession to reassert itself in this essential but difficult area of psychiatric practice.
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Goldbloom, David S. "The Early Canadian History of Anorexia Nervosa." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 42, no. 2 (March 1997): 163–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674379704200206.
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Objective: To examine several early Canadian descriptions of anorexia nervosa (AN) in light of modern understanding of the disorder. Method: Two clinical reports of AN from the late 19th century and early 20th century in Canada are cited and summarized. These original case descriptions are then compared with late 20th century knowledge of the disorder. Results: Both of these early descriptions contain many astute and prescient observations on the etiology and sequelae of AN and reveal a compassionate approach to patient care. Conclusions: Canadian contributions to the medical literature on AN prior to 1970 merit both careful scrutiny and appreciation in the world literature on this disorder.
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Berrios, G. E. "Déjà vu in France during the 19th century: A conceptual history." Comprehensive Psychiatry 36, no. 2 (March 1995): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0010-440x(95)90107-8.
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Swartz, Sally. "Shrinking: A Postmodern Perspective on Psychiatric Case Histories." South African Journal of Psychology 26, no. 3 (September 1996): 150–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/008124639602600304.
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This article traces the changing form and content of histories taken from patients in South African psychiatric settings over a period of a century, and analyses ways in which current history-taking practice continues to be moulded by discursive practices which have their origin in mid-19th century British psychiatry. It examines the implications of clinicians being record-keepers of their own clinical activities, and comments on ways in which patient identities are constructed by records produced through history-taking activities. The postmodern perspective usefully interrogates the assumption of a linear and unambiguous relationship between past events and present distress, and offers an opportunity for clinicians to understand patients' life stories as rich and ambiguous discourses through which relationships to both past and future are constantly in the process of negotiation.
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Odesskaya, Margarita M. "“WE SHOULD NOT PREVENT PEOPLE FROM GOING CRAZY”. MEDICAL, SOCIAL AND ARTISTIC DISCOURSES IN A.P. CHEKHOV’S “WARD NO. 6” AND “THE BLACK MONK”." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. "Literary Theory. Linguistics. Cultural Studies" Series, no. 6 (2022): 213–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2686-7249-2022-6-213-223.
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The focus of our attention is Chekhov’s attitude to the institute of psychiatry as а part of Russian social system at the end of the 19th century. “Ward No. 6” is an invaluable material on the history of social medicine, comparable with the few documentary evidence of zemstvo (the county) doctors about the state of psychiatry in the Russian province of the late nineteenth century. The story “The Black Monk” draws increasing attention to the discussion around the topic of genius and madness, which received a new impetus in the fin de siècle era.
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Small, Helen. "'In the guise of science' : literature and the rhetoric of 19th-century English psychiatry." History of the Human Sciences 7, no. 1 (February 1994): 27–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095269519400700102.
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Barrett, Robert J. "Conceptual Foundations of Schizophrenia: II. Disintegration and Division." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 32, no. 5 (October 1998): 627–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679809113114.
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Objective: This is the second of two papers that aim to identify some cultural themes and institutional processes that shaped the development of schizophrenia as a disease concept. Method: A number of domains within 19th century European history are explored for evidence of the concept of the divided or disintegrated person. These include German academic psychiatry, Mesmerism and hypnosis, neurology and neurophysiology, psychoanalysis and German Romantic literature, and its descendants within a wider European literature. Results: Representations of division or disintegration are evident in all these domains, enjoying widespread currency and penetration throughout the 19th century. Conclusions: These culturally based ideas, combined with the idea of degeneration, were important elements in the foundation of the schizophrenia concept.
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Priebe, Stefan. "Psychiatry in the future." Psychiatric Bulletin 28, no. 9 (September 2004): 315–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.28.9.315.
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European nations – including Britain – have a common pattern in their history of mental health care. Most western and central European countries established large asylums in the 19th century and engaged in some form of de-institutionalisation during the second half of the 20th century. Since the 1950s, major mental health reforms have significantly improved the quality of care. Although time of onset, pace, fashion and outcomes of reforms varied greatly between countries, throughout western Europe community-based services have been established and become part of routine service provision (Becker & Vázquez-Barquero, 2001). Compared with the heyday of the reform spirit in the 1970s, we now appear to be experiencing a relatively calm period. Developments currently seem to be dominated by fragmented pragmatism rather than by dreamy visions. This may reflect a wider trend in politics: throughout Europe, ambitious long-term visions appear less relevant as drivers for political change than was the case a few decades ago.
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de Leon, Jose. "Is psychiatry only neurology? Or only abnormal psychology? Déjà vu after 100 years." Acta Neuropsychiatrica 27, no. 2 (November 13, 2014): 69–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/neu.2014.34.
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Forgetting history, which frequently repeats itself, is a mistake. In General Psychopathology, Jaspers criticised early 20th century psychiatrists, including those who thought psychiatry was only neurology (Wernicke) or only abnormal psychology (Freud), or who did not see the limitations of the medical model in psychiatry (Kraepelin). Jaspers proposed that some psychiatric disorders follow the medical model (Group I), while others are variations of normality (Group III), or comprise schizophrenia and severe mood disorders (Group II). In the early 21st century, the players’ names have changed but the game remains the same. The US NIMH is reprising both Wernicke’s brain mythology and Kraepelin’s marketing promises. The neo-Kraepelinian revolution started at Washington University, became pre-eminent through the DSM-III developed by Spitzer, but reached a dead end with the DSM-5. McHugh, who described four perspectives in psychiatry, is the leading contemporary representative of the Jaspersian diagnostic approach. Other neo-Jaspersians are: Berrios, Wiggins and Schwartz, Ghaemi, Stanghellini, Parnas and Sass. Can psychiatry learn from its mistakes? The current psychiatric language, organised at its three levels, symptoms, syndromes, and disorders, was developed in the 19th century but is obsolete for the 21st century. Scientific advances in Jaspers’ Group III disorders require collaborating with researchers in the social and psychological sciences. Jaspers’ Group II disorders, redefined by the author as schizophrenia, catatonic syndromes, and severe mood disorders, are the core of psychiatry. Scientific advancement in them is not easy because we are not sure how to delineate between and within them correctly.
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Berrios, G. E. "Obsessive-compulsive disorder: Its conceptual history in France during the 19th century." Comprehensive Psychiatry 30, no. 4 (July 1989): 283–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-440x(89)90052-7.
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Walsh, D. "Suicide in Ireland in the 19th century." Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 34, no. 3 (October 11, 2016): 177–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ipm.2016.35.
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IntroductionThis paper is an attempt to determine the extent and characteristics of suicide in 19th-century Ireland and the proportion of these that occurred in asylums.MethodsThe procedures used in this presentation involve analysis of data from the 1841 and 1851 Censuses of Ireland and the Reports of the Registrar-General of Ireland from 1864 to 1899 and the Annual Reports of the Inspectors of Lunacy, 1850 to 1899.ResultsReported suicides had relatively low rates in the 19th century, ranging from 0.9 to 3.3 per 100 000 per year. The proportion of these suicides that occurred in asylums was low at ~4%.ConclusionsThe reporting of suicide as a cause of death was relatively rare in the first-half of the 19th century in Ireland, but increased in frequency progressively throughout the second-half of that century. The reported numbers are likely to have minimised the real rates because of under-reporting.
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Nardi, Antonio E., Adriana Cardoso Silva, Jaime E. Hallak, and José A. Crippa. "A humanistic gift from the Brazilian Emperor D. Pedro II (1825 - 1891) to the Brazilian nation: the first lunatic asylum in Latin America." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 71, no. 2 (February 2013): 125–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-282x2013000200013.
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Until the beginning of the 19th century, psychiatric patients did not receive specialized treatment. The problem that was posed by the presence of psychiatric patients in the Santas Casas de Misericórdia and the social pressure from this issue culminated in a Decree of the Brazilian Emperor, D. Pedro II, on July 18, 1841. The “Lunatic Palace” was the first institution in Latin America exclusively designed for mental patients. It was built between 1842 and 1852 and is an example of neoclassical architecture in Brazil, located at Saudade Beach in the city of Rio de Janeiro. In the 1930s and 1940s, the D. Pedro II Hospital was overcrowded, and patients were gradually transferred to other hospitals. By September of 1944, all the patients had been transferred and the hospital was deactivated. Key words: psychiatry, history, madness.
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EKMEKÇİ, Perihan Elif. "A Turning Point in History of Psychiatry: The Developments and Their Impact in Europe in 19th Century." Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Ethics-Law and History 26, no. 2 (2018): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5336/mdethic.2017-58861.
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Leudar, Ivan. "Voices in History." Outlines. Critical Practice Studies 3, no. 1 (June 19, 2001): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/ocps.v3i1.5125.
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Experiences of “hearing voices” nowadays usually count as verbal hallucinations and they indicate serious mental illness. Some are first rank symptoms of schizophrenia, and the mass media, at least in Britain, tend to present them as antecedents of impulsive violence. They are, however, also found in other psychiatric conditions and epidemiological surveys reveal that even individuals with no need of psychiatric help can hear voices, sometimes following bereavement or abuse, but sometimes for no discernible reason. So do these experiences necessarily mean insanity and violence, and must they be thought of as pathogenic hallucinations; or are there other ways to understand them and live with them, and with what consequences?One way to make our thinking more flexible is to turn to history. We find that hearing voices was always an enigmatic experience, and the people who had it were rare. The gallery of voice hearers is, though, distinguished and it includes Galilei, Bunyan and St Teresa. Socrates heard a daemon who guided his actions, but in his time this did not signify madness, nor was it described as a hallucination. Yet in 19th century French psychological medicine the daemon became a hallucination and Socrates was retrospectively diagnosed as mentally ill. This paper examines the controversies which surrounded the experience at different points in history as well as the practice of retrospective psychiatry. The conclusion reached on the basis of the historical materials is that the experience and the ontological status it is ascribed are not trans-cultural or trans-historic but situated both in history and in the contemporary conflicts.
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Nardi, Antonio Egidio. "Some notes on a historical perspective of panic disorder." Jornal Brasileiro de Psiquiatria 55, no. 2 (2006): 154–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0047-20852006000200010.
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This article aims to describe important points in the history of panic disorder concept, as well as to highlight the importance of its diagnosis for clinical and research developments. Panic disorder has been described in several literary reports and folklore. One of the oldest examples lies in Greek mythology - the god Pan, responsible for the term panic. The first half of the 19th century witnessed the culmination of medical approach. During the second half of the 19th century came the psychological approach of anxiety. The 20th century associated panic disorder to hereditary, organic and psychological factors, dividing anxiety into simple and phobic anxious states. Therapeutic development was also observed in psychopharmacological and psychotherapeutic fields. Official classifications began to include panic disorder as a category since the third edition of the American Classification Manual (1980). Some biological theories dealing with etiology were widely discussed during the last decades of the 20th century. They were based on laboratory studies of physiological, cognitive and biochemical tests, as the false suffocation alarm theory and the fear network. Such theories were important in creating new diagnostic paradigms to modern psychiatry. That suggests the need to consider a wide range of historical variables to understand how particular features for panic disorder diagnosis have been developed and how treatment has emerged.
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Bourke, Joanna. "Sexual Violence, Bodily Pain, and Trauma: A History." Theory, Culture & Society 29, no. 3 (May 2012): 25–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263276412439406.
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Psychological trauma is a favoured trope of modernity. It has become commonplace to assume that all ‘bad events’ – and particularly those which involve violence – have a pathological effect on the sufferer’s psyche, as well as that of the perpetrators. This essay explores the ways victims of rape and sexual assault were understood in psychiatric, psychological, forensic, and legal texts in Britain and America from the 19th to the late 20th century. It argues that, unlike most other ‘bad events’, which were incorporated within trauma narratives from the 1860s, the ascription of psychological trauma was only applied to rape victims a century later. Why and what were the consequences?
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Berrios, G. E. "Delusions as “Wrong Beliefs”: A Conceptual History." British Journal of Psychiatry 159, S14 (November 1991): 6–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s0007125000296414.
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It was a common view among 19th century historians and clinicians that the study of delusions was the study of insanity itself (Ball & Ritti, 1881). At the beginning of the 20th century, Jaspers rendered this insight into a cliche (Jaspers, 1963). The nature of the link between delusion and insanity, however, has continued to confuse scholars, particularly those writing in the English language (Ireland, 1885; Arthur, 1964; Moor & Tucker, 1979; Winters & Neale, 1983). German (Huber & Gross, 1977), French (Ey, 1950) and Spanish (Cabaleiro Goas, 1966) writers have fared better; unfortunately, much of their work remains inaccessible to English-speaking psychiatrists. This is one of the reasons why, in Anglo-Saxon psychiatry, it has been suggested that the ‘definitive‘ view on delusions started with Jaspers and the Heidelberg school (Hoenig, 1968). This suggestion is misleading (Berrios, 1991), for by 1912, when Chaslin published his great work on descriptive psychopathology, all the distinctions nowadays attributed to Jaspers had already been made. Indeed, the rare efforts made to escape from the ‘pathological belief view were ignored (Southard, 1916).
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Rabins, Peter V. "The History of Psychogeriatrics in the United States." International Psychogeriatrics 11, no. 4 (December 1999): 371–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610299005980.
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During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, elderly individuals with severe mental illness living in the United States were cared for in state-run facilities that went by various names (asylums, psychopathic hospitals, state hospitals, state mental hospitals, and medical centers). Since the beginning of the 20th century, approximately 20% of patients in state hospital facilities had brain diseases such as dementia, usually complicated by behavioral disorder.
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Kelly, Brendan D., and Larkin Feeney. "What every psychiatrist should know." Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 12, no. 6 (November 2006): 462–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.12.6.462.
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Psychiatry is the branch of medicine concerned with the diagnosis, treatment and study of psychological disorders. The role of the psychiatrist evolves to reflect developments in medicine, science and society. The scientific knowledge base required for the practice of psychiatry changes from generation to generation, but many of the fundamental principles of practice remain essentially unchanged. We attempt here to identify some of these (relatively unchanging) principles and explore their relevance to contemporary psychiatry. In particular, we focus on the work of some of the more reflective physicians of history (e.g. Sir Robert Hutchison, Sir William Osler) in order to identify and interpret principles of medical practice outlined in the 19th and 20th centuries and we explore the relevance of these conceptual frameworks to the practice of psychiatry in the 21st century.
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Sumariuk, Bohdan, Iryna Herasymiuk, and Nataliia Hrynko. "«Psychiatry without shackles»: The formation of psychiatric care in Chernivtsi in late 19th – early 20th centuries." History Journal of Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University, no. 53 (June 21, 2022): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/hj2021.53.54-59.
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The article presents transformation of medical care for patients with mental disorders and the establishment of psychiatric care in Chernivtsi in the late 19th century. Since the proclamation of Bukovyna as the crown land of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the provision of psychiatric care has changed. A psychiatric service appeared and helped to understand what a mental disorder really is. There was a transition to a scientific interpretation and a scientific approach to providing psychiatric care.The authors research and systematize information from various available sources, various articles, information messages, data from the state archives of Chernivtsi region, etc.It is known that the model of the regional psychiatric hospital in Chernivtsi was developed by the latest requirements for the construction of mental health facilities in Austria and other European countries of the time.At the beginning of the 20th century, the Bukovynian psychiatric hospital was extremely modern, equipped with all necessary equipment and the location of the wards in accordance with the standard of the time. Leading doctors were involved, as well as local ones, who had the opportunity to train at the University of Vienna and psychiatric hospitals. 15 hectares of land were allocated for the territory of the hospital, which was located outside the city on the territory of the former Strazagasse (Storozha) and Maisgasses (Kukurudziana) streets, now Mussorgsky Street.The opening of the regional psychiatric hospital in Bukovyna took place on May 1, 1902. The structure of the psychiatric hospital included 6 buildings, as well as the administration building and other technical facilities.The purpose of the article was to highlight the main historical moments of assisting persons with mental disorders in Chernivtsi in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Describe the historical chronology from the first psychiatric ward at the city hospital to a separate regional psychiatric hospital in Bukovyna. The methodology of the article is a synthesis of the historical chronology of psychiatric care as part of health care in Chernivtsi.The history of the emergence of psychiatric services in Chernivtsi has experienced ups and downs that corresponded to challenging conditions of the time. The transformation of mental service changed from the worldview and level of development of contemporary science. We can observe changes from mystification to the formation of psychiatry, as real modern neuroscience with an evidence-based approach and humane treatment of patients. Through the ages, different countries and changes in the understanding of the aetiology and pathogenesis of mental disorders, Chernivtsi remains the centre of mental health in Bukovyna.
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Candela Ramírez, R., A. Conseglieri Gámez, and P. Vázquez de la Torre Escalera. "Leganés Psychiatric Hospital in the early twentieth century (1900–1931): An approach to healthcare activity." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S628. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.2357.
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IntroductionLeganés Psychiatric Hospital has been the subject of several studies about its institutional history and clinical activity. The first decades of the twentieth century are the less explored years; however, important events for the development and establishment of the discipline of psychiatry happened in Spain during this period.Objectives/aimsTo describe the clinical and therapeutic management of inpatients admitted to Leganés National Asylum between 1900 and 1931.Material and methodsThis is a retrospective case series study. We reviewed medical records found in the Historical Archives of Psychiatric Institute, Germany (n = 1043) of inpatients admitted between 1900 and 1931. We analyzed clinical care variables, mainly related to diagnosis and treatment, of the patients who were admitted during this period (n = 1043) with SPSS v21. We consulted bibliography, such as asylum documents and diverse primary and secondary literature.ResultsThe diagnosis of mania was very common in the early twentieth century. Lypemania nearly disappeared after 1910 and monomania was not observed in any patient. Delusions decreased after 1905. The first patient diagnosed with schizophrenia was admitted on 19th November 1921. From that moment, the use of this term increased significantly. Only 4.4% of patients admitted underwent treatment.ConclusionsWe confirmed the predominance of French nosology in the early twentieth century. From 1920, an increase in German nosography was observed. The application of treatments was rare.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Gingell, Kate. "The forgotten children: children admitted to a county asylum between 1854 and 1900." Psychiatric Bulletin 25, no. 11 (November 2001): 432–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.25.11.432.
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Aims and MethodTo assess the part that the 19th century asylums played in the development of the discipline of child psychiatry. Admissions to the Worcester County Asylum between the years 1854 and 1900 were screened to identify children aged 16 and under. An item sheet was used to record details of the admission.ResultsOne-hundred and ninety-five children were admitted. Risk of suicide and dangerousness were routinely recorded, family history rarely. It was not possible to make retrospective diagnoses. The death rate was high and contact with the family was minimal post admission.Clinical ImplicationsChildren were treated exactly like the adult patients, and therefore asylums did not contribute significantly to the development of the discipline of child psychiatry.
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Kőváry, Zoltán. "De-pathologizing Creativity: Psychobiograpy and Creativity Research: the Case of Eminent Hungarian Painter Tivadar Csontváry Kosztka (1853-1919)." Journal of Genius and Eminence 3, Fall 2018 (April 1, 2018): 26–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.18536/jge.2018.04.3.1.03.
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The problems of eminent creativity and its connection with clinical phenomena have long been in the focus of psychology and psychiatry research. A “madness and genius” narrative has existed for ages, but it became significant in the 19th century, and remained highly influential until today. Psychiatrists, representatives of the medical discourse, developed pathography as a method in the end of the 19th century in order to study how illness affects life-works and cre- ative process. In the beginning of the 20th century Sigmund Freud formed another approach, psychobiography, which is not based on using different diagnostic categories; instead it is try- ing to unfold the interrelations between life history, psychodynamics and the creative process. In this recent article I will try to demonstrate the differences between the two approaches by concentrating on an outstanding Hungarian painter Tivadar Csontváry Kosztka, whose life history contains serious clinical aspects. Instead of following traditional clinical endeavors, in my approach I will take illness as a Jaspersian existential “boundary situation” that contributes the transformation of the whole personality. This transformational process does not lack pro- gressive and regressive elements, and by analyzing its dynamics we can understand how creative activity—along with the feeling of evocation—can evolve and maintain the cohesion of the self by integrating traumatic emotional experiences.
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Berrios, German E., Johan Schioldann, and Johan Schioldann. "‘Insanity in Classical Antiquity’, by JL Heiberg (1913)." History of Psychiatry 30, no. 4 (July 21, 2019): 489–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957154x19863247.
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Heiberg’s 1913 text on psychopathological concepts and terms in classical times remains important because of its freshness and historiographical value. A philologist and classical scholar, he seemed puzzled by the assumption of nosological continuity between classical categories of madness and current ones that prevailed at the time among historians of medicine and psychiatry. Heiberg’s text acts as a bridge or transition between the nosological antiquarianism of the 19th century and histories of psychiatry that later warned of the dangers of an anachronistic reading of earlier medical texts. It also shows how important has been the contribution of classical philologists to the study of the history of madness. To our knowledge, this is the first rendition into English of the complete Danish work.
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Kendler, K. S. "An historical framework for psychiatric nosology." Psychological Medicine 39, no. 12 (April 16, 2009): 1935–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291709005753.
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This essay, which seeks to provide an historical framework for our efforts to develop a scientific psychiatric nosology, begins by reviewing the classificatory approaches that arose in the early history of biological taxonomy. Initial attempts at species definition used top-down approaches advocated by experts and based on a few essential features of the organism chosena priori. This approach was subsequently rejected on both conceptual and practical grounds and replaced by bottom-up approaches making use of a much wider array of features. Multiple parallels exist between the beginnings of biological taxonomy and psychiatric nosology. Like biological taxonomy, psychiatric nosology largely began with ‘expert’ classifications, typically influenced by a few essential features, articulated by one or more great 19th-century diagnosticians. Like biology, psychiatry is struggling toward more soundly based bottom-up approaches using diverse illness characteristics. The underemphasized historically contingent nature of our current psychiatric classification is illustrated by recounting the history of how ‘Schneiderian’ symptoms of schizophrenia entered into DSM-III. Given these historical contingencies, it is vital that our psychiatric nosologic enterprise be cumulative. This can be best achieved through a process of epistemic iteration. If we can develop a stable consensus in our theoretical orientation toward psychiatric illness, we can apply this approach, which has one crucial virtue. Regardless of the starting point, if each iteration (or revision) improves the performance of the nosology, the eventual success of the nosologic process, to optimally reflect the complex reality of psychiatric illness, is assured.
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Marecek, Jeanne, and Rachel T. Hare-Mustin. "A Short History of the Future: Feminism and Clinical Psychology." Psychology of Women Quarterly 15, no. 4 (December 1991): 521–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1991.tb00427.x.
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Since the 19th century, feminists have criticized the mental health establishment and its treatment of women. Issues include the sexist use of psychoanalytic concepts and psychiatric diagnoses, the misuse of medication, and sexual misconduct in therapy. Feminists have also called attention to psychological problems arising from gender inequality in everyday life. Physical and sexual abuse of women is of special concern. Feminist innovations in therapy include consciousness-raising, sex-role resocialization, and new approaches to psychoanalysis and family therapy. We urge feminists to develop a fuller understanding of gender and power, and to use this knowledge to challenge the established theory and practice of clinical psychology.
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Scharff Smith, Peter. "“Degenerate Criminals”." Criminal Justice and Behavior 35, no. 8 (August 2008): 1048–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854808318782.
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Inspired by the breakthrough of the discipline of criminology and biological theories of degeneration, prison psychiatry became a flourishing field during the latter decades of the 19th century. This is reflected in the history of the Vridsløselille penitentiary in Denmark, which operated as a Pennsylvania-model institution with strict solitary confinement from 1859 to the early 1930s. Throughout the period, this prison experienced extensive problems with inmate mental health, and as the discipline of psychiatry developed, mental disorders were given new names and old diseases disappeared. Although prison authorities were willing to acknowledge the damaging effects of the isolation regimes being employed, a number of psychiatrists located the causes of mental disorders among biological dispositional traits rather than situational factors. In doing so, they downplayed the power of the prison context and offered biological “degeneration” among criminals as an alternative explanation.
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King, Michael. "Stigma in psychiatry seen through the lens of sexuality and gender." BJPsych International 16, no. 04 (July 11, 2019): 77–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bji.2019.12.
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The history of psychiatry and homosexuality illuminates how stigma develops in the professions, how it is linked to cultural values and religious attitudes and how it affects patients. Homosexuality was medicalised as a disorder in the late 19th century and this led to treatments to change it. Same-gender contacts between men were decriminalised in many countries in the 1960s and 1970s, but – as recently as the 1980s – 30% of doctors in the USA did not think that gay students should be admitted to medical school and 40% would not allow gay doctors to specialise in paediatrics or psychiatry. Lesbians and gay men were effectively debarred from training in the main psychoanalytical schools in the USA and the UK. Although mainstream psychological treatments to make gay and bisexual people heterosexual fell into disrepute in the 1980s, so-called conversion or reparative treatments took their place and are still practised today. Transgender people have been the target of similar disapproval and attitudes towards them have been even slower to change than those towards lesbians and gay men. This stigma had consequences on the health, well-being and social inclusion of those who were lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT). This history suggests we need to examine where psychiatry and psychology are making similar mistakes today.
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Grabherr, Luzia, Gianluca Macauda, and Bigna Lenggenhager. "The Moving History of Vestibular Stimulation as a Therapeutic Intervention." Multisensory Research 28, no. 5-6 (2015): 653–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134808-00002495.
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Although the discovery and understanding of the function of the vestibular system date back only to the 19th century, strategies that involve vestibular stimulation were used long before to calm, soothe and even cure people. While such stimulation was classically achieved with various motion devices, like Cox’s chair or Hallaran’s swing, the development of caloric and galvanic vestibular stimulation has opened up new possibilities in the 20th century. With the increasing knowledge and recognition of vestibular contributions to various perceptual, motor, cognitive, and emotional processes, vestibular stimulation has been suggested as a powerful and non-invasive treatment for a range of psychiatric, neurological and neurodevelopmental conditions. Yet, the therapeutic interventions were, and still are, often not hypothesis-driven as broader theories remain scarce and underlying neurophysiological mechanisms are often vague. We aim to critically review the literature on vestibular stimulation as a form of therapy in various selected disorders and present its successes, expectations, and drawbacks from a historical perspective.
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Nilsson, Lars Siersbæk, Kristina Milting, Igor Petrov, René Sjælland, and Annick Urfer Parnas. "Poster #T171 PIERRE RIVIÈRE VS. ANDERS BREIVIK: IS HISTORY REPEATING ITSELF? RATIONALITY, MADNESS, AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY IN THE 19TH AND 21ST CENTURY." Schizophrenia Research 153 (April 2014): S350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-9964(14)70987-9.
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Berrios, German E., Johan Schioldann, and Johan Schioldann. "From Evolutive Paranoia, by August Wimmer (1902)." History of Psychiatry 29, no. 4 (November 9, 2018): 478–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957154x18789598.
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Literature on the history of ‘paranoia’ (as a clinical concept) is large and confusing. This is partly explained by the fact that over the centuries the word ‘paranoia’ has been made to participate in several convergences (clinical constructs), and hence it has named different forms of behaviour and been linked to different explanatory concepts. The Classic Text that follows provides information on the internal clinical evolution of the last convergence in which ‘paranoia’ was made to participate. August Wimmer maps the historical changes of ‘ Verrücktheit’ as it happened within the main European psychiatric traditions since the early 19th century. After World War II, that clinical profile was to become reified and renamed as ‘delusional disorder’.
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Kearin, Madeline Bourque. "Strange Cases: Jekyll & Hyde Narratives as Rhetorical Strategy in Sir Alexander Morison’s Physiognomy of Mental Diseases." Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 75, no. 2 (February 25, 2020): 151–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhmas/jraa001.
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Abstract Sir Alexander Morison’s Physiognomy of Mental Diseases (1838) was created as a didactic tool for physicians, depicting lunatics in both the active and dormant states of disease. Through the act of juxtaposition, Morison constituted his subjects as their own Jekylls and Hydes, capable of radical transformation. In doing so, he marshaled artistic and clinical, visual and textual approaches in order to pose a particular argument about madness as a temporally manifested, visually distinguishable state defined by its contrast with reason. This argument served a crucial function in legitimizing the emergent discipline of psychiatry by applying biomedical methodologies to the observation and classification of distinctly physical symptoms. Robert Louis Stevenson’s “quintessentially Victorian parable” serves as a metaphor for the way 19th-century alienists conceptualized insanity, while the theme of duality at the core of Stevenson’s story serves as a framework for conceptualizing both psychiatry and the subjects it generates. It was (and is) a discipline formulated around narrative as the primary organizing structure for its particular set of paradoxes, and specifically, narratives of the self as a fluid, dynamic, and contradictory entity.
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Aguilera Serrano, Carlos, Carmen Heredia Pareja, and Antonio Heredia Rufián. "El impacto de la Beneficencia en la gestión, tratamiento y cuidado de los dementes alcalaínos en el s. XIX." Nº 9 Diceimbre de 2019, no. 9 (December 12, 2019): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.35761/reesme.2019.9.04.
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During the 19th century, in Spain, different laws and orders for the establishment and organization of the Charity Public took place, being the public authorities who were to exercise social charity to the most vulnerable. In this context, further influenced by the emergence of Moral Treatment, a new philosophical and action concept was activated in management, treatment and care for the mentally ill, considered then insane and/or madness. Health care placed a greater emphasis on occupational activity as therapy, as well as improving healthiness and hygienic conditions. However, many factors made it impossible to consummate change, leading to the emergence of new asylum institutions with a marked asylating and custodial character. The aim of this historical study is to try to know the situation in health care to the demented of Alcalá la Real (Jaén) of the time. In the sources used, two fundamental pillars stand out in our study: the Municipal Archive of Alcalá la Real and the Archive of the Provincial Council of Granada. Fromthe data collected it is outlinedhowin the first two decades of the second half of the nineteenth century the madmen alcalaínos were transferred to the Hospital of Madness of Granada, section of the Royal Hospital. The absence of a hospital for these patients in Jaén justified such transfers. The latter were accompanied by a long bureaucratic process that began on the Municipal Board of Charity and ended with the approval of the governor of Jaén. Keywords: historiography, psychiatry, history, 19th century, madness, charity policy, nursing care.
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Bassetti, C. "EAN Perspective." European Psychiatry 64, S1 (April 2021): S7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.41.
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29th European Congress of Psychiatry (EPA 2021) „You can tell a good workman by his tools: The instruments of psychiatrists, psychologists and neurologists: Why so different?“ The term psychology („the study of the soul“) appeared for the first time in a printed book of Freigius in 1578, while the term neurology („the study of the form and function of the nervous system“) was coined by Willis in 1664 and that of psychiatry („the medical treatment of the soul“) by Reil in 1808. First physicians to devote entirely to neurology appeared in the midst of the 19th century in France, Germany, and England. Around this time neurology, (biological) psychiatry and (experimental) psychology converged to share similar roots in the brain. The three disciplines separated (again) at the beginning of the 20th century. Neurology remained for over 100 years mainly a diagnostic discipline, in which history and clinical examination were expected to lead to the identification of a topographic syndrome (or lesion) and eventually its etiology. In the last 30 years neurology underwent a revolution. While the importance (and validity) of phenotypical diagnoses remained, new (e.g. neuroimaging, genetic) tools have made precise diagnoses and causal treatments increasingly possible, transforming neurology into a treating discipline. The author will discuss why the separation between neurology, psychiatry and psychology is artificial (and even harmful for patients), how the multidimensional tools developed over the years by these disciplines can be of common interest, and what the EAN does to promote interdisciplinary scientific, educational, and political collaborations.DisclosureNo significant relationships.
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Román, Gustavo. "Vascular Dementia: A Historical Background." International Psychogeriatrics 15, S1 (July 2003): 11–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610203008901.
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The history of vascular dementia can be traced back to cases of dementia postapoplexy described by Thomas Willis in 1672. During most of the 18th and early 19th century, “brain congestion” (due in all likelihood to the effects of untreated hypertension) was the most frequent diagnosis for conditions ranging from stroke to anxiety and to cognitive decline, and bloodletting became the commonplace therapy. The modern history of vascular dementia began in 1894 with the contributions of Otto Binswanger and Alois Alzheimer, who separated vascular dementia from dementia paralytica caused by neurosyphilis. In the 1960s, the seminal neuropathological and clinical studies of the New Castle school in England inaugurated the modern era of vascular dementia.
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Kelly, B. D. "Plagues, pandemics and epidemics in Irish history prior to COVID-19 (coronavirus): what can we learn?" Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 37, no. 4 (April 15, 2020): 269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ipm.2020.25.
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Objectives:This paper seeks to provide a brief overview of epidemics and pandemics in Irish history and to identify any lessons that might be useful in relation to psychiatry in the context of COVID-19.Methods:A review of selected key reports, papers and publications related to epidemics and pandemics in Irish history was conducted.Results:Viruses, epidemics and pandemics are recurring features of human history. Early Irish sources record a broad array of plagues, pandemics and epidemics including bubonic plague, typhus, cholera, dysentery and smallpox, as well as an alleged epidemic of insanity in the 19th century (that never truly occurred). Like the Spanish flu pandemic (1918–20), COVID-19 (a new coronavirus) presents both the challenge of the illness itself and the problems caused by the anxiety that the virus triggers. Managing this anxiety has always been a challenge, especially with the Spanish flu. People with mental illness had particularly poor outcomes with the Spanish flu, often related to the large, unhygienic mental hospitals in which so many were housed.Conclusions:Even today, a full century after the Spanish flu pandemic, people with mental illness remain at increased risk of poor physical health, so it is imperative that multi-disciplinary care continues during the current outbreak of COVID-19, despite the manifest difficulties involved. The histories of previous epidemics and pandemics clearly demonstrate that good communication and solidarity matter, now more than ever, especially for people with mental illness.
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Tereshkina, Olga V., and Elena N. Bobkova. "N.P. Kamenev and psychiatric care in the Tula province in the late 19th and the early 20th century." History of Medicine/ru 5, no. 1 (2018): 52–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17720/2409-5834.v5.1.2018.06f.
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Bekker, Roman A., and Yuriy V. Bykov. "Lithium Preparations in Psychiatry, Addiction Medicine and Neurology (To the 70th Anniversary of John Cade’s Discovery). Part I. History." Acta Biomedica Scientifica 4, no. 1 (April 4, 2019): 72–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.29413/abs.2019-4.1.11.
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The use of lithium salts in psychiatry has a long, more than two-thousand-year history. It goes back to the ideas of Hippocrates II, Galen and Soran of Ephesus regarding the feasibility of using mineral waters from certain sources, which, as we know today, were rich in lithium, magnesium and bromine salts, for the treatment of both manic and depressive states. Later, this effect of lithium salts was rediscovered – independently of each other – in the mid-19th century by the American psychiatrist William Alexander Hammond and the Danish psychiatrist Carl Lange. However, since this discovery was based on incorrect premises, namely, on the theory of «brain urine acid diathesis» as the cause of mental illness, it was not accepted, ignored and even ridiculed by colleagues. The rediscovery of the anti-manic effect of lithium salts by John Cade in 1948 is one of the greatest discoveries of psychiatry of the 20th century.The mechanisms of lithium therapeutic action are complex, diverse and not fully understood to this day. Initially, John Cade suggested that this effect of lithium is associated with its deficiency in patients with bipolar disorder and that exogenous lithium aids in compensation of such deficiency, or that patients with bipolar disorder suffer from some congenital disorder of lithium metabolism, thus requiring higher daily lithium doses than healthy people. However, it was soon shown that this was not the case.Despite the emergence of a significant number of alternative mood stabilizers, lithium remains relevant in psychiatry to this day.